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SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Read the following statements and mark if It is an example of weather or climate.
(a) During the last few years many glaciers have melted in the Himalayas.
Answer:
It is an example of weather.

(b) During the last few decades drought in Vidarbha region has increased.
Answer:
It is an example of climate.

Question 2.
Match the following. Use maps if you cannot locate the places.
(There could be multiple correct answers.)

Answer:
(a) Trivandrum — is closer to sea and the climate has big impact of the seas
(b) Gangtok — is farther from the equator and temperature would be lower in winter
(c) Anantapur — is closer to the equator but not close to the seas and has low rainfall

Question 3.
Describe India’s climate controls.
(OR)
Explain any two factors that influence the climate in India.
Answer:
The factors that affect climate are called climatic controls. These include:

1. Latitude
2. Land – Water relationship
3. Relief
4. Upper air circulation.

1. Latitude:

• The intensity of temperature depends on the latitude. It is more intense in lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
• In India, the Southern part lies ¡n the tropical zone, closer to the equator; it has higher average temperature than the northern part.

2. Land – Water relationship:

• The water bodies absorb and losses heat more slowly than land.
• Due to this the formation of land and sea breezes influence the climate of coastal region.

3. Relief:

• Relief or altitude of a region influences the climate of the area.
• Several hill stations have cool climate even during summer months.
  Eg: Simia, Nainital, Mussone, Kodaikanal.

4. Upper air circulation:

• The high velocity of Upper air movements is known as “Jet Streams’.
• This jet stream causes the neighboring atmosphere to cool.

Question 4.
Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and deserts.
Answer:

1. The factors influencing climatic conditions are called climatic controls.
2. These include (i) Latitude (ii) Land-water relationship (iii) Upper air circulation.
3. In hilly areas important factors influencing climatic conditions are latitudes, relief and land- water relationship, and upper air circulation only as a whole.
4. If the hills are in southern India, they receive more temperature and rainfall. If they are near the coast, the effects would be different.
5. In the hilly area altitude also plays a crucial role in deciding the temperature in accordance with the normal lapse rate.
6. Relief of desert plays a crucial role in its temperature being decided and the inland nature shuns any influence of land-water relationship.
7. The rainfalls in these regions are scanty and during temperature range is very high.

Question 5.
How are human activities contributing to global warming?
Answer:

1. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols and cloudiness.
2. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.
3. Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation that are part of the earth’s energy balance.
4. Changing their atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system.
5. Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750) the overall effect of human activities on climate has been a warming influence.,
6. The human impact on climate during this era greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes such as solar changes and volcanic eruptions.

Question 6.
What are the disagreements between ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries about AGW ?
Answer:

1. An international organization called the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
2. The latest attempt made at the IPCC conference in Warsaw (Poland) in 2013, failed to achieve any agreement.
3. Disagreements are between developed countries and developing countries.
4. Developed countries want developing countries to cut down on burning coal and other activities that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
5. Developing countries argue that developed countries developed precisely by burning fossil fuels in their development and their economic development will be seriously (developing countries) damaged if (developing countries) they do not burn fossil fuels.
6. Developing countries also argue that developed countries should do their fair share of work to find alternatives that can help the developing countries to progress.

Question 7.
How is climate change causing global warming? Suggest measures to minimise the influence of the global warming.
Answer:

1. Now heating of earth is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes.
2. Much of the warming has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution.
3. Volumes of methane under the frozen tundras of northern latitudes is discovered.
4. As global temperature increases, the ice in the tundra melts more.
5. The methane trapped in, the ice escapes into the atmosphere increasing global temperatures.
6. In turn, this causes even more ice to melt, releasing more methane, and so on.
7. To minimize the influence of global warming, we should plan to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like CO₂, Methane, etc.
8. We should take up afforestation.
9. We should encourage public transport.
10. We should minimize the use of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc.

Question 8.
On an outline map of India, show the following:
(i) Areas recorded with more than 40°C annual mean temperature.
(ii) Areas recorded with annual mean temperature less than 10°C.
(iii) The direction of the south-west monsoon over India.
Answer:

Question 9.
Observe the following climograph and answer the following questions.

(A) Which month received the highest rainfall?
Answer:
‘August’ month received the highest rainfall.

(B) Which months experience the highest and the lowest temperature?
Answer:
The highest temperature is experienced in the month of May.
The lowest temperature is experienced in the month of December.

(C) Why is the maximum amount of rainfall between June and October?
Answer:
The maximum amount of rainfall is received in Hyderabad between the months of June and October. The reason for this is the presence of south-west monsoons.

(D) Why is the temperature high between March and May?
Answer:
The temperature is high between March and May because it is the summer season.

(E) Identify relief conditions causing variation in temperature and rainfall.
Answer:
Hyderabad is present in the Deccan Plateau. It is situated at an elevation of 600 m from the mean sea level.

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 45 & 46

Question 1.
Fill the table after reading climographs.

Range of Temperature: From highest value to lowest value
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 46

Question 2.
What are the warmest and coldest months in Leh?
Answer:
The warmest month in Leh is June The coldest month in Leh is January.

Question 3.
From the range of temperatures in the above table, say whether Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh. Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh.
2. In the hottest month, Leh got 26°C the highest temperature whereas Jaipur got 40-C during the same month.
3. Thus, we can say Jaipur is hotter in general.

Question 4.
Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai. How are they different? 4S June 20171
Answer:

1. Delhi has an extreme climate with 6°C as the lowest temperature and 40°C as the highest temperature.
2. Every month the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures is also more around 16°C.
3. But whereas Chennai has a moderate climate with 38°C as highest and 20°C as the lowest temperature.
4. Even the difference between the highest and the lowest every month is also less, around 10°C.
5. Delhi The climate of Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes.
6. Chennai: The geographical location determines the weather and climate in Chennai. The close proximity of the ocean and equator makes the climate and weather in Chennai relatively consistent with less variation in the seasonal temperature. The weather in Chennai is mostly hot and humid.

Question 5.
Read carefully the rainfall pattern for Leh. In what ways is this different from the others? From your atlas, can you find out some other places in the world that have similar rainfall patterns?
Answer:

1. Leh is situated nearly 6 km above the mean sea level.
2. So the atmosphere there is not conducible for rain.
3. It receives less than 10 mm as the maximum monthly rainfall.
4. The remaining three places receive 200 mm or more rainfall as the maximum monthly rainfall.
5. It is surrounded by greater Himalayan mountains which are always covered with snow.
6. Thus, it is different from the other 3 places which are unlike this.
7. There are some other places in the world like this like Zurich in Switzerland, Oslo in Norway, Thimpu in Bhutan and Khatmandu in Nepal etc.

Question 6.
Identify the wet months for Chennai. How is this different from Jaipur?
Answer:

1. The wettest months for Chennai are October and November.
2. It is because it receives rainfall during the retreat of southwest monsoon or during the north-east monsoon.
3. Whereas the wettest months for Jaipur are July and August.
4. It receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon.
5. In this way Chennai and Jaipur are different.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 47

Question 7.
Using a globe recall and discuss what you may have read earlier. How does the angle of the sun vary at different latitudes? What impact does this have?
Answer:
Sun angles and their impact.

1. Tilt of the earth is the axis of rotation.
2. Axis of rotation tilted 23.5° away from perpendicular to the plane of earth’s orbit.
3. Due to this, it creates seasonal variations in which hemisphere is oriented towards the sun.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 48

Question 8.
In your atlas, compare the temperatures of Mumbai and Nagpur for the winter and summer months. How are they similar or different? How does it explain the distance from the sea?
Answer:

1. Mumbai is located on the west coast at 18°55′ N latitude and 77°54′ E longitude.
2. Nagpur is located as an inland at 21°9′ N latitude and 79°9′ E longitude.
3. For January, the winter month Mumbai has an average temperature of 24.4°C whereas Nagpur has 20.6°C.
4. For May, the summer month Mumbai has an average temperature of 30°C whereas Nagpur has 37°C.
5. As Mumbai is on the west coast it is experiencing a moderate climate with less changes of temperatures.
6. Being an island region, the variations in temperatures during summer and winter are more for Nagpur.
7. Thus, It shows the influence of distance from the sea.

Question 9.
With the help of the climographs, can you explain how differences in temperature can be explained for Jaipur and Chennai ?
Answer:

1. Jaipur has an extreme climate whereas Chennai is with moderate climate.
2. Though the highest average temperature for both regions are at near 40*C, the lowest average temperatures for Jaipur is at 6°C whereas that is for Chennai is 18°C.
3. The monthly differences in highest and lowest temperatures also vary.
4. For Jaipur they are around 16°C whereas for Chennai they are around 10°C.
5. The atmosphere of Chennai will be pleasant with these temperatures whereas that is not the case with Jaipur.

Question 10.
Are Shimla and Delhi located on very different latitudes? Check with your atlas. Is Shimla cooler than Delhi during summer ?
Answer:

1. Delhi is located at 28°38’N latitude and 77°17’E longitude.
2. Shimla Is located at 31°6’N latitude and 77°13′ E longitude.
3. Thus Delhi and Shimla are located in different latitudes.
4. During summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
5. Being in the northern plain and experiencing the hot winds named ‘Loo’ Delhi experiences high temperatures, during summer.
6. Being in the Himalayan ranges and above the altitude of more than 3 km Shimla experiences less temperatures compared to Delhi, during summer.

Question 11.
Why does Darjeeling have pleasant weather as compared to Kolkata during summer season ?
Answer:

1. Darjeeling is located in West Bengal at the latitude of 27°3′ N and a longitude of 88°18′ E.
2. Kolkata is also located in West Bengal at the latitude of 22°34′ N and a longitude of 88°24′ E.
3. Kolkata is located near the coast and experiences the advantage of the nearness to water during summer.
4. But Darjeeling, being situated in the Himalayan Ranges at an altitude of more than 3 km, experiences less temperatures during summer.
5. Thus, Darjeeling will have pleasant weather compared to Kolkata during the summer season.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 49

Question 12.
What would be the range for the average temperature in A.P. for January?
Answer:

1. January is the month during which winter is severe.
2. It usually will be cold during this month throughout Andhra Pradesh.
3. For the month of January, the average maximum temperature is around 28°C.
4. The average minimum temperature is around 16°C for January in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Thus range of average temperature for January in Andhra Pradesh is around 28°C to 16°C.

Question 13.
Using your atlas, find some places located on 15°C temperature.
Answer:
The places that are located on 15°C are Jaipur, Mathura, Itanagar etc.

Question 14.
Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there’s a small circle of places on 20°C. How is this possible?
Answer:

1. Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there is a small circle of places on 20°C.
2. That is the region where the Western Ghats rise above 2000 m peaks.
3. There are the Nilgiri Hills which has peaks more than 2000 m height.
4. So the temperatures there are less as the elevation is more.
5. That is why there was 20°C circle close to 25°C line.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 50

Question 15.
From the climographs (Graph 1-4), note the approximate average temperature for May for the four places and mark them on the map given.
Answer:

1. Jaipur 24°C to 40°C
2. Leh 12°C to 29°C
3. New Delhi 34°C to 40°C

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 54

Question 16.
What is deforestation ?
Answer:

1. Cutting down of the trees indiscriminately in the areas of forest or where there a presence of sizable number of trees like plantations is called deforestation.
2. It results in the lowering of the green cover.
3. It affects the ecological balance.
4. It reduces the probability of raining.
5. It affects the soil erosion, it increases soil erosion.
6. It also affects the sustainability of green cover.

Question 17.
Does deforestation happen only in forest areas? How about in your local area, even if there are no forests?
Answer:

1. Deforestation not only happens in forest areas.
2. In our local areas the felling of trees comes under deforestation.
3. Even if there are no forests, the cutting down of trees is considered as deforestation.

Question 18.
How does deforestation affect global warming?
Answer:

1. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes (other than domestic purposes of tribals) in the forests and vegetations of a large scale.
2. Trees make use of the most of the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into their food which is called photosynthesis using sunlight.
3. If trees were cut down indiscriminately, it would result in the accumulation of C0₂, the green house gas.
4. It will result in the increase of temperatures throughout the earth i.e., global warming.
5. Thus, deforestation affects global warming.

Question 19.
What are some other ways in which human action contributes to global warming?
Answer:

1. Usage of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc. by humans leads to global warming.
2. Usage of motor vehicles which run on fuel emits greenhouse gases.
3. Usage of inorganic fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides.
4. Releasing of effluences and wastes of industries.
5. Excessive usage of natural resources.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 55

Question 20.
Imagine how one would cope with the situation if millions of people were affected. Where would you find land for resettlement? What jobs would they do?

Answer:

1. If millions of people were affected with any natural calamity, it certainly would be difficult to cope with.
2. The government has to make arrangements to resettlement of all those affected.
3. It may seek help from international organisations or non-governmental organisations in our country as well as the donors.
4. It will be a Herculean task to provide them shelter and alternate employment, but government must take initiative to get it done.
5. It must employ the eligible to work within Rural Works Programme, Food for Work, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Labour Employment Guarantee schemes etc.

Project work

Collect proverbs/sayings that are related to climate and weather in your region.

1. A Rainbow in the morning is the Sailor’s Warming.
2. A Rainbow at night is the Sailor’s delight.
3. When the dew is on the grass rain will never come to pass.

Answer:
“Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning.”
“Mare’s tails and mackerel scales make tall ships take in their sails.”
“Clear moon, frost soon.”
“Halo around the sun or moon, rain or snow soon.”
“Rainbow in the morning gives you fair warning.”
“When the stars begin to huddle, the earth will soon become a puddle.”

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector ——– increased to the same extent as production. (has/ has not)
(ii) Workers in the ——– sector do not produce goods. (service / agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the ——– sector enjoy job security. (organized / unorganized)
(iv) A ——– proportion of laborers in India are working in the unorganized sector. (large/small)
(v) Cotton is a ——– product and cloth is a ——– product. (natural / manufactured)
Answer:
(i) has not
(ii) service
(iii) organized
(iv) large
(v) natural, manufactured

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ——– sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Answer:
(i) primary

(b) GDP is the total value of ——– produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
(ii) all final goods and services

(c) In terms of GDP the share of service sector in 2009-10 was ——– .
(i) between 20 and 30 per cent
(ii) between 30 and 40 per cent
(iii) between 50 and 60 per cent
(iv) 70 per cent
Answer:
(i) between 50 and 60 percent

Question 3.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
Answer:
Vegetable vendor.

1. The remaining three are the occupations of educated skilled labour.
2. Vegetable vendor need not have education.

(ii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
Answer:
Cobbler.

1. The remaining three are government servants.
2. Cobbler is self-employed person.

Question 4.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and services sectors is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
Classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful.

1. If all the economic activities are remained in only one sector, it would be difficult for the calculation of National Income, Per capita Income, etc. parameters.
2. Concentration on various economic activities for their growth will not be possible.
3. Allocation of funds, administration of sectors all becomes a tough task.
4. Classification of activities paves way for smooth functioning of the various calculations concerned.

Question 5.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, why should one focus on employ¬ment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
We are studying about the production in our country and the employment in the country. So for each of the sectors we come across one focussed on employment and GDP.
Yes other issues which should be examined are:

1. We should know the life expectancy of the people.
2. Should prepare a developmental plan and should discuss to which sector will give importance.
3. To know the poverty and unemployment range and try to abolish.
4.  Balanced regional development.
5. Modernization of technology.
6. Self-reliance of the country.
7. How to achieve surplus food production in the country.

Question 6.
How is the service sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:

1. Service sector is different from the other two sectors, agricuture and industry.
2. Agriculture and industry sectors produce goods whereas service sector does not produce any good.
3. In agriculture and in industrial sector they need the help of service sector in the production of their goods.
4. But service sector does not need the help of agriculture or industry in its service.
5. Without service sector the needs of people for their physical and mental growth are not fulfilled.
6. Service sector is the lifeline of people.
7. Growth in service sector indicates modernisation.

Question 7.
What do you understand by underemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:

1. The situation of underemployment could be understand as each one is doing some work, but no one is fully employed.
2. Here people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
3. This underemployment has different areas facets in rural and urban areas.
4. In rural areas this could be clearly understood from the example of disguised unemployment.
5. Though there is need of 2 persons for the land they have, the entire family of village formers depend on agriculture, which will not sufficiently provide work.
6. In urban areas also people work as casual labour in many factories. If there is demand, the factories give them opportunities and if there is no demand, the people are asked to go back without work.

Question 8.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues:
Wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:

1. Unorganised sector workers need protection on issues of wages, safety and health.
2. There is low paid and irregular working days nature of their work.
3. They are not given paid leave, holidays with payment and payment for overtime work.
4. So they need protection for their wages on par with any organised sector employment.
5. There is no security of job for them.
6. So they must be provided with safety of the job.
7. They do not have leave due to sickness and if they are absent, they lose their wages.
8. There must be the protection for their health with paid holidays and medical insurance.
9. They are not even provided with safe working environment.
10. There must be protection for their safe working environment.

Question 9.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked are in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs. 6000 crores. Out of this Rs. 3200 crores was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What are the ways for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:
Contribution of organised and unorganised sectors in Ahmedabad in 1997-98:

1. Government must provide more incentives to people who are engaged in unorganised sector.
2. Government should give waiver of certain taxes, exemptions of certain taxes and encourage many others to take up the establishments.

Question 10.
Complete the given table with employment opportunities in organised sector and unorganised sector in various regions of our state.

Answer:

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 28

Question 1.
Classify the following list of occupations under agriculture, industry and service sectors. Give reasons for your classification :

Answer:

Occupation	Classification
Tailor	Basket weaver
Flower cultivator	Milk vendor
Fishermen	Primary sector
Priest	Service sector
Courier	Service sector
Workers in match factory	Secondary sector
Moneylender	Tertiary sector
Gardener	Primary sector
Potter	Secondary sector
Bee-keeper	Tertiary sector
Astronaut	Tertiary sector
Call centre employee	Tertiary sector

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 29

Question 2.
The following table shows the percentage of workers employed in different sectors in India in 1972-73 and in 2009-2010, i.e., after 37 years.
(i) What are the major changes that you observe from the above table?
Answer:

1. The percentage of workers employed in agricultural sector was decreased by 21%.
2. The percentage of workers employed in industrial sector was increased by 11%.
3. The percentage of workers employed in service sector was increased by 10%.
4. These changes suggest that India is a developing country in its economy,

(ii) From what you have read before, discuss what could be some of the reasons for these changes.
Answer:

1. After the planning was started in India, factories came up and started expanding.
2. People began to use many more goods.
3. Industrial sector became the dominant sector and the importance of agriculture declined.
4. In the past 50 years, there has been a further shift from industry to service sector.
5. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.

Question 3.
Observe the pictures and mention the sector which they belong to :

1. ——–
2. ——–
3. ——–
4. ——–

Answer:

1. Agricultural sector
2. Primary sector (Mining)
3. Service sector
4. Industrial sector

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Observe the following graph and answer the given questions.
Graph : GDP by Agriculture, Industry and Service Sectors (Rs. in Crores)
(a) Which was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73 ?
Answer:

1. Agriculture was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73.
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 5,86,346 the contribution of agriculture was 2,43,082 and the remaining industry was 1,33,912 and services was 2,09,352.

(b) Which was the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 ?
Answer:

1. Services vyas the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 .
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 45,16,071 the contribution of service was 25,78,165 and the remaining industry was 11,73,089 and agriculture was 7,64,817.

(c) Fill in the blank :
The total value of production of goods and services in India increased approximately ——– times between 1972 – 73 and 2009 – 10.
Answer:
8

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 31

Question 5.
Discuss : To find out the total value of goods produced should we add them up?
Answer:
1) No. We should not add them all.
2) The value of final good (Idli, Dosa) includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making final good.
3) Goods such as paddy, rice and husk are at the intermediary stages.
4) They are not being used by the final consumer.
5) They are used as inputs to make final good. If we add them to final good, we are double counting.

Question 6.
In the above example, paddy or rice is the intermediate good and idli is the final good. The following are a few goods we consume in our daily lives. List some of the intermediate goods against each one.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 32

Question 7.

Discuss : Why do both methods give the same result ?
Answer:
Value added at all stages = Rs. 2500 + Rs. 1100 + Rs. 1400 = Rs. 5000. Stage 3 (sale of Idli and Dosa) = Rs. 5000

1. Whatever may be the method the value of final goods/services does not change.
2. In the first method, we do not add up the intermediate goods as the result in double counting.
3. But we calculated the value of the final goods (Idli, Dosa) that were produced.
4. In the second method, at every stage we counted the value added.
5. Finally we added up all the values added and got the final good value.
6. Thus both the methods give the same result.

Question 8.
The value of GDP is given the following table. Compute the growth rate of GDP as shown for 2010 – 11?
Answer:
10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 34

Question 9.
Can you find out some examples of trade, hotels, transport and communication ?
Answer:

1. Different types of shops, showrooms, supermarkets, groceries, hardware merchants, steel merchants, rice traders, fancy and general stores, malls and shopping complex are included in this.
2. Different types of tiffin centers, hotels are included in this.
3. Various types of vehicles like auto, rickshaw, jeep, van, truck, lorry, bus, passenger train, express train, goods train, double decker train, boat, ship, steamer, helicopter, aeroplane etc. are included in this.
4. Newspaper, journals, magazines, e-books, televisions, news channels, sport channels, devotional channels, land lines, cell phones, fax, email, internet and satellite services are included in this.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 35

Question 10.
Read the above table and fill in the blanks.

1. Majority of workers in agriculture are living in ——– areas.
2. Most ——– workers are employed in agriculture sector. Only a small section of ——– is in industrial sector.
3. More than 90% of urban workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors.
4. Compared to males, female workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors only to a small extent.

Answer:

1. rural
2. female, 16%
3. industrial, service
4. industrial, service

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 36 & 37

Question 11.
Observe the following pie charts.

Look at the above pie charts and fill in the following table.

Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What main criterion is used by the World Bank in classifying different counties? What are the limitations of the above criterion, if any?
Answer:

1. The main criterion that is used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.
2. It is otherwise called the average income.
3. It is calculated as the total income of the country divided by the total population.
4. It Is a better Indicator of development than the total income of the country.
5. There are limitations in this criterion also.
6. Average Income may be useful for comparison, it hides disparities.
7. It does not tell us how the total income is distributed among people.
8. It does not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.

Question 2.
Usually, behind each social phenomenon, there would be several contributing factors, and not one. What, in your opinion, are the factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:
There are so many factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh. They are:

1. The development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh is called ‘the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh.
2. The government started schools and made education largely free or cost very little for parents.
3. It tried to ensure that these schools with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water etc.
4. It has the distinction of one of the highest spending states from the government budget on the education of each child.
5. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias.
6. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for boys.
7. Himachali mothers expect their daughters to work outside the home after marriage.
8. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and became a social norm.

Question 3.
In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:

1. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development has three factors.
2. They are:
   • a) to compare countries based on the educational levels of people.
   • b) their health status
   • c) per capita income.
3. It included health and educational indicators to income.
4. It termed its report to be Human Development Report.
5. Whereas the criterion used by the World Bank is per capita income only.
6. It did not include educational and health indicators.
7. It termed its report to be World Development Report.
8. In this way the criteria used by the UNDP and the World Bank for measuring development are different.

Question 4.
Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in the chapter that should be considered in measuring human development?
Answer:

1. The aspects that are considered in measuring human development are per capita income by World Bank.
2. Along with per capita income, the education levels of people and health status are considered by the UNDP.
3. There are other aspects to be considered.
4. Standard of life is one aspect to be considered.
5. Another aspect to be considered is the availability of electricity.
6. Transportation is also one among them.
7. Sanitation facilities is one such aspect.
8. Availability of irrigation facilities and housing etc. are few other aspects to be considered in measuring human development.

Question 5.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:

1. We use averages for comparison.
2. Averages are better indicators than total.
3. There are limitations to their use.
4. They also hide disparities.
5. They do not tell us how the total is distributed among people.
6. They do not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.
7. Example:
   
8. Both the countries have the same average income of ₹ 25,000
9. Country X-has more equitably distributed income.
10. Country Y has one rich and more poor persons.

Question 6.
What lessons can you draw about the importance of income from the fact that Himachal Pradesh with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab?
Answer:

1. Both the government and the people of Himachal Pradesh are keen on education.
2. The government started schools and filled them with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets and drinking water, etc.
3. The government spent the highest on the education of each child.
4. The people of Himachal Pradesh showed less gender bias.
5. Himachali women worked outside and had greater say in children’s education, health, birth and upkeep, etc.
6. Himachali women have high involvement in social life and village politics.
7. The above were not the same with Punjab.
8. Thus, even with low per capita income Himachal Pradesh has a better human development ranking than Punjab.

Question 7.
Based on the figures in Table 6, fill the following :

Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, ——– girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached ———- out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only ——— out of 100 in the year 2006.
Answer:
Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, 39 girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached 60 out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only 57 out of 100 in the year 2006.

Question 8.
What is the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomes can make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was it necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:

1. The per capita income of Himachal Pradesh in 2012 is Rs. 74,000.
2. Higher-income can make it easier for parents to send their children to school.
3. If the incomes are meagre, then parents cannot spend money on the education of their children.
4. Then children ought to supplement with their labour to run the family.
5. If higher incomes are there for family, these can be avoided.
6. Himachal Pradesh had very low levels of education at the time of independence.
7. Being a hilly region, with low density of population in many villages, the spread of schools is a big challenge.
8. So, it was necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 9.
Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls education as compared to boys?
Answer:

1. Parents give less priority to girls education compared to boys.
2. The main reason behind this is gender bias.
3. Parents believe that boy is their heir and spreads their clan.
4. This very notion imbibes into children as father is the decision maker in the family.
5. As marriage institution provides for the girl to live with husband’s family, her parents take less care about her education.
6. Well educated girl needed to be married off to still better educated suitor, an expensive affair.
7. Girls are engaged in taking care of their smaller siblings, which obstructs their educational chances.
8. In rural areas girls are married off at early ages, which prevents their education.

Question 10.
What is the relationship between women’s work outside their homes and gender bias?
Answer:

1. Our families are patriarchial, so men work outside and women manage the house.
2. For their household chores women are not paid.
3. But nowadays women are employed outside.
4. They are economically independent and self-confident.
5. They have greater say in household decisions including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc.
6. Whereas this is not the case with housewives.
7. Educated mothers expect their daughters to work outside after marriage.
8. Thus, women working outside need not bear the dent of gender bias.

(OR)

1. There is a clear visibility of gender bias at the work places outside homes.
2. Though men and women do the same kind of work, women are paid less than men.
3. Especially in the farm activities in rural areas, women wages are very low compared to men.
4. For some activities we find only men or women attending.
   Eg: Ploughing – men.
   Cotton balls plucking – women.

Question 11.
Right to Education Act, 2009 (RTE) declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 years have the right to free education. And the government has to ensure the building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood, appoint properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. In the light of what you have read in this chapter and already know, discuss and debate the importance of this Act for
(i) children, and (ii) human development.
Answer:
Importance of RTE Act for children :

1. It makes all children have a chance to study.
2. Children from hilly areas, rural areas and areas with low density of population are not deprived of schools.
3. Schools are provided with minimum facilities of teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water, etc.
4. Schooling becomes a social norm.
   Importance of RTE Act for human development:
5. As the UNDP is using the educational levels of people as the measure of development, it promotes human development.
6. Expected years of schooling will increase in turn promotes human development.
7. Promotes human development by increasing the average years of schooling.
8. Education imparts the ideals of human development.

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.14

Question 1.
Complete the table with developmental goals of different categories of persons.

Answer:

Category of Person	Developmental Goals/ Aspirations
1. Landless rural labourers	1. More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
2. Prosperous farmers	2. Assured high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hard- working and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.
3. Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops	3. Monsoon shall bring good rains and make the year good one; crops shall give good yield; Government announce higher minimum support price. (OR) Want more facility of water so that they can grow more crops in different seasons.
4. A rural woman from a land owning family	4. Government shall provide good irrigation facilities, banks provide crop loans to meet the needs like seeds, fertilisers, pesticides etc., good yield of crop. (OR) Women aspire to own land, to inherit land allocation and to build a permanent structure on the land.
5. Urban unemployed youth	5. A gainful employment throughout the year; Government’s support to self employment; own vehicle to travel to work place.
6. A boy from a rich urban family	6. A hassle-free environment for entreprenuership; a suitable employment inside India or abroad; wholesome entertainment facilities.
7. A girl from a rich urban family	7. She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She would like to be able to pursue her studies abroad.
8. An Adivasi from mining fields	8. Accident-free work environment; maintaining good health support; satisfactory remuneration and bonus, schooling for children.
9. Person from fishing community in the coastal area	9. Ensured daily catch with good prices; no hindrance from the machine boats; detailed daily weather forecast; protection from natural calamities.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.17

Question 2.
Read the newspaper report given on Text Page 16 and answer the following questions.
(i) Who are the people benefited and who did not ?
Answer:

1. The local company owners and multinational company were the people who benefited.
2. They dumped their waste without much difficulty.
3. The innocent people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.
4. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting and diarrhoea etc.

(ii) What should be the developmental goals for this country ?
Answer:
The developmental goals for this country are
a) The government should Impose strict rules and regulations regarding “the disposal of waste”
b) The government should safeguard the environment and check air and environment pollution.
c) The companies who violate rules, should be punished severely.

(iii) What can be some of the developmental goals for your village or town or locality ?
Answer:
Some of the developmental goals for our village can be

1. to be provided with safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
2. to start a primary health centre with minimum facilities.
3. to recruit sufficient teachers and provide other facilities to schools.
4. to provide employment to eligible youth.

(iv) What are the issues of conflict between the government and the people living in regions of nuclear power plant ?
Answer:

1. The Issues of conflict between the government and the people living in the regions of Nuclear Power Plant are
   (a) Safety
   (b) Security and
   (c) Livelihood.
2. People also suggested the government to look to renewable energy as an alternative.

(v) Do you know of any such controversy around development projects/policies? Find out the debates on either side.
Answer:

1. One such controversy around development project is Narmada River Project in Gujarat.
2. Government aimed at large electricity to be produced with this project would serve the power needs of the state.
3. It also provides many small dams for irrigation water.
4. On the other hand, people under the leadership of Medha Patkar set up Narmada Bachao Andolan and fought with the government.
5. They are fighting for the people displaced, their lands evacuated and villages that are going to be submerged.
6. They have also concern over ecological imbalances and loss to the tribal culture.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.18

Question 3.
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why ?
a. Because people are different.
b. Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:

1. Different persons have different notions of development or progress.
2. Each one of them seeks different things.
3. They seek things which can fulfil their aspirations or goals.
4. The explanation ‘because life situations of persons are different1 is more important.
5. Because each one has developmental goal based on life situation.

Question 4.
Do these two statements mean the same thing? Justify your answer.
a) People have different developmental goals.
b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:

1. Both statements do not mean the same thing.
2. People seek different things which can fulfil their aspirations or desires, thus different developmental goals.
3. In fact, at times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
4. So the developmental goals are always not conflicting.
5. So, it is wrong to say both are correct at the same time.

Question 5. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:

1. Work at a place where discrimination is prevalent.
2. A job at a far off place when family needs him.
3. A job offers high pay, but no job security and no time for family.
   Income alone is not sufficient for development.

Reasons:

1. There are many other non-materialistic values like equality, freedom etc. without these values development is impossible.
2. Without basic health facilities people cannot contribute much to the National Income and thus no development takes place.
3. Without education there will be less human resources and hence no development takes place.

Question 6.
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section (Income and Other Goals) in your own words.
Answer:

1. People always want more income and get material things.
2. But they also need non-material things to lead a quality life.
3. Things like freedom, security, equal treatment, respect from others and no discrimination are a few of them.
4. They want good working atmosphere and an opportunity to learn.
5. Women who are working outside the home earns great respect in family and society.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 20

Question 7.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations other than what is given here.
Answer:

1. Average marks in each subject in the class.
2. Average persons living in a square kilometre area to find out the population density of a state.
3. Average speed of a vehicle in its journey.

Question 8.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:

1. For comparison in the development of two countries total income is not a useful measure.
2. Countries have different populations.
3. So, comparing total income, will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
4. Hence, we compare the average incomes.

Question 9.
Suppose the records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:

1. Records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period.
2. From that, we cannot conclude that all sections of the economy have become better.
3. Example : Average income of country A.
4. Above example proves that only one section’s exponential growth has led to constant increase in average income.
5. All the sections of economy have not become better.

Question 10.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per World Development Report, 2012.
Answer:
The per capita income level of middle income countries as per World Development Report, 2012 is above US $ 1,035 per annum and below US $ 12,600 per annum.

Question 11.
Write a paragraph on your notion of what India should do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
To become a developed country India should be 100% literate. We are a resource rich country. We shall make optimum use of them. The governance should be transparent. We shall provide our youth with a gainful employment. We shall encourage students to pursue the careers of scientists to serve our country. We should adopt technology in agriculture. We shall promote industrial and service sectors.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 22

Question 12.
Look at the data in Tables 3 and 4 (given on Page No. 20 & 21 in Textbook). Is Punjab as ahead of Bihar in literacy rate, etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?

Answer:

1. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in terms of per capita income.
2. It is Rs. 78,000 for Punjab, whereas it is Rs. 25,000 only for Bihar.
3. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in both literacy rate and net attendance rate.
4. They are for Punjab 77 and 76 respectively, whereas for Bihar are 64 and 56 only.
5. Punjab is ahead of Bihar even in Infant Mortality Rate.
6. Punjab has less (42) IMR, whereas Bihar has 62IMR.

Question 13.
Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:

1. Park facility for the people of a colony.
2. Electricity facility for the people of a village.
3. Over head water tanks for the people of a village.
4. Lift facility for the residents of an apartment.

Question 14.
Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:

1. Much of the population of our country fall under below poverty line.
2. So the availability of good health and educational facilities mostly depend on the money spent by the government.
3. The other factors could be like health insurance schemes which are of the paid premiums of the individuals.
4. The rich sections of people who could meet the expenses on their own.

Question 15.
For a family in rural area in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in 2009-2010, rice purchased from ration shops account for 53 and 33 per cent respectively. The rest they buy from markets. In West Bengal and Assom, only 11 and 6 per cent of rice is purchased from ration shops. Where would people be better off and why ?
Answer:

1. The people are better off in West Bengal and Assom.
2. The people who are buying rice from market in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are 47 and 67 per cent respectively.
3. Whereas the people who are buying rice from market are 89 and 94 per cent respectively for West Bengal and Assom.
4. That means more people are purchasing rice from market in West Bengal and Assom.
5. So, we can say the people of West Bengal and Assom are better off.

Project work

Here is an illustration showing different sources of livelihoods. Create a similar illustration and write caption that would describe their notion of development.

Answer:
Self Activity