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AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 2B It’s Change…. Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class English Solutions Chapter 2B It’s Change….

7th Class English Chapter 2B It’s Change…. Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who is the speaker of the poem? Guess her age? Support your answer.
Answer:
As shown in the picture in the book, the speaker is a girl. She is supposed to be 11+ years old – might be studying in VII Standard. It’s because she has a school bag on her shoulders.

Question 2.
What is the speaker’s complaint?
Answer:
She complains that though they are tiny kids, they are forced to study / learn too much and so she does not want to go to school.

Question 3.
How would you feel if a scientist cloned you?
Answer:
I would feel greatly annoyed if a scientist cloned me.

Question 4.
What is the speaker’s concern? Which line in the poem shows it?
Answer:
The speaker’s concern is learning too much for their age and strength as scientists are making rapid changes. The last line of the poem shows it.

Question 5.
Yes, scientists are causing me great concern’. How is this statement true in view of the speaker’s view ? What is your view?
Answer:
Scientists are cloning pigs and sheep. Biologists are making stem cells grow. Geologists are finding cracks in our earth. Archaeologists are digging up fossils and bones. They are all doing these activities saying that it’s change. So the speaker views that my view is the same as that of the speaker.

Question 6.
Pick out the word that describes the person who studies the life of plants and animals.
Answer:
The word is ‘Biologists’.

Question 7.
What does an archaeologist do?
Answer:
An archaeologist is the scientist who studies the cultures of the past. The archaeologist digs up fossils and bones.

II. Read the following lines from your poem and notice that the underlined words end with the same sound. Such words are called rhyming words.

Mum, I don’t want to go to school today.
‘Cause I fear our world is in decay.

Match the following words that rhyme. One is done for you. Add two more words to each pair that rhyme with them.

Project

I. Collect information about ten world famous Indian scientists and write it in your notebooks in the format given below :

Answer:

II. Now talk to other members of your group about one scientist whose discovery / invention has changed our life.

Dear friends, we must be proud of our own scientist Dr. Yellapragad Subba Rao. His discoveries in the field of science have greatly improved treatment of patients. His contribution proved to be very helpful to both doctors and patients. We must learn to follow the examples set by such great personalities.

It’s Change…. Summary in English

A little girl is afraid to go to school. She is worried that the teachers and scientists are all out to destroy this earth. They say cloning pigs and sheep is a big change. Biologists make stem cells grow. Geologists find cracks in rocks. Archaeologists discover bones of creatures who lived thousands of years ago. All these persons add to things we must learn. That is a big problem.

It’s Change…. Glossary

plot (n): a secret plan made to do something wrong

see through (phrasal v): understand

the rot (n): (here) the situation is getting worse

cloning (v): producing an exact copy of an animal

quantum leap (n): a sudden, great and important change.

stem cell (n): a basic type of cell from which all other cells develop

fossil (n): the remains of an animal or a plant which have become hard and turned into rock

concern (n): worry

feel (v): think / guess

cause (conj): because

change (n): fluctuation

great (adj): very much

kids (n): very young children

learn (v): (here) study

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 2A C.V. Raman, the Pride of India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class English Solutions Chapter 2A C.V. Raman, the Pride of India

7th Class English Chapter 2A C.V. Raman, the Pride of India Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the pictures and answer the questions that follow.

Question 1.
Can you name these scientists?

Answer:

1. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
2. C.V. Raman
3. Srinivasa Ramanujan
4. Albert Einstein
5. Isaac Newton
6. Sir Alexander Fleming.

Question 2.
Tell your class what you know about them.
Answer:

1. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: He was the former President of India. He played a pivotal role in the development of Missile and Nuclear Weapons. He got Hoover medal. He is the recipient of Bharat Ratna award.
2. C.V. Raman: He was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his ‘Raman Effect’. He was also the first Asian and the first non-white to receive the Nobel Prize. He discovered the Raman Effect with equipment worth only Rs. 200/- and limited facilities in his laboratory. He was the first Indian scholar who studied wholly in India.
3. Srinivasa Ramanujan: He was a great Indian mathematician. He made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory and infinite series.
4. Albert Einstein: He was a great German physicist. His Theory of Relativity showed that mass and energy are different forms of each other.
5. Isaac Newton: He discovered that sunlight is a mixture of the colours of a rainbow. He built a telescope through which he saw the moons of Jupiter. He discovered the law of gravitational force.
6. Sir Alexander Fleming: Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme, lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1999. It was a discovery that changed the course of history. The active ingredient in penicillin turned out to be an infection-fighting agent of enormous potency. When it was finally recognized for what it was, the most efficacious life-saving drug in the world, penicillin would alter forever the treatment of bacterial infections.

Question 3.
Are scientists special people? How?
Answer:
Yes, they are special in their attire, appearance and their thoughts. They neither know well of politics nor play them. They spend most of their time in scientific research.

Question 4.
Do you want to be a scientist? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I want to be a scientist. I am very fond of the science subject. I want to do research in physics and discover something new.

Question 5.
How many of them received the Nobel Prize?
Answer:
Of the six scientists shown in the pictures, C.V. Raman, Albert Einstein and Har Gobind Khorana received the Nobel Prize.

Question 6.
Who was the first Indian scientist that received the Nobel Prize?
Talk about him/her and his/her field of science.
Answer:
The first Indian scientist who received the Nobel Prize was C.V.Raman. His full name was Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman. He was born at Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu on November 7,1888. He had only limited facilities and an equipment worth Rs. 200. Yet he worked hard, thought independently and discovered the Raman Effect which says that light changes its nature when passes through transparent medium. He was the first Indian scholar who studied wholly in India. He was the first Asian and also the first non-white to get the Nobel Prize. He was the pride of India.
He passed away in 1970 on November 21.

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Why was Raman happy when he learnt that Professor Compton had won the Nobel Prize?
Answer:
When Raman learnt that Professor Compton had won the Nobel Prize, he felt very happy because what Prof. Compton wanted to prove, was proved and Raman felt that he would also succeed in his effort.

Question 2.
What does the ‘Compton Effect’ tell us?
Answer:
The ‘Compton Effect’ tells us that the nature of X-rays changes when passed through the matter. The change was dependent on the kind of matter.

Question 3.
What was Raman’s advice to young scientists?
Answer:
C.V. Raman’s advice to young scientists was to look at the world around them and not to confine themselves to their laboratories. He said that the essence of science is independent thinking and hard work but not equipment.

Question 4.
Which paragraph tells about the ill-health of C.V.Raman?
Answer:
Paragraph No-7 in the lesson tells about the ill-health of C.V. Raman.

Question 5.
What was the challenging situation when Raman started his experiment on light?
Answer:
When Raman started his experiment on light, no sophisticate equipment was available in his laboratory. But he was confident he could do the discovery by making some modifications in his experiment. With equipment worth hardly Rs. 200 and limited facilities, Raman made the discovery.

Question 6.
What was the unseen force working behind Raman for reaching great heights?
Answer:
The unseen force working behind Raman for reaching great heights was his confidence, dedication and hard-work in what he tried to discover. His confidence was that he could discover with some modifications in his equipment and using the limited facilities made him very great.

Question 7.
What was ‘Raman Effect’?
Answer:
‘Raman Effect’ was that light changes its nature when passed through a transparent medium. It was his discovery of new radiation (describing the behaviour a beam of light passing through a liquid chemical).

Question 8.
If A.H. Compton had not discovered the ‘Compton Effect’, do you think Raman would have discovered the ‘Raman Effect’? Give your reasons.
Answer:
Yes, even if A.H. Compton had not the ‘Compton Effect’, Raman would have the Raman Effect because Raman was a very optimistic, well-confident and dedicated scientist. He was not a dependent on equipment. He was not confined himself to his laboratory. ,He had independent thinking and was hard-working.

Question 9.
In what way was Raman different from the other Indian scientists? List them and justify your answer.
Answer:
Other Indians want good and sophisticated equipment to carry out their experiment. They confine themselves to their laboratories. But C.V. Raman was not dependent on equipment. He had no sophisticated equipment. He did not confine himself to his laboratory. Unlike others, he was hard-working and confident and had independent thinking and looked at the world around him.

Question 10.
If you were a scientist, what would you like to invent/discover?
Answer:
If I were a scientist, I would like to invent a car that could run with the energy of sunlight but not with diesel or petrol.

II. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. C.V. Raman was born in Calcutta. ( )
2. The Compton Effect was a discovery made by C.V.Raman. ( )
3. Raman’s mother was a college physics teacher. ( )
4. Raman was an average student at school. ( )
5. Raman studied how the drum could produce music. ( )
6. Raman spent only two hundred rupees to win the Nobel Prize. ( )
7. Raman was only 42 when he won the Nobel Prize. ( )
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. True
Correct Statements:
1. C.V. Raman was born in Tiruchirapalli.
2. The Compton Effect was a discovery made by Professor Compton.
3. Raman’s father was a college physics teacher.
4. Raman was a brilliant student at school.
5. Raman studied how the violin, etc. could produce music.

Vocabulary

I. The following sentences are from your lesson. Read them carefully and tick (✓) the correct meaning of the underlined word in each sentence.

1. His parents were keen to send him abroad for higher studies.
(a) particular
(b) eager
(c) worried

2. The world hailed the discovery as the ‘Raman Effect’.
(a) admired
(b) called
(c) thought

3. In his youth Raman was mainly interested in acoustics.
(a) primarily
(b) simply
(c) certainly

4. The British made Raman a knight of the British Empire.
(a) appointed
(b) managed
(c) placed

5. Raman passed awav on November 21, 1970.
(a) was killed
(b) died
(c) left
Answer:
1) b
2) a
3) a
4) a
5) b

II. Read the following sentence.

Raman was equally delighted.
The underlined word ‘delighted’ is a verb and has been used to express a feeling of joy or happiness. Its noun form is ‘delight. ’ Now look at the following verbs and write their corresponding noun forms.

Answer:
2) surprise
3) disappointment
4) worry
5) satisfaction

Now fill in the blanks with the suitable noun forms of the underlined words in each sentence. .
1. He was shocked to see a snake in his room but he recovered from his ——– in no time.
2. He pretended to look relieved but, in fact, he did not have any ——–.
3. I can understand your ——–. But do not be so excited that you have health problems.
4. Raju, an auto driver, was very honest. His ——– was known to everybody when he returned the bag of jewellery a passenger had left in his auto.
Answer:
1) shock
2) relief
3) excitement
4) honesty

III. (1) Read the following sentence and notice the underlined part.

Raman staged in the country to do the M.A. course.
The underlined letters in capitals denote an abbreviation. The full form of this abbreviation is ‘Master of Arts’.
Here is a list of some common abbreviation’s. Write their full forms.


Answer:

Abbreviation	Full form
B.A.	Bachelor of Arts
A.D.	Anno Domini
B.C.	Before Christ
C.M.	Chief Minister
C.D.	Compact Disc
D.V.D.	Digital Versatile Disc/ Digital Video Disc
a.m.	ante meridiem
p.m.	post meridiem

(2) Read the following sentence and notice the underlined word.

He used to spend his hours after office in the lab.
The underlined word “lab is the short form of laboratory,”
Look at the following list of short forms and write their full forms. The first one is done for you. (Use a dictionary)

Answer:

Short form of the word	Full form of the word
plane	aeroplane
kilo	kilogram
para	paragraph
specs	spectacles
photo	photograph
bike	bicycle, motor bike
mike	microphone

IV. In the paragraph 4 you have learnt that ‘optics’ is the study of light. Do you know ‘ the word for the study of living beings? It is ‘biology’. It comes from ‘bio’ (means ‘life’) + ‘logus’ / ‘logy’ (means ‘study of science’). So the suffix ‘-logy’ adds the meaning ‘the study of’.

Guess the meaning of the words under Column A and match them with the phrases under Column B.

Answer:
1) d
2) e
3) a
4) c
5) b

Grammar

I. Read the following sentences from your lesson and observe how the underlined words are used before dates, years and the names of places.

1. Raman was born on November 7,1888. (Para 6)
2. Raman passed away in 1970 on November 21. (Paral 11)
3. Raman did his M.A. course at Presidency College in Madras. (Para 6)
4. In December, on a fine evening in 1927, there was much excitement. (Para 1)
Note: ‘on’, ‘in’ and ‘at’ are prepositions of time and place. In sentence 1 & 2 ‘on’ is used before a date. In sentence 2, 3 & 4 ‘in’ is used before a year (in 1970), before the name of a big city (in Madras) and before the name of a month (In December). In sentence 3 ‘at’ is used before the name of a small place / area.
Now fill in the blanks with ‘in, ‘on’ and ‘at’.
Sarath Chandra and Keerthana are brother and sister. Sarath Chandra was born –1– 25th April –2– 2000. Keerthana was born –3– December 2, 2001. They are with their parents. They live –4– Kondamudusu Palem, a small village –5– Prakasam District. They play games –6– school. It is usually very hot –7– May –8– their village. So they spend their summer –9– Hyderabad –10– their uncle’s house. Mr. Srisailam is their uncle. He resides –11– High Court Colony –12– Hyderabad with his wife, Jagadeeswari and his daughter, Vishnu Priya.
Answer:
1) on
2) in
3) on
4) at
5) in
6) at
7) in
8) in
9) in
10) at
11) at
12) in

II. Revision of ‘Articles’.

1. ’a’ is used before singular common nouns /in nouns phrases beginning with consonant sounds.
2. ‘an’ is used before singular common nouns / in noun phrases beginning with vowel sounds.
3. ‘the’ is used
(a) before words/phrases that indicate unique things (“It was the headquarters of the Indian Association ‘)
(b) in situations where the sentence itself contains a clue to identify of the thing or the person referred to (e.g. His advice to young scientists was also to .look at the world around them)
(c) in social situations where the identity, of the person / object is understood (“But look here, Krishnan,” he said turning to the young man ..”).
d) before the names of musical instruments (“He studied how stringed instruments like the violin “)

III. List 20 phrases from the text that begin with ‘a’/ ‘an’ or ‘the’. Then put 1,2,3(a), 3(b), 3(c), or 3(d) against them depending on how ‘a’ / ‘an’ or ‘the’ is used. One is done for you.

1. an old building                                                                                  2
2. It was the headquarters of the Indian Association.                           3(a), 3(a)
3. Raman said turning to the young man.                                            3(c)
4. His advice to them was to look at the world.                                   3(b)
5. He studied how the violin                                                                3(d)
6. He was the firsts Indian                                                                    3(a)
7. The British Govt.                                                                               3(a)
8. The day on which he discovered.                                                     3(b)
9. Raman had already made an impression.                                        2
10. a British surgeon                                                                            1
11. a college physics teacher                                                               1
12. Raman was able to make a discovery.                                           1
13. On the busy Bowbazaar Street                                                      3(b)
14. Raman stayed in the country.                                                        3(b)
15. passing through a liquid                                                                1
16. the nature of X-rays .                                                                     3(a)
17. passed through a transparent medium                                         1
18. That was the question that Raman asked                                      3(c)
19. Optics, the science of light                                                            3(a)
20. It was a high honour                                                                     1

Now fill in the blanks with ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’.
1. In 1987 M.S. Swaminathan was awarded ——– Ramon Magsaysay Award.
2. We dined yesterday at ——– Maurya Sherton hotel.
3. Tejaswini lent me ——– interesting book.
4. My father is ——– school teacher.
5. M.S.Swaminathan worked at ——– Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
6. Rekha bought ——– long notebook yesterday.
7. Sravani is eating ——– mango now.
8. Ganesh always carries ——– umbrella with him.
9. Rambabu is ——– English teacher in a high school.
10. Manjula and Sruthi play ——– guitar well.
Answer:
1) the
2) the
3) an
4) a
5) the
6) a
7) a
8) an
9) an
10) the

Writing

I. Write a paragraph on J.C. Bose using the hints given below. You must use the right linkers to join the sentences.

J.C. Bose – Indian scientist – born 30-09-1858 – St. Xavier’s School, Calcutta – abroad for higher studies – returned in 1885 – published a monograph, Response in the Living and Non-living – became famous – Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920 – wireless telegraphy in 1895 – the Crescograph – plants have life – the Bose Institute in Calcutta – devoted to the study of plants – died 23-11-1937.
Share your draft with your partner and refine your draft in the light of the suggestions offered by him.
Answer:
Jagadish Chandra Bose (J.C. Bose) was a famous Indian scientist. He was born on 30th September, 1858.
J.C. Bose studied at St. Xavier’s School in Calcutta. Later he went abroad for higher studies. He returned to India in 1885. He published a monograph which was about the response in the living and the non-living. He became famous by being a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920.
J.C. Bose invented wireless telegraphy in 1895. He proved that plants have life. J.C. Bose invented Crescograph, an instrument with which the growth in plants can be known.
J.C. Bose founded the Bose Institute in Calcutta. He devoted most of his life to the study of plants. J.C. Bose passed away on 23rd November, 1937.

II. The passage given below has some errors in the use of capital letters, verbs, prepositions and articles. Edit the passage by underlining the incorrect parts and writing them correctly over the space available. The first one is done for you.

Raman was borne (born) on November 7, 1888, in tiruchirapalli at tamil nadu. He finishes his m.a. course at Presidency college in chennai. He became member of the indian association for cultivation of science. He took up a administrative job in the finance ministry in Calcutta. He was elected the royal society of London in 1924 and the british government made him a knight of the british empire in 1929. He was first indian scholar who studied wholly in india and received the nobel prize.
Answer:
The incorrect parts in the given passage have been underlined. Given below is the passage with no incorrect parts.

Raman was born on November 7, 1888 at Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu. He finished his M.A. course at Presidency College in Chennai. He became a member of the Indian Association for Cultivation of Science. He took up an administrative job in the Finance Ministry in Calcutta. He was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1924 and the British Government made him a knight of the British Empire in 1929. He was the first Indian scholar who studied wholly in India and received the Nobel Prize.

Study Skills

I. Study the pie charts and answer the questions given below them.

Distribution of Weight in Human Body.

1. Which of the following constitute most of the weight in the human body?
(a) water (b) proteins (c) dry elements (d) bones
Answer:
(a) water

2. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Proteins constitute 11 per cent of the human body.
(b) Dry elements constitute 15 per cent of the human body.
(c) Hormones, enzymes and other proteins constitute 2/5 of the human body.
Answer:
(c) Hormones, enzymes and other proteins constitute 2/5 of the human body.

3. If a person’s weight is 100 kilograms, how much do his bones weigh?
Answer:
20 Kgs

4. If the proteins in a person weigh 12 kilograms, what will be his weight?
Answer:
50 Kgs

5. Are the bones in our body heavier than the water in our body? Support your answer.
Answer:
No, they are not. Water constitutes 65 per cent of our weight.

Listening and Speaking

Your teacher will read the passage “The Inventor of Inventors’. Listen carefully and answer the questions given below.

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.’ -Thomas Alva Edison

Thomas Alva Edison, the greatest inventor of all times, is the most suitable example of his own saying. This great, outstanding US inventor had the credit of making 1001 inventions. Can you imagine a world without electric light, recorded music, cinema, etc. which are the contributions of this great genius?

Edison was born on February 11, 1847 at Milan, Ohio. His father was in-charge of a light house at Lake Huron. Although he could not continue his studies in his school, he was very inquisitive from his boyhood to learn by understanding. When he was only ten years old, he set up a laboratory in the basement of his father’s work place. He loved to mix liquids and powders to observe the reactions.

At the age of 12, he began selling newspapers and candy in trains. As a very keen observer, he learnt some preliminary techniques of telegraphy from the station master, which led him later to work as a roving telegrapher. During his stint as a supervisor in a Telegraph company, he created a stock printer. With the money received from it, he set up a laboratory for carrying out his experiments and research work. In subsequent years he invented phonograph — the machine for recording and reproducing sound. Edison thus made man’s voice immortal. In 1878. he demonstrated the light bulb — a carbon filament electric bulb.

While experimenting on electric lamp, he discovered an important scientific principle known as ‘Edison Effect’. This discovery led to the invention of electron valves and the modern electronics industry rests on this principle. In 1882, he set up a power generating station which supplied power to a few residents of New York City. Later, he developed the kinetograph which was the first step towards motion picture camera. Cinema houses are here today because of the inventive genius of Edison. His other inventions include the spheres of X-rays, telephone and other electronic items. His inventions made him one of the richest men in America.
This great genius passed away on 18 October, 1931.

I. Say whether the following statements are true or false.

1. When Edison was twelve, he established a school. ( )
2. Edison discovered an important scientific principle known as the Edison Effect. ( )
3. Edison was a poor observer. ( )
4. Edison’s father was a school teacher. ( )
5. Edison loved to mix liquids and powders to observe the reaction. ( )
Answer:
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True

Here is a list of inventions. Put a ( ✓)against them if it was invented by Edison.

III. GROUP WORK

1. Thomas Alva Edison invented electric bulb. If there were no electric bulbs, how would be our life?

Mother: What are you doing Ramu?
Ramu: Nothing mom!
Mother: Why aren’t you doing anything my boy? Tomorrow you’ve a terminal exam.
Ramu: How can I read mom? The power has gone.
Mother: Why? You can read under a kerosene lamp or under a candle.
Ramu: Kerosene lamp gives out a lot of smoke. It smells bad. More than that, the smoke may cause irritation to my eyes.
Grandmother: So! You can’t use the oil lamp for at least an hour. That too in emergency! But we’ve struggled all our lives with them.
Ramu: That is your fate ! But today we are all comfortable with electric bulbs.
Mother: If there were no electric bulbs, what would be our lives ?
Ramu: I can’t imagine ! Damn the dark world ! We are not supposed to live in darkness. At night we would be blind and were to grope for everything in darkness. There will be no progress in human life. Life comes to a standstill. We have to go back to the middle ages. Thank God ! Thomas Alwa Edison was born hundred and seventy five years ago and invented the electric bulb.
[Just then power comes and brighten the whole city with its splendid and gorgeous lights.] Thank you Edison ! We are always very much grateful to you. Now mom, I am going to read my lessons.

2. Debate the following proposition :

‘Science has proved to be more a curse than a blessing.’ Divide the groups into two sets. One set of students speak in favour of the motion and the other against it. They may use the words / expressions listed in the box.

Conversation
Answer:
‘A’ – At the outset, I would like to emphasise that it is not science that has proved to be more a curse than a blessing but its use by selfish man that has proved to be a real curse.
‘B’ – May I begin by saying that unless there is something wrong in science itself, it cannot be abused. Hence science is a curse.
‘C’ – I must take strong exception to what ‘B’ has said. Even a very useful product may be abused because of either lack of proper knowledge or malintention.
‘D’ – Whatever may be one’s views, I must add that science is definitely a blessing. But no blessing comes to us with 100% positive uses. We must learn to use the positive side of it and ignore the negative side. That’s how wise people use science.
‘E’ – We may conclude with supporting “D’. We must all work hard to minimize the evil results of science and maximise its good effects. Then there wouldn’t be any scope for sayings like ‘Science is a more a bane than a boon’.

IV. Listen to the conversation between Sindhu and Mary.

Sindhu: Mary, where have you been all the week?
Mary: Um…I had been to Hyderabad.
Sindhu: Hyderabad? Why? Why did you go there?
Mary: You know, my uncle lives there. I went there to visit him.
Sindhu: That’s nice. But did you visit any place?
Mary: Oh!Yes, I visited a museum . It’s wonderful.
Sindhu: Really! What kind of museum is it?
Mary: It’s a science museum.
Sindhu: Science museum? But it should be boring.
Mary: Not a bit. I learnt a lot about many interesting things. You must see it.
Sindhu: Is it that much interesting? Could you tell me something more about it?
Mary: Oh! It takes a long time. Now I am in a hurry. I will talk about it later.

Now work with your partner and ask and answer questions about the science fair that might have been organised in your school or district. Use the following questions too.
1. When did you go to the science fair?
2. What things did you see there?
3. Which was the most interesting thing you noticed there?
Answer:
Vlnod: Hi, Santosh. You haven’t been seen these days;
Santosh: Hi, Vinod. Ya I had been to Khammam.
Vlnod: Why? What is the purpose?
Santosh: Don’t you know that a science fair has been going on there?
Vlnod: A science fair? No, I don’t know about it. When did you go there?
Santosh: Vinod, our science teacher told us about It last Saturday. I went there on Sunday.
Vlnod: Oh! I didn’t come to school on Saturday. Any way, what did you see there?
Santosh: I saw a lot many exhibits. It took two full days for me to just go round the stalls.
Vinod: OK. Then just tell me about the most interesting thing you saw there.
Santosh: The exhibit on conservation of water impressed me a lot. May be because
I am interested in the subject.
Vinod: How long will the science fair be open, Santosh? I too feel like visiting it.
Santosh: It will be open, till the day after tomorrow.
Vinoid: Then I will start for Khammam today itself. Bye Santosh!

C.V. Raman, the Pride of India Summary in English

Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman was an eminent Indian Scientist. He was the first scholar who studied wholly in India. He was the first Indian Scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics. He was also the first Asian as well as the first non-white to receive the Nobel Prize.

C. V. Raman was born at Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu on November 7, 1888. His father was a college physics teacher. Right from the start, Raman was a brilliant student. So, when Raman passed his matriculation, his parents wanted to send him abroad for higher studies. But a British surgeon told them not to send him abroad as he was not healthy enough. Raman did his M.A. course at Presidency College in Madras (now called Chennai).

Raman was fond of the Science subject. When he was 19, he became a member of the Indian Association for Cultivation of Science. The headquarters of it was an old building on the busy Bowbazaar Street in Calcutta. Meanwhile Raman took up an administrative job in the Finance Ministry in Calcutta so as to respect the wishes of his parents.

In his youth, Raman was mainly interested in acoustics, the science of sound. He studied how stringed instruments like the sitar and the violin could produce harmonious music. He became a knight of the British Empire in 1929.

With equipment worth only Rs. 200 and limited facilities available in his laboratory, Raman was able to make a discovery known as the Raman Effect, which won him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1930. Earlier, in 1927, Professor A.H. Compton had won the Nobel Prize for the Compton Effect. Compton Effect says that the nature of X-rays changes when passes through the matter. Raman Effect says that the nature of light changes when passes through transparent medium. Raman’s advice to the young scientists was to look at the world around them and not to confine themselves to their laboratories. Raman passed away in 1970 on November 21.

C.V. Raman, the Pride of India Glossary

lost in thought: giving all your attention to something so that you do not notice what is happening around you

transparent (adj): allowing you to see through it

sophisticated (adj): advanced and capable

equipment (n): the things that are needed for a particular activity

modification(n): change

discovery (n): the process of finding something that was not known about before

red-letter day (Idiom): an important day

surgeon (n): a doctor who is trained to perform surgery

abroad (adv): in or to a foreign country

flag (v): decline, become less

stringed Instrument (n): any musical instrument with strings (eg. the violin, the sitar etc.)

harmonious (adj): very pleasant

knight (n): a man of high social rank a person with the title

confine (v): to restrict

received (v): got

passed away (v): died

remarkable (ad)): memorable

mainly (adv): primarily

keen (adj): eager

hailed (v): admired

made (v): placed

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4C The Emperor’s New Clothes Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class English Solutions Chapter 4C The Emperor’s New Clothes

7th Class English Chapter 4C The Emperor’s New Clothes Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Was the king wise?
Answer:
No, the king was not wise.

Question 2.
What would have happened if the old minister had told the king the truth?
Answer:
If the old minister had told the king the truth, he would have called that the minister a fool. And he would not have punished the weavers.

Question 3.
Why did everyone pretend that they could see the cloth?
Answer:
Everyone pretended that they could see the cloth because the weavers had said that fools could not see their cloth and so they did not want to be considered fools.

Question 4.
There are people who cheat as the weavers did. Share with your classmates what you know about such cheats.
Answer:
What I know about them is that they appear to be correct and our helpers. They pass nice and. sweet words which make us spell-bound. Later they cheat us. We lose something. So we should think well about what some boys say. We should analyse their words and find out the fact. We may, then, do what they say.

If everything you touched became gold, would you be happy?

King Midas was a very greedy king. Even though he was very rich, he always craved for more and more. Every day he prayed God for more and more. One day, God appeared before him and granted him a wish. Midas asked, “Give me golden touch – everything I touch should become gold.” God smiled and granted him the golden touch saying, “Anything that you touch will turn into gold.” The King was delighted with his good fortune. Everything he touched turned into gold. He turned trees, grass, tables, chairs, flowers, and vases into gold. He thought that he must be the richest man in the world.

But in the evening, when he sat down for supper, King Midas was not so happy. His food turned into gold the moment he touched it and’ he had to go to bed without any food! However, King Midas was too greedy to be sad about it.

The next morning, the King’s daughter ran to hug her father. But alas! The minute she kissed him, she turned into a gold statue! King Midas, who loved his daughter very much, was very sad and he ran to the temple for help. He cried, “God, please help me, I don’t want to be rich anymore. I only want my beloved daughter back.” God changed everything back to normal. King Midas had learnt his lesson and was never greedy again.

The Emperor’s New Clothes Summary in English

Once there lived an Emperor. He was very fond of new clothes. He spent his money on getting new clothes for himself.

One day two men came to his court. They said they could make the most beautiful cloth in the world for the Emperor. The Emperor was very much pleased with their words. They also told the Emperor that their cloth was so special that only wise people could see it, but fools could not. The Emperor thought by wearing clothes made with that cloth, he could see who were wise and who were fools in his kingdom. So the Emperor gave them a lot of money and told them to begin their work at once.

The two men were given a special room for their work. In that room, they set up two looms. They acted to be working. But there was nothing on the looms. They asked the king to give them the finest silk and the purest gold thread. The king did so. But they put those in their bags and acted working at the empty looms until late at night.

One day the king sent his old minister to the weavers to know how they were getting on with his cloth. The minister entered their room. He felt surprised to see nothing on the looms and the men doing nothing. The weavers asked the minister how the cloth they made was. The minister thought that if he said the truth, he would be treated as a fool. So, though he could see nothing there, he said that the cloth was very splendid.

Next time, the king went into the room along with his officers. Both the king and the officers could see nothing there. But they all said that the cloth was very beautiful.

At last the weavers said that the cloth was ready. They cut it with a huge pair of scissors in the air. They stitched the clothes with needles without any thread in them.

They told the Emperor that the clothes were ready. The weavers said that they made the trousers and the coat for the king. The officers said that they were beautiful though they could see nothing there. Even the king could see nothing but he could not admit it.

The two young men asked the king to put on the new clothes that they had made. The Emperor took off all his clothes and pretended to be putting on the new clothes. He knew he wore nothing but did not complain because he would thought to be a fool if he said the truth.

The Emperor walked along in the procession. People in the street cried that the Emperor’s new clothes were beautiful. But a little child said that the king had got nothing on, at all. Then all the people there cried that the king had got nothing on. The king felt greatly ashamed and unhappy. He knew that the people were right. But the procession had to go on.

The Emperor’s New Clothes Glossary

be fond of: like very much

weavers (n): people who weave cloth with thread

pretended (v): acted

foolish (n): person having no knowledge / wisdom

empty (adj): nothing

take off (v): remove

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4B Dear Mum Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class English Solutions Chapter 4B Dear Mum

7th Class English Chapter 4B Dear Mum Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who do you think is responsible for all the mischievous deeds?
Answer:
I think it is none but the’ naughty boy who is responsible for all the mischievous deeds.

Question 2.
Why was there a strange jam stain on the kitchen wall? How do you think did it happen?
Answer:
There was a strange jam stain on the kitchen wall because the boy must have taken out the jam in the kitchen in his mother’s absence and he might have touched the wall with the jam- stained fingers.

Question 3.
Did the boy play only indoors? Support your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I think the boy played only indoors. The things happened in the house during the absence of his mother clearly indicate that he had done all those while playing indoors.

Question 4.
What do the muddy foot prints on the carpet suggest?
Answer:
It suggests that the boy might have invited some of his friends into his house to play indoors and they all walked with muddy foot on the carpet.

II. Work in pairs and discuss.

Question 1.
Have you ever been mischievous? Share with your partner some mischievous deeds that you have done in the past.
Answer:
Yes. I have been mischievous quite often. I used to turn off the burning stove in the middle of cooking. Turning on lights during day time, allowing cat to drink milk, giving away new chappals of father to beggar, etc. are other activities of mischief. They are too many to list out.

Question 2.
If you were mischievous like the boy in the poem, how would your mother react?
Answer:
My mother would react with a smile and gentle warning most of the times. She would be very angry and beat me sometimes.

Project

I. Read one or two stories about Tenali Raman and share them in your groups.

A Story about Tenali Raman’s Wit

Tenali Ramalinga was a jester and courtier in the court of king Krishnadevaraya. He was known for his wit and humour.

Tenali Ramalinga’s wife had a lot of jewels. She wore them in the day. At night, she put them away, in a box. She kept the box in her bedroom.

Tenali Ramalinga had two servants. They were rogues.

One day the two servants decided to steal the jewels. One servant said to the other, “We will steal the jewels in the night.” Then the other servant said. ‘Yes, it’s a good idea because in the night, they will be asleep. Then we will easily take away the box of jewels.” At that time, Ramalinga was standing behind the two servants and overheard what they had said. It was dark and so they did not see Ramalinga.

At night, they stood behind the door of the bedroom. Ramalinga knew that they were behind the door. So he said loudly, to his wife, “My dear! We hear that these days thefts are increasing. So our bedroom is not the safe place to keep the box of your jewels, in. I shall drop this box of jewels into the well which is in our garden.” The servants thought that the box of jewels would be dropped into the well. But Ramalinga cleverly took out all the jewels from the box and filled the box with small stone-pieces. Later he came out with box, went to the well and dropped the box into the well. He then returned to his bedroom.

After sometime, the two servants went to the well. They began the work of drawing out the water from the well. They poured the water into the garden. They did this work all the night, yet they couldn’t draw out all the water from the well. At day break, one servant said, “Friend, we’ll stop the work now and do it again tonight.” When they were about to go out, Ramalinga called them to his side. They turned, saw him and were surprised and speechless. Ramalinga told them, “You dirty rogues ! You wanted to steal my wife’s jewels. That’s why 1 filled the box with stones and threw it into the well. Nevertheless, you did one good thing. You watered the garden completely by drawing out the water from the well, all the night. Because of your bad conduct, I dismiss you both. Get lost now itself.” The two servants lost their job and went away.

II. Make a fun cap.

Kings have gone. Jesters have gone. Now, we have only jokers in circuses or comedy shows. They wear fancy dresses and a round cap on their heads. Work in pair, one student should give the following instruction and other has to follow it and do accordingly.

1. Take a round colour drawing sheet and cut it along the dotted lines.
   
2. Hold both the corners of the sheet and overlap the cut parts to fit like a cap. Use two paper clips to hold the shape or apply gum along the edge to fix.
   
3. Decorate your cap by pasting shapes of different colours, (e.g. triangles, flowers, squares, circles, etc.)
   
4. Cut long strips of different colours.
5. Make a small cut on the top of your cap and push the ends of the long strips inside through the hole and paste them inside.
   

Dear Mum Summary in English

The poet says that some naughty children do naughty things both at home and at school. They cover their mistakes pr faults cleverly and nicely.

In this poem, a naughty boy made mischief when her mother was not at home. When she returned, before her mother’s asking him why he had done those things, the boy began to tell his mother the reasbns for various happenings in the house during her absence. He said that while she was out, a cup went and broke itself. A crack appeared in the blue vase. He did not turn on the tap but mysteriously the sink overflowed. He also expressed his surprise on how the cat managed to turn on the washing machine (especially from inside) or how the self-raising flour’ managed to self-raise. He said he was terribly afraid when a series of muddy footprints appeared on the new white carpet. He said he was not the cause of all these happenings and that he was good and honest. He said that he thought that the house was haunted, by ghosts, when he had gone over to his grandmother.

Dear Mum Glossary

mysteriously (adv): strangely

scared (v): frightened of something

haunted (adj): (of a building) believed to be visited by ghosts

have a fit (phr. v): to be shocked, upset or angry

self-raising flour (n): flour that contains a substance which makes cakes swell when they are cooked

gran (n): grandmother

for a bit: for a while

turn on (phr. v): switch on

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4A Tenali Paints a Horse Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class English Solutions Chapter 4A Tenali Paints a Horse

7th Class English Chapter 4A Tenali Paints a Horse Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow.

Question 1.
Look at the title and guess what you are going to read about?
Answer:
I am going to learn about the painting of a horse, painted by Tenali Raman.

Question 2.
Who do you think is the person with the turban?
Answer:
He is Krishnadevaraya, the King of Vijayanagara.

Question 3.
Can you name the person sitting on the throne?
Answer:
He is King Krishnadevaraya.

Question 4.
What do you think Tenali Raman will do its the story?
Answer:
As per the title, I think Tenali Raman will make painting of a horse, show it to the king and say something about it.

Question 5.
Can you share a story about Tenali Raman?
Answer:
Yes, I can’ tell a story.

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Why did Tenali Raman look displeased?
Answer:
Tenali Raman looked displeased because there was no completeness in the artist’s painting. The other side of the men in the painting and the face of the cow in the painting were not seen. He thought that it was not a good painting.

Question 2.
How did the king reward the artist? What would you have done if you had been in the king’s place?
Answer:
The king gave a bag of gold for his paintings saying that they were impressive. I would have given money or some valuable things to the artist.

Question 3.
Why did the king call Tenali Raman an ignorant fool?
Answer:
The king called Tenali Raman an ignorant fool because Raman said that only one side of the two men in the painting was seen. He also said that the face of the cow in the painting was not seen.

Question 4.
What do you think is the reason for the courtiers sniggering?
Answer:
The reason was that they strongly believed that Tenali Raman could not present a painting better than that of the artist and that Raman would lose the bet.

Question 5.
What was the bet between the king and Tenali Raman?
Answer:
The bet between the king and Tenali Raman was that if Raman could bring the king a painting that was at least half as good as the paintings of the artist, the king would give Raman a bag of gold and the title, ‘King of Artists’.

Question 6.
If you were Tenali Raman, would you accept the bet?
Answer:
If I were Raman, I would accept the bet because in my view, I would certainly win the bet.

Question 7.
How did Tenali Raman win the bet?
Answer:
Tenali Raman painted only the tail of a horse and showed it to the king. He said he had painted a beautiful horse. When the king said that he couldn’t see a horse in his painting, Raman said that the missing parts were to be imagined as the king had earlier said. Thus he won the bet.

Question 8.
Could you predict that Tenali Raman would win the bag of gold?
Answer:
Yes, I could predict it because Tenali Raman was very clever and witty.

Question 9.
If you were Tenali Raman, what would you do?
Answer:
If I were Tenali Raman, I would also have painted an incomplete picture so as to say that the missing parts were to be imagined.

Question 10.
Can you suggest a different ending to the play? Discuss it in your group.
Answer:
The different ending is bringing the painting that could display completeness in it and showing it to the king to please him and get the reward from him.

Vocabulary

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words given below.

1. Birbal was a ——– in the court of Akbar.
2. The teacher was ——– with the nice work done by his pupils.
3. Sarada paid a ——– for not paying the fees on time.
4. When I visited Kashmir, the mountains were ——– with snow.
5. You should use your ——– when you look at a painting.
Answer:
1. jester
2. pleased
3. penalty
4. covered
5. imagination

II. Phrasal Verbs:

A phrasal verb is a phrase which consists of a verb and a preposition or an adverb or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts.
You have really caught him out, Sir.
Perhaps his painting is so good that he can’t bear to part with it.
The words in bold are Phrasal verbs. The phrase ‘caught out’ means ‘showed that somebody does not know much. The phrase ‘part with’ means ‘to give something to somebody else, especially something that you would prefer to keep.

1. Consult a dictionary and list other phrasal verbs beginning with ‘catch’ and‘part’ Write some sentences of your own for each phrasal verb.
Answer:
Some phrasal verbs with ‘catch’:
1. catch on: become popular or fashionable.
Example: Guravaiah invented a new game but it never really caught on.
2. catch out: surprise somebody and put them in a difficult position.
Example: Many investors were caught out by the fall in share prices.
3. catch up: reach somebody who is ahead by going faster.
Example: Go on ahead. I will catch up with you.
4. catch upon: spend extra time doing something because you haven’t done it earlier.
Example: I have a lot of work to catch upon.
Phrasal verb with ‘part’: part with: give up, give away
He won’t part with his money, no matter what.

2. Read the following passages, circle the phrasal verbs, and guess their meanings. You may choose the meanings from the list given in the box. Write the phrasal verbs and their meanings in your notebook. Write one sentence of your own for each phrasal verb.

1. Ramana Rao’s house was robbed of. Venkateswara Rao, the inspector of police who was looking into the case released the picture of the suspect and asked the people to look out for him. In a press release, he said that he had some clues and that the robber could not get out of the case.
2. Bhanu joined a new company. In the beginning, she had problems with her manager. But now she is getting on with her new boss very well. Initially, she had problems with her paying-guest accommodation too. But the superb food her host served made up for the uncomfortable room. Now the problem is with looking after the host’s children. They are like little devils. God only knows how she would get through this.
Answer:
1. Ramana Rao’s house was robbed of. Venkateswara Rao, the inspector of police who was looking into the case released the picture of the suspect and asked the people to look out for him. In a press release, he said that he had some clues and that the robber could not get out of the case.
2. Bhanu joined a new company. In the beginning, she had problems with her manager. But now she is getting on with her new boss very well. Initially, she had problems with her paying-guest accommodation too. But the superb food her host served made up for the uncomfortable room. Now the problem is with looking after the host’s children. They are like little devils. God only knows how she would get through this.
a) looking into: investigating
b) look out for: notice someone
c) get out of: avoid or escape
d) getting on: managing
f) looking after: take care of
e) made up for: compensated for
g) get through: succeed

Sentences using the above phrasal verbs:
a) The police are looking into Nitya’s murder case.
b) Look out for Pandu while you’re there.
c) I reckon her backache was just a way of getting out of the housework.
d) Of late, Prakash is getting on quite well with his superiors.
e) This year’s good harvest will make up for last year’s bad one.
f) We look after the neighbour’s pigeons while they’re away.
g) We can’t get through to the government just how serious the problem is!

III. Idioms:
Read the following sentence from the play:
It’s only fair that if he doesn’t make good his boast…
The underlined phrase is an idiom. What is an idiom? An idiom is a phrase similar to the phrasal verbs you have just learnt. It is difficult to guess the meaning of an idiom by looking at the individual words. Here ‘make good’ means ‘to carry out a promise’.
Some other idioms that begin with make are: make merry, make do, make it, make the most of something, make something of yourself, and make like.
1) make merry: enjoy oneself by singing etc.
It is free time and all the students are making merry in the playground.
2) make do: manage
It is really my bad luck that I have always to make do.
3) make it: be successful
He has a strategy to make it in any area of activity.
4) make something of yourself: to be successful in life.
He made something of himself very quickly.
5) make like: act or behave in a specified way.
He was forced to make like the officer.

Look up these idioms in a dictionary and find out what they mean.
Here are some more idioms. Guess their meanings and use them in your own sentences:
1. once in a blue moon
2. bury the hatchet
3. to make both ends meet
4. to burn the midnight oil
Answer:
1. Once in a blue moon: Very rarely
Ex: My sister Padmaja lives in Australia, so I only see her once in a blue moon.
2. Bury the hatchet: forget the enmity.
Ex: They decided to bury the hatchet and try to be friends again.
3. To make both ends meet: earn money for one’s living
Ex: Jesse, to make both ends meet, had to run against horses.
4. To burn the midnight oil : work or study until late at night.
Ex: Just before examinations, she burns the midnight fail.

Grammar

I. Short forms

You have already learnt that an apostrophe shows that something belongs to someone or something before it. It has another use. When one or more letters are omitted in a phrase, an apostrophe is put where they have been left out; thus making it a short form of the original word. Short forms are used when we write a conversation, as it was done in the play you read. However, when these elements are used as main verbs, (Kamala is a lawyer) or used for emphasis (I will do it.), they are not contracted.

1. Pick out some short forms( contracted forms) used in the play and write their full forms in your notebook as shown above.
Answer:

2. Read the following conversation between Sarada and Usha and rewrite it in your notebook using the short forms.
Sarada: What are you going to do after school?
Usha: I will go home and take rest for an hour.
Sarada: Then, when will you cook supper for your children?
Usha: I need not cook today. I have made some Pulihora in the morning. We will eat it for supper too.
Sarada: Forgot to tell you this. I planned a quiz for 6th class children. Are you coming tomorrow?
Usha: I will not. I am taking leave for two days.
Sarada: Why? Are you going somewhere?
Usha: I would love to do that. But my mother-in-law is visiting us tomorrow.
Sarada: Then you will have a hard time, I suppose.
Usha: I do not think so.
Answer:
Sarada: What are you going to do after school?
Usha: I’ll go home and take rest for an hour.
Sarada: Then, when’ll you cook supper for your children?
Usha: I needn’t cook today. I’ve made some Pulihora in the morning. We’ll eat it for supper too.
Sarada: Forgot to tell you this. I planned a quiz for 6th class children. Are you coming tomorrow?
Usha: I’ll not. I’m taking leave for two days.
Sarada: Why? Are you going somewhere?
Usha: I’d love to do that. But my mother-in-law is visiting us tomorrow.
Sarada: Then you’ll have a hard time, I suppose.
Usha: I don’t think so.

II. Adverbs of manner
Revision:

We can make adverbs from adjectives by adding –ly as shown below:
Adjective + ly = adverb
safe + ly = safely
eager + ly = eagerly
However, you should remember that all adverbs are not formed in the same way.
For example you can’t add –ly to the following adjectives to make adverbs: good, fast.

Adverbs of manner tell us the manner in which something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object.
Look at the following sentences from the play you have read.
1. The courtiers are waiting eagerly for Tenali to bring in his painting.
2. Tenali looks at the giggling courtiers angrily and walks out.
In the first sentence the adverb ‘eagerly’ comes after the main verb Awaiting’.
In the second sentence the adverb ‘angrily’ comes after the object ‘courtiers’.

Difference between an adjective and an adverb:
An adjective qualifies or describes a noun or a pronoun.
Ex : She is beautiful. He is sad.
An adverb qualifies or describes a verb or an adjective or an adverb itself.
Ex : 1. He paints beautifully. (adv)
2. He paints very beautifully. (adv)
Generally, by adding ‘ly’ to adjectives, adverbs can be formed.

Adjective + ly = Adverb
Ex : 1. soft + ly = softly
2. safe + ly = safely
3. eager + ly = eagerly
4. sad + ly = sadly
5. slow + ly = slowly
6. slight + ly = slightly
7. sweet + ly = sweetly
8. nice + ly = nicely

However, it is to be noted that all adverbs are not formed merely by adding – ‘ly’.
Example: The adverb of good is well but not goodly.
The adverb of fast is fast but not fastly.
Adverbs come after the main verbs.
Ex: They are waiting eagerly for my brother.
Adverbs can come after the objects.
Ex: She looks at them angrily.
Adverbs of manner indicate the manner or the way some action is done. Ex: He goes silently.
It says how he goes.
Adverbs of manner can be identified by getting the answer for the word ‘how’.

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
Tick (✓) the sentences where the adverb of manner is put after the object and put a cross(✕) against the sentences where the adverb of manner is put immediately after the main verb.
Answer:
1. Sriram speaks ______ English. He speaks English ______. (correct)
2. Saleem is a ______ tailor. He makes dresses __________. (careless)
3. You always speak _________ . Please speak _______. (loud, quiet)
4. Be _______ and do your homework __________. (careful, correct)
5. Nandu is a _______ reader. He reads books very _________. (slow)
6. Please be _______ or do your work ________. I want to sleep. (quiet)
7. My mother shouted _________ when I showed my progress card.(loud)
8. Please listen ________ .(careful)
9. P.T.Usha is a ________ runner. She runs very _______. (fast)
10. Raghavathi is a _________ teacher. She teaches very ______. (good, well)
Answer:
1) correct: correctly (✓)
2) careless; carelessly (✓)
3) loudly ; quietly (✕)
4) careful; carefully (✓)
5) slow, slowly (✓)
6) quiet; quietly (✓)
7) loudly (✕)
8) carefully (✕)
9) fast; fast (✕)
10) good; well (✕)

Writing

Imagine that you were the King Krishnadevaraya. Now narrate an account of what had happened in your court. You can start like this:

One day, an artist came to my court and showed me some paintings. They were very beautiful. I liked them very much. Everyone in the court liked them except Tenali Raman ….
Answer:
One day, an artist came to my court and showed me some paintings. They were very beautiful. I liked them very much. Everyone in the court except Tenali Raman liked them. Tenali Raman said that the other side of the two men and the face of the cow were not seen in the picture. So they were not such good paintings. I thought that he was an ignorant fool. I told him everything could not be painted and he should imagine the missing bits of the painting. Then he bet that hb could paint better than that picture. I also bet him if he could paint a picture that was half as good as the picture drawn by the artist. I said I would give him a bag of gold and the title “King of Artists”. All the courtiers thought how scornful he was. They were certain he would lose the bet. But I knew he was clever and somehow he would get out of it. Eventually the day on which Tenali Raman was to show his paintings came. Everyone was eagerly waiting for him. It was lunch time. Raman not yet came. The courtiers took advantage of the situation and made ridiculous remarks against him. I was hungry and impatient. Then there came Raman followed by two men carrying a painting covered with a sheet of cloth. When Tenali gestured, the men lifted the cloth to display the painting. The painting had only a few curved strokes of black on the right hand edge and a few lines of green at the bottom below it. Raman said that he had drawn a black magnificent black stallion with a white star on its forehead. But I did not see anything on it. I was very much angry. I thought he was insulting me. There was nothing on this canvas. When I expressed my wrath he said that we should use our imagination when we looked at the paintings. He said that the horse was just outside the canvas grazing at grass. I thought he paid me in my own coin. The old rascal, he was clever, a hard nut to crack, defeated all the courtiers as usual. I gave him a bag of gold, as I had promised earlier.

Study Skills

Jesters used to entertain people with their wit and humour. Now we have comedians in films doing that job. Here is an interesting passage about one such comedian Mr. Rajababu.

Read on:
Sri Rajababu was a famous comedian in Tollywood. He was born in Rajahmundry, East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh on 20 October 1937. He entered Tollywood in 1960 and acted until 1981. In his 21 year film career, he acted in more than 550 movies.
Can you imagine what he was doing before entering the Telugu Film Industry? Believe it or not, he was working as a Telugu teacher! Imagine how much fun his students might have had. Between 1955 and 60 he acted in many dramas. 1960 was a milestone in his life because that was the year in which he had his first chance to act in a film called ‘Samajam’. From that time onwards he never looked back. He married Lakshmi Ammalu in 1965. In 70’s he had become a very popular comedian and won many Filmfare Awards. His combination with Ramaprabha was a super hit and they were considered the best comedy pair.
In 1972 he acted as a hero for the first time in the movie Tata Manavadu.’ He acted as a hero in four more films. He produced films too. In 1974 he produced the film ‘Evariki Vare Yamuna Theere’. His film career came to an end in 1981 with the film ‘Gadasari Atta Sogasari Kodalu’. He could not act because of his ill health. This wonderful comedian, who was fondly called ‘Haasya Nata Chakravarthi’ passed away on 7 February, 1983.
Now, write the important events in the life of Mr. Rajababu on the timeline given below:

Answer:

Listening and Speaking

Your teacher will read the story ‘The Miser’ Listen carefully and answer the following questions :

The Miser
Once there was a very rich man. He was a miser. He ate cheap food and spent very little money. He lent money to small shopkeepers at a high rate of interest. In this way, he earned a lot of money.

Every morning he went out to see the shopkeepers and came home at midday. The miser had a watchman to look after his house. The watchman lived in a hut near the gate. He liked fish, and his wife cooked it for him every day. The watchman told his wife, “Cook the fish before midday. Our master will be out then. He doesn’t eat meat or fish, and he will not like the smell of fish.”

One day the master came home early. He walked past the watchman’s hut and caught the smell of fish. It was a nice smell and he liked it very much.

That afternoon, he called the watchman and asked him, “What were you cooking today?”
The watchman said quickly, “I won’t do it again, sir. Please forgive me.”
The miser said, “Don’t be afraid. I am not angry. What was your wife cooking? Please tell me.”
The watchman said, “We were cooking fish.”
The miser said, “Please cook it every day. I like the smell very much.”
The watchman and his wife thought, “Our master is mad.” But they cooked fish everyday.
After a month, one evening, the watchman and his wife came to see their master.

“Sir, you like the smell of fish,” the watchman said to his master, “so we cook it everyday. But fish is not cheap. It is very expensive. It costs us a lot of money. I earn only thirty rupees a month. You ordered us to cook fish even though we cannot afford it. So please give us money for the fish.”

The miser thought for a while. Then he said, “Oh, all right. Wait here.” He went into his room and shut the door behind him. He took out some silver coins from a bag. He dropped them one by one on the floor. The watchman and his wife heard the tinkle of the coins and were very happy. They said, “He is going to give us all that money!”
After sometime their master came out and sat down on a chair. He then asked the watchman and his wife, “Did you hear the tinkle of the coins?”

“Yes, sir, we did,” said the watchman.
“Did you enjoy it?” asked the miser.
“Yes, sir,” said’the watchman and his wife. –

The miser then said, “All right. I enjoyed the smell of your fish and you enjoyed the sound of my coins. I didn’t ask for your fish, so don’t ask me for my money. Now go away.”

1. Why did the rich man eat cheap food ?
2. Did the rich man like the smell of fish? Do you think he likes eating fish too?
3. If you had a lot of money, would you be a miser? Give reasons.
4. “please cook it everyday. I like the smell very much.” Who said this?
5. Do you think the watchman is honest? Support your answer.
Answer:
1. The rich man ate cheap food because he was a miser and so did not want to spend more money.
2. Yes, the rich man liked the smell of fish very much. Yes, he liked eating fish too.
3. If I had a lot of money, I would not be a miser. I would spend money on having a comfortable living and eating rich and healthy food.
4. The rich man (miser) said those words.
5. Yes, he was. Because he cooked fish for his master with his money instead of demanding for money.

I. Work in groups. Some groups can work on scene 1 and the others on scene 2.Rehearse and then present it before the class.
Answer:
Practise reading and enacting the ‘Tenali Raman Paints a Horse’.

II. Put yourself in the shoes of Tenali Raman and narrate what had happened in the court.
Answer:
One day when I was in the court of King Krishnadevaraya along with the other courtiers, an artist came to the king.

He showed his beautiful paintings to the king. We all looked at his paintings. The king was very much impressed with his paintings. He praised the artist saying that his painting was so beautiful and natural that he could almost feel the peace of the village scene. The king said that he was a very talented artist: The king gave him a bag of gold and asked the artist to stay in his court for some days for presenting him some more beautiful paintings. The artist was well-pleased and accepted his proposal. All the other courtiers also praised the artist for his beautiful paintings. But I was not happy as I did not like them. I told the king that the paintings were not very good as they had no completeness. Some parts of the painting were not seen. They were missing. The king, then, said that everything could not be painted. He also said that the missing parts must be imagined. Then I told the king: I could paint a better painting. Then the king bet that if I could bring him a better painting in a month’s time, he would give me a bag of gold and the title ‘King of Artists’. I accepted his bet. He gave me the paints and the paper.

After a month, I showed the king my, painting. I said that I had drawn the beautiful picture of a horse. The king got angry, saying that he could not see any horse in my painting. Then I said the tail of that the horse was seen and the rest of the horse was outside the canvas. It was to be imagined as everything could not be painted, as had earlier been stated by the king. Then the king understood my words and said that I had got the better, of him. He gave me a bag of gold praising that I was the cleverest man in his kingdom.

Tenali Paints a Horse Summary in English

Krishnadevaraya was the king of Vijayanagara. Tenali Raman was a poet and jester at his court: Tenali Raman was famous for his wit and intelligence. On many occasions, he made the king laugh at his jokes and witty answers.
The present drama ‘Tenali Paints a Horse’ is a proof of his wit.

One day, a great artist from another kingdom came to the court of the King. Krishnadevaraya. He showed the king his paintings. The king and all the courtiers except one were impressed with his paintings. It was only Tenali Raman who was not pleased with his paintings. The king said that the painting showed by the artist was indeed very beautiful and he could almost feel the peace of the village scene. He praised the artist and gave him a bag of gold. He asked the artist to stay in his court and paint some more beautiful paintings. Then Tenali Raman said that the paintings were not good. He said that the other side of the ‘ two men in the painting was not seen. Besides, the face of the cow, in the painting was missing. Then King Krishnadevaraya said that it was not possible for any painter to paint everything and that the missing bits in the paintings had to be imagined.

Then Tenali Raman told the king that he could paint better than the artist’s painting. King Krishnadevaraya told Tenali Raman that if he could paint a better painting, he would give him a bag of gold and the title ‘King of Artists’. He also told Raman to bring his painting in a month’s time. He said he would give Raman the paints and the paper. Tenali Raman replied he would return there after a month with his painting and show it to the king. Saying that, Raman left the court. All the other courtiers said that Raman could not paint a better painting nor would he complete and bring into the court in a month’s time.

A month’s time passed. The king was eagerly waiting with his courtiers for Tenali Raman’s return with his painting. As promised, Raman came into the court and showed the king his painting. Raman said that he had drawn the picture of a beautiful horse. Looking at the painting, the king got astonished and angrily said that he could see nothing on the canvas. Raman replied humbly that the edge of-the horse’s tail in the corner was clearly seen and that the rest of the horse was just outside the canvas grazing at some lush green grass. The rest of the horse was to be imagined because according to the king, the missing bits were to be imagined. The king understood his wit, felt happy and kept his promise to Raman.

Tenali Paints a Horse Glossary

1. wit (n): the ability to say clever and amusing things

2. jester (n): a man who tells jokes and funny stories

3. gestures (n): signals with hand

4. stallion (n): an adult male horse

5. imagination (n): guessing or expectation

6. paintings (n): pictures that have been painted

7. magnificent (adj): extremely attractive and impressive

8. whisper (v): speak very quietly to somebody so that other people cannot hear

9. display (v): show something to people

10. graze (v): eat grass that is growing in a field

11. canvas (n): a strong heavy rough material used by artist for painting

12. bet (v): risk money on race/event by trying to predict the result

AP State Syllabus AP Board 6th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Organisms and Habitat

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Science Important Questions 9th Lesson Organisms and Habitat

6th Class Science 9th Lesson Organisms and Habitat 2 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are living things and non-living things?
Answer:

• The things which possess the characters like growth movement, food, breathing, get rid of wastes, and giving birth to young ones are called living things.
• The things which do not possess these characters are called non-living things.

Question 2.
What are oviparous organisms? Give examples,
Answer:
The organisms which lay eggs are called oviparous organisms. Ex Hen, Crow. Lizard, Snake.

Question 3.
What are viviparous organisms? Give examples.
Answer:
The organisms which give birth to 3’oung ones are called viviparous organisms. Ex: – Man, Cat, Dog, Elephant.

Question 4.
What is a microscope?
Answer:
The microscope is an instrument using for observing minute organisms that we cannot see with our naked eye.

Question 5.
How do you feel when you touch the “Touch me not “plant?
Answer:

• When I touched the leaves of the ‘touch me not’ plant (mimose pudica), The leaves drooped.
• Here, touch is a stimulus to the plant, and folding of leaves are the response of the plant.

Question 6.
Do all the living things grow through out the life?
Answer:

• No all living things do not grow throughout life.
• The plants grow through out life, but the animals grow upto some age only.

Question 7.
Is a dead plant or an animal non-living things?
Answer:

• No, the dead plant, ainimals or any other living beings decompose to form non¬living constituents.
• So we can’t say dead things are non-living things.
• These are intermediate things between living and non-living things.

Question 8.
What are microorganisms?
Answer:
The living things that we can see only under the microscope are called microorganisms.

Question 9.
What is Stimulus?
Answer:
A change in the surrounding that makes an organism to respond is called stimulus.

Question 10.
In which months Pelicans are seen in Kolleru lake?
Answer:
October to March

Question 11.
What is Terrestrial habitat? Name some plants and animals of terrestrial habitat?
Answer:
The plants and animals that live in different places on the land is called Terrestrial habitat. Ex: – Mango, Guava, Sapota, Birds, Man, Snakes, Ants etc.

Question 12.
How can you say “Animals skin is a habitat for some organisms?
Answer:
We often find some insects like a leech on the skin of a buffalo. So buffalo skin is the habitat for that insect.

Question 13.
Where do usually the living organisms stay?
Answer:

• Living organisms have different needs.
• They usually stay in the places where most of their needs are met, that is they get sufficient food, shelter and other conditions necessary for life.

Question 14.
Which animals and plants do you think would like on the surface of the pond?
Answer:
The organisms like a snail, whirling beetle and pond skaters live on the surface of water.

Question 15.
Can different places in the pond also be called habitat? Why? or why not?
Answer:
Yes, different places in the pond can also be called habitat. Why because. Ex : Plant. The plant in a pond habitat provide food oxygen and shelter for the animals. There are different places where plants and animals live. A pond is a habitat too.

Question 16.
Name the different organisms that you find on the tree?
Answer:
Birds, Monkeys, Squirrels, Snakes, Ants, Spiders, Caterpillars, Moths, Bees, Wasps, Small plants (mosses), mosquitoes are some organisms that I find on a tree.

Question 17.
Why do only certain types of animals and plants live along with us?
Answer:

• Because these plants and animals serve us.
• These plants and animals are sure of their shelter, and food.
• We domesticate some types of animals and plants for our needs such as food.

Question 18.
Are all plants that grow in an orchard the same as the plants in a forest? Why is it so?
Answer:

• In an orchard, only fruit plants are grown.
• Tamarind, mango, amla are examples of plants that grow in forests.

Question 19.
Give examples for desert plants?
Answer:
Cactus, Optunia, Aloevera.

Question 20.
Which animals and plants do you think would live in midwater?
Answer:
Great water boatman, Leech, Mosquito larvae, Fish and Crabs.

6th Class Science 9th Lesson Organisms and Habitat 4 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which characteristics are same in the both living and non-living things?
Answer:

• All living and non-living things are made up of matter.
• All living and non-living things have mass and occupy space.
• Both are made up of structural units.
• Molecule is the structural unit of living and non-living things of the cell.

Question 2.
Do you think both living and non-living things are necessary for our environment, why?
Answer:

• Yes, both living and non-living things are necessary for our environment.
• For example, a plant is a living thing. It takes water and minerals from the soil for its survival.
• It means living things depend upon non-living things. This keeps our environment, well.

Question 3.
Vamsi argues with his friend Ramu about seed is living one. Think what questions does Ramu ask?
Answer:

• Is seed growing?
• Is there movement in a seed?
• Does the seed take food?
• Can the seed breathe?
• How can the seed get rid of wastes in it?

Question 4.
Write down the steps of the experiment that you did in the lab to observe micro-organisms in pond water, well and borewell?
Answer:

• Collect water samples from a pond, well, and bore well.
• Keep them separately.
• Put a water drop on a slide keep a coverslip on it.
• Observe under a microscope.
• We can see different types of micro-organisms in the above three.

Question 5.
What are the different habitats around us?
Answer:

• We find animals living on trees, in our houses, in different areas in the pond, in a small pool of water after rains and in several other places.
• As the area increases, the type and number of organisms living there usually increase.
• You would find more type of organisms living in your house than your hair, and more in the pond than your house, more in the lake than your pond and so on.
• These larger areas are suitable for supporting the life of more organisms.

Question 6.
What are aquatic plants, aquatic animals and aquatic habitat?
Answer:

• In all ponds we can see both plants and animals.
• The plants that we see in water are called aquatic plants.
• Animals are called aquatic animals.

Question 7.
Our house is also a habitat comment on this?
Answer:

• We can say that our house is also a habitat.
• Several animals like dogs, cats, goats, cows, birds, spiders, ants and cockroaches live with us.
• Plants like the money plant and some crotons are also kept inside our houses.

Question 8.
Write a note on desert plants?
Answer:

• Cactus, acacia, aloe vera, plants do not need water.
• They are called desert plants. We can see camels frequently in the desert.
• Desert plants and animals are suited to dry conditions and vast temperature differences.

Question 9.
Rajesh does not want to disturb squirrels that eat fruits on the guava tree at his house. Why does he do so?
Answer:

• The animals take food whenever they get it.
• If they are disturbed during their eating, they get annoyed and may behave with perversion.
• Rajesh does not like to interfere with the nature as its adverse effects reflects on our quality of life.

Question 10.
Why should we take responsibility towards our pet animals?
Answer:

• We should take care of our pet animals. Ex : Dog, Parrots, Cow, etc.
• Keeping their sheds clean, supplying fodder and water to them is our responsibility.
• If we show concern for animals they become affectionate to us.
• You notice your pet dog licks your feet, wags its tail, sits near you and walks with you.

6th Class Science 9th Lesson Organisms and Habitat 8 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the structure of the microscope.
Answer:

• The microscope is an instrument with the help of which we are able to see minute things that we cannot see with our eyes.
• It works like a hand or magnifying lens but it is much more powerful.
• Basically, there are two components in a microscope the structural component and a visual component.
• The structural component are the head/body base and arm.
• Visual components are eyepiece, objective, nose piece coarse and fine adjustment knobs, stage, aperture etc.

Question 2.
What happens if a habitat is disturbed or destroyed?
Answer:
Habitat is a place where many kinds of species that are diversified in nature stays together. When a habitat is being destroyed or destructed due to the less availability of food and other resources they either die or shift to some place else. This results in the instability of the balance in ecosystem.

Question 3.
Why birds are migrating from one place to other place?
Answer:

• Different kinds of birds come from long distances to Kolleru and Pulicat lakes of our state.
• During the months of October to March, Pelican birds appear on those lakes.
• Generally we can see birds flying over long distances to find suitable conditions for reproduction.
• Animals like turtles move away from coasts of West Bengal and Odisha to the coasts of Vishakhapatnam.
• Some fishes like Pulasa migrate from sea water to river water.

Question 4.
Write a note on organisms in water?
Answer:

• Collect water samples from a pond well, bore well and keep them separately.
• Put a drop of water in a slide. Keep another slide on it.
  
• Observe under microscope.
• All water samples do not have the same type of microorganisms.
• There is no water without microorganisms.
• We find difference in the appearance of microorganisms in pond water and bore well water.

Question 5.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.

a) Does the seed take in food?
b) Is it possible to store the seed for long time?
c) What happens when a seed is shown in soil?
d) How can say that seed is a living thing?
Answer:
a) No. The seed doesn’t take in food. Seed itself carry the food that helps the new plant begin to grow.
b) Yes if we preserve it carefully we can store the food for a long time.
c) It starts to germinate.
d) Seeds germinate and turn into a whole plant. So we can say that seed is a living thing.

Question 6.
What happens if we encroach the habitat of animals?
Answer:
If we encroach the habitat of animals, they may fall in danger.

• Animals are partners of our Habitat.
• They also have a right to live.
• We people are encroaching their habitats.
• If we cut a tree, birds that live on it lose their nests and fall in danger.
• We often see dogs, cows, monkeys suffering from lack of food and shelter.
• There are some voluntary organizations that work for animal rights and protection.
• We have to provide food and protect them, it is our responsibility.

Question 7.
Name some organisms in the pond that can stay in different regions in the same pound. What makes them stay in different regions in pond?
Answer:
The surface of pond:

• Dragonfly, mayfly, snail, kingfisher whirling beetle and pond skater, etc. are found on the surface of the pond.
• However there is plenty of food and air and this is why fish usually come to the surface for feed.

Mid water:

• In mid-water great water boatman, leech and mosquito, larvae fish, and crab are found.

Pond margins:

• In the pond margins animals like frogs, cranes, crabs are found.
• Fish usually lay eggs here.

Bottom of the pond:

• At the bottom plants like hydrilla, and animals like mussels and flatworms live here. Because of their habitat and adaptation, the organisms’ make them to stay at different regions in the pond.
• Light is minimum here but food in the form of dead and decaying matter is in plenty.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 24 Disaster Management.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 24th Lesson Disaster Management

Question 1.
What do you know about Tsunami?
Answer:

1. A tsunami consists of a series of waves and the first wave may not be the largest. The danger from subsequent tsunami waves can last for several hours after the arrival of the first wave.
2. Tsunami can move at 50 km per hour on coastal plain, faster than a person can run.

Question 2.
What is IWMP?
Answer:
The government is implementing Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) in drought prone areas to reduce the impact of droughts.

Question 3.
How was the disaster of ‘Budameru’ floods managed?
Answer:
The local government officials shifted the people to the schools and community halls in the area. They supplied food packets and drinking water. Some people donated bedsheets, old clothes to the needy. Thus the disaster was managed.

Question 4.
Have you ever observed any disaster in your locality? Explain.
Answer:
There is one ‘sponge dusters company’ in our area. There was a fire accident on some day evening. All the stock was burned within minutes. The workers also had small burns.

Question 5.
Write about the work of coastal tidal gauges.
Answer:
Coastal tidal gauges can stop tsunamis close to the shore, but they are useless in deep oceans.

Question 6.
What is the work of Tsunameters?
Answer:
They transmit warnings of buoys on the sea surface, which relay it to satellites.

Question 7.
Write about ‘Drought’.
Answer:
Drought is basically a disaster situation caused by lack of rainfall. The deficiency in rainfall is defined as meteorological drought.

Question 8.
Explain the types of disasters.
Answer:
Disasters can be categorised into various types based on the speed and origin/ cause.
A. Based on speed, a disaster can be termed as slow or rapid.

1. Slow onset disaster: A disaster that prevails for many days, months or even years like drought, environmental degradation, pest infection, famine are some examples of a slow onset disaster.
2. Rapid onset disaster: A disaster that is triggered by an instance causes shock. The impact of this disaster may be short lived or long-term. Earthquake, cyclone, flash floods, volcanic eruptions are some examples of rapid onset disasters.

B. Based on the cause, disaster can be natural or human induced.

1. Natural disaster: A natural disaster is an event that is caused by nature and leads to human, material, economic and environmental losses. The types of natural disasters:
   1. Earthquakes
   2. Cyclones
   3. Floods
   4. Droughts
   5. Tsunamis
   6. Land slides
   7. Volcanoes etc.
2. Human induced disasters: A serious disruption of normal life triggered by human- induced hazard causing human, material, economic and environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope. Some examples are the 1984 Bhopal Gas tragedy, the 1997 Uphaar Cinema fire in Delhi, Rajdhani Express train derailment in 2002, Kumbakonam school fire tragedy in 2003, Jaipur serial blasts in 2008 etc.

Question 9.
What is disaster management?
Answer:
Disaster management covers the range of activities designed to maintain control over disasters/ emergency situations and to provide a framework for helping people to avoid, reduce the effects of, or recover from the impact of a disaster. These activities may be related to preparedness, mitigation, emergency response, relief and recovery (reconstruction and rehabilitation) and may be conducted before, during or after a disaster.

Question 10.
What measures should be taken before Tsunami?
Answer:

1. Find out if your home, school, work place, or other frequently visited locations are in tsunami hazard prone areas.
2. Plan evacuation routes from your home, school, work place or any other place you could be in where tsunamis present a risk.
3. Practice your evacuation routes
4. Have disaster supplies ready at hand.
5. Discuss tsunamis with your family.

Question 11.
What do you know about Tsunami?
Answer:

1. A tsunami consists of a series of waves and the first wave may not be the largest. The danger from subsequent tsunami waves can last for several hours after the arrival of the first wave.
2. Tsunami can move at 50 km per hour on coastal plain, faster than a person can run.
3. Tsunamis can occur at any time of day or night.

Question 12.
Write about ‘Drought’.
Answer:
Drought is basically a disaster situation caused by lack of rainfall. The deficiency in rainfall is defined as meteorological drought. While in a year, there may be normal rainfall, there might be a wide gap separating two consecutive spells of rain, resulting in crop failure which is termed as agricultural drought. Thus, the quantum as well as the distribution of rainfall are important.
Excess or deficient rainfall is determined by the percent variation from the average rainfall (of 70-100 years) as follows:
Excess + 20 percent or more of the average rainfall Normal + 19 percent to -19 percent of the average rainfall Deficient – 20 percent to -59 percent of the average rainfall Scanty – 60 percent or less of the average rainfall
Certain regions due to their geographical location are more likely to receive less rainfall. These are called ‘drought prone areas’.

Question 13.
What is the impact of drought?
Answer:
There is a sequential impact of drought:

1. Scarcity of drinking water; fall in water-table.
2. Decline in crop acreage.
3. Fall in employment in the agricultural sector due to slowing down of agricultural activity.
4. Fall in purchasing power of those engaged in agriculture.
5. Scarcity of food grains.
6. Scarcity of fodder.
7. Loss of cattle life.
8. Malnutrition, especially among children.
9.  ill health and spread of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery or cholera and opthalmia caused by starvation.
10. Distress sale and mortgage of land, jewellery and personal property.
11. Migration of people in search of employment.

Question 14.
What is IWMP? What is its main objective?
Answer:
The government is implementing Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) in drought prone areas to reduce the impact of droughts. The main objective is to strengthen the community and enable them to plan for proper utilisation of natural resources. Land use based on its capability helps in optimum use of land and water and can prevent misuse. The main activities include harvesting rain water in the fields, afforestation, promotion of crops/ trees that require less water and alternative livelihoods.

Question 15.
How can we cope with drought?
Answer:
Unlike sudden disasters drought being a slow onset disaster, gives us ample time for preparedness, response and mitigation. Monitoring and early warning enables timely action by decision makers at all levels. In areas that are normally affected by drought Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), local officials and other key players have taken the initiative to bring in awareness on water conservation strategies etc.

Question 16.
How should we harvest rainwater in urban areas?
Answer:
Rainwater harvesting: In urban areas all rainwater as it falls over roofs of houses should be harvested. The easiest thing is to divert it into soak pits for recharging of groundwater. The rainwater may also be stored in sumps/ tanks which are built for this purpose. In certain places, with simple filtering, rain water can be the best source of drinking water.

Question 17.
Do you suggest any precautions to the people?
Answer:
Precautions:

1. We should plan easy escape earlier.
2. Our daily necessaries should be maintained in a bag.
3. If the disaster is related to water, we should reach the highest and safest place in time.
4. Dry food should be stored.
5. Common and emergency medicines should be packed.
6. We should help the needy people.

Question 18.
Have you ever observed any disaster in your locality? Explain.
Answer:
There is one ‘sponge dusters company’ in our area. There was a fire accident on one evening. All the stock was burned within minutes. The workers also had small burns. They met a loss of Rs. 3,50,000/- due to this accident.

Question 19.
Find whether you are a water saver or spender with the help of the following questionnaire. Check how much water you can save and whether you are a water hero or villain!

Activity	User 1 (Litres)	User 2 (Litres)	Your Use (Litres)
Brushing Teeth	Running tap water (19)	Wet brush, Turn water off, rinse (2)	2
Cleaning vegetables	Running tap water (11)	Fill pan to clean vegetables (2)	2
Dish washing	Running tap water (114)	Wash and rinse in dishpan or sink (19)	20
Flushing	Depends on tank size (20)	Displacement bottles in the tank (15)	15
Shaving Showering	Running tap water (18) Water running (95)	Shaving mug (0.5) Wet down, soap down (15)	— 15
Washing car/ bike/ cycle Washing clothes	Running hose (400/50/20) Full cycle,	Bucket (40/20/10) Short cycle, minimal	— 85
(with machine) Washing Floor	top water level (227) Running hose for 5 min (200)	water level (102) Buckets (40)	4
Washing hands and face	Running tap water (8)	Plug and fill basin (4)	5
Total		—	148

Total the water you use and check your ranking:

• Eco Hero: <200 It.
• Water saver: 201 – 400 It.
• Water spender: 400 – 600 It.
• Water villain: >601 It.

Answer:
I am in the rank of an Eco Hero.

Question 19.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.

Detecting Tsunamis:

With the use of satellite technology, it is possible to provide nearly immediate warning of potentially tsuna-migenic earthquakes. Warning time depends upon the distance of the epicenter from the coast line. The warning includes predicted times at selected coastal communities where the tsunami could travel in a few hours.
Coastal tidal gauges can stop tsunamis close to the shore, but they are useless in deep oceans. Tsunami detectors, linked to land by submarine cables, are deployed 50 odd kms out at sea. ‘Tsunameters’ transmit warnings of buoys on the sea surface, which relay it to satellites.

1. What is the technology mentioned here?
Answer:
Satellite technology.

2. On what does the warning time depend?
Answer:
Warning time depends upon the distance of the epicenter from the coast line.

3. What does the warning include?
Answer:
The warning includes predicted times at selected coastal communities where the tsunami could travel in a few hours.

4. Write about the work of coastal tidal gauges.
Answer:
Coastal tidal gauges can stop tsunamis close to the shore, but they are useless in deep oceans.

5. What is the work of Tsunameters?
Answer:
They transmit warnings of buoys on the sea surface, which relay it to satellites.

Question 20.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
The Teachers and students are an integral part of the community and have an important role to play in being prepared for disasters. Students are effective carrier of messages to educate their parents and the community. Teachers have an important responsibility to guide the students in this regard.

1. What is the importance of teachers and students?
Answer:
The teachers and students are an integral part of the community and have an important role to play in being prepared for disasters.

2. How are the students called effective carriers?
Answer:
Students are effective carriers of messages to educate their parents and the community.

3. What is the responsibility of teachers?
Answer:
Teachers have an important responsibility to guide the students in this regard.

Question 21.
Read the paragraph ‘Watershed development’ (in text page no : 259) and then prepare two questions.
Answer:

1. Who implements IWMP?
2. Write any two alternative livelihoods.

Question 22.
Observe the following map and answer the given questions.

1. Write the names of Tsunami affected areas.
Answer:
Alappuzha, Kollam, Kanyakurnari, Cuddlore, Nagapatnam, Chennai, Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, West and East Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, West Bengal, Coastal re-gion and Andaman Nicobar islands.

2. On which coast are these areas located?
Answer:
Many areas are in the east coast and some are on the south coast.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 23 Sports: Nationalism and Commerce.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 23rd Lesson Sports: Nationalism and Commerce

Question 1.
What has been the relationship between the cricket and the idea of developing western culture?
Answer:
Cricket was invented in western country England. It was made popular in its colonial countries. Most of the changes were made by them only. So encouraging the cricket means the idea of developing western culture. This has been the relation.

Question 2.
What games do you play?
Answer:
Kho-kho, Volleyball and Badminton.

Question 3.
Think of some sports which only girls or only boys participate.
Answer:

1. Sport of only girls: Thokkudu billa
2. Sport of only boys: Marbles.

Question 4.
Appreciate the games and their supporters.
Answer:
Sports develop us mentally and physically. The government initiates various programmes for encouraging the children by recognizing their talent and interests at the school level. The government organises coaching classes to develop sports. For this, under the Ministry of Human Resources Development, the Department of Sports and Games trains the children to show their performance up to international levels. The skilled children are chosen and provided special training through sports councils. The government conducts Mandal, Division, District, State, Zonal and National level competitions. The winners are awarded with prizes and special coaches are appointed for their empowerment. These competitions are not organized for commercial purposes. They develop the cult towards sports and games aS well as international understanding, cultural development and universal brotherhood. Sports promote national integration in India, a multi cultural country.

Question 5.
Does a Nation’s prestige increase only by sports? Conduct a debate.
Answer:
Debate:
Ramya: Divya, do you know sports increases the prestige of the Nation!
Divya: May be, but other issues also should be considered for the increase of prestige of the Nation.
Ramya: What are those issues and why so ?
Divya: Because, the growth and development of the Nation not only depends on sports but on other issues like Education, IT, Business Management etc.
Ramya: Really!
Divya: Yes. Education is also important along with the sports.
Ramya: Ok. I agree with you.
Conclusion: A Nation’s prestige does not increase only by sports. It depends on so many issues.

Question 6.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

Cricket in India:

Cricket fans know that watching a match involves taking sides. In a Ranji Trophy match, when Delhi plays against Mumbai, the loyalty of spectators depends on which city they come from or support. When India plays against Australia, the spectators watching the match on television in Hyderabad or Chennai feel involved as Indians – they are moved by nationalist loyalties. But through the early history of Indian first class cricket, teams were not organised on geographical principles. It was not till 1932 that a national team was given the right to represent India in a Test match. So how were teams organised and, in the absence of regional or national teams, how did cricket fans choose sides?

1. What do the fans know?
Answer:
Cricket fans know that watching a match involves taking sides.

2. What is the Ranji Trophy connected to?
Answer:
It is connected to the cricket.

3. When did India get a chance in Test matches?
Answer:
In 1932.

4. Whom do the fans support?
Answer:
The fans support their regional players.

Question 7.
2. Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow.
7 should, however, be exceedingly surprised and even painfully surprised, if I were told your boys were devoid of all game. If you have national games, I would urge upon you that yours is an institution that should lead in reviving old games. I know that we have in India many indigenous games just as interesting and exciting as they are inexpensive, because the cost is practically next to nothing.

Speech at Mahindra College, 24 November 1927, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi.

A sound body means one which bends itself to the spirit and is always a ready instrument at its service. Such bodies are not made, in my opinion, on the football field. They are made on cornfield and farms. I would urge you to think this over and you will find innumerable illustrations to prove my statements. Our colonial-born Indians are carried away with this football and cricket mania. These games may have their place under certain circum¬stances… Why do we not take the simple fact into consideration that the vast majority of mankind who are vigorous in body and mind are simple agriculturists and that they are strangers to these games…?
Letter to Lazarus, 17 April 1915. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol.14.

1. Who gave the speech and where?
Answer:
It was given by Gandhiji at Mahindra College.

2. What games are there in our country?
Answer:
There are many traditional games in our country.

3. What is a sound body?
Answer:
A sound body means one which bends itself to the spirit and is always a ready instrument at its service.

4. Where are such bodies made?
Answer:
In cornfields and farms.

5. To whom was the letter written?
Answer:
To Lazarus.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 22 Film and Print Media.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 22nd Lesson Film and Print Media

Question 1.
What are the similarities in a stage play and a film?
Answer:

1. Both give entertainment.
2. Both have actors.
3. Both are encouraged by the people.

Question 2.
With the help of your teacher discuss the changes in the livelihood opportunities from play to films.
Answer:
The persons who have good voice were encouraged as stage artists. But in films, their physical beauty was also taken for consideration. The stage artists made a beeline to the studios for a chance in films. Those who have chances in this field are settled well. Some have lost their wealth also.

Question 3.
Do you think any story or poem in your language textbook could be made into a small film? Can you think of various people you will need in making a film based on that?
Answer:
Yes. It could be made into a small film.
Producer, Director, Editor, Cameraman, Actors, Actresses, Junior artists, Singers, Musicians and other technicians are needed for this.

Question 4.
Ask your parents about the plays during their childhood.
Answer:
Bhuvana Vijayam, Chintamani, Kanyashulkam, Rakta Kanneeru etc., are the most popular plays in those days.

Question 5.
List at least two more films which tell about the freedom struggle.
Answer:
Bharatheeyudu, Mangal Pandey and Bhagath Singh.

Question 6.
What were the various forms of entertainment?
Answer:
Folk art forms, folk dances, classical dances, music, dramas etc.

Question 7.
When was ‘The Peking Gazette’ started?
Answer:
The Peking Gazette’ was started in the year 618.

Question 8.
Appreciate the cinema ‘Alluri Seetharamaraju’.
Answer:
“Alluri Seetharamaraju was filmed in 1974. The British passed the Forest Act in 1882 and were denying the tribals free movement in the forest and Podu cultivation. Raju led the tribals in protesting against the British harassment and raided several police stations, popular as Rampa Rebellion of 1922. They fought the British both with their traditional weapons and arms captured during the raids. The British deployed a company of Assam Rifles under Rutherford and ultimately killed Raju and all the tribal leaders including Ghantam Dora. The film apart from being a big commercial success won the National Best Lyric award for the song ‘Telugu Veera Levara’ by Srirangam Srinivasarao, popularly known as Sri Sri.

Question 9.
Is cinema knowledge giving or life spoiling? Conduct a debate.
Answer:
Student A: According to me movies are awesome and give as great fun.
Student B: In my opinion films are corrupting the truth.
Student: No, I don’t agree with this. Movies are good or bad according to oneself. It is ourselves who can extract good or bad morals from a movie.
Movies have become an integral part of life in today’s world. We cannot take this part out of our lives. It is teachers and parents who should guide the youth on which type of movies are to be seen and which are not.

Question 10.
Look at a News Paper and classify how the pages have been organised? What type of images and photograhs are used? How much space is given for advertisment? What issues are covered in the editorial?
Answer:
Photographs of:

1. Political
2. Accidental
3. Meetings
4. Films etc.

40% to 60% of the space is given to the ads.
Political issues are covered in the editorial.

Question 11.
Read the following para and answer the questions.

Cinema – form of entertainment:

Before the cinema ‘ were various forms of entertainment like folk an forms, folk dances, classical dances, music, dramas etc. But gradually, cinema became the major form of entertainment. The songs from films have a popularity of their own. Earlier radio and now television broadcast these songs independent of the movie. The actors have a following in the public and fan clubs have emerged. Popular dialogues from films have become a part of daily life. The style and dresses of the actors and actresses are imitated by the people. With the advent of TV, one need not go to a theatre to watch a movie. There are dedicated channels and time slots for telecasting films, songs, news about film industry etc.

1. What were the various forms of entertainment?
Answer:
Folk art forms, folk dances, classical dances, music, dramas etc.

2. Which have popularity?
Answer:
The songs from films have a popularity of their own.

3. Which broadcast songs?
Answer:
Radio and TV broadcast songs.

4. Which have become part of daily life?
Answer:
Popular dialogues from films have become part of daily life.

5. What are imitated by the people?
Answer:
The style and dresses of the actors and actresses are imitated by the people.

Question 12.
Read the following para and answer the questions.

Cinema and freedom movement:

Rangaiah is visibly excited even now when he talks about the films Mala Pilla and Ryhtu Bidda released in 1938 and 1939. Mala Pilla is a film about untouchability and about entry of dalits into the temple. The protagonist is Chowdarayya, a Gandhian, who preaches to the upper caste to mend their ways and exhorts the dalits to give up drinking and get educated. The priest’s son falls in love with a dalit girl. The priest’s wife, who is caught in a fire, is saved by a dalit, and that is when the priest realises that there should be no untouchability. The dalits are given entry into the temple and the marriage of the priest’s son and the dalit girl is blessed.

1. Who was Rangaiah?
Answer:
He was a character in the lesson.

2. What were the two cinemas?
Answer:
Malapilla and Rythu bidda.

3. What was Mala Pilla about?
Answer:
Mala Pilla was about untouchability and about entry of dalits into the temple.

4. Who was Gandhian?
Answer:
Chowdarayya

5. Who falls in love?
Answer:
The priest’s son falls in love.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun

8th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Correct the false statements.
a) If a place is closer to sea, irrespective of its distance from equator, it will always be cooler.
Answer:
True

b) As you go up higher from the earth, it becomes warmer because sun is closer to you.
Answer:
False.
Correction: As you go up higher from the earth, it becomes cooler, because the temperature decreases at the rate of 6°C for every ascent of 1000 metres.

c) Sun heats the air first and then the earth.
Answer:
False.
Correction: Sun heats the earth first and then the air.

d) Global warming is related to oxygen.
Answer:
False.
Correction: Global warming is related to carbon-di-oxide.

Question 2.
What’s the difference between the highest temperatue in Table 2 and the lowest temperature in Table 1?

Table 1

Month	Maximum°C	Minimum °C
Jan	30	17
Feb	33	19
Mar	37	22
Apr	39	26
May	39	26
Jun	35	25
Jul	33	24
Aug	33	24
Sep	33	23
Oct	32	23
Nov	30	20
Dec	29	18

Table – 2

Month	Maximum°C	Minimum °C
Jan	32	19
Feb	32	21
Mar	32	23
Apr	33	25
May	33	26
Jun	30	24
Jul	29	24
Aug	28	24
Sep	29	24
Oct	32	24
Nov	33	22
Dec	32	21

Answer:
The highest temperature in Table 2 = 33°C
The lowest temperature in Table 1 = 17°C
The difference = 16°C

Question 3.
Suppose, the temperature in Moscow was – 8°C at 10 AM on 6 December. Twenty-four hours later it was 12°C higher. What was the temperature at 10 AM on 7 December?
Answer:
The temperature was 4°C.

Question 4.
Delhi and Mumbai are both situated on plains and their height above sea level is less than 300 metres. Why is there so much difference in their monthly average temperatures? In which months are the average temperatures in these two cities most similar? Can you explain?
Answer:
Mumbai experiences moderate climate while Delhi experiences extreme climate. This is because Mumbai’s coastal nature and tropical location ensures moderate temperature throughout the year. Delhi’s distance from the sea gives it an extreme type of climate.
The average temperatures in these two cities are more similar in the months of August and September.

Question 5.
Given below are the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures of Jodhpur. Make a line graph of them. Which are the hottest and coldest months of the year?
Table: Average Monthly Maximum Temperatures in Jodhpur, Rajasthan (°C).

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Minimum	09	12	17	22	27	29	27	25	24	20	14	11
Maximum	25	28	33	38	42	40	36	33	35	36	31	27

Answer:
a) April, May and June are the hottest months in the year.
b) December, January and February are the coldest months in the year.

Question 6.
Given here are the average maximum temperatures of three places: A, B, and C. Make graphs of them. What can you guess about each place by looking at the Table and graphs?

Place	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
A	23	26	33	38	41	39	34	33	33	33	29	25
B	-3	1	6	12	17	21	25	24	21	14	8	2
C	31	32	33	32	32	29	29	29	30	30	30	31

Answer:
A and C are in hot regions and B is in cold region.

Question 7.
Give three possible explanations for the differences between the average temperatures in Thiruvananthapuram and Shimla in January.
Answer:

1. Tiruvananthapuram is situated on sea coast.
2. Shimla is on high altitude.
3. Tiruvananthapuram is near to the equator and Shimla is far away from the equator.

Question 8.
Between Bhopal, Delhi, Mumbai and Shimla, which two places show a similar temperature pattern? How can you explain the similarity between these two places?
Answer:
Bhopal and Delhi show a similar temperature pattern. This is because these two are far away from the sea.

Question 9.
Look at the graph of Minimum – Maximum temperature given below and answer the questions below.
a) What is the average highest temperature in July?
Answer:
28°C

b) How warm does it usually get in December?
Answer:
26°C

c) How cool does it usually get in June?
Answer:
20°C

d) Is there a bigger difference between night and day temperature in May or in August?
Answer:
In the month of May

e) When is summer?
Answer:
March, April and May months.

Question 10.
Nithin says thermal power is better to use, but Padmaja says that Solar Energy is better. Which of them do you support? Why?
(OR)
How is solar energy better than thermal power?
Answer:
Solar energy is better than thermal power because solar energy is clean, breath-takingly abundant and is a responsible renewable resource to meet much of the world’s energy needs, as well as a fundamental need of our body for vitamin D.

Question 11.
Read the para under the title “Height and Temperature” and comment on it.

At the peak of summer some people go from the plains to hilly places such as Ooty or Shimla to avoid the heat. Even in the summer months, the temperatures are low on high hills. The highest parts of a mountain generally have the lowest temperatures. Temperatures decreases with elevation (height).

Answer:
The temperature decreases with altitude. On an average, the temperature decreases by 3.5°F for every 1000 ft of altitude (6.5°C for every 1000 metres).
Additional information: The lapse rate depends on, if the air is dry or moist – in dry air, the temperature decreases more quickly, in moist air more slowly.

8th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you point out the difference between insolation and radiation? (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Insolation: The radiation received on the surface of a body is called insolation.
Radiation: When a body gives out energy it is called radiation.

Question 2.
What will happen if the atmosphere gets more polluted with smoke and duct? (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Some amount of solar rays are absorbed or reflected away by smoke or dust in the atmosphere. If the atmosphere gets more polluted with smoke and dust, it may absorb more heat. As a result the temperatures on the earth may raise. If it reflects more, there will not be heat on the earth. Both are dangerous to ‘the life’ on ‘the earth’.

Question 3.
Can you tell why there is difference in heating of land and water? (Textbook Page No. 21)
Answer:
The water is transparent and lets energy pass through. On the other land, the sun heats up only the top layer of the land. This is because the land is solid. A solid is opaque and does not let energy through. This is the difference in heating of land and water.

Question 4.
a) Where will the rays fall more slanting – in Japan or North Pole? (Textbook Page No. 20)
Answer:
In North pole.

b) Where will Sun’s rays fall more intensively, in Andhra Pradesh or Rajasthan?
Answer:
In Andhra Pradesh.

c) If the Earth is flat and not curved, then which will get more heat – Japan or the Equator, or both equally?
Answer:
Both equally,

d) Look at the globe and say which countries wifi be hotter and which will be cooler?
Answer:

1. Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia, India, Chile, Brazil, Sudan, Uganda, etc. -hotter.
2. North America, Iceland, Scandinavia and Russia, etc. – cooler.

Question 5.
To get an idea of other temperatures, measure and note the temperature of the following things. Before you start measuring, guess the temperature of each one. (Textbook Page No. 23)

Thing	Temperature, °C
	Guess	Measurement
Water in bucket
Ice
Giass of cold water
Warm bath water

Answer:

Thing	Temperature, °C
	Guess	Measurement
Water in bucket	25°C	35°C
Ice	0°C	0°C
Glass of cold water	15°C	10°C
Warm bath water	70°C	76°C

Question 6.
It is safer and advisable to use thermometers that have a scale of -10°C to 110°C. Using such a thermometer, also measure and note the temperature of boiling water and hot tea. (Textbook Page No. 23)
Answer:

1. Temperature of boiling water: 100°C
2. Temperature of hot tea: 95°C,

Question 7.
Look at the number line below, you can see how + and – numbers are marked. (Textbook Page No. 24)

a) Which temperature is greater: 5°C or -5°C?
Answer:
5°C

b) At which of these two temperatures will we feel colder?
Answer:
-5°C

c) How many degrees difference is there between -5° and 5°?
Answer:
10°C

d) Write in short form each of the following temperatures:
i) 88 degrees below zero, Celsius
Answer:
-88°C
ii) 38 degrees above freezing, Celsius
Answer:
38°C
iii) 32 degrees below freezing, Celsius
Answer:
-32°C

e) Did you note the temperature in your classroom today? 88 degrees below zero Celsius is how many degrees lower than the temperature you measured?
Answer:
Classroom temperature = 28°C It is 116°C low.

f) The temperature of a normal human body is 37°C. How much hotter than normal body temperature is 50°C?
Answer:
13°C

g) How much colder than the normal body temperature is -5°C?
Answer:
42°C

h) Arrange the following temperatures from the highest to the lowest:
12°C, -16°C, 29°C, 0°C, – 4°C.
Answer:
29°C, 12°C, 0°C, -4°C – 16°C.

i) At which of the above temperatures will we feel hottest?
Answer:
At 29°C

j) At which of the above temperatures will we feel coldest?
Answer:
At -16°C.

Question 8.
Have you been to places that have different climate than where you live? Describe it in the class. (Textbook Page No. 18)
Answer:
I live in Vijayawada It is very hot place. I have been to Ooty during last vacation. It is a hill station in Tamilnadu. It is situated on Nilgiri hills. I went from Vijayawada to Coimbatore and there to Ooty. It is ‘queen of hill stations. It is too cool as it is situated on high altitude. There I stayed in a hotel opposite to ‘Horse Race Course’. There I visited Dodabetta peak, Love Dale, Wildlife Sanctuary, Botanical Gardens, Emerald lake etc., in Ooty. There I enjoyed the cold in summer. I took a resolution on the 1st January of this year that I would visit Ooty often in my life. I love the memories of my trip.

Question 9.
Table 1: (Average monthly temperature of Ananthapuram)

Month	Maximum,°C	Minimum, °C
Jan	30	17
Feb	33	19
Mar	37	22
Apr	39	26
May	39	26
Jun	35	25
Jul	33	24
Aug	33	24
Sep	33	23
Oct	32	23
Nov	30	20
Dec	29	18

Use the data in the Table 1 and plot the average minimum monthly temperatures for Ananthapuram on the same graph paper in which the graph of maximum temperatures is drawn for your understanding. The first two months have already been done for you in the Graph 1.

Look at the data and the graph and answer the following questions about Ananthapuram:
a) How cold does it usually get in November in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
20°C

b) Which month has the highest maximum temperature in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
April and May, 39°C

c) What is the difference between the highest maximum temperature and the lowest maximum temperature in the year?
Answer:
22°C.

d) Which three months are the hottest in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
March, April and May.

e) Which three months are the coldest?
Answer:
December, January and February

f) What is the average maximum temperature in January in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
30°C

g) From June through December, the average minimum monthly temperature keeps falling in Ananthapuram. Does the average maximum monthly temperature also keep falling?
Answer:
Yes, It is also falling.

h) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature in May?
Answer:
13°C

i) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature in August?
Answer:
9°C

j) Based on your answers to the above two questions, is there a larger difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in the summer or in rainy season in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
There is not much variation.

Question 10.
Table 2: (Average monthly temperature)

Month	Maximum,°C	Minimum, °C
Jan	32	19
Feb	32	21
Mar	32	23
Apr	33	25
May	33	26
Jun	30	24
Jul	29	24
Aug	28	24
Sep	29	24
Oct	32	24
Nov	33	22
Dec	32	21

The average of maximum and minimum monthly temperatures are plotted on the Graph 2.
a) Which month has the lowest minimum temperature in Visakhapatnam? How much is it?
Answer:
In the month of January; It is 19°C.

b) Which is the hottest month in Visakhapatnam? How much was the average maximum temperature for that month?
Answer:
April, May and November months are too hot; 33°C.

c) Compare the temperatures of Ananthapuram and Visakhapatnam to answer the following:
i) In January, which place is colder?
Answer:
Ananthapuram
ii) In June, which place is hotter?
Answer:
Ananthapuram
iii) In which place, Ananthapuram and Visakhapatnam does the temperature remain more or less the same throughout the year?
Answer:
Visakhapatnam

Question 11.
Observe the following graphs.

Now answer the following questions.
a) Can you think of any other reason for this state of temperature?
Answer:
Due to altitude, mean sea level, etc. the state of temperature differs.

b) What will happen if the inversion occurs?
Answer:
When inversion occurs cold air underlies warmer air.

c) How many metres higher than Delhi is Shimla?
Answer:
Shimla is 1900 metres higher than Delhi.

d) Based on the difference in elevation, calculate the likely difference in temperature between the two places.
Answer:
Approximately 12°C.

e) Which month has the highest maximum temperature in Shimla? How much is the temperature?
Answer:
May month, it is 22°C.

f) Which month has the highest maximum temperature in Deihi? How much is it?
Answer:
May month. It is 40°C.

g) In September, the average maximum temperature in Shimla is ———–°C while in Delhi, it is ———–°C.
Answer:
17°C, 34°C.

h) Which is colder: Delhi in January or Shimla in July?
Answer:
Delhi in January is colder.

Question 12.
Sometimes, especially in mornings of winters, coal temperatures are found near the ground. You can see dew drops on the grass due to condensation. The cooler temperatures near the ground level are due to less amount of insolation received due to the shorter days and excessive radiation due to the longer nights. This is known as inversion. (Textbook Page No. 28)
a) Can you think of any other reason for this state of temperature?
Answer:
I find no other reason.

b) What will happen if the inversion occurs?
Answer:
When inversion occurs cold air underlies warmer air.

Question 13.
Observe the following graph.

a) Which of the three places shown in the graph is located near to the Equator?
Answer:
Singapore

b) What is the average yearly temperature in that place?
Answer:
27.8°C

c) Does it usually get much warmer in the summer than in the winter there?
Answer:
No, there is slight difference.

d) Is summer in Vladivostok warmer than the winter in Singapore?
Answer:
No, there is much difference.

e) Does it usually get warmer in July in Singapore or in Shanghai?
Answer:
Singapore

f) Which of the three places on the graph has the most extreme climate?
Answer:
Vladivostok

g) What is the warmest month in Shanghai?
Answer:
July and August

h) What is the average yearly temperature there?
Answer:
15.3°C

i) Which month has the lowest average maximum temperature in this place?
Answer:
January and February.

Question 14.
Use the maps in your Atlas to find out the latitude and the average temperature in January of each of the following places: The first one has already been done for you.

Place	Lat.	Temp, in January
Vijayawada, A.P.	17° N	between 20 and 22.5° C
Agra, U.P.
Madurai, T.N
Nagpur, M.H

a) According to this map, there is no place in India that has an average January temperature higher than 30°C. (Remember, this is the average. There may be some January days in some places that do get hotter than 30°C.)
Look at the map and find out which parts of India usually have the highest average temperature (in January).
b) If you look north from this place on the map, is the average January temperature higher or lower?
Answer:

Place	Lat.	Temp, in January
Vijayawada, A.P.	17°N	between 20 and 22.5° C
Agra, U.P.	27°N	22.3°C- 8°C
Madurai, T.N	9.93°N	30°C – 20°C
Nagpur, MH	21 °N	28°C – 12°C

a) Southern parts of India have the highest average temperature.
b) It is lower.

Question 15.
Why is the North cooler in winter? (Textbook Page No. 30)
Look at the following table, it shows sunrise and sunset in different cities in India on 10th January.

Place	Sunrise	Sunset
Visakhapatnam, A.P.	6:29	5:38
Agra, U.P.	7:09	5:42
Madurai, T.N.	6:37	6:12
Nagpur, MH	6:53	5:48
Hyderabad, T.S.	6:49	5:58
Kohima, Nagaland	6:02	4:40

Answer the questions below:
a) In which of these six cities does the sun rise first?
Answer:
Kohima (Nagaland)

b) In which of these cities does the sun set last?
Answer:
Madurai.

Question 16.
Find out the locations of Singapore, Shanghai and Vladivostok on the following picture of the globe.
Answer:

Project work
Question 1.
You know that the Sun is the source of heat on the Earth. But why do you think the heat varies from morning to night or from season to season and from place to place? We are listing some variations here. Try to think a reason for it and discuss in the class before you proceed to read this chapter. (Textbook Page No. 18)

1. Cool in the early morning and warmer in the afternoon.
2. Warm in summer and cool in winter.
3. Cool on hill tops and warm in the plains.
4. Warm in Equatorial region and cold in Polar region.

Answer:
The heat on the earth varies from morning to night or from season to season and from place to place. The reasons are latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, ocean currents, mountain barriers, air masses and prevailing wind system.
Reason 1: In the morning the Sun’s rays are slanting on a particular place. In the afternoon they are straight on the same place. This is due to rotation.

Reason 2: During the summer the Sun’s rays hit the earth at a steep angle. The light does not spread out as much, thus increasing the amount of energy hitting any given spot. Also the long day light hours allow the earth plenty of time to reach warm temperatures. This is due to revolution.

Reason 3: The average rate of decrease of the temperature of normal air with the increase in height. It is equal to 6°C/km. (Normal Lapse Rate)

Reason 4: The Sun’s rays fall straight on the equatorial region and starting on the poles.
This is due to curvature of the earth.

Question 2.
Measure the temperature for a week in different months throughout the year. You will be able to see the temperature differences that occur between the summer, winter, monsoon, and other seasons. (Textbook Page No. 23)
a) For the next week, measure the air temperature each day at the same time and place (Remember to choose a place that Is in the shade). Each day before you measure, write down your guess. Keep your record in a separate notebook.
Place: ———–
Time: ———–
Month: ———–

Date	Air Temperature, °C
	Guess	Measurement

b) Record the temperature every day for one week for few months.
c) Calculate the weekly average temperatures.
d) Discuss the variations between different weeks.
Answer:
Place: Bengaluru
Time: 12 Noon
Month: January

	Air Temperature, °C
Date	Guess	Measurement
18.1.2016	28°C	29°C
19.1.2016	27°C	30°C
20.1.2016	29°C	30°C
21.1.2016	29°C	30 C
22.1.2016	28°C	30°C
23.1.2016	27°C	30°C
24.1.2016	28°C	30°C

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 21 Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 21st Lesson Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times

Question 1.
What was the special role of the nattuvanars?
Answer:
The nattuvanars are the dance masters of devadasis. They were usually male children of devadasis. They maintained these traditions from generation to generation. They also trained the new dancers from other castes.

Question 2.
What changes do you see in the position of the artistes and the subject of their performances since the time of the national movement?
Answer:
After the national movement, their condition became worse. Nobody is there to encourage them. As a result the folk artists are facing a decline and crisis of livelihood.

Question 3.
Is it possible to orient folk arts to new requirements of modern life and revive them?
Answer:
I think it is impossible. Today the life style is very fast. The people who are stuck to the TVs and computers, may not be interested in these arts which are expensive.

Question 4.
Who is Nazar Vali?
Answer:
He was a Burrakatha artist.

Question 5.
Where did Nazar Vali start his profession?
Answer:
He started it with Tenali Balaratna Nataka Samajam.

Question 6.
Do you think it is important to preserve the folk art traditions when TV and films are becoming the dominant forms of entertainment? Give your reasons
Answer:
I think it is important to preserve it. Our customs and traditions are gifts from our ancestors. Mainly folk arts – These are our traditional entertainment. We should preserve them. They are the soul of nation.

Question 7.
Why do you think the nationalists and communists tried to revive and renew folk arts?
Answer:
Nationalists and communists encouraged these folk arts. They opposed the foreign arts and tried to revive and renew our folk arts.

Question 8.
Do you think institutions like Kalakshetra can help to revive folk arts too?
Answer:
Yes, they can help to revive folk arts too.
But they encourage the rich and the interested people only. They cannot render services to the real hires of the arts. Thus there are mixed results with this type of institutions.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 8 Combustion, Fuels and Flame Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Solutions 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame

8th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Give four examples of combustible materials.
Answer:

1. Petrol
2. Diesel
3. Kerosene
4. Alcohol

Question 2.
Give four examples of non-combustible materials.
Answer:

1. Sand
2. Clay
3. Iron
4. Steel

Question 3.
Why should not we store spirit or petrol near our living place?
Answer:
Spirit or petrol has low ignition temperature. So they turn into gas at room tempera¬ture. So they are highly inflammable that means they easily catch fire at room temperature. So in order to avoid fire accidents we should not store spirit or petrol near our living place.

Question 4.
Give an example of a good fuel. How do you choose that fuel? Explain.
Answer:
The example for good fuel is CNG.
The characteristics of good fuel.

1. It should be cheap.
2. It should be readily available.
3. It should be readily combustible.
4. It should be transported easily.
5. It should have high calorific value.
6. It should not produce gases or residue that pollute the environment.

CNG possess all these characteristics so it is an example for good fuel or ideal fuel.

Question 5.
The oil tires should not be sprayed with water. Why?
Answer:
We should not spray water on oil fires because water is heavier than the oil, it sinks below the oil and oil keeps burning on the top. So water is not suitable for oil fire accidents.

Question 6.
What precautions are to be taken while pouring water on fire?
Answer:

1. Put off the electric mains.
2. Do not pour water on fires caused by electricity water containing dissolves salts is a good conductor of electricity.
3. Do not pour water on fires due to petrol and oil because water is more denser the u oil and petrol.

Question 7.
Why a wick is not used in gas burners ?
Answer:
Wax in the candle melts when it is lighted by a match and a little wax forms vapour. This vapour combines with oxygen in the air to form flame. The heat of the flame melts more of the wax from the top of the candle. The melted liquid wax move upward through the thread. It also changes to vapour when it reaches the top the wick and burns w’ h the flame.
Wick is not required in gas burners because LPG has low ignition temperature so it is easily convert into vapour state.

Question 8.
Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment. Why?
Answer:
Water is not used to control fires involving electric equipments because water is good
conductor of electricity (water having dissolved salts) so it may conduct electricity and harm those trying to douse the fire.

Question 9.
Give supporting arguments for both the statements (1) fire is useful (2) fire is harmful.
Answer:
Fire is useful:

1. Fire is useful in cooking food.
2. Fire is used in preparing different types of jewellery with gold and silver.
3. Fire is utilized in making different types of articles with metals and plastics.
4. The heat energy produced from fire of coal used to produce electricity.

Fire is harmful:

1. During fire accidents fire can burn human organs and tissues causing severe damage to mankind, sometimes the people may die due to severe burns.
2. During fire accidents the fire not only kill people but lot of damage to articles, equipments in the house.
3. Fire can burn the forests in summer which may be harmful to animals present in the forest.

Question 10.
What would happen if oxygen stops to support combustion? – Make a guess. And if it is the situation for what other works fuels are useful?
Answer:
If oxygen stops to support combustion there is no other gas which will support combustion. Then fossil fuels are not useful in producing heat, energy and electricity.
So we should have to prefer alternative sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, etc. for our energy needs.

Question 11.
Let us assume that you are on the moon. If you try to focus sunlight on a paper using magnifying glass, does the paper catch fire? or not? Why?
Answer:
No, moon reflect entire sunlight falls on the surface because it acts as perfect reflector. Whereas earth is also acts as reflector but green house gases present in atmosphere absorbing the sunlight and resending on earth. So paper can be burnt on earth by using magnifying glass but it is not possible on moon.

Question 12.
Can you heat water in a paper vessel? How is it possible?
Answer:
In order to find the answer we have to do an experiment.

Take two small paper cups. Pour water in one of the cups. Put the two cups on different tripod stands and heat both of them using a candle shown in the figure. One cup burns quickly and other does not.
The reason is when heat is supplied to cups, the heat received by second cup is transferred to water
in it. The water in this cup prevents the paper to reach its ignition temperature and hence it does not burn. So water can be heated in a paper vessel upto ignition temperature of paper.

Question 13.
“Is combustion possible without the supply of oxygen”? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:
No, combustion is not possible without oxygen because it is a reaction of material with oxygen that is an oxidation process. For example, carbon compounds react with oxygen and form carbon-dioxide and water. So no combustion reaction is possible without oxygen.

Question 14.
Explain giving reasons: In which of the following situations water will get heated in a shorter time?
a) Srikar kept water beaker near the wick in the yellow part of a candle flame.
b) Sonu kept water beaker in the outermost part of the flame.
Answer:
In the second situation water will get heated in a short time in the outermost part in the flame complete combustion takes place so which is hottest part whereas yellow part is in the middle zone of candle where partial combustion takes place and it is moderately hot.

Question 15.
List the ways adopted by fire fighters to combat fires.
Answer:
Ways adopted by fire fighters:

1. The fire fighters immediately put off the electric mains and start spraying water on the fire. The water spray cool the combustible material below the ignition tempera¬ture. This prevents fire from spreading. Then the heat turns the water into vapours which surround the burning material and prevent supply of oxygen to the burning material. So the fire extinguishes.
2. For electrical fire accidents or fire accidents involving oil and petrol water is not useful. So fire fighters use carbondioxide. It is heavier than oxygen and does not affect the electric equipment.

Question 16.
Collect information available on different fuels. Find out the cost per kg and compare the cost with calorific value. Prepare report on that.
Answer:

Fuel	Cost per kg (or) litre	Calorific value
1. LPG	Rs. 67	55000
2. Diesel	Rs. 58	45000
3. Petrol	Rs. 80	45000
4. CNG	Rs. 49	50000

From the table we will observe CNG has least price and also comparatively equal calorific value with other fuels and also it is less pollutant and easily transportable. So from the report we say CNG is preferable as fuel.

Question 17.
Draw the diagram of candle flame and label all the zones. (OR)
Draw the diagram of structure of flame and label the parts. In which zone incomplete combustion takes place? (OR)
Draw a diagram of candle flame and label all the zones. What happens in the dark zone of a flame?
Answer:

In the dark zone wax gets vapourised and it is least hot part, (or)
In black zone in complete combustion takes place.

Question 18.
Where do you find spontaneous combustion and rapid combustion in your daily life?
Answer:
Spontaneous combustion is observed in burning of match stick. When the match stick is struck against the rubbing surface the red phosphorous converts into white phosphorous which immediately react with potassium chlorate in the match stick head to produce enough heat to ignite antimony sulphide and start the combustion.
Rapid combustion is observed in gas stoves. When we turn the nob of the gas stove in the kitchen and bringing a burning match stick near to it. The gas burns rapidly and produce heat and light.

Question 19.
How do you organize your daily works with fuels to conserve bio-diversity?
Answer:

1. I would use bicycle to travel short distances which consumes fuel.
2. I would go to school or office (long distance) in a public vehicle like bus which will consume fuel.
3. I will drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible which will consume fuel.
4. I switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where I have to wait which will consume fuel.
5. I ensure correct tyre pressure which will consume fuel.
6. I ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle which decreases the harmful gases.
7. I will clean gas burners regularly which decreases pollution.
8. I will cook with sufficient water which will consume fuel.
9. I would not prepare fries which take more time.
10. I will use CNG in place of petrol or diesel which is less pollutant.
    The above steps not only reduce the consumption of fuel and also decrease the air pollution. These steps of preserving fuels helps the mankind from pollution there by helps the bio-diversity.

Question 20.
How do you feel about “Fuels have become a part of human life”
Answer:
I feel that fuels are essential part of human life in their day to day life. Starting from the morning before they going to sleep they would found application of fuels. In the morning for breakfast we need fuel for cooking. For seeing TV or working with computer we need fuel because they run by electricity from thermal power (coal). If we want to go to school or office we use vehicle which required fuel. Every electrical articles like fans, mixies works by taking electricity from coal. So we conclude that fuels are essential part of human life.

Question 21.
It is difficult to bum a heap of green leaves but not a heap of dry leaves. Explain why?
Answer:
Green leaves contain water has high ignition temperature. So it will not burn whereas dry leaves does not contain water. So their ignition temperature is low. So they burn during summer.

Question 22.
In a few years the fuels on earth will be exhausted. Think, what would happen to human civilization? (OR)
In few years the fuel on earth will be exhausted. Predict the consequences.
Answer:
If people unable to use alternative sources of energy then lack of fuels drastically affect the human civilization. The consequences of lack of fuel.

1. There would be no fuel for cooking.
2. There would be no fuel for transport.
3. There would be no fuel for running machinery.
4. There would be no fuel for producing electricity.

So life of people on earth is miserable. The people once again go back to stone age where there is no availability of any facilities.

Question 23.
Use of more fuels in our daily life causes air pollution and it is harmful to human being and the other life on earth. Suggest some remedies to avoid this.
Answer:
Remedies to avoid air pollution:

1. Look for alternative sources of energy like wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy which does not produce pollution.
2. Try to minimise the use of fuels that is for travelling short distances use bicycles and try to go by bus (public transport) for offices which will minimise the use of fuels and there by air pollution.
3. Ensure regular maintenance of vehicle and engine which will release the less quantity of harmful gases there by decrease of air pollution.
4. Use CNG (compressed natural gas) as fuel as it is less pollutant and release small quantity of harmful gases.

Question 24.
Project work: Collect information about the experiments of Joseph Priestly. Write a two page report describing Priestly’s experiments proving that oxygen is needed for burning.
Answer:
In August 1774, Priestly isolated an air to be completely new, but he did not have an opportunity to pursue the matter because he was about to tour Europe. While in Paris Priestly managed to replicate the experiments for others, including French chemist Antonie Levoisier. After returning to Britain in January 1775, he continued his experiments and discovered vitriolic acid air (Sulphurdioxide, SO₂).
In March he wrote to several people regarding the new air that he had discovered in August. One of these letters was read aloud to the royal society, and a paper outlining the discovery, titled “An Account of further Discoveries in air”, was published in society’s journal “Philosophical Transactions”. Priestly called the new substance “dephlogisticated air” which he made in the famous experiment by focussing sun’s rays on a sample of mercuric oxide. He first tested it on mice, who surprised him by surviving quite a while entrapped with the air, and then on himself, writing that it was “five or six better than common air for the purpose of respiration, inflammation and I believe, every other use of common atmospherical air. He had discovered oxygen gas (O₂).”
Priestly called his discovery “dephlogisticated air” on the theory that it supported combustion so well because it had no phlogiston in it and hence could absorb maximum amount during burning.

Question 25.
Collect the information about annual fuel consumption in different parts of the world. How many years more the fossil fuels last? Make a poster with this information and issue an appeal to save fuel.
Answer:
Table showing different countries and their petrol consumption.

Country	Usage of Petrol/Diesel per annum in barrels
United States	6821850000
China	2993000000
Japan	1592495000
India	1087700000
Russia	1000100000
Brazil	897900000
Germany	889505000
Saudi Arabia	886950000
South Korea	797525000

The information showing the remaining years in which fossil fuels exhausted.

Fuel	Years in which it exhausted
Petrol / Diesel	Around 60 years
Natural gas	50 years
Coal	250 years
LPG	Around 70 years

We are using excess of petroleum products, coal and natural gas from the above table shows they will not exists long. So fuel consumption should be minimised otherwise no fuel is available in the future. So save fuel for better living.

8th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame InText Questions and Answers

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 110

Question 1.
Why does candle give flame when it is burnt but why does coal burn without emitting a flame?
Answer:
A candle is made of wax in which a thick thread is inserted. When it is lighted melts by a match stick. A little of the wax forms gas. This gas combines with oxygen in the air to form flame.
But coal is a natural fuel contains more carbon. When it is burnt it sends out carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases and becomes ember and does not emit a flame. Coal is the changed material of wood. Hence it does not emit a flame as it possesses a huge calorific value (heat).

Question 2.
Do all fuels produce same amount of heat when they are burnt?
Answer:
No, different fuels produce different amount of heat when they are burnt.

Question 3.
What do we need to burn a material?
Answer:
We need oxygen to burn a material.

Question 4.
Have you ever tried burning a piece of paper or wood or coal, a small rock or a pebble?
Answer:
Yes, I tried.

Question 5.
Do all of them burn?
Answer:
Except a small rock and a pebble, the rest of them are burnt.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 112

Question 6.
How does scented stick started burning?
Answer:
The stick starts burning with flame because oxygen supports combustion.

Question 7.
Why does not it catch again fire when it is kept aside in air after putting its flame off?
Answer:
The air is not sufficient to burn the scented stick.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 113

Question 8.
a) A slow fire bursts into a flame when air is blown on it, but a candle burning with flame goes off when air is blown on it. Why?
Answer:
A slow fire burst into a flame when air is blown on it because it increase the supply of oxygen to fire. So combustion takes place to produce a flame.
Whereas when the wind or your breathe blows on the mixture of combustible particles and flame of a candle, it pushes the mixture of combustible particles away from the steam of fresh particles. So flame will be go out in the absence of combustible particles.

b) If a large quantity of dry grass is set on fire in forests then it is very difficult to put off the fire. Why?
Answer:
The dry grass is more combustible and supports burning. Hence due to the flow of oxygen (air) it is kindled.

Question 9.
When an object catches fire, the fire is put off by covering with sand or a blanket. Why ?
Answer:
Combustion takes place only in the presence of oxygen. When we cover a burning object with sand or blanket that would cut off the supply of oxygen to burning object. So the fire is puts off.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 114

Question 10.
What makes match sticks to catch fire?
Answer:
A mixture of antimony trisulphide, potassium chlorate and white phosphorous with some glue and starch was applied on the head of a match stick made of suitable wood. When it struck against a rough surface white phosphorous got ignited due to heat of friction. This starts the combustion of match stick.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 115

Question 11.
List different fuels that are used for!
Domestic purpose LPG, CNG
Automobiles/ Aircraft/ Trains/ Rockets Petrol, gasoline
Industry Coal, Charcoal, wood, natural gas
Classify the above fuels into solid, liquid, gases and write them in table.

Solid	Liquid	Gas
Coal	Petrol	LPG
Charcoal	Gasoline	CNG
Wood	Diesel	Natural gas

Look at the fuels in the above table.

Classify the above fuels into solid, liquid, gases and write them in table.

a) Can you decide the best fuel among them?
Answer:
CNG, LPG.

b) What is the criteria to decide a best fuel?
Answer:
CNG & LPG burn completely. The fuel which burns completely is the best fuel.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 116

Question 12.
What is calorific value? Write its units.
Answer:
Calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of that fuel.
It is measured in kJ/kg.

Question 13.
How can we put off the fire if it breaks out?
Answer:
We can put off the fire by using the fire extinguishers in which CO₂ gas is present.

Question 14.
How water helps in eliminating the factors, which support the combustion?
Answer:
The water spray cools the combustible material so that its temperature decreases. This prevents the fire from spreading.

Think and Discuss

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 111

Question 1.
Why some materials burn and why some do not? Give reasons.
Answer:
Burning is a process of reaction of a material with oxygen. The materials which have weak molecular bonds easily react with oxygen so they burn easily. The material which have strong molecular bonds does not react with oxygen easily because the molecular bonds should be broken before they react with oxygen.

Question 2.
Why some materials which do not burn at normal temperature burn at higher temperatures?
Answer:
Burning is a process of reaction of a material with oxygen. The material which have strong molecular bonds does not undergo burning because the molecular bonds should be broken in order to react the material with oxygen. So they have high ignition temperature. So the materials which do not burn at normal temperature burn at higher temperature.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 112

Question 3.
If you lift the glass tumbler (which is placed over a burning candle) to 1 cm height what happens? Why?
Answer:
The Candle tends to burn because of availability air containing oxygen because cool air is more denser than hot air.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 113

Question 4.
How do you say that the gas released in the above experiment is oxygen?
Answer:
If we put a burning match stick into the container having oxygen it burns with bright flame the reason is oxygen supports combustion.

Question 5.
Can we replace potassium permanganate with any other substance to release oxygen?
Answer:
We can replace with HgO (Mercuric oxide), KClO₃ (Potassium chlorate), H₂O₂ (Hydrogen peroxide), NaNO₃ (Sodium nitrate), KNO₃ (Potassium nitrate) for release of oxygen.

Question 6.
Is there any other procedure to prove that oxygen is needed for burning?
Answer:
We can put off a fire by covering with sand or blanket because we are preventing supply of oxygen. So we can say oxygen is needed for burning.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 115

Question 7.
Why is phosphorous preserved in water? (Hint: Think about the role of ignition temperature in combustion)
Answer:
Phosphorous is highly reactive with air containing oxygen. It has low ignition temperature. So it catches fire at room temperature. So it is preserved in water.

Question 8.
Why kerosene stoves and Bunsen burners have small holes in them? (Hint: Think about the role of air in combustion)
Answer:
Kerosene stoves and bunsen burners have small holes for entry of air for combustion of fuel.

Question 9.
It is hard to ignite match stick in rainy days. Why?
Answer:
It is hard to ignite match stick in rainy days because water has extinguishing property.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 118

Question 10.
A wax candle burns with a yellow flame. The domestic gas burns with a blue flame. Why?
Answer:
The wax candle burns with a yellow in the middle zone because it undergoes partial combustion whereas domestic gas burns with a blue flame because it undergoes complete combustion.

8th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Do all materials bum?
You will need a pair of tongs, some metal or clay dishes and a candle or a spirit lamp. Using tongs, pick up a small piece of paper and bring it near to the lighted candle and keep it on flame as shown in figure.

Record your observations in table.


Carry out this experiment with a piece of charcoal, magnesium ribbon, straw, cotton cloth, nylon cloth, dry wood, pebble, wax, plastic piece, etc. and record your observations.
You can try to burn liquids like water, petrol, diesel, alcohol and note down your observations in table.
Take 2 ml of water in small plate. Bring the lighted stick near to water in plate.
a) What do you observe in your attempt of burning water?
Answer:
Water does not burn.

b) Is there any difference in flame of lighted stick?
Answer:
If we brought near to water plate the flame decreases.

c) What happened to the lighted stick when it is brought closer to water in the plate?
Answer:
The water in the plate puts off.the lighted stick.
Carryout this activity using coconut oil, mustard oil, kerosene, etc. Record your observation in the above table.

d) What can we conclude from this activity?
Answer:
We conclude that some materials burn and others do not.

e) Which of the material in the above activity are combustible?
Answer:
Except pebbles and water remaining materials are combustible.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Testing the necessity of air for burning.
Answer:

Take a small burning candle and put it on a table. Invert a glass tumbler over it.
The candle continues to burn for some time. Then flickers and finally flame goes off.
Remove the tumbler and again light the candle. Put the tumbler back over the candle. When the candle flame begins to flicker, remove the tumbler. What happens to the candle?
We find that putting the glass tumbler over the candle cuts off the supply of air and candle flame goes off. When the flame just begins to flicker if we removes tumbler the flame retains back due to supply of oxygen.
This experiment proves that air is needed to burn a material.

Lab Activity

Write an activity to prove that oxygen helps in burning. (OR)
How can you perform the acitivity to prove that Oxygen is essential for burning? Explain.
Answer:
Aim: To prove that oxygen helps in burning.
Material required: Test tube, test tube holder, spirit lamp, match box, inscence stick (agarbatti), potassium permanganate (KMnO4) crystals.
Procedure:
Light a scented / incense stick and let it burn for 10 seconds, then put out the flame and keep it aside.
Take potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) in a test tube. Hold the test tube with a test tube holder and heat it over the flame of spirit lamp. Oxygen is released on heating of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄).
2 KMnO₄ → K2MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂ ↑
Insert the agarbatti with the burning stub into the test tube as shown in figure.

Observations: The stick burns with a flame. This proves that oxygen supports combustion by helping agarbatti to burn with bright flame.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Burning a paper with sun rays.
On a sunny day, go out and focus the sun rays on a piece of paper using a magnifying lens.

a) Touch the spot after some time. How do you feel?
Answer:
It is hot.
You must have heard about people in ancient times rubbing the pieces of stones together to produce sparks.

b) Have you tried it?
Answer:
Yes.

c) Rub two stones together hardly and touch them. What do you feel?
Answer:
They become hot.
Now recall some of your experiences:

d) Does a matchstick burns by itself?
Answer:
No.

e) Why do you rub the match stick on the side of the matchbox to bum it?
Answer:
When we rub match stick on the side of the match box due to friction it produces it which will burn the match stick.

f) Can you bum a piece of wood by bringing it close to a lighted matchstick?
Answer:
No.

g) Why do we use paper pieces or kerosene oil to start fire in wood or coal?
Answer:
Paper or Kerosene oil has low ignition temperature. So they are used to burn wood or coal which have higher ignition temperature.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Understanding ignition temperature.
Take two small paper cups. Pour water in one of the cups. Put the two cups on different tripod stands and heat both of them using a candle.

a) Which cup bums first?
Answer:
The cup which does not have water.

b) Does the water in the cup become hot? Why?
Answer:
The water in the second cup is hot because the heat received by second cup is transferred to water in it. The water in this cup prevents the paper to reach its ignition temperature and hence it does not burn.

c) When does the second cup start burning?
Answer:
When it reaches its ignition temperature.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Observing the behaviour of different solid fuels.
Collect some fuels like candle, coal, charcoal, magnesium ribbon, wood, cakes of cow-dung, camphor, wick of the oil lamp, wick of kerosene stove, domestic gas, etc. Burn each of them one by one with the help of spirit lamp and note the time they take to catch fire. Also observe how do they burn?
a) Do all of them bum in the same manner? If not, what difference do you notice?
Answer:
No, some of them produce flame and some does not produce flame.

b) Do all of them form a flame while they are burning?
Answer:
No, all of them does not form flame.
Record your observation in the following table

You may observe that a candle burns with flame whereas charcoal does not. Some materials burn with flame, some do not. Kerosene oil and molten wax rise through the wick become gas and form flames. But charcoal cannot be vaporized. So it does not produce flame.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Observing the structure of the flame.
Light a wax candle and watch the flame.

Carefully note the different coloured zones in the flame.
a) How many colours are there in the flame?
Answer:
There are three colours in the flame.

b) Starting from the base of the flame, how many flame zones do you observe?
What is the colour of the outer most zone of the flame?
Answer:
There are three flame zones are observed.
The colour of outermost zone is blue.

c) Observe the innermost zone which is dark. What do you observe there?
Answer:
In this zone wax gets vapourised. This is dark zone.
Observe near the base of the flame. Vaporized wax gets completely oxidized and burns with a blue flame. It is blue zone.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Observing what happens in different zones of candle flame.
Light a candle. Hold a glass tube (with 7 cm length) a pair of tongs and introduce its one end in the dark zone of a non flickering candle flame. Keep lighted match stick near the other end of the glass tube as shown in the figure.

a) What do you observe? Do you see a flame? If so what is it, that produces a flame?
Answer:
Yes, the some of vapours produced by wax pass through the glass tube and are burnt by match stick to produce flame.

b) Notice that the wax near the heated wick melts quickly. What do you observe?
Answer:
When the candle’s flame is steady introduce a clean glass slide into the luminous zone of the flame and hold it with a pair of tongs for 10 seconds.
A blackish circular ring is formed on the glass slide.

c) What is it?
Answer:
The deposition of unburnt carbon particles present in the luminous zone of the flame due to incomplete combustion.

d) Hold a thin long copper wire just inside the flame for about half a minute. What do you observe? What is your inference?
Answer:
The copper wire just outside the flame gets red hot. It indicates that the non luminous zone of the flame has high temperature. It is the hottest part of the flame. It is blue in colour and complete combustion takes place due to good supply of oxygen.