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AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 18 Rights Approach to Development.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 18th Lesson Rights Approach to Development

Question 1.
What would give the poor people like Pavan and his mother a life with dignity?
Answer:
“Work hard – Lead the life”.
This only gives them a life with dignity.

Question 2.
Whose duty is it to ensure that Pa van and his mother are able to live a life of dignity and freedom?
Answer:
It is the duty of the society and the government to ensure that Pavan and his mother are able to live a life of dignity and freedom.

Question 3.
What are the arguments of people in “disclosing the information?”
Answer:
Their arguments are as follows.

1. Information is crucial to the human development, and democratic rights. People can participate in government and ensure just development only if they have sufficient information in the form of official documents.
2. Information will make governments more accountable in their functioning. It is possible to monitor the functioning and check possibility of corrupt practices. Information is crucial to the survival of the poor.
3. In a situation where information has to be made public, arbitrary decisions by the elected representatives or the officials can be controlled.

Question 4.
How did the movement begin for disclosing information?
Answer:
A group of people in Rajasthan, organised themselves under the banner of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) and demanded information. There was no legal provision to get the details of information as mentioned in the above paragraph from government to the people. Initially, these documents were collected with the help of officials. People evaluated these documents through public meetings. Soon officials began to resist the idea of disclosing the information. This led to a people’s movement.

Question 5.
Write about six main points of RTE.
Answer:
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009
The RTE Act is meant for providing free and Compulsory Education to all Children in the age group of 6 – 14 years and came into force from 1st April 2010.
Important provisions of RTE Act

• Ensure availability of schools within the reach of the children.
• Improve School infrastructure facilities.
• Enroll children in the class appropriate to his / her age.
• Children have a right to receive special training in order to be at par with other children.
• Providing appropriate facilities for the education of children with special needs on par with other children.
• No child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing the elementary education. No test for admitting the children in schools.

Question 6.
Comment this figure.

Answer:
There is an old lady in this picture. She belongs to a poor family. All the vessels are empty. We can see the rice in a vessel in a small quantity. The woman is also very weak due to lack of food. It is because of monsoon failure. She is a victim of famine.

Question 7.
Read the following passages and answer the given questions.
Answer:
Pavan is a boy of about 13 years, who lives with his mother. He lives in a temple town visited by a large number of pilgrims. Pavan stands outside the temple gate and begs the pilgrims for food by falling at their feet. Sometime, some of them give him stale left over food from their tiffin boxes. Sometimes, he carries heavy bags for them and is paid a small amount.

His mother works in a house as domestic help. She works almost for twelve hours everyday, through out the month. She is constantly ordered about by her employers including young children. She is given left over food after everyone else has eaten. She is not allowed to sit before the employers, and has to always talk to them meekly. She is often insulted for some minor errors or delays and has to fight back her tears and anger lest she be thrown out of job.
1) How old is Pavan?
Answer:
He is 13 years old.

2) Why do the people give Pavan some money?
Answer:
Sometimes he lifts heavy bags for them. So they give Pavan some small amount.

3) What does his mother do?
Answer:
She works in a house as domestic help.

4) Try to write any two of her problems.
Answer:

1. She is not allowed to sit before the employers.
2. She is often insulted for some minor errors.

5) Why does Pavan fall at their feet?
Answer:
To create pity and sympathy in the minds of pilgrims for money.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
JAN SUNVAYI: MKSS used to conduct meetings, called ‘jan sunvayi’ (or people’s hearings). It is true that many people cannot read the government documents themselves. But every person in a village would like to know what the documents say. Thus, these were read out and explained. A muster roll would give names of people for whom wages were paid for making a hand-pump. The villagers can identify if the people mentioned in the muster roll were present during those days or were migrants, or if they were paid the amount stated in the document. This would bring out the corrupt in practices. Through these events people brought in necessary action. Officials were also given opportunity to defend and talk about the details given in the documents. The district administration and panchayat officials also participated in these meetings. When corruption was identified, criminal cases were registered against the concerned persons.

1) What is the meaning of ‘Jan Sunvayi’?
Answer:
It means people’s hearings.

2) Why do they read out the documents?
Answer:
Many people cannot read the government documents, so they read out.

3) What is a muster roll?
Answer:
It is an attendance register.

4) What did they do through these events?
Answer:
Through these events they brought in necessary action.

5) When did they register criminal cases?
Answer:
When corruption was identified, they registered criminal cases.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 1 What is Science Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 1st Lesson What is Science

8th Class Biology 1st Lesson What is Science Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is Science?
Answer:
Science:

1. Science is the concerted human effort to understand the history of the natural world how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence.
2. Science is an organized study of knowledge which is based on experimentation.
3. Science is a tool for searching truths of nature.
4. Science is the way of exploring the world.

Question 2.
What are scientific methods ? Write the steps involved in a scientist’s work.
Answer:
Scientific Methods:

1. Scientists solve a problem or answer a question by using organized ways. They are called “Scientific Methods”.
2. The following are the steps involved in a scientific work.
   a) Step -1 : Ask questions.
   b) Step – 2 : Form hypothesis.
   c) Step – 3 : Plan experiments.
   d) Step – 4 : Conduct experiments.
   e) Step – 5 : Draw conclusions.

Question 3.
What is the way to find out solutions for the problems in scientific way?
Answer:
To find out solutions for the problems in scientific way we need to follow a sequential order. So we go through the following.

1. Identifying problem : Let us identify any problems from your surroundings.
   Ex: The bulb did not lit in the room.
2. Making hypothesis: List out different solutions which your think for the identifying problem.
   Ex: De filament, fuse failure, switch problem, wire problem.
3. Collecting information: To solve the identifying problem collect material, apparatus, Information, persons.
   Ex: Collect material like tester, screwdriver, wooden scale, wires, insulation tape, table and blade.
4. Data analysis: Arrange the collected data or information to conduct experiment.
5. Experimentation: To prove selecting hypothesis conduct experiment.
   Ex: Observe filament of the bulb.
6. Result analysis: Analyzing the results to find out the solution for the problem based on the results you need to select another hypothesis to prove.
   Ex: Filament of the bulb is good in condition so we need to observe fuse.
7. Generalisation: Based on the experiment and its results explain the solution for the problem.
   Ex: Fuse is damaged so the bulb not glow, so we need to replace the fuse.

Question 4.
During investigation in science, name some rules to be followed for the safety.
Answer:

1. Think ahead: Study the steps of the investigation, so you know what to expect.
2. Be neat: Keep your work area clean.
3. Oops!: If you should spill or break something or get cut, tell your teacher right away.
4. Watch your eyes: Wear safety goggles anytime you are directed to do so.
5. Yuck!: Never eat or drink anything during a scientific activity.
6. Protect yourself from shocks: Be especially careful if an electric appliance is used. Be sure that electric cords are in a safe place where you can’t trip over them. Don’t ever pull a plug out an outlet by pulling on the cord.
7. Keep it clean: Always clean up when you have finished.

Question 5.
If you plan a test to find out how much water different brands of paper towels absorb, write down the steps of the experiment.
Answer:

1. Pour 1 liter of water into each of three beakers.
2. Put a towel from each of the three brands into a different beaker for 10 seconds.
3. Pull the towel out of the water, and let it drain back into the beaker for 5 seconds.
4. Measure the amount of water left in each beaker.
5. The towel put in the beaker in which less amount of water is left absorbs more water.

Question 6.
Collect information about scientists and their works and prepare a chart and paste it in your classroom.
Answer:

Question 7.
What are process skills ?
Answer:
Observe, compare, classify are the process skills.

1. Observe – Use the senses to learn about objects and events.
2. Compare – Identify characteristics of things or events to find out how they are alike and different.
3. Classify – Group or organize objects or events in categories based on specific characteristics.

Question 8.
Read the following.
Answer:
Endemic Species:

You may find that these animals are specifically found in certain regions of the world.
You are also aware of the fact that many plants and animals are widely distributed throughout the world. But some species of plants and animals are found restricted to some areas only. Plants or animal species found restricted to a particular area of a country are called Endemic Species.
Now answer the following questions.
a) Name an Endemic Species of our State.
Answer:
Tiger, Peacock and Crane.

b) You may notice that Kangaroo is endemic to Australia and Kiwi to New Zealand. Can you tell which among the above picures represent an endemic species of India ?
Answer:
Peacock and Tiger.

c) Name some other endemic species of India.
Answer:
Indian Lion, Indian Wolf, Great Indian bustard bill.

Question 9.
Reading the following poster.

Answer:
Biotic Components:
Producers – Mangrove, spirogyra, euglena, oscillatoria, blue green algae, ulothrix, etc.
Consumers – Shrimp, crab, hydra, protozoans, mussel, snails, turtle, daphnia, brittle word, tube worm, etc.
Decomposers – Detritus feeding bacteria, etc.
Abiotic components – Salt and fresh water, air, sunlight, soil, etc.

Question 10.
What is Generalisation? Give an example.
Answer:
Based on the experiment and its results explaining the solution for the problem is called Generalisation.
Example:

a) The bulb did not light in the room.
b) Identify the problem that may be defilament, fuse failure, switch problem, wire problem.
c) Then take tester, screwdriver, wooden scale, wires, insulation tape, table and blade.
d) Observe the filament of the bulb.
e) If the filament of the bulb is good, then observe fuse.
f) As the fuse is damaged, we need to replace the fuse.

Based on this, the bulb did not lit in the room because the fuse is damaged. This is the generalisation in the above experiment.

Question 11.
What are the different types of writings used by scientists to describe what they are doing or learning?
Answer:

1. Informative writing, Narrative writing, Expressive writing, Persuasive writing are used by the Scientists.
2. In informative writing, scientists describe the observation, inferences and their conclusion.
3. In narrative writing the scientists describe about something, give examples or tell a story.
4. In expressive writing, they may write letters, poems, or songs.
5. In persuasive writing they write letters about important issues in science and also write about what they have learned about science which helps others to understand about their thinking.

Question 12.
How do scientists use numbers in their investigations?
Answer:

1. Measuring, interpreting data, using number sense are few methods used by scientists in their investigations.
2. Scientists make accurate measurements by using different measuring instruments like thermometer clocks, timers, rules, a spring scale, beakers, balance and other containers to measure liquids.
3. Scientists collect, organize, display and interpret data by using tables, charts and graphs.
4. Scientists compare and order numbers, compute with numbers shown on graphs and read the scales on thermometers, measuring cups, beakers and other tools.
5. Good scientists apply their maths skills to help them display and interpret the data they collect.

Question 13.
What is Hypothesis? What are variables?
Answer:

1. Making a statement about an expected outcome is called Hypothesis.
2. Variables are factors that can affect the outcome of the investigation.

Question 14.
What do the following persons do?
a) A geologist
b) A chemist
c) A biologist
d) An ecologist
e) A climatologist
Answer:
a) A geologist examines the distribution of fossils and makes observations to find patterns in natural phenomena.
b) A chemist observes the rate of a chemical reaction at a variety of temperatures.
c) A biologist observes the reaction of a particular tissue to various stimulants.
d) An ecologist observes the territorial behaviours of different animals and birds.
e) A climatologist collects data from weather balloons and makes observations basing on it.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 17 Understanding Poverty.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 17th Lesson Understanding Poverty

Question 1.
What is the average calorie intake of persons in the top quarter in the country?
Answer:
The average calorie intake of persons in the top quarter in the country is 2521.

Question 2.
By what percentage does the calorie intake of persons in the bottom quarter fall short of the daily calorie standard?
Answer:
23% of the calorie intake of persons in the bottom quarter fall short of the daily calorie standard.

Question 3.
Do you find any relationship between economic background of person and his/her nutritional status?
Answer:
Yes, I find the relationship between economic background of person and his/her nutritional status. If the economic standard is less, the nutritional status is also low and vice versa.

Question 4.
What do you think can be done such that Ramachari and his family get two square meals a day?
Answer:
Ramachari should also go to the nearest town with his wife for daily works. Then only he and his family can get two square meals a day.

Question 5.
How would you describe the exchange between Ramachari and the farmers in the village?
Answer:
I discribe the exchange between Ramachari and the farmers in the village as follows:
“One for all and all for one”.

Question 6.
Why do you think the MNREGA places priority on provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to the SCs and STs?
Answer:
The government sanctioned some funds for the development of SCs and STs from many years. These funds were remained unused. So these are used for irrigation and drinking water facilities to them only. With this they feel self-reliance.

Question 7.
Why do you think the calorie intakes of the people are so low?
Answer:
As they have low earnings, they cannot purchase costly foods which have high calories. They cannot eat and cannot work. So they.are habituated to eat stomachful of food, e.g.: Rice & chutney / rice & curry or rice & sambar.
So they are taking so low calories.

Question 8.
Do you think the poor will be served better now with new policy? Provide reasons in favour of your answer.
Answer:
I think that the poor will be served better now with new policy.
Reasons:

1. The government takes back the white cards from ineligibles.
2. So the provisions are supplied only to the poor and the poorest.

Question 9.
Ration shops are also called fair price shops. Can you guess why?
Answer:
The provisions in ration shops are available at low prices when compared to open market. So they are called fair price shops.

Question 10.
Why are people without employment also often without assets, such as land, cattle, shops etc.?
Answer:
The people those who have no employment cannot save their earnings. Without savings they cannot purchase assets. So they do not have assets.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Why Poverty? How can it be eliminated?’ and answer the following: What are the other reasons for poverty?
Answer:
The other reasons for poverty:

1. Big families
2. Only one person works hard in the family while all others eat.
3. Lack of chances according to their capacity or eligibility.
4. Less wages / salaries.

Question 12.
Give your comments on the given picture.
Answer:
This picture belongs to ‘Mid day meals scheme’. The girls are the beneficiaries of this scheme. In some poor families, children are not provided nutrious food and they are often suffered from hunger. The children studying in government schools, especially from such families will get benefited by this scheme. Undernourished children do not grow as quickly as healthy children. They will feel hard to study, work or otherwise perform physical activities. Mentally, they may develop more slowly. Keeping all these in view, the government is implementing Mid-day meal scheme for the well-being of the children belonging to poor families.

Question 13.
Observe the graph and answer the following questions.

1. Who are taking more calories?
Answer:
The rich

2. What is the difference between the top quarter and second quarter in calories?
Answer:
621 calories.

3. Who are taking least calories?
Answer:
The bottom quarter

4. What do you understand by observing this picture?
Answer:
Economic standard dictates the nutrition status.

Question 14.
Activity: One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what Nutrition Scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI). This is easy to calculate. Measure the weight of the person in kgs. Then measure the height in metres. Divide the weight by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. Do remember that this criterion is not applicable to growing children.
Let each student in the class find out the weight and height of three adult persons of different economic backgrounds like office workers, servants, business person etc. Collect the data from all the students and make a combined table. Calculate their BMI.
Answer:

S.No.	Years of Age	M/F	Their work	Height (inches)	Weight (kgs.)	BMI
1.	35	M	Labourer	165	57	20.94 Normal
2.	42	M	Labourer	161	61	30.68 Fat
3.	28	F	Labourer	163	50	18.82 Normal
4.	37	M	Worker	168	56	19.84 Thin
5.	40	M	Worker	157	52	21.1 Normal
6.	42	F	Worker	161	56	21.6 Normal
7.	54	M	Business person	158	66	26.44 Fat
8.	46	M	Business person	170	71	24.57 Fat
9.	32	F	Business person	157	68	27.59 Fat

Question 15.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
The poorest families are issued Antyodaya cards. Next, the people whose situations are slightly better but still can be considered poor are issued BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards. The remaining families are issued APL (Above Poverty Line) cards.
Quantities and prices of ration given to each cardholder are different. For example, the Antyodaya cardholders are entitled to get 35 kgs of foodgrains (rice and wheat) per month per family. The BPL cardholders in Andhra Prasdesh can receive 4 kgs of foodgrains per head not exceeding 20 kgs per family. The Annapurna Scheme card holders who are the poorest of the poor (Indigent senior citizens) get 10 kgs of rice free of cost.
1. Who are issued Antyodaya cards?
Answer:
The poorest families.

2. Which colour cards are issued to BPL families?
Answer:
White cards.

3. What is meant by BPL?
Answer:
Below Poverty Line.

4. How much food grains can receive the BPL card holders in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
4 kgs of food grains per head.

5. Who are the Annapurna scheme card holders?
Answer:
The poorest of the poor (Indigent senior citizens).

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 4 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Solutions 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

8th Class Physical Science 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Explain why some fibres are called synthetic.
Answer:
Unlike natural fibres, synthetic fibres are made from petroleum based chemicals or petrochemicals. Petrochemicals are subjected to various chemical processes to obtain synthetic fibres. Due to this they are called artificial fibres or synthetic fibres.

Question 2.
Give reasons why plastic containers are used as storage devices.
Answer:
Plastic containers are used as storage devices because

1. They are non-reactive: Metals like iron get rusted when they left exposed to moisture and air. But plastic do not react with water and air. So they are not corroded easily.
2. Plastic is light, strong and durable: Plastics are very strong, light and durable can be moulded into different shapes.
3. Lower price: Plastics have relatively lower price when compared with metals.

Question 3.
Classify following materials which can be, cannot be recycled.
Plastic toys, electrical switches, plastic chairs, ball point pens, plastic containers, cooker handles, plastic bottles, carry bags, tumblers, tooth brush, plastic chapels, plastic plates, plastic buckets.
Answer:

Plastic toys	–        recycled
Plastic chairs	–        recycled
Ball point pens	–        not recycled
Tooth brush	–        not recycled
Cooker handles	–        not recycled
Plastic containers	–        recycled
Plastic bottles	–        recycled
Carry bags	–        not recycled
Tumblers	–        recycled
Electrical switches	–        not recycled
Plastic chapels	–        recycled
Plastic plates	–        not recycled
Plastic buckets	–        recycled

Question 4.
If electric switches are made by thermoplastics what would happen?
Answer:
Thermoplastics are become soft on heating and they can change their shape. Heat developed due to electricity may change the shape of switches and they become soft whereas thermosetting plastics once moulded does not change their shape and they comparatively bad conductors of heat and electricity than thermoplastics. So thermo-plastics are not preferable in making of electrical switches.

Question 5.
Thermoplastics are ecofriendly than thermosetting plastics. What do you say? Why?
Answer:
Yes, they are ecofriendly when compared with thermosetting plastics. The reason is plastics are non-biodegradable material. Land filling of plastic and burning of plastic in incenerators are the ways of disposal of plastic. These two ways are harmful to environment. The better method is recycling of plastic. Which is possible with only thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics cannot be recycled. Therefore we consider thermoplastics as ecofriendly.

Question 6.
Explain the following.
a) Blending
b) Biodegradable
c) Recycling
d) Decomposition
Answer:
a) Blending: Any synthetic fibre can be combined with two or more other fibres is called blending. Natural and synthetic fibres are often blended for preparing better fabric.
When first fibre is blended with second fabric it gives us a blended fabric which possess the best quality of both.
Eg: We know cotton wearing is comfortable and polyester is wrinkle free. When cotton and polyester blend the end result of fabric formed is comfortable and wrinkle free.

b) Biodegradable: A material which is easily decomposed by natural process is called biodegradable. Eg: Vegetables, fruits, paper, cotton, clothes, woolen clothes, etc.

c) Recycling: Recycling is a process of conversion of broken plastic material into new plastic products.

d) Decomposition: Certain materials can break down in to smaller fragments in the presence of water, sunlight and oxygen. These fragments get further broken down by bacteria. This is called decomposition.

Question 7.
Match the following.
Group – A                              Group – B
1. Polyester        ( )          A) Kitchenware
2. PET                 ( )          B) Artificial silk
3. Rayon             ( )          C) Many monomers
4. Nylon             ( )          D) Electric switches
5. Melamine       ( )          E) Code 1
6. Polyethene     ( )          F) Popular dress material
7. Bakelite          ( )          G) Stronger than any fiber
Answer:
1) F
2) E
3) B
4) G
5) A
6) C
7) D

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks.
i) Synthetic fibres are called as …………….. fibres.
ii) Synthetic fibres are synthesized from raw material called ……………. .
iii) Like synthetic fibre, plastic also ……………… .
iv) Clothing labels are
A) Required by law
B) Identify fabric content
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
v) Rayon is made of
A) Coal
B) Oxygen
C) Flax
D) Cellulose
vi) A silk fibre’s smooth surface absorbs light
A) Yes
B) No
C) Can’t say
Answer:
i) artificial
ii) petrochemicals
iii) Polymer
iv) B) Identify fabric content
v) D) Cellulose
vi) B) No

Question 9.
Where do we use the process of recycling? How is it useful? Give examples.
Answer:
The process of recycling is useful for plastic which are non-biodegradable material. The broken plastic material articles collected from the households and send it for recycling. From this recycled plastic new products are prepared after giving it a proper treatment.
e.g.: Pet bottles, plastic carry bags, coffee cups, egg boxes.

Question 10.
Prepare a table of various synthetic fibers which are used to make household articles from them.
Answer:

Synthetic fibre	Household item
Nylon	It is used in most hosiery articles such as stockings. Also tooth brush bristles, ropes, tents, sarees, socks, car seat belts, sleeping bags, curtains, carpets, fishing nets, etc.
Synthetic fibre	Bead necklace, paper clip, paper clip, chain, etc.
Rayon	It is used to prepare sarees, bed sheets, carpets, fashion and home furnishings, sanitary products, diapers and bandages and lints for dressing wounds, etc.
Acrylic	It is used in knitted apparels such as fleece, socks, sportswear and sweaters. It is also used in craft yarns, upholstery fabrics, carpets, luggage awnings and vehicle covers, etc.
Polyesters	Polyester is used to make dresses, PET bottles, utensils, fibres, wires etc.
Polyesters	Polyester is made by reacting dicarboxylic acid with dihydric alco­hol.
Nylon	Nylon is made of chemical units called polyamides (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen)
Rayon	The cellulose collected from plants is treated with sodium hydrox­ide, carbon disulphide and into dilute sulphuric acid.
Acrylic	It is made from the combination of coal, air, water, oil and limestone.

 

Question 11.
Explain the differences between the thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics with the help of a diagram explaining in terms of arrangements of monomers.
Answer:

Question 12.
Introduction of synthetic fibres in the textile industry brought revolutionary change across the world in the dressing patterns irrespective of culture and customs. How do you appreciate this?
Answer:
Synthetic fibres are used everywhere in the world due to their specific characteristics that is they are durable, less expensive, readily available, affordable and are easy for maintenance. So they are decreasing the boundaries of races. So synthetic fibres are one of the factor which make the people unite irrespective of culture and costumes.

Question 13.
How synthetic fibres changed our everyday life?
Answer:
Synthetic fibres are more comfortable and wrinkle free. They does not shrinks. They exists in different colours. They are less expensive. They absorb less water and dry at a faster rate. They exists in different designs. They are durable and readily available. Different synthetic fibre clothes are available for different seasons. Now synthetic fibres are essential part of our life. So synthetic fibres changed our life.

Question 14.
Nibha wants to buy clothes to parents for winter wear. What type of clothes would you suggest? Specify reasons.
Answer:
We would suggest clothes made of acrylic. The reason is it is affordable and accessible. It is cheap and easily available. It has all the characteristics of wool so considered as artificial wool. So it is preferable to wear clothes made of acrylic in winter.

Question 15.
If plastic is not properly disposed, what could be the consequences?
Answer:
Plastics take several years to decompose. Slow decomposition of plastics causes environment pollution. The polythene bags thrown around are responsible for clogging drains. The animals in urban areas are dying due to eating of polythene bags containing food material. They not only posed a great threat to nature and environment but also to the human race itself. The burning process of plastic is also very slow and cannot be burnt completely. The process of burning release a lot of poisonous fumes in to air causing air pollution. So plastics should be properly disposed that is recycling process is used.

Question 16.
Indiscriminate usage of plastic is a serious threat to bio-diversity. What are the efforts of government and non-government organization in this regard?
Answer:
Efforts of government and non-government organisation:

1. Andhra Pradesh based NGO’s drawing court attention that 30 – 60 kg of plastic bags recovered from the stomache of cows.
2. Private institutions in Kozikode, Kerala fighted against plastic wastes and their consequences on environment.
3. Government has burned plastic carry bags less than 40 microns.
4. Many non-government organisations are giving publicity about the harmful effects of plastics. They are encouraging people to use bags made of cotton.
5. Various non-government organisations are collecting plastics from households and send it for recycling.
6. Government is planning to solid plastic waste into resources such as electricity, heat, compost.

Question 17.
Take hair, wool, silk, paper, cotton thread, piece of plastic, thread of sweater, piece of rope and carefully conduct a flame test. Based on smell and type of melting classify them as natural or artificial fibres.
Answer:
If they burn with black deposit of carbon then the fibres are natural. If they melt they are artificial fibres.

Fibre	Natural / Artificial
1. Hair	Natural
2. Wool	Natural
3. Silk	Natural
4. Paper	Natural
5. Cotton thread	Natural
6. Piece of plastic	Artificial
7. Thread of sweater	Natural
8. Piece of rope (Plastic)	Artificial

Question 18.
Prepare a chart which can explain recycling codes, full name and acronym of plastic and its usage for various household articles, recycled or not, if recycled what will be made from that?
Answer:
Recycle code symbols:

8th Class Physical Science 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics InText Questions and Answers

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 45

Question 1.
Are all of our clothes made of natural fibres?
Answer:
No, there are two types of fibres. They are natural fibres and synthetic fibres. Nowadays we make up artificial fibres from natural fibres by adding petroleum products.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 46

Question 2.
What do you know about synthetic fibres? How are they manufactured?
Answer:
The artificial fibres obtained from plant or animal source are called synthetic fibres. They are made by the raw materials obtained from petroleum, e.g.: Polyester, nylon and acrylic.

Question 3.
What does polymer mean?
Answer:
The word polymer was derived from Greek. Poly means many and mer means part/unit.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 53

Question 4.
Why are soft drinks stored in PET bottles?
Answer:
Soft drinks are carbonated so they are stored in PET bottles which are non-reactive with carbonated drinks.

Think and Discuss

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 46

Question 1.
What made the human beings to search for the alternative for natural fibres?
Answer:
Human beings used to wear clothes made by natural fibres like cotton, wool, silk, etc.
They do not have uniform thickness, they are costly, less durable, not readily avail¬able, they are not wrinkle free, they do not have water proof, they are not lustrous. So in order to avoid these advantages of natural fibres human beings made search for alternative for natural fibres.

Question 2.
Which fibre source is not exhaustible? Why?
Answer:
Natural fibre source is not exhaustible because they are made from plants and animals. Where as artificial fibres are made from petrochemicals which are exhaustible.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 47

Question 3.
How synthetic fibres evolved to the present position?
Answer:
Synthetic fibres are cheap, durable, readily available, wrinkle free, they are affordable and easy maintenance made them to evolve the present position.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 49

Question 4.
If we use cotton cloth and cotton ropes in preparing a parachute, what will happen?
Answer:
Cotton thread does not resist to higher weights. So the rope breaks. So it is not preferable to use cotton cloth and cotton rope in preparing parachutes.

Question 5.
Traditionally fishermen used cotton nets. Now they are using nylon nets. What is the advantage of using nylon nets?
Answer:
Cotton does not resist to higher weight and it is not strong. It is easily breakable with small weights. So nowadays fisherman are using nets which are made of nylon which resist to higher weights and are strong.

Question 6.
Nylon sarees are much better than the cotton sarees. It is better to use only nylon sarees. Do you agree with this ? Why?
Answer:
Nylon fibre is strong, elastic and light weight. Cloth made of nylon are lustrous and easy to wash. Nylon does not absorb water. So in general nylon clothes are better than cotton clothes but it has some limitations that is static electricity is easily created in nylon fabric. It also easily catches to fire and nylon clothes stick to human body so we should not wear nylon clothes while cooking, welding or working near a fire or using heavy machineries. So wearing nylon sarees always is not preferable.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 50

Question 7.
What characteristics make rayon better than natural silk?
Answer:
Artificial rayon is cheaper than silk and can be woven like silk fibre. It can be dyed in a wide variety of colours. So artificial rayon is better than natural silk.

Question 8.
If you want to purchase a doormat made of synthetic fibre, which synthetic fibre doormat will you select? Why?
Answer:
We would prefer nylon for door mats because it is strong, elastic, cheap, easy to wash, does not absorb water and lustrous.

Question 9.
If sanitary diapers and bandages are made up of nylon, what will happen?
Answer:
Nylon fibres are strong. So they are difficult to cut. So they are not preferable for sanitory diapers and bandages.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 51

Question 10.
Which type of blended fabrics do you find more comfortable in winter? Why?
Answer:
We would find terriwool are more comfortable in winter. The reason is terriwool is similar to wool so protect us from cold.

Question 11.
The fabrics namely natural, synthetic and blended are available for garments. Which fabrics will you prefer to wear for rare occasions like functions and in routine? Why?
Answer:
We will prefer to wear blended fabric in rare occasions like functions because it possess best qualities of natural and artificial fibre. Generally we will prefer artificial fibre because it is cheap, durable and easily available.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 52

Question 12.
Which fabric do you prefer? Natural or synthetic? Why? Discuss comparatively.
Answer:
We would prefer synthetic clothes generally because they are durable, less expensive, readily available, affordable, they absorb less water and dry at faster rate, they are lustrous and they are easy for maintenance. But we would not prefer for synthetic clothes for those who are working in the kitchens and laboratories. The reason is synthetic fibres are easily catch fire and the fabric melts and sticks to the body of the person who wears it.

Question 13.
What is the difference between washing of clothes at home and washing by dry cleaning at laundary?
Answer:
At home for washing of clothes we use detergent or washing powder and water. Whereas dry cleaning is the process conducted in the absence of water for those clothes which should not be washed with water. So in laundry dry cleaning is carried out by using organic liquids like petrol, benzene, acetone, etc.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 57

Question 14.
Certain fry pans are said to be non-stick. What made them as non-stick?
Answer:
Teflon is special plastic on which oil and water do not stick. It is used for non-stick coating on cookwares.

Question 15.
Firemen wear dress which does not catch fire. What type of fabric it is made of?
Answer:
Melamine is a plastic which is fire resistable and flame resistant is used to make the dress of firemen.

8th Class Physical Science 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Identify household articles made up of natural and synthetic fibres.
Identify the articles around you in your surroundings and write their names against relevant category in the table.
Answer:

Source	Articles
1. Natural fibres from plants	Cotton saree, dresses, curtains, kerchiefs.
2. Natural fibres from animals	Silk clothes, Woolen clothes.
3. Synthetic fibres	Nylon clothes, rayon clothes, polyester clothes, plastic chairs, plastic carry bags, electric switches, plastic bottles, T.V. cabi­nets, etc.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Beads and paper clips pattern.
Take a few paper clips and join together as shown. Observe the pattern of clips.

a) Do you find any similarity between the pattern of beads in necklace and the pattern of paper clips in the chain.
Answer:
Yes, each unit of paper clips or beads can be joined together to form a long chain structure.

b) What happens if small unit of chemical substance is combined together?
Answer:
It forms a large unit of polymer.

c) How does we obtain synthetic fibres?
Answer:
Synthetic fibres are obtained from polymers.

d) What are the source of synthetic fibres?
Answer:
Petrochemicals.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Identifying fibres – burning test
You can do a fibre burning test. Unravel several wrap and weft yarns. Using tweezers hold the yarn to the edge of a flame. Observe, the changes.
a) If it smells like burning hair, what is the yam is wool or silk?
Answer:
It is wool or silk.

b) If it smells like burning paper, what is the yam?
Answer:
The yarn may be cotton or rayon.

c) If the yam melts in the flame, what is the yam?
Answer:
The yarn is synthetic fibre such as nylon and acrylic.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
How strong is nylon?

Take an iron stand with a clamp. Take cotton, wool, nylon and silk thread about 50 cm in length. Tie cotton thread to stand so that it hangs freely from it. At the free end, attach a pan so that a weight can be placed on it. Add weight starting from 10 grams one by one till the thread breaks down. Note down the total weight required to break the thread. Repeat the same activity with threads of wool, silk and nylon.

a) Arrange the thread in the order of increasing strength.
Answer:
Cotton < Wool < Silk < Nylon

b) Do you know that if you compare nylon thread with a steel wire of same thickness, nylon will be as strong as steel wire?
Answer:
Yes, it is the strongest man made fibre.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Why do we combine fibres?
a) Whenever you buy clothes or ready made garments observe the brand label. What do you notice?
Answer:
There is some information about cloth is written on the brand label.

b) What do you see?
Answer:
We can see quality, shade no, width, contents and wash care of the cloth.

c) What is the percentage of fibres?
Answer:
40% polyester and 60% cotton.

d) Why do we combine fibres? What is the process called?
Answer:
We would combine two fabrics to get a fabric which has best qualities of both. This process is called blending.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
How can you say a bottle is PET bottle?
Collect different kinds of water bottles of your classmates and look at them carefully.
a) Do you observe any triangle shaped symbol at the bottom of the bottle or on the brand label of the sticker?
Answer:
Yes.

b) What number is marked at the center of the triangle?
Answer:
I had observed number 5.

c) If code no. is 1 what it indicates?
Answer:
It indicates PET bottle.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Identification of various articles with recycling codes.
Collect bottles of soft drinks (500 ml or more), bottles of juice and containers of fruit jam, Ketchup, shampoo, coffee powder and try to look for the triangle. You can also go to the near by shop and request the shopkeeper show you the bottle.
a) What are these codes?
Answer:
These are recycling codes of various types of plastic material.

b) What is the use of these codes?
Answer:
We can identify what kind of material is used for the preparation of article by seeing the code at the bottom of the article.

c) Are all bottles found with codes?
Answer:
Yes, all bottles have codes.

d) What code is observed for soft drinks and juices?
Answer:
We can observe code T marked in the middle of triangle.

e) What about Boost or Boumavita bottles?
Answer:
We can observe code 5 marked in the middle of triangle which tells us the bottle is made up of polypropylene.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
Types of plastics.
Let us take two bottles made up of plastic. One is PP bottle and another ordinary (PET) Pour some hot water in both.

What do you notice?
Answer:
The ordinary bottle get deformed.

a) What is the code of the deformed bottle?
Answer:
Code No. 2.

b) What is the name given to plastics which are deformed easily on heating?
Answer:
Thermoplastics.

c) What is the name given to plastics which are molded once can’t be s heating?
Answer:
Thermosetting plastics.

d) Can you tell Topper ware is thermosetting plastic or thermo plastic?
Answer:
Thermosetting plastic.

Lab Activity

Identify whether given plastic material is thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic by using flame test. (OR)
Conduct a flame test to identify thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. (OR)
You are given a comb, tooth brush handles, plastic bucket, handle of utensil, Electric switch, piece of melamine of meals plate and coffee mug. Explain how can you identify which object is a thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic through an activity.
Answer:
Aim: Identifying thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics by flame test.
Material required: Pair of tongs, spirit lamp, samples of plastics (pieces of comb, tooth brush handle, plastic bucket, handle of utensil, electric switch, piece of melamine of meals plate and coffee mug).
Procedure:

1. Take a spirit lamp and light it.
2. Clamp one piece of plastic sample say piece of tooth brush with tong.
   
3. Place the sample on spirit lamp flame.
4. Observe the changes during the burning of sample.
5. Note your observations like, whether sample is being softened or burnt with smell or become hard, etc.
6. Repeat the procedure with other samples.
7. Record your observations sample wise in the table.
   

   Name of the plastic sample	Softened / burnt with burning smell and become hard	Thermoplastic/ Thermosetting plastic
   Tooth brush handle	Softened	Thermoplastic
   Comb	Softened	Thermoplastic
   Piece of bucket	Softened	Thermoplastic
   Handles of utensil	Burn with burning smell and become hard	Thermosetting plastic
   Electric switch	Burn with burning smell and become hard	Thermosetting plastic
   Meals plate	Softened	Thermoplastic
   Coffee mug	Softened	Thermoplastic

Activity – 9

Question 9.
Biodegradable – Non-biodegradable:
Let’s take peels of fruits and vegetables, left over food stuff, waste paper, cotton cloth and plastic bag. Keep this material in a pit. Open the pit after some days and list the material which remain a long time and those that disappear quickly.

Type of waste	Approximate time to disappear	Change
1. Peels of fruits and vegetables	1 to 2 weeks	degradable
2. Left over food stuff	1 to 2 weeks	degradable
3. Waste paper	10 to 30 days	degradable
4. Cotton cloth	2 to 5 months	degradable
5. Plastic bag	Several years	non-degradable

a) What is the name given to certain material which can be break down into smaller fragments in the presence of water, sun light and oxygen and by bacteria?
Answer:
Biodegradable.

b) What do we call the material which are not decomposed by natural process?
Answer:
Non biodegradable.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 6 Sound Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Solutions 6th Lesson Sound

8th Class Physical Science 6th Lesson Sound Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
a) The to and fro motion of a body from its mean position is called ……… .
b) Number of vibrations per second is called ………. .
c) The intensity of sound can be measured in ……… .
d) Sound cannot travel in ………. .
e) Vibrating bodies produce ………. .
f) The maximum displacement of a body from its mean position is called ……… .
Answer:
a) vibration
b) frequency
c) Decibel
d) vacuum
e) sound
f) amplitude

Question 2.
A normal human being can listen to sounds with frequency from …….. to ……. vibrations per sec.
Answer:
20, 20000

Question 3.
How will you differentiate the amplitude and frequency of different sounds? Give two suitable examples from your daily life.
Answer:
The pitch of a sound depends upon sound whereas intensity of sound depends upon amplitude.
If we are hearing a loud sound that means it has greater amplitude.
If we are hearing a feeble sound that means it has least amplitude.
If the shrillness of sound is less then the frequency of the sound is less.
If the shrillness of sound is more then the frequency of the sound is more.
Examples for daily life:
Frequency:

1. The shrillness of adult women is more than adult men because of greater frequency associated with vocal cords.
2. The different sounds produced by whistle and drum are due to difference in frequencies.
3. Amplitude:
   1. The difference in sound produced by lawnmower and car horn due to difference in their amplitude.
   2. The sound produced by crackers during Diwali is due to greater amplitude.

Question 4.
Write any three musical instruments that you know and explain how they produce sound? (OR)
Write any four musical instruments known to you and explain how do they produce sound.
Answer:
The three musical instruments are:

1. Veena: This instrument contain strings of different thickness fixed on hollow wooden boards, with different tensions. When a string of certain thickness fixed under certain tension is vibrated which changing vibrating lengths different sounds are produced.
2. Mridangam: It is in cylindrical shape and it containing membranes fixed with different tensions on the two sides. When it is vibrated by hand or by sticks at different places produce different sounds.
3. Flute: It has a cylindrical tube open at both ends. It is provided with holes in a row on its surface. By blowing air through it, while changing the length of air column, different sounds are produced.

Question 5.
The sounds of crickets (insects) make us close our ears. Why?
Answer:
The sounds of crickets are shrill creaking which make us to close our ears.

Question 6.
Robert observed a musical instrument producing sound. But he didn’t find any vibration of any part of that instrument. This observation raised many questions in his mind. Can you guess what are the questions raised in his mind? Write them.
(OR)
Latha observed a musical instrument producing sound. But she did not find any vibration of any part of that instrument. This observation raised many questions in her mind. Guess the questions raised in her mind and write any two of them.
Answer:

1. How does the instrument produce sound?
2. Whether an object produce sound without any vibration?
3. If it is producing vibration why do we unable to felt it?
4. Does sound has energy?

Question 7.
“Vibrations in a body produce sounds”. How do you prove it?
Answer:
Put a hack-saw blade in between a table and brick as shown in figure and press it and leave it abruptly. It produces sound and we observe hack-saw blade is vibrating. Which proves a vibrating body produces sound.

Question 8.
Can parrots speak? Discuss with your Mends and collect information.
Answer:
Yes, parrots can speak. But parrot do not have vocal cords, so sound is accomplished by expelling air across the mouth of the bifurcated trachea. Different sounds are produced by changing the depth and shape of trachea. So talking or speaking of parrots are really whistling in different variation. Parrots speak without understanding words.

Question 9.
Collect the photographs of local musicians and exhibit them in your class.
Answer:

Question 10.
Collect photographs showing various situations of sound pollution and prepare a scrap book.
Answer:

Question 11.
Zakir said “vibrations produce sound. And sound produces vibrations. This is how we hear every sound”. Establish that the given statement is true with relevant examples from your surroundings.
Answer:
Examples for vibrations produce sound :

1. Fix a rubber band tightly on an empty match box. Pluck the rubber band and keeping it near to our ear we can hear sound that shows vibrating object produce sound.
2. A vibrating hack-saw blade placed between a table and brick produces sound. Which is also an example for vibrating body produces sound.

Examples for sound produces vibration:

1. Sound produced by supersonic planes vibrates the wall of buildings and glass windows due to which we can observe the cracks on the walls or breakage of windows.
2. Take a cell phone and playing music with high volume in a plastic bottle. Close the mouth of bottle with a balloon using rubber band and place sugar crystals above the bottle. We can observe the vibrations of sugar crystals.

Question 12.
Make different musical instruments using local available materials and exhibit them in your class.
Answer:

1. Jalatarang: Take 4 to 5 metal or glass bowls or tumblers. Fill them with water in increasing order. Strike gently each bowl or tumbler with a spoon. We can produce different musical sounds. So it acts as Jalatarang.
2. Two note flute: Get a jug or bottle. Cut a smaller than finger sized hole in the bottom of the bottle / jug. Blow across the hole that is already in the top of the jug/ bottle until you get a clear note. Cover and uncover the hole on the bottom with your finger. You can also try tilting your head down and up to make the note sharp or flat.
3. Drum: Get a plastic paint barrel. Put it on the ground between your feet or in the crook of your elbow. Play it like a drum.
4. Guitar: Take empty shoe box and cut a circle in the middle. Cut six rubber bands so that they can be stretched out to their full length. Press brass fastners into the shoe box placing six on the top and six on the bottom of the box. Stretch out the rubber band, one at time, tying them onto the fastners. Cut a paper roll in half and slide in underneath the rubber bands below the hole. Which will act as guitar.

Question 13.
Explain why we are not able to hear the explosions taking place in the sun.
Answer:
Sound wave cannot travel in vacuum (meaning space). In order to hear sound waves it must required medium. So we are not able to hear explosions happening in the sun.

Question 14.
Write any two slogans to reduce sound pollution.
Answer:
Slogans to reduce sound pollution:

1. The more you make noise. The faster you lose your voice.
2. Noise an evil. You help doing it, it gives you a reward making you a deaf.

Question 15.
Write your suggestions about reducing sound pollution.
Answer:

1. Attach silencers to bikes and other machines to reduce sounds.
2. Manufacture machines that work with less noise.
3. During the use of TV and taperecorder tune down volume of sound.
4. Plant trees to reduce sound pollution.
5. Community laws must. Silence zones near school/colleges, hospitals, etc.
6. Noise producing industries, airports, bus and transport terminals and railway stations to sighted far from living places.

Question 16.
How does sound pollution effects bio – diversity? Explain.
Answer:
Slogans to reduce sound pollution:

1. The more you make noise. The faster you lose your voice.
2. Noise an evil. You help doing it, it gives you a reward making you a deaf.

Effects of sound pollution on bio-diversity:

1. The first harmful effect is loss of hearing.
2. It also leads to several health related problems, e.g: Sleeplessness, hypertension, increase in blood pressure, etc.
3. It effects the mental health of people.
4. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation and contribute to permanent hearing loss.
5. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops.
6. Under water animals such as whales and dolphins too experience discomfort due to noise pollution caused by submarines, shipping companies and sonars. Cuttle fish and octopus suffer serious damage from noise pollution.

8th Class Physical Science 6th Lesson Sound InText Questions and Answers

Think and Discuss

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 86

Question 1.
What is the effect of humidity on quality of sound propagation? Is there any difference in propagation of sound in air during the summer and winter seasons? Discuss with your Mends.
Answer:
With increase in humidity, density of air decreases. So with rise in humidity velocity of sound increases.
This is why sound travels in humid air (rainy season or winter) than in dry air (summer) at the same temperature.

8th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 87

Question 2.
“Vibrations produce sound and sound produces vibrations”. Which is true in this? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, it is true. We already know a vibrating object produce sound. Sound is a mechanical wave that can produce vibration. (Mechanical waves have ability to vibrate an object)

Question 3.
“Our ear has the three media through which sound propagates.” Discuss with your Mends as to whether the above statement is true.
Answer:
Yes, it propagates through three media. The first media is external ear, the second media is middle ear, the last media is inner ear.

8th Class Physical Science 6th Lesson Sound Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Listening to sound and predicting its source:
Let us sit quietly for a while and listen to sounds of objects, animals. Prepare a list of sounds that we hear and the sources from which they might have originated. Write them in the table.
Answer:

Sound heard	Source of sound
Feeble barking	Dog from some distance
Bell ringing	School bell
Music	Radio / TV
Noise	Students in a classroom
Horn	Bike / car
Whistle	A student has produced sound from his / her mouth

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Identifying different sounds:
Make a student to stand at the blackboard such that his face is turned towards the blackboard and ask other student in the class to make different sounds. The student at the board should tabulate the sounds he heard and sources of those sounds as shown in the table.

Sound heard	Way of producing sound
Gala Gala	A few stones rattling in a metal box
Eela (whistling sound)	A student has produced the sound from her/his mouth
Tapa Tapa	Someone one striking the table tab with a scale
Taka Taka	Someone thumping the ground with shoes
DabaDaba	Someone knocking at the door
Paka Paka	Someone is laughing

a) How does the student at the blackboard guess the source of sound without actually seeing the source?
Answer:
Student has identified the variations in sound by listening.

b) How do objects produce sound?
Answer:
When we vibrating the objects, they produce sound.

c) What happens when objects made of metals are hit by a hammer or fall down from a height on a concrete floor ?
Answer:
When objects made of metals are hit by hammer from a height, they produce sound.

d) How does a flute or a whistle produce sound?
Answer:
Vibration of air column produce sound in flute or whistle.

e) How would you feel if you touch a body while it is producing sound?
Answer:
My body is vibrating when I touch a body (or object) while it is producing sound.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Vibrating body produces sound:
Take a brass bell (bell used in Pooja room or in your school).
Ring the bell and listen to the sound carefully. Now hold the bell tightly with your hand as shown in figure and ring it again.

a) Do you hear sound from the bell ?
Answer:
Yes, but slightly.

b) Is there any change in the sound produced in the two situations?
Answer:
Yes, in the second case the sound is feeble.

c) What do your hands feel when bell is ringing?
Answer:
The hand vibrates.

d) Remove your hand and ring it again. Do you hear a different sound? Why?
Answer:
Due to the vibrations are transmitted to hand and bell is not properly vibrating so it produces a feeble sound. Once the hand is removed bell rings properly and sound become louder and different.
Let us do following activities:

e) Fix a rubber band tightly on an empty matchbox. Pluck the rubber band and keep it close to your ear. Do you hear any sound? Do you feel any vibration in your hands?
Answer:
Yes, I heard a sound. I felt the vibration.

f) Blow air into papers of your notebook. What happens? Does the action produce any sound? Do you find any vibrations in the note book?
(OR)
If you blow air into papers of your notebook, sound will be produced. Write your observation in this activity.
Answer:
Yes, it produce sound and I found vibrations in the notebook.

g) Fill a plate with water and let the water settle. Strike the rim of the plate with a spoon as shown in figure. What do you observe? What do you hear? Where do you find vibrations in this case?

Answer:
I heard a sound. The vibrations are found in plate as well as in water.

h) Put a hack-saw blade in between a table and a brick as shown in the figure and press it and leave it abruptly. What happens? Does it produce sound? What is the state of the hacksaw blade while it is producing sound?

Answer:
Yes, it produces sound. The blade is vibrating.

i) What have you observed while doing the above activities?
Answer:
All of them produced sound.

j) What changes took place in those objects?
Answer:
These objects are vibrate while producing sound.
But there are certain instruments which producing sound though we cannot see any vibrations in the instruments like in flute and clarinet etc.

k) How do they produce sound?
Answer:
They are producing sound due to vibration of air column.

l) Is it possible to produces sound without vibration?
Answer:
No, it is not possible to produce sound without vibration.

m) Does every vibrating body produce sound?
Answer:
Yes, every vibrating body produce sound.

n) Does sound has energy?
Answer:
Yes, sound has energy.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Sound has energy: (OR)
Suggest an activity to prove “sound has energy”.
Take a plastic bottle and a cell phone. Cut the top of the bottle so that it looks like a glass. Play songs on the mobile phone in high volume and place it in the bottle. Close the mouth of bottle with a balloon using rubber band so that it covers the bottle as shown in the figure and stretch it tightly so as to behave like a diaphragm. Place some sugar crystals or small size of sand particles on the balloon diaphragm and observe the movement of particles. Do the same activity after removing the phone from the bottle.

a) What do you notice?
Answer:
When there is no cell phone inside the bottle, sand particles on diaphragm remain stationary. While the cell phone playing songs inside the bottle, the diaphragm vibrates which can be seen through dancing of sand particles. The sound produced by cell phone inside the bottle is responsible for these vibrations. Thus sound has energy to make sand particles vibrate on the diaphragm.
Musical instruments:
You might have observed many musical instruments like Tabala, Flute, Harmonium and Guitar. The sounds produced by these instruments are distinct. It is easy for us to identify which sound is coming from which instrument.

b) How do they produce sound?
Answer:
They produce sound due to vibration.

c) Why there is a difference between the sounds produced by various musical instruments?
Answer:
The mode of vibration is different.

d) Which part of these instruments is responsible for production of sound?
Answer:
Different parts for different instruments:

Name of instrument	Vibrating part of it
Tabala	Membrane, air inside hollow body
Veena	String fixed on hollow wooden board
Flute	Air columns
Clarinet	Air columns
Guitar	String fixed on hollow wooden board
Mridangam	Membrane, air inside hollow body

e) Can you name the instrument for which more than one part is responsible for the production of sound?
Answer:
Tabala, Mridangam.

f) How do you compare the production of sound in a flute and sound produced in a water tap when it is turned on, just before the water flows out of it.
Answer:
Both are same process. They produce sounds due to vibrating air columns.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Producing a sound that resembles sound of rainfall:
Start clapping with fore finger on left hand palm, add the middle finger and clap again, then ring finger and lastly small finger successively and reverse the process gradually. If all the students in your class do it simultaneously the sounds produced would resemble the on set and stopping of rainfall.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Observing the changes in sound:
Take 4 or 5 metal glass bowls or tumblers. Fill them with water in decreasing order. Strike gently each bowl or tumbler with a spoon.

a) What do you hear?
Answer:
We can hear a musical sound. This is a jalatarang.
Fill the bowls or tumblers with equal amounts of water, strike each ball like in above case and listen the sound.

b) What difference do you notice in the sound produced?
Answer:
It does not produce musical note in this case.

c) Why is there variation in the sound produced due to change in the water level of a bowl?
Answer:
The change is due to change in air columns. That is sounds are produced by the vibrating bodies and air passes through orifices of the instrument.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Observing the movements of vocal cords during speech :
Ask a friend to raise his neck up. Stretch a chocolate wrapper across his mouth and ask him to blow air on the wrapper forcibly. Observe the changes in movement at his throat. Ask him to blow again slowly and observe the difference in movements.
a) What changes do you observe in the movements at the throat on the two occasions?
Answer:
During the first trial the voice box gets tensed and produces high sound while during the second trial it is close to normal position of throat and produces lower sound. The sound produced in the above activity is due to a combination of vibrations produced in the wrapper and the vocal cord.
Propagation of sound:
Sound needs a medium to propagate:
The sound produced by the school bell will be heard by all of us irrespective of whether we are in a room opposite to the bell or in a room at the back of the bell. Obviously, the sound produced by the school bell travels in all directions and reaches us, propagating through the air present between source of the sound and our ears. That is the air surrounding us act as a medium which allows the sound to pass through it.

b) Does sound travel only in air?
Answer:
No, it will travel in other media.

c) Does it travel in any other gaseous medium?
Answer:
Yes, it will travel in any other gaseous medium.

d) Does sound also travel in other media like solids and liquids?
Answer:
Yes, it will travel.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
Observing sound propagation in solids:
Strike one end of the table with a pen and ask your friend to listen to the sound produced keeping her ear touching the table at other end and also ask her to listen to the sound by lifting her head slightly from the table. Ask your friend what difference she noticed while hearing the sounds when her ears were away from the table and touching the table.

Take a metal or wooden strip. Strike it at one end and ask your friend to hear the sound by keeping his ears at the other end of the strip. Ask your friend what difference he noticed while hearing the sounds when his ears are away from the strip and touching the strip.

a) Do you know how to make a toy telephone using tea cups?
Answer:
Take two paper-cups. Make small holes at the bottom of these cups. The holes should be very small so that only a thin string can pass through them. Take a long string. Make sure that the string does not have any knots in it. Push the string through the hole in one of the cups. Fix the string by putting a knot at the end. Similarly fix the string to the other cup. Our phone is ready.

You and your friend can communicate with this phone now. Stand away from each other so that the string is tightly held. One of you can speak in the cup while the other can listen by putting the cup on his ear.

b) Are you able to hear the sound?
Answer:
Yes, we can hear the sound.

c) What is a medium between you and your Mend which is responsible for propagation of sound?
Answer:
The medium is thread.
In the above activities you observed that sound travels in solid medium like wood, metal, thread, etc.

Activity – 9

Question 9.
Propagation of sound through liquids:
Take a bucket fill it with water. Take two stones and strike them against each other keeping your hands inside the water. Ask your friend to listen to the sound by keeping his / her ears touching walls of the bucket.

Ask your friend about the difference between sounds produced by striking the stones against each other in water and striking them in air.
Thus the conclusion is that sound propagates through matter in all the three states – solid, liquid and gas.
a) Does sound travel in liquids?
Answer:
Yes, sound can travel in liquids.

b) Can we hear the sound produced in water?
Answer:
Yes, we can hear.

Activity – 10

Question 10.
Does the sound travel if there is no medium?
Take a water tumbler or a glass made of plastic or glass. Make sure that the tumbler or the glass is dry. It should be long enough to accommodate a cell phone vertically. Place a cell phone small in size in the glass and play the ring tone of the mobile. Listen to the ringtone and its volume level. Cover the glass with a small plate and again listen to the ringtone and note the difference in volume of the sound.

Now suck the air from the glass keeping it close to your mouth. If you suck air quickly the rim of the glass will stick around your mouth due to air lock. Listen to the volume of the ringtone at this stage. And also ask your friend to listen to the sound for comparing variation in its volume.
a) Is there any change in the volume of sound observed by you or your Mend?
Answer:
When the tumbler is covered with a plate, the volume reduces but you can hear the ringtone. As we start sucking more and more we can notice that the volume decreases gradually. If the air is sucked completely, you will not hear the sound at all. But practically it is not so easy.
This activity gives an idea about need of a medium for propagation of sound.

Lab Activity – 1

Question 11.
Conduct an experiment to know the relationship between the intensity of sound produced by a body and the vibration of the body.
Answer:
Aim: To know the relation between the intensity of sound produced by a body and the vibrations of the body.
Materials required: Wooden table, 30 cm metal scale or nearly 30 cm hack-saw blade and a brick.
Procedure:
Place the blade/scale on the table, with 10cm of the blade on the surface of the table and rest of it in air. Keep a heavy brick on one end of the 10 cm blade/ scale kept on table.

Vibrate the blade gently and observe the vibrations and simultaneously listen to the sounds. Repeat the same 2-3 times and record observations in the table shown below.
Vibrate the blade using greater force. Observe the vibrations and listen to the sound. Repeat this for 2-3 times and record your observations in the table shown below.

Force	Vibrations of the. blade / scale	Intensity of sound
Small	50	Less
Large	50	More

a) When do you hear a loud sound?
Answer:
When we applied large force we heard a loud sound.

b) When do you hear a feeble sound?
Answer:
When we applied less force we heard a feeble sound.

c) What difference do you notice in vibrations of blade / scale during loud and feeble sounds?
Answer:
During loud sound the amplitude of vibration is more and for feeble sound the amplitude is less.

d) What difference do you find in amplitude of vibration for a feeble and a loud sound in the above experiment?
Answer:
For a loud sound the amplitude is more and for a feeble sound the amplitude is less.

Lab Activity – 2

Question 12.
Explain identification of pitch or shrillness of sound with the help of an activity.
(OR)
What are the characteristics of sound? Explain the procedure to identity the pitch of sound.
Answer:
Chardcteristics sound are 1) Loudness 2) Pitch 3) Quality.
Aim: Identifying pitch or shrillness of a sound.
Materials required: A wooden table, two hack-saw blades or metal scales of 30cm length and a brick.
Procedure:
Place the first blade/scale on the table, with 10cm portion of the blade on the table and rest of it in air. Keep a brick as weight on the 10 cm portion of the blade/scale kept on the table. Vibrations of hack-saw blades
Place the second blade/scale on the table (see that the gap between these two blades is 10cm), with 25cm on the table and 5cm in air. Keep a brick as weight on the scale/blade.

Vibrate both blades with same force. Observe the vibrations and listen to the sounds produced.
Repeat the same 2-3 times and record observations in the table showed below.

Blade length in air	Vibrations	Sound
Blade 1 : 20cm	50	Less shrillness
Blade 2 : 5cm	90	More shrillness

a) What difference do you notice in number of vibrations of two blades?
Answer: The number of vibrations in 5 cm blade is more.

b) What difference do you notice in the quality of sound produced by them?
Answer:
The sound produced by 5 cm blade is more shrill when compared to that of 20 cm blade.

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 16 Abolition of Zamindari System.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System

Question 1.
While the slogan Land to the Tiller meant that the tenant will get the land, what will happen to the landless agricultural worker, who works for wages?
Answer:
The conditions of the tenants were somehow improved. But the conditions of the landless agricultural workers remain the same. They are still in the same poverty.

Question 2.
Some people feel that the land reform laws only tried to help the landlords. Do you agree with them?
Answer:
Yes, I agree with them.
Giving compensation to the zamindars, continuing them as owners of the Khudkasht etc., reveal this.

Question 3.
Do you think there was any other way of giving gainful employment to the rural poor?
Answer:
At present there are many ways of giving gainful employment. But there were less opportunities at that time. The British destroyed the occupational system of India. The people lost all their chances of employment. So I think there were no other ways.

Question 4.
How many acres of land does a family of four persons need to get a decent living in your area? (Give the figures separately for both irrigated and unirrigated land.)
Answer:
A family of four persons needs 8 acres of irrigated land and 30 acres of dry land to get a decent living in our area.

Question 5.
To what extent did the landless service castes benefit from these reforms?
Answer:
They were not benefited in any way from these reforms.

Question 6.
Why did the Land Ceiling Act become necessary?
Answer:
Many Acts after independence have not changed the ownership of lands in India. It changed Zamindars as landlords, landlords as big farmers. But it did nothing to the common poor.
The ownership of the land was only a few hands. So the Land Ceiling Act became necessary.

Question 7.
Why was the end to vetti important for all kinds of peasants?
Answer:
‘Vetti’ is a black spot for humanity. Many struggles were led against this. So the end of it was important for all kinds of peasants.

Question 8.
Is vettis prevalent still in your region ? If it is there, prepare a report?
Answer:
No, at present vetti is not prevalent in my region. But it is not completely abolished from our society still in some villages the poor people who are taken money from land lords for their needs, they are unable to repay that, due to this they are working in their lands as bounded labourers.

Question 9.
Why do you think the spirit of Bhoodan did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller?
Answer:
In this movement the landlords should donate their land with their own interest. This kind of humanity was not in them. Some of them donated only ‘Banjar’ and ‘Porambok’ lands only instead of cultivated land. 90% of the fertile lands were remained with the landlords. So the movement did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 15 Law and Justice: A Case Study.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 15th Lesson Law and Justice: A Case Study

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘an accused’? In this story who is the accused?
Answer:
‘Someone that has done something wrong or taken part in illegal activity is known as accused. In this story ‘Ravi’ is accused.

Question 2.
What were the charges levelled against the accused?
Answer:
Cheating, causing grievous injury to another person – were the charges levelled against the accused.

Question 3.
What is an independent judiciary?
Answer:
The Legislature and the Executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not under the government and do not act on behalf of government. The polices also not part of judiciary.
In this way the judiciary works independently. This is known as independent judiciary.

Question 4.
If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a Session’s court, what can he/she do? If she/he is dissatisfied with the decision of High Court, what can be done?
Answer:
If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a Session’s court, he/she can appeal to the High Court.
If she/he is dissatisfied with the decision of High Court, she/he can appeal to the Supreme Court.

Question 5.
What are the differences between the role of the S.H.O. and the magistrate?
Answer:
S.H.O is the officer at P.S. level. Magistrate is still higher level.
S.l. should present the arrested person before the Magistrate before 24 hours.

Question 6.
Write any one of the central features of the Constitution.
Answer:
One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislature.

Question 7.
Why do you think it is important for the person who makes an FIR to take a copy of the report?
Answer:
The complaint should have the acknowledgement for his complaint. After the F.I.R. is filed it becomes the duty of the police to investigate and solve the problem.

Question 8.
Discuss why it is necessary to hear the evidences given by the witnesses in any case.
Answer:
In any case the victims and the accused, support their own words in the court. So the truth may be under cover. Being third person, the witnesses uncover these truths. So it is necessary to hear the evidences given by them in any case.

Question 9.
High Court does not summon the accused or witnesses before it. Why?
Answer:
The accused and witnesses are all appeared before the court at lower level. So it is not necessary to attend before the High Court. So it does not summon them.

Question 10.
Can you identify different roles of the Executive and Judiciary given in this chapter?
Answer:
The police comes under the Executive. They register cases and conduct enquiry in the initial stage. Trials, evidences of witnesses, judgement all these are the duties of Judiciary. These will not interfere in each other’s matter.

Question 11.
Why are there disputes in villages/families. What are the reasons for that? What sort of change in behaviour is necessary to avoid them?
Answer:
Villagers feel intimacy between them. They interfere in other’s matters without their permission. They give no value to ‘privacy’. So disputes arise.
The villagers should adopt the town/city culture.

Question 12.
Discuss on the conditions of the families related to the criminals who experienced Jail life. Invite such persons and talk to them on Jail life and freedom.
Answer:
Students: Good morning sir.
Ashok: Good morning children.
Students: Sir, I would like to know about your life in the prison.
Ashok: Why not, sure.
Students: Sir, are you a criminal?
Ashok: No, really I am not a criminal.
Students: But you got 6 months imprisonment.
Ashok: By Accidentally in one property issue I hit my brother but he was died.
Students: That’s why I am imprisoned.
Ashok: How is your life in the prison?
Students: Really it is a horrible situation.
Ashok: Is there any freeness in the prison?
Freedom is there, but everyone will look us as a criminal. Life is in systematic manner. We did not know about anything what happened in the society.
Students: What did you do sir in the prison?
Ashok: I pour water to the plants. If any small work is there, everyone sould participate in that work.
Students: What is the difference between Jail life and freedom ?
Ashok: Lot of difference is there. I feel always I am loosing my family & friends. In the prison we saw some one and speak with some one and always feel lonelyness.
Students: Now I think you are so happy because your are with your family.
Ashok: Yes I felt very happy. Now I am doing my job. And I am living with my family members happily.

Conditions of the families:
They have no income. They are in poverty. People of the society also blame the family members. No one is allowed to join them in any work. Their economic and social condition is worse.

Question 13.
Invite either a Police officer or an Advocate to your classroom and conduct a discussion on different crimes and their punishments and how to get on without committing crimes.
Answer:
Students: Good morning sir.
Police Officer: Good morning children.
Students: Sir today we would like to know about different crimes and punishments.
Police Officer: Children, crimes are two kinds. 1. Criminal crime 2. Civil cnme.
Students: Which issues are comes under criminal offence?
Police Officer: A criminal offence includes theft, decoit, adulteration, bribery, preparation of dangerous drugs, etc.
Students: What type of punishments are there for criminal case?
Police Officer: In criminal cases punishments are in severe means 10 years imprisonment.
Students: Which issues comes under civil offence?
Police Officer: Civil offence includes.
1. Peoples rights regarding land
2. Property
3. Income and people’s relationship with each other.
Students: What type of punishments are there for civil cases?
Police Officer: Generally in civil cases penalities are there but imprisonment is not there.
Students: Sir, sometimes some persons get punishments without committing crime also? Why?
Police Officer: In sometimes, due to false witness some innocent people also got punishment.
Students: On that time what did you do?
Police Officer: In that cases, department people will continue proper investigation and find out the real persons who committed in that crime and punish them.
Students: Thank you sir. Today we know about more information about crimes & punishments.

Question 14.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

Bail

Since Ravi’s case is a criminal case, after being chargesheeted, Ravi was put in lockup. In criminal cases, an accused is kept in jail. But this is not a punishment. This is only to help the investigation as well as to prevent him or her from tampering with evidence or threaten¬ing the witness etc. After some days in judicial custody, his family appeared in the court to get for him a bail. A person who is accused of serious crimes like murder, bribery, dacoity etc. may not get a bail. To get bail, certain sureties are to be given in the court. These sureties can be property or a person who will stand as guarantee or bond. The bond is a promise that offender will appear before the Court whenever asked for. The judge in the court can decide whether to give bail or refuse it.

1. Where was Ravi put in?
Answer:
He was put in lockup.

2. In criminal cases an accused is kept in ———–.
Answer:
jail.

3. After some days in judicial custody, his family appeared in the court to get him a ———–.
Answer:
bail.

4. To get bail certain sureties are to be given in the ———–.
Answer:
court

5. The ———– in the court can decide whether to give bail or refuse it.
Answer:
judge

Question 15.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

Separation of powers and independence

One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislative. This means other branches – like the Legislature and the Execu¬tive – cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not come under the govern¬ment and do not act on behalf of the government.
The police is also not a part of Judiciary, they are part of the Executive. During the last year you had read about the district administration. At district level, just like the Collector, there is also a government police officer who is responsible for maintaining law and order in k the district. Police department is under the ministry of Home of the state government.

1. Write any one of the central features of the Constitution.
Answer:
One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislature.

2. The courts are not under the ———–.
Answer:
Government.

3. The police is the part of ———–.
Answer:
Executive

4. Police department is under the ministry of ———– government.
Answer:
Home of the state

5. Collector is at ———– level.
Answer:
District

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 14 Parliament and Central Government.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 14th Lesson Parliament and Central Government

Question 1.
What is meant by candidate?
Answer:
The person who contests in the election.

Question 2.
What is meant by Ballot?
Answer:
The paper which is used in election for voting. It contains the symbols of the contestants.

Question 3.
Expand EVM.
Answer:
Electronic Voting Machine.

Question 4.
What is Election campaign?
Answer:
The contestants request the voters to vote for them. This procedure is called election campaign.

Question 5.
Why do you think elections need to be free and fair?
Answer:
The winners in the elections are the writers of our future. So the elections should not be
influenced by any issue. They should be free and fair.

Question 6.
Who is responsible for making the laws that are applicable for the entire country?
Answer:
Parliament is responsible for making the laws that are applicable for the entire country.

Question 7.
Observe the following map.

State	No.	State	No.	State	No.
Andhra Pradesh	25	Jammu & Kashmir	6	Nagaland	1
Arunachal Pradesh	2	Jharkhand	14	Odisa	21
Assom	14	Karnataka	28	Punjab	13
Bihar	40	Kerala	20	Rajasthan Sikkim	25 1
Chhattisgarh	11	Madhya Pradesh	29	Tamilnadu	39
Goa	2	Maharashtra	48	Telangana	17
Gujarat	26	Manipur	2	Tripura	2
Haryana	10	Meghalaya	2	Uttarakhand	2
Himachal Pradesh	4	Mizoram	1	Uttar Pradesh	80
				West Bengal	42

Union Territories
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	1	Daman and Diu	1	Delhi(the NCT of Delhi)	7
Chandigarh	1	Lakshadweep	1	Nominated by the President of India
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	1	Pondicherry	1	Anglo Indians	2

Now answer the following questions:
1. How many general Constituencies are there?
Answer:
423

2. Which reserved are higher in SC/ST?
Answer:
S.C. reserved are higher.

3. Where can we say that SC reserved are less?
Answer:
In North Eastern region.

4. Where can we not find ST reserved?
Answer:
In Tamilnadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

8th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who discovered cell first time?
Answer:
It was the year 1665 Robert Hooke, a British scientist discovered the cell.

Question 2.
Which part of cell contains cell organelles?
Answer:
The jelly like substance between the nucleus and cell membrane is called cytoplasm. It is a heterogeneous material. It contains membrane bound structures called cell organelles.

Question 3.
What is the difference between cells in onion peel and cells in Spinach?
Answer:
Cells in onion peel arranged systematically with prominent nucleus. Cells in spinach are in different sizes and shapes without nucleus to perform nutrition.

Question 4.
Make different questions to know cells and cell organelles.
Answer:

1. What are the structures present in the cells?
2. Why cells are considered to be structural and functional unit of life?

Question 5.
Prepare different questions to know the discovery of cell.
Answer:

1. In which year cell discovered?
2. Name the scientist who observed cells.

Question 6.
What is staining?
Answer:
The process of using colouring agents in order to highlight particular areas in the cell is called staining.

Question 7.
What is ‘magnification’?
Answer:
Amount of increase in apparent size of a thing more time than its normal size to visualise is called magnification.

Question 8.
What are Unicellular Organisms? Give examples.
Answer:
The organisms survive its life with a single cell are called unicellular organisms.
Ex : Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, etc.

Question 9.
What is the meaning of ‘Cell’ in Latin?
Answer:
In Latin ‘cell’ means ‘A little room’.

8th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Cell wall is essential in plant cells” – Why?
Answer:

1. Cell wall gives mechanical strength.
2. Without the cell wall, a plant can not stand errect.
3. Cell wall helps the plant cells when they are turgid.

Question 2.
What is the significance of cover slip in your preparation of slides?
Answer:

1. Cover slip protects the material under study from coming in contact with the lens of the microscope.
2. It presses upon the material keeping it plane.

Question 3.
How do you appreciate the role of microscope in the study of cell?
Answer:

1. The microscope is very useful instrument in the study of cells.
2. Scientists use electron microscope for their study which can help to see upto a millionth of a meter.
3. I will appreciate the role of microscope in the growth and development of science and human welfare.

8th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the permanent slides of human body cells in your school. Collect the data in a tabular form.
Answer:

Name of the cell	Shape of the cell	Name of the parts
Muscle cell	Spindle shaped, short, elongated	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm.
RBC	Concave on both sides, sometimes round	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm.
Nerve cell	Long having processes	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm
White Blood Cell (WBC)	Amoeboid shape	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, granules

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 5 Forests: Using and Protecting Them.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 5th Lesson Forests: Using and Protecting Them

Question 1.
What is a forest?
Answer:
A large tract of land covered by trees is called a forest.

Question 2.
Name some conservative centres of medicinal plants.
Answer:

1. Vali Sugriva Medicinal Plant Conservative Centre.
2. Koringa Medicinal Plant Conservative Centre.
3. Karthika Vanam.

These three are in East Godavari District.

Question 3.
“Every year about one hundred sq. kms of forests are lost in our state” – Is this a satisfactory situation?
Answer:
No, this is not a satisfactory situation. This affects our biodiversity, rainfall and soils etc. We can say this as critical condition.

Question 4.
Do you think it is possible for people to take care of forests and use them as well?
Answer:
It is possible. In present society many people are cultivating fruits and vegetables. They are protecting their gardens by selling the fruits and vegetables.

Question 5.
What would they have done if someone had tempted them to cut trees and sell them in the markets?
Answer:
They definitely oppose and reject the suggestion. Eg: All their festivals are related to trees. Mamidi panduga, Gongura panduga, Mutyalamma panduga etc. They may cut a branch or some else but not the trees. They don’t cut their home.

Question 6.
List all the causes for decline of forests in the last 200 years.
Answer:

1. Agriculture
2. Cattle rearing
3. Mega projects
4. Fires
5. Logging
6. Mangroves and shrimp farming
7. Mining oil and gas.

Question 7.
How can you say that the ‘Podu’ cultivation is responsible for decline of forests?
Answer:
We can say that ‘Podu’ is responsible for decline of forests. The tribals left their traditional food, and depended on crops. So the land in forests is changed as agriculture land.

Question 8.
Why do you think the government thought that forest was not important for tribal people’s development ?
Answer:
I think that the government had lost its foresight and thought that forest was not important for tribal people’s development.

Question 9.
How is the implementation of Forest laws in your area?
Answer:
The implementation of Forest laws are somehow nominal.

Question 10.
A few children in a school participated in Vanamahotsavam programme and they planted some saplings. How do you respond to this ?
Answer:
I appreciate this action very much. The children’s participation in this brightens the future of the country. But they should take care of their plants till they grow.

Question 11.
Name some conservative centres of medicinal plants.
Answer:

1. Vali Sugriva Medicinal Plant Conservative Centre.
2. Koringa Medicinal Plant Conservative Centre.
3. Karthika Vanam.

These three are in East Godavari District.

Question 12.
How is the implementation of Forest laws in your area? Though the laws are in vogue, the forests are disappearing day by day. What might be the reasons?
Answer:
The implementation of Forest laws are somehow nominal.
Reasons:
Mining people, rural people and others are misusing the forests. Lack of knowledge regarding forest protection might be one reason. The impurity in the politicians is also another cause. Some more reasons are also there.

Question 13.
Locate the following on the given India map.

1. Alpines of Himalayas
2. Kerala forests
3. Srikakulam
4. Anaimudi forests in western ghats
5. Dandakaranyam

Answer:

Question 14.
Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

1. Where/On which side are more forests located?
Answer:
North side.

2. Which area belongs to Pondicherry?
Answer:
Yanam

3. Where are thorny forests?
Answer:
In Rayalaseema (more)

4. Is there any district without forests?
Answer:
No, each and every district has more or less forests.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 4 The Polar Regions.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 4th Lesson The Polar Regions

Question 1.
Which continent parts fail within this region?
Answer:
North America, Europe and some parts of Russia fall within this region.

Question 2.
What happens as we move away from the equator?
Answer:
Temperature falls when we move from the equator to the poles.

Question 3.
Who are called ‘Shamans’?
Answer:
The people skilled in performing rituals are called Shamans.

Question 4.
What is Polar region?
A. The region which lies near the poles is called the “polar region”.

Question 5.
What is Arctic Circle?
Answer:
The boundary of the polar region is known as the ‘Arctic Circle’.

Question 6.
What is called Tundra region?
Answer:
The northern part of the continents within the polar region is known as the Tundra.

Question 7.
What is the meaning of ‘Tundra’?
Answer:
Tundra means very cold.

Question 8.
What does the Eskimo religion show deep concern for?
Answer:
Eskimo religion shows deep concern for life, health, sickness, starvation and death.

Question 9.
What do all the Eskimos believe?
Answer:
All Eskimos groups believe in a supernatural power called Sila and spirits (such as Sedna, the goddess of life, health and food). They believe that people and animals have souls that live after death.

Question 10.
What is ‘taboo’?
Answer:
Taboo means forbidding certain actions, such as eating a particular kind of food.

Question 11.
When do the Eskimos celebrate ceremonies?
Answer:
They celebrate some major ceremonies, performed at birth and death or when hunting was very poor or very successful.

Question 12.
What do the ’Shamans’ do?
Answer:
Shamans use trances, drama and magic tricks in their performances.

Question 13.
What is called ‘Tundra Vegetation’?
Answer:
Tundra region is very cold. Since the tundra region gets very little sunlight, it has a unique type of vegetation known as the Tundra Vegetation.

Question 14.
What is called ‘Permafrost’?
Answer:
Due to the cold, the upper soil surface of the polar region is frozen into a rock-like state all through the year. This is called Permafrost.

Question 15.
Write about ‘Eskimos’.
Answer:
The most commonly accepted meaning of ‘Eskimo’ is “snowshoe-netter”. There are two main groups referred to as Eskimos : Inuit and Yupik. Inuit in their language means ‘the people’ or ‘the real people’. The Eskimos are descendants of Siberia, now a part of the Russia in northern Asia.

Question 16.
Who are called ‘Shamans’?
Answer:
The people skilled in performing rituals are called Shamans.

Question 17.
Match the following.
1) Kayak       ( ) A) The line where the land and sky meet.
2) Horizon    ( ) B) Boots
3) Taboo       ( ) C) Wooden boat
4) Mukluks   ( ) D) Language
5) Inupik       ( ) E) Ban
Answer:
1) C,
2) A,
3) E,
4) B,
5) D.

Question 18.
Observe the picture and write your opinion.

Answer:
This picture shows north polar region. The circles on this show latitudes and lines show longitudes. The place where the longitudes meet is called N pole. The southern tip of Greenland and about that is shown out of the globe. I think this is not correct. The earth is swollen at the equator and flat at the poles.

Question 19.
Praise the group life of Eskimos.
Answer:
Eskimos lead a group life. They lead a nomadic life. They share all their activities, food and shelters, and their joys, sorrows everything. They have such unity which we cannot see in the so-called civilized societies. Really we should praise it.

Question 20.
Collect the pictures or photographs of the flowers and animals of Tundra region and prepare an album.
Answer:

Question 21.
Conduct and furnish the details of an interview with an “Eskimo”.
Answer:
I: What is your good name?
E: Christopher.
I: What is your area?
E: Ours is northern region of Canada.
I: How many members are there in your family?
E: We are seven to eight members in our family but we live together with other families.
We are nearly 70 members in our group. We share each and everything.
I: Do you like your atmosphere?
E: Yes. I like it and I love it. This is my birth place. We don’t know any other climates. This snow, snow white, these lights, animals, our houses, our people, our traditions,
I like it.
I: If you have a chance to stay with us in our region, then what is your option ?
E: No, I don’t agree with this option. Definitely I will reject it. Because we live in nature
and we follow the law of nature. Our people who didn’t follow this rule, faced many problems. We are not fit for your regions. So I refuse this.
I: Thank you.
E: Thank you.

Question 22.
Read the following paragraphs and answer the questions given below.
You have seen the north pole and south pole on the globe. The region which lies near the poles is called the “polar region”. Look at Map. It shows the north pole and its surrounding regions. The entire polar region has been shaded lightly. Notice the boundary of this region. This is known as the ‘Arctic Circle’.
The northern part of the continents within the polar region is known as the Tundra. Tundra means very cold. Since the Tundra region gets very little sunlight, it has a unique type of vegetation known as the ‘Tundra Vegetation’.
1. What is Polar region?
Answer:
The region which lies near the poles is called the “polar region”.

2. What is Arctic Circle?
Answer:
The boundary of the polar region is known as the ‘Arctic Circle’.

3. What is called Tundra region?
Answer:
The northern part of the continents within the polar region is known as the Tundra.

4. What is the meaning of ‘Tundra’?
Answer:
Tundra means very cold.

5. What is meant by ‘Tundra Vegetation’?
Answer:
The Tundra region gets very little sunlight, it has a unique type of vegetation known as the ‘Tundra Vegetation’.

Question 23.
Read the following para and answer the given questions.
Religious Beliefs
Eskimo religion shows deep concern for life, health, sickness, starvation and death. The Eskimos believe that spirits control these things. All Eskimos groups believe in a supernatural power called Sila and spirits (such as Sedna, the goddess of life, health and food). They believe that people and animals have souls that live after death. But each group has certain beliefs and rituals of its own. Each person, family or group has taboos or bans, forbidding certain actions, such as eating a particular kind of food. Each group has some major ceremonies ^ado-med at birth and death or when hunting is very poor or very successful. Shamans (people skilled in performing rituals) are believed to help establish and keep a contact with the spirit world. Shamans use trances, drama and magic tricks in their performances.
1. What does the Eskimo religion show deep concern for?
Answer:
Eskimo religion shows deep concern for life, health, sickness, starvation and death.

2. What do ali the Eskimos believe?
Answer:
All Eskimos groups believe in a supernatural power called Sila and spirits (such as Sedna, the goddess of life, health and food). They believe that people and animals have souls that live after death.

3. What is ‘taboo’?
Answer:
Taboo means forbidding certain actions, such as eating a particular kind of food.

4. When do they celebrate ceremonies?
Answer:
They celebrate some major ceremonies, performed at birth and death or when hunting was very poor or very successful.

5. What do the ‘Shamans’ do?
Answer:
Shamans use trances, drama and magic tricks in their performances.

Question 24.
Draw the model of globe and identify Arctic Circle, poles and equator.
Answer:

Question 25.
Locate any five countries which lie in polar region in the given world map.
Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 11A National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 11th Lesson National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919

Question 1.
What do you understand by Swadeshi?
Answer:
I understood Swadeshi ‘as goods produced in our own country’.

Question 2.
If authorities do not agree to the just requests of people, what do you think the people should do?
Answer:
The requests should be not only just but also legal. If the authorities do not agree, one should oppose them democratically and attain them.

Question 3.
What were the major areas of swadeshi’s impact?
Answer:

1. Political
2. Social
3. Industrial
4. Foreign trade
5. Spiritual
6. Business (National trade)
7. Education
8. Cultural
9. Judicial.

Question 4.
What is meant by ‘Swaraj’?
Answer:
Swaraj means complete independence.

Question 5.
What is the slogan of Tilak?
Answer:
“Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”.

Question 6.
A few leaders like Gandhiji, Tilak, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh sacrified their lives for the sake of our nation.
What would have happened, if they did not do so?
Answer:
The British would have plundered our nation’s wealth more and more. The people of our country would have been suffered as slaves under the British rule and India would have become a very poor country.

Question 7.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
In the next Congress session (1905), the extremist Nationalists led by Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pai and Lala Lajapat Rai were in favour of extending the movement to the rest of India and to demand for full fledged freedom or ‘Swaraj’. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the famous slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” They wanted to move away from the earlier strategy of submitting petitions to government to mobilising the masses against the British rule and forcing the British to give up and go. They called the earlier strategy as ‘mendicancy’ (or begging for alms). The old leaders, called ‘Moderate nationalists’.

1) Name any two extremists.
Answer:
Tilak, Bipin Chandrapal.

2) What is meant by ‘Swaraj’?
Answer:
Swaraj means complete independence.

3) What is the slogan of Tilak?
Answer:
Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.

4) How did they call the policy of moderates?
Answer:
They called it ‘mendicancy’.

5) What did the moderates do?
Answer:
The moderates tried with petitions.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and write a meaningful question.
In Class VII, you had read about the revolt of 1857 in which the soldiers, ordinary peasants, artisans and landlords and even princes joined the struggle against the British rule. While the movement was opposed to the British, it did not have any new vision of the country. It in fact wanted to restore the rule of the old kings and queens and also the same caste based society.
Answer:
“Why did the 1857 revolution fail?”