AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 9th Lesson Our Environment

10th Class Biology 9th Lesson Our Environment 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Suggest one alternative method in place of pesticides to protect crops?
Answer:
Alternative methods for using pesticides to save the crops from pests:

  1. Rotation of crops
  2. Studying the life histories of pests
  3. Biological Control
  4. Sterility
  5. Genetic Strains

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 2.
By taking two plants of your surroundings as examples, explain how they protect themselves against the animals which eat them.
Answer:

  1. Neem Tree: Neem leaves contain an alkaloid Nimbin to protect themselves from the animals which eat them.
  2. Cactus: They have thorns to protect themselves.
  3. Datura: Datura leaves gives bad odour.

Question 3.
Identify one food chain from your surroundings. Name the producers and different levels of consumers in that food Chain.
Answer:
Grass → Insects → Frog → Snake.
Producers – Grass.
Primary Consumers – Insects.
Secondary Consumers – Frog
Tertiary consumers – Snake.

Aquatic Plants → Insects → Fish → Crane.
Producers – Aquatic Plant.
Primary Consumers – Insects
Secondary Consumers – Fish
Tertiary consumers – Crane

Question 4.
Write the names of producers and consumers in the food chain, you have observed.
Answer:
Producers – Plants, Green Algae
Consumers – All Animals.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 5.
Write any two slogans to promote awareness among the people about Ecofriendly programs.
Answer:
a) Lets go green to get global clean.
b) If you disturb the nature, the nature will disturb you.
c) The best solution to arrest pollution is plantation.
d) Reduce the usage of plastic and reduce the pollution.

Question 6.
What happens if decomposers are removed from the food web?
Answer:

  1. If decomposers are removed from the food web then the biological cycles are not completed.
  2. If the decomposers are not present in an ecosystem the remains of the other organisms accumulate.

Question 7.
Observe the following given below. Draw the pyramid of numbers.
Grass → Goat → Man
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 1

Question 8.
We can’t expect the world without sparrows. So how should be our concern towards their conservation?
Answer:

  1. Sparrows are useful to control harmful insects like locust which damage food grains.
  2. Chemical pesticides are the cause for destruction of sparrows and useful insects.
  3. By using biological methods we can conserve the sparrow population.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 9.
Human being is modifying agriculture lands and lakes into residential areas. What is its effect on Bio-diversity?
Answer:

  1. The shelter may not be provided for migratory birds.
  2. Food chain get disturbed.
  3. Decrease in the ground water level.

Question 10.
How do you protect the plants, which were planted in “Haritha Haaram” programme in your school?
Answer:
We protect the plants:

  1. Watering of plants at regular intervals.
  2. Fencing or gaurding of plants.
  3. Adoption of plants.
  4. Providing organic manure.

Question 11.
The figure given below represents a food pyramid. Study it and answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 2
i) Which trophic level has maximum energy?
Answer:
T1 (or) Primary producers (green plants)
ii) Give one example for T4 trophic level.
Answer:
Lion, tiger, hawk, etc.

Question 12.
“We can’t imagine the world without insects and birds, conserve them.
Answer:
Methods to conserve insects and birds:

  1. Avoid indiscriminate usage of pesticides
  2. Protect the natural habitats of insects and birds.
  3. Development of bird sanctuaries
  4. Everyone should follow environmental ethics.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 13.
What is environment?
Answer:
The sum of physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism is called environment.

Question 14.
What is biosphere?
Answer:
The world of living things is called biosphere.
(OR)
The life supporting zone on the earth is called biosphere.

Question 15.
What are the physical or abiotic factors in a biosphere?
Answer:
Land, air, water, sunlight, humidity etc. are the physical or abiotic factors in a biosphere.

Question 16.
What does a food chain show?
Answer:
Food chain shows that how the energy is passed from one organism to another.

Question 17.
How the terrestrial ecosystems are determined?
Answer:
The terrestrial ecosystems are determined largely by the variations in climatic conditions between the poles and equator.

Question 18.
Where did the Kilimanjaro mountain located?
Answer:
The Kilimanjaro mountain is located in equatorial Africa (present in Tanzania, Africa).

Question 19.
What is the main source of energy for all the organisms in an ecosystem?
Answer:
Sunlight is the main source of energy for all the organisms in an ecosystem.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 20.
What is food web?
Answer:
The network of a large number of food chains existing in an ecosystem is called a food web.

Question 21.
What does a food web indicate?
Answer:
A food web indicates that the number of possible links for food in an ecosystem and reflects the fact that the whole community is a complex inter-connected unit.

Question 22.
What is ‘niche’?
Answer:
The position of organisms in a food web.

Question 23.
What does the word ‘niche’ denotes?
Answer:
‘Niche’ is the term used to describe not only the animals position in the food web and what it eats but also its mode of life.

Question 24.
What is an ecological pyramid?
Answer:
The graphic representation of the feeding level structure of an ecosystem by taking the shape of a pyramid is called “Ecological pyramid”.

Question 25.
Who was the first one to introduce “Ecological pyramid”?
Answer:
Ecological pyramid was first introduced by a British Ecologist Charles Elton in 1927.

Question 26.
In ecological pyramids the producers are represented at?
Answer:
The producers are represented at the base of the ecological pyramids.

Question 27.
What is pyramid of number?
Answer:
A graphical representation designed to show the number of organisms at each tropic level in a given ecosystem is called “pyramid of number”.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 28.
What does the pyramid of number show?
Answer:
Pyramid of number shows the population of organisms at each tropic level in a food chain.

Question 29.
What does each bar represent in a pyramid of number?
Answer:
In a pyramid of number, each bar represents the number of individuals at each tropic level in a food chain.

Question 30.
When does the pyramid of number not look like a pyramid at all?
Answer:
If the producer is a large plant such as tree or if one of the organisms at any tropic level is very small, then the pyramid of number does not look like a pyramid.

Question 31.
What is biomass?
Answer:
Any type of plant or animal material that can be converted into energy is called biomass.

Question 32.
What is biofuels?
Answer:
The materials which are used for energy production are known as biofuels.

Question 33.
What is Pyramid of biomass?
Answer:
A graphical representation designed to show the quantity of living matter at each tropic level in a given ecosystem is called “Pyramid of biomass”.

Question 34.
Why Pyramid of biomass inverted in case of aquatic ecosystem?
Answer:

  1. In an aquatic ecosystem, the biomass of phytoplankton is quite negligible as compared to that of the crustaceans and small herbivorous fish that feed on these producers.
  2. The biomass of large carnivorous fish living on small fishes is still greater. This makes the pyramid of biomass inverted.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 35.
How much percentage of the biomass is transferred from one tropic level to the next in a food chain?
Answer:
The percentage of the biomass transferred from one tropic level to the next level in food chain is nearly 10 – 20%.

Question 36.
When does the species at the top of the pyramid get more energy?
Answer:
The species at the top of the pyramid get, more energy when the steps in a food chain are fewer.

Question 37.
What are bio-geochemical cycles?
Answer:
Flow of materials between organisms and their environment is called cycling of materials or bio-geochemical cycles.

Question 38.
What is ecological efficiency?
Answer:
The ratio between energy flows at different tropic levels among the food chain expressed as percentage is called ecological efficiency.

Question 39.
What is ten per cent law?
Answer:
During the transfer of energy from one tropic level to the next, only about ten per cent of the energy from organic matter is stored as flesh. This is called “Ten per cent law”.

Question 40.
Where do Kolleru one of the largest fresh water lakes in India exists?
Answer:
Kolleru is one of the largest fresh water lakes in India exists between West Godavari and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh.

Question 41.
What is the catchment area of the lake Kolleru?
Answer:
A catchment area of the Kolleru lake extends up to 6121 Km2.

Question 42.
Through which The lake Kolleru discharges its excess water into Bay of Bengal?
Answer:
The lake Kolleru discharges its excess water into Bay of Bengal through the twisty channel called Upputeru which is about 65 km long.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 43.
When did Government of Andhra Pradesh had declared the lake as Bird Sanctuary?
Answer:
In November 1999, Government of Andhra Pradesh had declared the lake as Bird Sanctuary.

Question 44.
What is the number of species of birds being hosted by the Kolleru?
Answer:
The Kolleru lake is hosting 193 species of birds.

Question 45.
What are the major sources of pollution in Kolleru lake?
Answer:
The major sources of pollution are agricultural runoff containing residues of several agrochemicals, fertilizers, fish tank discharges, industrial effluents containing chemical residues and different types of organic substances, municipal and domestic sewage.

Question 46.
What is the objective of “Operation Kolleru” by the ministry of environment and forest, Government of India?
Answer:
The objective of operation Kolleru by the ministry of environment and forest, Government of India is to bring back the ecological balance of Kolleru lake which is a gift of nature.

Question 47.
What is Bioaccumulation?
Answer:
The process of entering of pollutants in a food chain is known as Bioaccumulation.

Question 48.
What is Biomagnification?
Answer:
The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one tropic level to the next is known as Biomagnification.

Question 49.
What are pesticides?
Answer:
The chemical materials used to control pests that attack crop plants or live as parasites on the body of farm animals are called pesticides.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 50.
What is a perfect pesticide?
Answer:
The perfect pesticide is one which destroys a particular pest and is completely harmless to every other form of life.

Question 51.
Why did the egg breaking among the peregrines increase?
Answer:
Egg breaking among the peregrines increased due to their disturbed behaviour caused by the nerve poisons that entered into their tissues through food chain.

Question 52.
Why did the aquatic biota is being contaminated?
Answer:
The aquatic biota is being contaminated with heavy metals due to industrialization and anthropogenic activities.

Question 53.
Why fish are considered to be the bioindicators of metal contamination?
Answer:
Fish are considered to be the bioindicators of metal contamination in environmental monitoring because fish species are strongly respond to stress conditions.

Question 54.
Where did Edulabad water reservoir located?
Answer:
Edulabad water reservoir is located in urban areas of Ranga Reddy district of Telangana.

Question 55.
Which fish species is grown in Edulabad water reservoir?
Answer:
Cyprinus carpio (common scale carp) is the fish species grown in Edulabad water reservoir.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 56.
What are the effects of bioaccumulation of metals in human beings that eat cyprinus carpio?
Answer:
The bioaccumulation of various metals in cyprinus carpio cause disorders. Such as hypertensions, sporadic fever, renal damage, nausea, etc.

Question 57.
In which country sparrows were hunted extensively in 1958?
Answer:
In China sparrows were hunted extensively in 1958.

Question 58.
In your opinion what are the effective methods to control pests?
Answer:
Rotation of crops, biological control, developing genetically modified plants are the effective methods to control pests in my opinon.

Question 59.
Why the temperatures are very high during the day and cold during the nights in deserts?
Answer:
In deserts, the rainfall and humidity are very low, so the sun’s rays easily penetrate the atmosphere making ground temperatures very high during the day. But the nights are often cold as the earth loses heat rapidly.

Question 60.
How can we draw a food chain?
Answer:
We can draw a food chain by connecting the pictures or names of organisms by putting arrows between them. These arrows should always point from food to the feeder.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 61.
How many types of ecological pyramids are there in practice? Name them.
Answer:
There are three types of ecological pyramids. They are:

  1. Pyramid of number
  2. Pyramid of biomass and
  3. Pyramid of energy.

Question 62.
Which process helps to convert the solar energy into suitable form of energy for animals to consume?
Answer:
Photosynthesis helps to convert the solar energy into suitable form of energy (food) for animals to consume.

10th Class Biology 9th Lesson Our Environment 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk
What will happen if we remove Frog from the above food chain? Explain.
Answer:

  1. Frog is secondary consumer in this food chain.
  2. If we remove frog from the food chain, the number of grasshopper will increase on other hand the number of snakes which depend on frogs will decrease.
  3. Hence, ecological balance may be damaged.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 2.
Observe the diagram and answer the following.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 4i) Write any two food chains from the diagram.
ii) What are the secondary consumers in the food chain that are written by you?
Answer:
i) a) Plants → Goat → Tiger
b) Plants → Rabbit → Wolf / Fox
ii) Tiger, Wolf / Fox

Question 3.
Study the given paragraph and answer the questions.

Solar energy from sun enters into the producers of an ecosystem. No organisms except green plants and photosynthetic bacteria can absorb solar energy and convert it into chemical energy.

A) What are the producers mentioned in the given paragraph?
B) What form is energy converted into photosynthesis? In Photosynthesis, which form is energy converted into?
Answer:
A) Green plants and photosynthetic bacteria.
B) In photosynthesis, the light (or) solar energy is converted into chemical energy.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 4.
Explain the flow chart given below.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 5Answer:
It is the pyramid of biomass.

  1. In this pyramid 10% of the food will reach to the next trophical level and so on at each level.
  2. It would take 1000 kg of phytoplankton to provide 100 kg of zooplankton and to form 1 kg of human tissue, 10 kg of frog is needed.
  3. The fewer the steps in the food chain, the more energy will be for the species at the top.

Question 5.
Observe the pyramid of number which is given below and answer the questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 6i) As per the number of organisms in the tropic level, which group of organisms
are more in number and which are less in number?
ii) What happens if Secondary consumers disappear?
Answer:
i) If producers are more in number, then tertiary consumers are less in number,
ii) If secondary consumers disappear the primary consumers increase in number and the tertiary consumers found no food to live. It leads to death.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 6.
Explain in brief about the alternate methods to be followed to prevent the harmful effects of over usage of pesticides.
(OR)
Mention any four effective methods of controlling pests, which are less harmful on environment based on biological principles.
Answer:
Some of alternative pest control methods are

  1. Rotation of Crop: Growing different crops on a particular piece of land in successive years.
  2. Studying the life histories of the pests: When this is done it is sometimes possible to sow the crops at a time when least damage will be caused.
  3. Biological Control: Introducing Natural predator or parasite of the pest.
  4. Sterility: Rendering the males of a pest species sterile.
  5. Genetic Strains: The development of genetic strains (genetically modified plants) which are resistant to certain pest.
  6. Environmental ethics: People need to know besides laws regarding environment there are some basic ethics what is right and what is wrong in view of environment.

Question 7.
Write any 4 slogans on the necessity of forests and on their conservation.
Answer:

  1. Save the trees, save the earth. We are the guardians of nature’s birth.
  2. Don’t destroy the greenary and don’t spoil the scenery.
  3. Don’t make trees rare, we should keep them with care.
  4. To live for future in rest, saving forest is the best.

Question 8.
How does the given below concepts differs?
(a) Bioaccumulation b) Biomagnification
Answer:
a) Bioaccumulation: The process of entry of pollutants into a food chain is known as bioaccumulation.
b) Biomagnification: It is the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one tropic level to the next is known as biomagnification.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 9.
The biomass of a producer in an ecosystem is calculated as 3500 kgs. Calculate the biomass of primary, secondary, tertiary consumers.
Answer:
In a food chain roughly 90% of the food is lost at each step. So if the biomass of a producer in an ecosystem is calculated as 3500 kgs. the biomass of primary consumer as will be 350 kgs. and of secondary consumer is 35 kgs and biomass of tertiary consumer is 3.5 kgs.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 7

Question 10.
Write a short note on food chain and food web.
Answer:

  1. Food chain is a pathway along which food is transferred from one tropic level to another tropic level beginning with producers.
  2. It shows who eats what in a particular habitat.
  3. The arrows between each item in the chain always point from the food to the feeder.
  4. For example
    Grass → Rabbit → Snake → Hawk
  5. The elaborate interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem is said to be food web.
  6. Many of the food chains in an ecosystem are crosslinked to form food web.
  7. For example,
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 8
  8. Food chain and food web help us to understand the food relations among living things.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 11.
Write a short notes on ecological pyramids.
Answer:

  1. The graphical representation of the feeding level structure of an ecosystem by taking the shape of a pyramid is called “Ecological pyramid”.
  2. It was first introduced by a British Ecologist Charles Elton in 1927.
  3. In the ecological pyramid, the producers (First tropic level) are represented at the base, and the successive tropic levels (primary, secondary and tertiary consumers) are represented one above the other with top carnivores at the tip.
  4. There are three types of pyramids.
    i) Pyramid of number ii) Pyramid of biomass and iii) Pyramid of energy.
  5. Pyramid of number shows the population of organisms at each tropic level in a food chain.
  6. Pyramid of biomass represents the available food as a source of energy at each tropic level in the food chain.
  7. Pyramid of energy represents the available energy at each tropic level in food chain.

Question 12.
Write a short notes on pyramid of number.
Answer:

  1. Pyramid of number is a graphical representation designed to show the number of organisms at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.
  2. The shape of this pyramid varies from eco-system to ecosystem.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 9
  3. In aquatic and grassland ecosystems, numerous small autotrophs support lesser herbivores which support further small number of carnivores and hence the pyramid structure is upright.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 10
  4. In forest ecosystem, less number of producers support greater number of herbivores who in turn support a fewer number of carnivores. Hence the pyramid structure is partly upright.
  5. In parasitic food chain, one primary producer supports numerous parasites which support still more hyperparasites. Hence the pyramid structure is inverted.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 11

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 13.
Write a short notes on pyramid of biomass.
Answer:

  1. Pyramid of biomass is a graphical representation designed to show the quantity of living matter (biomass) at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.
  2. In terrestrial ecosystems, the biomass progressively decreases from producers to top carnivores. Hence the pyramid structure is upright.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 12
  3. In an aquatic ecosystem, the biomass of phytoplankton (producers) is quite negligible as compared to that of crustaceans and small herbivorous fish that feed on these producers. The biomass of large carnivorous fish living on small fishes is still greater. This makes the pyramid of biomass inverted.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 13

Question 14.
How do pesticides cause Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification?
(OR)
What are the effects of pesticides on environment?
Answer:

  1. Pesticides are the toxic chemicals used to destroy pest and insects which damage our crops and stored foods.
  2. These pesticides vary in their length of life as toxic materials.
  3. Some of the pesticides are degradable that can be broken down into harmless substances in a comparatively short time and others are non-degradable.
  4. Non-degradable pesticides accumulate in the bodies of animal and pass right through food web.
  5. Thus the pesticides cause bioaccumulation.
  6. These accumulated pesticides concentrate as they move from one tropic level to the next, thus leads to biomagnification.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 15.
List out some human activities which altered the communities of plants and animals in their natural ecosystem.
Answer:

  1. Industrialization
  2. Damming rivers
  3. Draining marshes
  4. Re-claiming land from the sea
  5. Cutting down forests
  6. Using chemical fertilisers and pesticides
  7. Building towns, cities, canals and motor ways.

Question 16.
What kind of changes may come in 2m ecosystem due to development of a large town?
Answer:
The following changes are expected due to development of a large town.

  1. Some plants and animal species will die out.
  2. Some will adapt to the new conditions sufficiently to survive in reduced numbers.
  3. Some will benefit by the new conditions and will increase in numbers.

Question 17.
Write a comparative note on pyramid of number and pyramid of biomass.
(OR)
Write the differences between pyramid of number and pyramid of biomass.
Answer:

Pyramid of number Pyramid of biomass
1. Pyramid of number is a graphical representation designed to show the number of organisms at each tropic level in a given ecosystem. 1. Pyramid of biomass is a graphical representation designed to show the quantity of living matter at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.
2. It shows the population of organisms at each tropic level in a food chain. 2. It represents the available food as a source of energy at each tropic level in the food chain.
3. This pyramid sometimes does not look like a pyramid at all. It may be upright like in grassland ecosystem, partly upright like in forest ecosystem or inverted like in parasitic ecosystem. 3. This pyramid may be upright like in terrestrial ecosystem or inverted like in aquatic ecosystem.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 18.
Write a comparative note on pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy.
(OR)
What are the differences between pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy?
Answer:

Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of energy
1. Pyramid of biomass is a graphical representation designed to show the quantity of living matter at each tropic level in a given ecosystem. 1. Pyramid of energy is a graphical representation designed to show the quantity of energy present at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.
2. It represents the available food as a source of energy at each tropic level in the food chain. 2. It represents the available energy at each tropic level in the food chain.
3. This pyramid may be upright like in terrestrial ecosystem or inverted like in aquatic ecosystem. 3. This pyramid is always upright as only 10% of energy from one level is transfering to the next level.

Question 19.
Write a comparative note on pyramid of number and pyramid of energy?
(OR)
What are the differences between pyramid of number and pyramid of energy?
Answer:

Pyramid of number Pyramid of energy
1. Pyramid of number is a graphical representation designed to show the number of organisms at each tropic level in a given ecosystem. 1. Pyramid of energy is a graphical representation designed to show the quantity of energy present at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.
2. It shows the population of organisms at each tropic level in a food chain. 2. It shows the available energy at each tropic level in a food chain.
3. This pyramid sometimes does not look like a pyramid at all. It may be upright like in a grassland ecosystem partly upright like in forest ecosystem or inverted like in parasitic ecosystem. 3. This pyramid is always upright, as only 10% of energy is transfering from one tropic level to other.

Question 20.
What is ecological efficiency? Write a short notes on Ten per cent law?
Answer:
Ecological efficiency: The ratio between energy flows at different tropic levels along the food chain expressed as percentage is called “ecological efficiency”.
Ten per cent law:

  1. The amount of energy transferred decreases with successive tropic levels.
  2. Slobodkin (1959) suggested that the transfer of energy from one tropic level to the next is of the order of 10% and this is called “Gross ecological efficiency”.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 21.
Geetha said “a given species may occupy more than one tropic level in the same ecosystem at the same time”. Do you support her or not? Explain your answer with example.
Answer:
I support her for the following reason.

  1. A snake eating a mouse in a field or lawn occupies the third tropic level.
    Plant → Mouse → Snake
  2. When the snake eats a frog in the same field, it occupies the fourth tropic level in a food chain. It is because the frog feed on some of the insects that depend on the plants.
    Plant → Insect → Frog → Snake
  3. Thus, a given species may occupy more than one tropic level in the same ecosystem at the same time.
  4. This is to satisfy its food needs, as it cannot do so by occupying one tropic level.

Question 22.
If we introduce a man into a forest ecosystem, at which level of food chain we will place him? Explain your answer.
Answer:

  1. If we introduce a man into a forest ecosystem, he can fit for any level of consumers of food chain.
  2. He may feed on plant parts such as fruits. Then we can place him at primary consumer level.
    Plant → Man
  3. He may feed on some of the herbivorous organisms such as rabbit, then we can place him at secondary consumers level.
    Plant → Rabbit → Man
  4. He may also feed on some of the carnivorous organisms such as insectivorous birds then we can place him at tertiary consumers level.
    Plant → Insect → Bird → Man
  5. This is possible to place him at any level of consumers, as he is an omnivore, who feed on both plant originated and animal originated foods.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 23.
Draw the ecological pyramids for the given food chain.
Banyan Tree → Herbivorous birds → Carnivorous birds.
Answer:
1) Pyramid of number
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 14
2) Pyramid of biomass
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 15
3) Pyramid of energy
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 16

Question 24.
Write briefly about Minamata disease.
Answer:

  1. Minamata disease was first discovered in Minamata city in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, in 1956.
  2. It was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial waste water from the Chisso corporation’s chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968.
  3. This highly toxic chemical bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in Minimata Bay and the Shiranui Sea, which, when eaten by the local populace, resulted in mercury poisoning.
  4. While cat, dog, pig and humans death continued for 36 years.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 25.
What are trophic levels? Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
Answer:

  1. Trophic levels is the feeding position in a food chain.
  2. It is the functional level occupied by an organism in a food chain.
  3. Examples of trophic levels include ‘herbivores’ and ‘decomposers’
  4. An example of food chain depicting various trophic levels is as follows:
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 17

Question 26.
What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem? (OR)
How decomposers help in cleaning the environment?
Answer:

  1. If the decomposers are not present in an ecosystem the remains of the other organisms accumulate.
  2. Eventually the world would run out of carbon dioxide or nitrate or phosphate or other inorganisms material essential for life.
  3. The decomposers breakdown the organic waste products and dead remains of organisms into the inorganic substances needed by the producers.
  4. Most decomposition is carried out by saprophytic fungi, by bacteria and by invertebrates.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

10th Class Biology 9th Lesson Our Environment 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prepare some slogans about ‘Vanam – Manam’ programme to display in your school rally?
Answer:

  1. Save paper – Save trees
  2. Plant a tree – Plant a life
  3. Saving trees is our duty
  4. Think green – Go green
  5. If we protect plants – they protects us
  6. Conserve plants – Conserve life
  7. Plant a tree – get the air free
  8. Plant a tree – Reduce the pollution.
  9. Tree on – Global warming gone.
  10. If cut a tree – It kills a life.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 2.
Read the information about Kolleru lake in the given table and answer the following questions.

Classes Area in 1967 (Km2) Area In 2004 (Km2)
Lake-water spread area 70.70 62.65
Lake with sparse weed 0 47.45
Lake with dense weed 0 15.20
Lake-liable to flood in rainy season 100.97 0
Aquaculture ponds 0 99.74
Rice fields 8.40 16.62
Encroachment 0.31 1.37
Total 180.38 180.38

a) In which year, lake water spread area is more?
b) Why do you think weeds are more in the lake?
c) Guess the reasons for decrease in the lake area.
d) What measures are to be taken to control pollution in the lake?
Answer:
a) In the year 1967
b) Addition of excessive nutrients from aquaculture ponds and rice fields.
c) Aquaculture ponds, Ricefields and Encroachment are the reasons for decrease in lake area.
d) Anthropogenic activities are to be controlled in the lake catchment area. (Or)
Fish ponds are to be removed in the lake catchment area. (Or)
Agricultural practices in the lake area should be minimised as per the norms of government.

Question 3.
Observe the following pyramid of biomass and answer the following questions.
a) This pyramid shows a decrease in the biomass as we move up, why the biomass is decreasing?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 18The pyramid of biomass for the given food chain, at each step 90% of the food is lost. That means 1000 kg of phytoplankton to produce 100 kg of Zooplankton to form 10 kg of fish to produce 1kg of human tissues. The fewer the steps in the food chain the more energy will be for the species at the top.

b) Give some examples of producers and primary consumers.
Answer:
Examples for producers: Plants, Grass, Diatoms.
Examples for primary consumers: Grasshopper, Rabbit, Deer,

c) Where do producers get the energy from?
Answer:
From the sun.

d) How much biomass is lost at each step?
Answer:
90%

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 4.
Observe the following diagram and answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 4i) Name the primary producers in the given food web.
ii) Prepare any one food – chain from the diagram.
iii) What are the tertiary consumers?
iv) Write names of any two herbivores.
Answer:
i) Plants, Grass, Trees Phytoplanktons etc.
ii) Grass → Rabbit → Fox → Tiger
iii) Tiger, Vulture, Crane, Owl, Peacock etc.
(OR)
The animals which are at 4th trophic level in a food chain are called as Tertiary Consumers.
iv) Rabbit, Deer, Goat, Cow

Question 5.
What is number pyramid? What does it indicate?
Answer:

  1. The number of organisms in a food chain can be represented graphically in a pyramid of number.
  2. Each bar represents the number of individuals at each tropic level in a food chain.
  3. At each link in a food chain, from the first order consumers to the large carnivores, there is normally an increase in size but decrease in number.
  4. For example in a wood, the aphids are very small and occur in astronomical numbers.
  5. The lady birds which feed on them are distinctly larger and not so numerous.
  6. The insectivorous birds which feed on the lady birds are larger still and are only present in a small number and there may only be a single pair of hawks of much larger size than the insectivorous birds on which they prey.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 6.
Draw the diagram of number pyramid keeping foxes as third consumers. What are the consequences if their number increases?
Answer:

  1. If the number of foxes increases, then the competition for food will be very severe and less amount of food will be available for them.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 19
  2. As a result some of the foxes may not get enough food and die due to starvation.
  3. This reduces the population of foxes and very few foxes will be left in the forest.
  4. This increases the chances of survival of secondary consumers birds, hence their number increases.
  5. This increases the availability of food for foxes. Very soon a balance will be established between the number of secondary consumers and foxes.

Question 7.
What reasons are responsible for decrease in number of top carnivores and biomass starting production in a food chain?
(OR)
Why the number of organisms get decreased as we move from producers to consumer levels?
Answer:

  1. In a food chain as we move from producers to different levels of consumers the energy available will decrease gradually.
  2. Only ten percent of the energy present in one tropic level transfer to another tropic level.
  3. Biomass also decreases gradually as only 10 – 20% of the biomass is transferred from one tropic level to the next in a food chain.
  4. As there is less energy of less biomass available at top levels, number of organisms also less generally.
  5. So the number of organisms get decreased as we move from producers to different level of consumer.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 8.
Show food chain of different organisms, number of pyramid of your school.
Answer:
Food chain of different organisms in our school:
Plant → aphids → spiders thirds.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 20

  1. The pyramid of organisms in a food chain can be represented graphically in a pyramid of number.
  2. Each bar represents the number of individuals at each tropic level in a food chain.
  3. At each link in a food chain, from the first order consumers to the large carnivores, there is normally an increase in size, but decrease in number.

Question 9.
What determines the terrestrial ecosystems on the earth?
Answer:

  1. The terrestrial ecosystems on the earth are being determined largely by the variations in climatic conditions between the poles and equator.
  2. The main climatic influences which determine these ecosystems are rainfall, temperature and availability of light from the sun.
  3. For instance, forests are usually associated with high rainfall, but the type Is influenced by temperature and light.
  4. The same applies to deserts which occur in regions where rainfall is extremely low.
  5. Thus, the climatic conditions along the horizontal climatic regions determined the terrestrial ecosystems on the earth.
  6. If we move from equatorial region to the polar region, we can come across tropical rain forests, savannah, deciduous forest, coniferous forests and then tundras respectively.
  7. Similarly altitude of the place is also a determining factor.
  8. If we climb a mountain such as Kilimanjaro in equatorial Africa, we can go through a comparable system of ecosystems, starting with tropical rain forest at the base and ending with perpetual snow and ice at the summit.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 10.
“All the energy in the ecosystem is ultimately derived from sunlight.” Justify.
Answer:

  1. All the organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food.
  2. The food by its nature is the chemical energy and by in its stored form, it is the potential energy.
  3. In an ecosystem, all the consumers at any level depend upon producers for their food either directly or indirectly.
  4. The producers in any ecosystem are nothing but photosynthetic organisms such as plants, phytoplanktons and photosynthetic bacteria.
  5. Energy enters the producers in the ecosystem from the sun in the form of solar energy during photosynthesis.
  6. From the producers, the chemical energy passes to the consumers from one tropic level to the next through food.
  7. For example, in a grassland ecosystem, grass traps the solar energy and stores in its body.
  8. When this grass is eaten and assimilated by insects this stored energy enters into the body of insects.
  9. From the insects it will pass to frog, from them to snake and so on to eagle.
  10. Thus, all the energy in the ecosystem is ultimately derived from sunlight.

Question 11.
What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
Answer:

  1. The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next trophic level is known as Biomagnification.
  2. Plants absorb pesticides, heavy metals from the soil.
  3. The primary consumers when eat these plants the remaining of pesticides and heavy metals enter their bodies.
  4. As these chemicals are not degradable, they accumulate in the bodies of organisms of all trophic levels in the food chain.
  5. Most of the plants products which we eat are grown in fields in which pesticides and fertilisers have been used.
  6. These are absorbed by the plants and cannot be removed by washing or other means.
  7. Human beings are at the top level of the food chain these chemicals get accumulated in our bodies and cause various disorders.
  8. Levels of biological magnification would increase as the trophic level increases.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 12.
Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels ? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
Answer:

  1. If we remove producers from ecosystem, herbivores will not survive and the entire ecosystem collapse.
  2. Removing herbivores result in increase number of producers and carnivores would not get food.
  3. Removing carnivores result in increase of herbivores to unsustainable levels.
  4. If we remove decomposers from ecosystem waste material and animal dead remains would pile up and nutrients would not be available to the producers.
  5. Some or the other damage would be caused to the ecosystem if the organisms of any trophic level is removed.
  6. However impact of removing producers or decomposers would be serve as the whole ecosystem would collapse.
  7. Without plants sun’s energy cannot be converted to chemical energy which is the basis of life on earth.
  8. Without decomposers the nutrients cannot be recycled and made available to producers.

Question 13.
Every organism has got the right to live on this planet. Write slogans to motivate the people on preservation of biodiversity.
Answer:

  1. Live and let live.
  2. Conserve nature – conserve life.
  3. Clean the environment, live happily.
  4. Think eco-friendly and live eco-friendly.
  5. If we protect the environment, it protect us.
  6. Reduce pollution – conserve the biodiversity.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 14.
Write some friendly ecosystem activities you will conduct in your school.
Answer:

  1. Forming eco-clubs: These clubs consists of student representatives from each class. They will take up the eco-friendly activities and encourage the people of that village to follow environment friendly activities.
  2. Setting up garden at school: This ensures the school and its premises green through planting of flowering plants, vegetables and fruit trees. It is a symbol of biodiversity because various plants and animals inhabit the garden.
  3. Electricity conservation programme: To save energy the school implements certain hours to be switched off habit. This switching off programme for one hour from 3.30 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. help conserve electricity in every classroom.
  4. Pollution prevention programme: A ‘no burning of trash policy should be implemented in the school. Waste materials are recycled and properly disposed to ensure a clean, waste-free environment.
  5. Making compost by organic wastes: By digging a pit at one corner of the school and throwing the organic waste particularly of mid day meal waste into pit and covering with soil layers prepares compost which can be used as manure for plants. This creates a clean environment in the school.
  6. Using cloth bags instead of polythene bags by pupil.
  7. Collection of solid waste materials and proper management of its helps in reducing soil pollution.
  8. Children should be encouraged to follow ‘3R’ system i.e. Reduce, Re use and Recycle different substances.

Question 15.
What is Ecological pyramid? Describe different types of Ecological pyramids.
Answer:

  1. The graphical representation of the feeding level structure of an ecosystem by taking the shape of a pyramid is called ecological pyramid.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment 9
  2. There are three types of ecological pyramids. They are
    1) Pyramid of number, 2) Pyramid of biomass and 3) Pyramid of energy.
  3. Pyramid of number is a graphical representation designed to show the number of organisms at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.
  4. The shape of this pyramid varies from ecosystem to ecosystem.
  5. In forest ecosystem the pyramid structure is partly upright and in parasitic food chain is inverted.
  6. Pyramid of biomass is a graphical representation designed to show the quantity of living matter (bio mass) at each trophic level in a given ecosystem.
  7. In terrestrial ecosystems, the biomass progressively decreases from producers to top carnivores hence the pyramid structure is upright whereas in aquatic ecosystem it is inverted.
  8. Pyramid of energy is a graphical representation designed to show the quantity of energy present at each tropic level in a given ecosystem. The pyramid of energy is always upright.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 16.
Collect information regarding pesticides commonly used in your area and prepare a chart showing pesticide and common name and on which crop and pest it is commonly used.
Answer:

S.No. Pesticide Crop
1. Imidaclopriol Cotton, Chillies Aphid, White fly, Jassids, Thrips
Paddy BPH, WBPH, GWT
2. Triazophos Cotton Bollworm
Paddy Leaf folder, Green leaf hopper, Hispa
3. Chlorpyriphos Paddy Leaf roller, Hispa gall midge, Stem borer, Whorl maggot
Cotton Aphid, Bollworm, White fly
4. Monocrotophos Paddy Brown plant hopper, Green leaf hopper, Leaf roller, Yellow stem borer
Maize Bengal gram Green gram Black gram Shoot fly Pod borer
Sugarcane Early shoot borer, Mealy bug
Cotton Oil seeds Vegetables Insects
5. Acephate Cotton Jassid, Bollworms
Sunflower Aphids
6. Dichlorvos Paddy Leaf roller
Sugarcane Pyrilla
Oil seeds, Vegetables Insect pests
7. Acetamiprid Cotton Aphids, Jassids, White flies

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Our Environment

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is the apparatus used in your class, while performing the demonstration of peristaltic movement in Oesophagus?
Answer:
a) A piece of waste cycle tube.
b) Oil for lubrication.
c) Potatoes.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 3.
You have conducted an experiment to prove that HC1 secreted in our stomach, does not harm walls of the stomach. Write the apparatus used in that experiment.
Answer:
Apparatus: Green leaves, petroleum jelly, weak acid.

Question 4.
What will happen, if there is no diaphragm in the human body?
Answer:

  1. Diaphragm flattens during inhalation, thus increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
  2. If the diaphragm is absent the inhalation and exhalation become very difficult in human beings.

Question 5.
What happens if the direction of peristalsis is not reversed in animal like cow?
Answer:
If the direction of peristalsis is not reversed (rumination is not done) in animal like cow, the food will not be masticated in the mouth and fermentation of the food with the micro-organisms in the stomach will not be taken place.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 6.
What happens if there is no mucus in the Oesophagus?
Answer:

  1. The walls of the food pipe secrete a slippery substance called mucus.
  2. Mucus lubricates and protects the oesophageal walls from damage.
  3. This helps the food bolus to slide down easily in the tube.
  4. If there is no mucus, lubrication will not occur for the food bolus to slide and walls get damage.

Question 7.
Which part of small intestine absorbs digested food?
Answer:
Microvilli/villi.

Question 8.
Name the chemical which is used to test the action of saliva on flour (ata).
Answer:
Iodine Solution.

Question 9.
What happens, if there is no peristaltic movement in Oesophagus?
Answer:

  1. The food won’t slidedown in the oesophagus.
  2. The digestion of food won’t takes place in the stomach and small intestine.

Question 10.
Number of Neurons present in enteric Nervous System?
Answer:
Number of neurons present in enteric nervous system are 100 millions.

Question 11.
Why do every life process is dependent on other life process?
Answer:
Every life process is dependent on other life process to keep the body in good condition.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 12.
Which life process generally maintain the level of different substances in the blood?
Answer:
The life process that maintain the level of different substances in the blood is digestive system.

Question 13.
When do we feel hunger pangs in stomach?
Answer:
When the level of glucose in the blood falls we feel hunger pangs in stomach.

Question 14.
Which hormone is responsible for hunger pangs in stomach?
Answer:
Ghrelin hormone is responsible for hunger pangs in stomach.

Question 15.
The hormone ghrelin is secreted by?
Answer:
The hormone ghrelin is secreted by certain cells in the wall of the stomach.

Question 16.
Which one plays an important role in carrying hunger signals to brain?
Answer:
The diencephalon in fore brain and vagus nerve which is 10th cranial nerve plays an important role in carrying hunger pangs.

Question 17.
How much time does the hunger pangs continue?
Answer:
The hunger pangs continue up to 30 to 45 minutes.

Question 18.
Increase in ghrelin levels results in?
Answer:
Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 19.
Which hormone suppresses hunger?
Answer:
Hormone leptin suppresses hunger.

Question 20.
Which senses enhance our perceptions of the food we eat?
Answer:
Interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our perceptions of the food we eat.

Question 21.
What are the different types of papillae present on the tongue?
Answer:
The different types of papillae present on the tongue are filiform papillae, fungiform papillae, foliate papillae and circumvallate papillae.

Question 22.
When do you identify the taste easily?
Answer:
Taste can be identified easily by me when the tongue is pressed against the pallate.

Question 23.
Who conducted experiments on conditioned reflexes?
Answer:
Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov has conducted experiments on conditioned reflexes and found that even the thought of food will water our mouth.

Question 24.
Name the different sets of teeth present in your mouth.
Answer:
The different sets of teeth present in human beings is incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

Question 25.
Write the number of different sets of teeth in human Beings.
Answer:
The number of different sets of teeth in human beings are incisors – 8, canines – 4, premolars – 8, molars -12.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 26.
What is mastication?
Answer:
Grinding, chewing and shredding of food in the mouth by teeth is called mastication.

Question 27.
Which cranial nerve controls the movement of a muscle in the jaw?
Answer:
The fifth cranial nerve (Trigeminal nerve) controls the movement of muscles in the jaw.

Question 28.
What is bolus?
Answer:
Food that is formed due to the mastication in the mouth is called bolus.

Question 29.
What is the function of salivary amylase?
Answer:
The enzyme salivary amylase in the saliva breaks down the large starch molecules into smaller subunits usually into sugars.

Question 30.
The controlling center for swallowing food is present in?
Answer:
The controlling center for swallowing food is present somewhere in the brain stem „ (medulla oblongata and others).

Question 31.
Which medium aids in action of enzyme, salivary amylase?
Answer:
Alkaline medium aids in action of enzyme, salivary amylase.

Question 32.
The pH value of alkaline medium is?
Answer:
The pH value of alkaline medium is above 7.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 33.
The pH value of acidic medium is?
Answer:
The pH value of acidic medium is below 7.

Question 34.
What are nocturnal animals? Give some examples.
Answer:
The animals which are active during nights are called Nocturnal animals.
Ex: Cockroach, rodents, bats etc.

Question 35.
The amount of saliva secreted by human beings per day is?
Answer:
The amount of saliva secreted by human beings per day is 1 to 1.5 liters.

Question 36.
What kind of tube is oesophagus?
Answer:
Oesophagus is muscular and elastic tube.

Question 37.
How does mucus help in passage of food?
Answer:
Mucus lubricates, protects the walls from damage and helps bolus slide down easily to stomach.

Question 38.
What are the two kinds of smooth muscles present in oesophagus?
Answer:
The two kinds of smooth muscles present in oesophagus are the inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer of longitudinal muscles.

Question 39.
What is peristalsis?
Answer:
The involuntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles of oesophagus, stomach and intestine bring in a wave like motion called peristalsis.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 40.
APiich nervous system controls the peristalsis?
Answer:
The involuntary movements peristalsis is under the control of autonomous nervous system.

Question 41.
Which juice is secreted by the wall of stomach?
Answer:
The juice secreted by the wall of stomach is gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, mucus and enzyme pepsin.

Question 42.
What is chyme?
Answer:
The digestive juices turns the food into a smooth substance known as chyme. It is the partially digested food in the stomach.

Question 43.
Rumination in cow is the result of?
Answer:
Rumination in cow is the result of reverse peristalsis.

Question 44.
What is the use of reverse peristalsis in human beings?
Answer:
The use of reverse peristalsis in human beings helps in vomiting, (expelling unwanted substances from the food canal.)

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 45.
How much time does it takes to emptying the food from stomach?
Answer:
Emptying of food from stomach takes nearly 4 to 5 hours.

Question 46.
What causes the stomach to churn and mix the food?
Answer:
Peristalsis causes the stomach to churn and mix the food.

Question 47.
What issthe location of pyloric sphincter? What is its function?
Answer:
Pyloric sphincter present at the opening of stomach and the first part of the small intestine. It releases small quantity of food into the duodenum.

Question 48.
Why should only a small quantity of food be passed from stomach to duodenum?
Answer:
For the complete digestion of the food only a small quantity of food be passed from stomach to duodenum.

Question 49.
What is the nature of the chyme?
Answer:
The nature of the chyme is acidic.

Question 50.
Which hormones in small intestine produced due to the Acidic nature of chyme?
Answer:
Acidic nature of chyme initiates the production of hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin in small intestine.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 51.
Secretin and cholecystokinin stimulates the production of?
Answer:
Secretin and cholecystokinin stimulates the production of pancreatic juice, bile juice and succus entericus from pancreas, liver and walls of intestine respectively.

Question 52.
Which process is involved in absorption of nutrients from food?
Answer:
Selective absorption is involved in absorbing nutrients from food.

Question 53.
Which absorb nutrients from the food in small intestine?
Answer:
Finger-like projections called villi absorb nutrients from the food in small intestine.

Question 54.
Anyone with severe cough and cold cannot make out the difference in tastes of certain food items, when the sense of smell is impaired. Why?
Answer:

  1. The flavour of food is produced with the combination of taste and smell.
  2. The taste or food odour is not individually detected.
  3. The interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our perceptions of the food.

Question 55.
Seventy percent of our immune system is aimed at?
Answer:
Seventy percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut (elementary canal) to expel and kill foreign invaders.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 56.
What is the second brain?
Answer:
The entric nervous system present below the gut or alimentary canal which controls digestion is called second brain.

Question 57.
What is the other name for second brain?
Answer:
The other name for second brain is enteric nervous system.

Question 58.
What is the length of gut or alimentary canal?
Answer:
The length of gut or alimentary canal in man measures about nine meters.

Question 59.
Which part or muscle controls the exit of stool from the body?
Answer:
Anal sphincter controls the exit of stool from the body.

Question 60.
What happens during inhalation?
Answer:
During inhalation oxygen moves across the walls of the alveoli and enters the blood.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 61.
What happens during exhalation?
Answer:
During exhalation, carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the alveoli of the lungs and breathed out.

Question 62.
What would be the path of salt removal from gut to the outside of our body?
Answer:
Salt is removed via blood through the kidneys, skin from our body.

Question 63.
Respiration in human beings is controlled by?
Answer:
Respiration in human beings is controlled by medulla oblongata of the autonomous nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 64.
For oxidation of food and transport of substance which processes are to be coordinated?
Answer:
Respiration and blood circulations are to be coordinated for oxidation of food and transport of substances.

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The mere smell or sight of food stimulates hunger. Describe the process in a flow chart.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 1

Question 2.
What happens if salivary ducts are closed?
Answer:

  1. Salivary glands secrete saliva. Saliva contains mucin and ptyalin or salivary amylase.
  2. Mucin gives lubrication to the bolus so that we can easily swallow the food.
  3. Ptyalin or salivary amylase digest the complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.
  4. If salivary ducts are closed the above processess don’t occur. So that food is not digested properly.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 3.
“It is believed that the Diencephalon in fore-brain and vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) plays an important role in carrying hunger signals to the brain. Hunger pangs continue upto 30-45 minutes. Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume minutes. Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.
Read above content and prepare any two questions.
Answer:

  1. What are the nerves involved in carrying hunger signals?
  2. How long hunger pangs continue?
  3. Which part of the brain is the centre for hunger pangs?
  4. Which chemical substance is responsible for motivating to consume food?
  5. What are the hormones related to hunger?

Question 4.
What will happen, if the small intestine is not like a long coiled tube?
Answer:

  1. If size and shape of small intestine is like oesophagus the height of the person should be more than 22 feet as the length of the small intestine is about 22 feet. So it will not fit in the human body.
  2. Food will not be digested completely.
  3. Digested food will not be absorbed effectively.
  4. The food taken into the body is expelled out only after completing partial digestion in stomach.
  5. The body suffers from starvation of nutrients.

Question 5.
What did you observe in acid and leaf experiment ? What did you have understand regarding human digestive system from this? (OR)
Take two similar green leaves. Apply grease on one leaf and leave the other free. Add 1 or 2 drops of acid on each leaf. What kind of change do you observe from this?
Answer:

  1. The leaf to which grease is applied is not effected with the acid.
  2. The leaf to which grease is not applied is effected.
  3. From the above activity we can conclude that mucus secreted by the walls of stomach protect it from the harmful effects of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 6.
Identify the diagram and write two functions of it.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 2Answer:
This diagram is Liver.
Liver – Functions:

  1. Breakdown of larger fats into small globules/emulsification of fats.
  2. It excretes Bile salts, cholesterol steroid, hormones, extra drugs, vitamins and alkaline salts through urine.

Question 7.
What will happen if Islets of langerhans fail to function?
Answer:

  1. Insulin may not be produced.
  2. Human may suffer from sugar/diabetes.
  3. Sugar level increases in blood.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 8.
What may happen if villi are absent in small intestine?
Answer:

  1. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption when food passes through it. If villi are absent, food will not be digested completely.
  2. Digested food will not be absorbed effectively.
  3. The food taken into the body is expelled out only after completing partial absorption in the small intestine.
  4. The body will suffer from starvation of nutrients.

Question 9.
Draw the diagram showing peristaltic movement. Write the names of the parts responsible for it.
Answer:
a) Mucus lubricates and protects the walls of oesophagus.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 3b) Circular muscles and longitudinal muscles of oesophagus help in the movement of food ‘bolus’.
c) Peristalsis is under the control of Autonomous nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 10.
How do we know the taste of the food material? (OR)
What helps us in tasting food material?
Answer:

  1. On the tongue different types of papillae are present to sense different tastes.
  2. If we want to taste the food material, the food should be dissolved in saliva.
  3. We can taste the food that is in the form of liquid only.
  4. Only after the dissolved food enters into the cup like taste buds (papillae), the sense of taste is carried to the brain for analysis.
  5. Then only we will know the taste of the food material.

Question 11.
Write a short note on digestion of food in mouth.
(OR)
How food is digested in the mouth?
Answer:

  1. Saliva is secreted by the action of autonomous nervous system in the mouth.
  2. Saliva moistens the food to make chewing and swallowing easier.
  3. Due to the mastication of food in the mouth it forms a slurry mass called bolus.
  4. The enzyme salivary amylase in the saliva breaks down the large starch molecules into smaller subunits usually into sugars of maltose and dextrose.
  5. It is easier and convenient to swallow food after mastication in the mouth.

Question 12.
Why do we salivate during a nap of daytime?
Answer:

  1. We are diurnal animals, we are active during daytime and take rest at night.
  2. Ail the systems of our body are active in function during the daytime of our activity. Hence, man is a diurnal animal.
  3. Our digestive system is also active and ready to receive the food for digestion.
  4. If we sleep during daytime saliva oozes out of our mouth and wets the pillows.
  5. This will not happen during night time.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 13.
Write a brief account on travel of food through oesophagus.
(OR)
How food travels in the oesophagus?
Answer:

  1. Oesophagus is a tube like structure.
  2. the wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles.
  3. The inner layer consisting of circular muscles and the outer layer with longitudinal muscles.
  4. Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of the oesophagus just behind the bolus. So the food is squeezed downwards.
  5. Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widen the tube, this results in shortening of that particular part of the oesophagus.
  6. Contraction and relaxation of these muscles bring in a wave like motion that propels the food bolus into the stomach by ‘peristalsis’.

Question 14.
The digestive tract is unique among internal organs. Write few lines by supporting this statement.
Answer:

  1. The digestive tract is unique among internal organs because it is exposed to a large variety of physio chemical stimuli from the external world in the form of ingested food.
  2. As a consequence, the intestine has developed a rich store of coordinated movements of its muscular apparatus along with neural apparatus to ensure the appropriate mixing and propulsion of contents during digestion, absorption and excretion.
  3. The neural apparatus of our digestive tract comprises of such a vast and complicated network of neurons that it has been nicknamed by scientists as the second brain.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 15.
How taste is identified by us? (OR) How can we identify taste?
Answer:

  1. Any food substance when placed on the tongue gets dissolved in the saliva secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.
  2. When the tongue is pressed against the palate the food substance is pressed against the opening of the taste bud letting it to reach the taste cells and triggering taste signals.
  3. Finally the taste is recognized in the brain.

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give reasons:
A) Hunger generating signals reach the brain when stomach gets empty.
Answer:
Ghrelin is secreted from walls of the stomach.
B) When your stomach is filled with full of food, you feel you don’t need food any more.
Answer:
Leptin Hormone is secreted which suppresses hunger.
C) In severe cold and cough, one cannot feel the taste of the food.
Answer:
During cold olfactory receptors are blocked.
D) We cannot identify the taste of a grape fruit, when it is placed on the tongue.
Answer:
We cannot taste the grapes because it is not in the liquid state.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 2.
A) What is the function of peristalsis in these parts of Human digestive system?
a) Oesophagus
b) Stomach
c) Small intestine
d) Large intestine
Answer:
a) Oesophagus: Bolus moves towards the stomach.
b) Stomach : Peristalsis helps in storing food, breaking down food, mixing the food with gastric juice.
c) Small intestine : Peristalsis helps in mixing the chyme with digestive juices.
d) Large intestine: Peristalsis helps to propel undigested material into rectum.

Question 3.
Observe the following schematic diagram and answer the following questions:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 6
i) What do you call the wave like movements shown by the muscles of Oesophagus?
Answer:
Peristalsis.

ii) What is the structure of Oesophagus?
Answer:
Long tube like structure.

iii) How does mucus help in passage of food?
Answer:
Mucus helps the food to slide down easily.

iv) Which parts of alimentary canal are connected by the Oesophagus?
Answer:
Pharynx and stomach.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 4.
What is peristaltic movement? Compare the similarity of bolus movement in oesophagus with cycle tube and potato experiment which you have conducted in school.
Answer:
Peristalsis: Contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles bring in a wave – like motion that propels the food bolus into the stomach from oesophagus by the action called as peristalsis.
Experiment:
Aim: Making a model of oesophagus to observe how bolus moves forward.
Material required: Potatoes, cycle tube lubricate oil.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 5Procedure:

  1. Take a piece of waste cycle tube and insert one or two potatoes into it.
  2. Lubricate the inner side of the tube with oil.
  3. In the same way smear oil over potatoes.
  4. Insert oil coated potatoes in the tube. Potatoes in cycle tube
  5. Now try to push the potatoes by squeezing the tube from behind the potato.

Observation: Oil acted as lubricant to push the potato easily in the forward direction. Conclusion: The muscles in the wall of the oesophagus have bring in a wave like movement due to contraction and relaxation, that propels the food bolus into the stomach.
This action is called as peristalsis.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 5.
Write the procedure involved in the acid and leaf experiment to understand the concept “how the stomach gets protected from its own acid secretions”. Compare the observations with the changes that takes place in human digestive system.
Answer:

  1. Take two similar green leaves.
  2. Grease one leaf with petroleum jelly, leave the other free.
  3. Add 1 or 2 drops of some weak acids on both the leaves.
  4. Observe them after half-an-hour or so and write your observations.
  5. The leaf to which petroleum jelly was not applied effected by the acid.
  6. We observe the colour of the leaf changes.
  7. The other leaf was not affected by the acid because of petroleum jelly.
    From the above activity we can conclude that mucus secreted by the walls of stomach protects the stomach it from the harmful effects of hydrochloric acid.

Question 6.
Vasu is doing experiment, lab activities in his classroom. He is tired due to hungry. How hungry feeling occurs? How will one know?
Answer:

  1. Levels of different substances are generally maintained in the blood mainly by our digestive system.
  2. One of the major substance is glucose.
  3. When its levels in the blood fall, we get hunger pangs in stomach.
  4. Ghrelin is secreted from the certain cells in the wall of the stomach.
  5. Hunger contractions (hunger pangs) start to occur in the stomach due to the secretion of Ghrelin hormone.
  6. Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume

Question 7.
What is peristaltic movement? Explain the food movement in alimentary canal comparing with the experiment of moving potatoes in cycle tube.
Answer:
Peristaltic movement is the contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the digestive system. The movement of food through food pipe is known as peristaltic movement.
Food movement in alimentary canal:

  1. The walls of the food pipe secrete a slippery substance called mucus. Mucus lubricates and protects the oesophageal walls from damage.
  2. This helps the food bolus to slide down easily just as the oiled potatoes that move in the tube. Oil acts as lubricant and push the potatoes easily in the forward direction.
  3. The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles. The inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer of longitudinal muscles.
  4. Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of the oesophagus just behind the bolus.
  5. So the food is squeezed downwards.
  6. Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widen the tube, this results in shortening of that particular part of the oesophagus.
  7. Contraction and relaxation of these muscles bring in wave like motion that propels the food bolus into the stomach by the action called as peristalsis.
  8. This is involuntary and under the control of autonomous nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 8.
Write briefly about the functional and structural aspects of oesophagus in human beings.
Answer:

  1. Oesophagus is a long muscular and elastic tube-like part of the digestive system which lies between pharynx and stomach.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 6
  2. The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles.
  3. The inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer of longitudinal muscles.
  4. The walls of the oesophagus secrete mucus, a slimy substance which helps in the easy movement of food into the stomach.
  5. Walls of oesophagus carry on wave-like movement by contraction and relaxation. These movements are known as peristalsis.
  6. Due to the peristalsis movements food passes from oesophagus into stomach.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 9.
Explain briefly about the structure of stomach. (OR)
What is the role of stomach in digestion of food ?
Answer:

  1. Our stomach is not a bag with specific volume. It is a like a pouch which is elastic in nature.
  2. The size of the stomach increases based on the food we intake.
  3. Digestive juices are produced depending on the quantity of food material.
  4. The walls of the stomach secrete juice containing hydrochloric acid.
  5. Mucus secreted by some cells in the walls of the stomach form a thin lining on the walls of the stomach. This counters the action of acid.
  6. The food is thoroughly mixed with the digestive juices by peristaltic movements of muscles in stomach.
  7. The digestive juices of the stomach turns food into a smooth liquid mass called chyme.

Question 10.
Draw peristaltic movement of food in stomach. Describe movement of food in stomach.
Answer:

  1. The stomach acts like a washing machine, churning the food around to break it into even smaller pieces.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 7
  2. Mechanical mixing of food in stomach occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall.
  3. The contractions of the stomach muscles squeeze and mix the food with the acids and juices of the stomach.
  4. The digestive juices turns the food into smooth paste like substance called chyme.
  5. As the process of digestion in the stomach nears completion, the contractions of the stomach decrease.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 11.
Describe with diagram how villi are helpful in absorption of digested food in small intestine.
(OR)
How digested food is absorbed in small intestine?
Answer:

  1. The small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food.
  2. The inner surface of the small intestine contains thousands of finger like projections called Villi.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 8
  3. These villi increase the surface area;so that the food retained in the folds can remain longer thereby enhancing absorption.
  4. Blood vessels and lymph vessels are present in the form of a network in the villi.
  5. Products of digestion are absorbed first into the villi and from there into the blood vessels and lymph vessels.

Question 12.
Write about the experiment conducted by Ivan Pavlov on conditioned reflex.
Answer:

  1. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist conducted experiments on conditioned reflexes.
  2. He discovered that dogs produced extra saliva when they were offered food.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 9
  3. Pavlov noticed, that they also did the same when the person who fed them came into the room, even if the person had not brought any food.
  4. Pavlov went on to ring a bell at the start of feeding time, and eventually the dogs produced extra saliva when they heard the bell, before any food was brought.
  5. A dog salivating when it hears a bell is not a natural response.
  6. They would not do this without being conditioned to do so.
  7. The behaviour has been learned. It is called a conditioned response.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 13.
Explain the process of exit of waste materials from large intestine.
Answer:

  1. When the unwanted waste material reach the large intestine, the peristaltic waves move the stool into the rectum.
  2. Water gets reabsorbed and the remaining waste usually hard mass that gets stored in the last part of the large intestine i.e., rectum.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 10
  3. There are two muscular layers helping the exit of stools.
  4. One that is under involuntary control and the other is under voluntary control.
  5. The muscular structures helps in opening and closing of the aperture of a canal is called sphincter.
  6. Anal sphincter controls the process of exit of waste materials from large intestine.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 5th Lesson Coordination

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Plants respond to stimuli.” During a project work on it, from which plants do you collect information and record it?
Answer:
a) Mimosa Pudica (Touch me not plant) b) Sunflower c) Cucumber d) Bittergourd

Question 2.
Write two points about insulin from the information you collected from internet. (OR)
Write two sentences about insulin hormone using the data collected from your school library.
Answer:

  1. Insulin is secreted by islets of longerhans of pancreas gland.
  2. Deficiency of insulin results in diabetis mellitus.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 3.
You have performed the activity of Seed Germination in a glass jar in your school lab. You might have observed the growth of shoot and root. What information did you record regarding the shoot growth after a week if the glass jar is tilted and plant kept horizontally.
Answer:

  1. More auxins collects on light falling side of the stem.
  2. Cells on that side grow faster and make the stem bends towards light due to phototropism.

Question 4.
Write the functions of Spinal-cord from the information collected from your school library and from internet.
Answer:

  1. Carries the information to the brain from the lower parts of the body.
  2. It carries the information from brain to body parts.
  3. It plays a key role in the reflex actions.
  4. It acts as relay centre.

Question 5.
Where do we find Cerebro-spinal fluid? Mention one of its functions.
Answer:
The space between the inner layers of brain is filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It serves as a shock-absorbing medium and protects the brain against shocks, jerks along with the meninges and cranium.

Question 6.
Mention at least one activity done at school to show involuntary reflexes.
Answer:
Knee-jerk.

Question 7.
Write the name of the nerve given in the following diagram and write its function.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 1Answer:
The given diagram is the sensory Neuron. They are also called Afferent nerves.
Function: They carry messages towards central nervous system (Brain or spinal cord) from nerve endings on the muscles of different sense organs, that sense the change in surroundings.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 8.
Identify the given part in the diagram and write its use.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 2Answer:
i) Synapse.
ii) It is a functional region of contact between two neurons where infromation from one neuron is transmitted to another neuron.

Question 9.
Name the part of the brain that maintains the equilibrium.
Answer:
The part of the brain that maintains the equilibrium is cerebellum.

Question 10.
Who discovered the first plant hormone auxin?
Answer:
The first plant hormone auxin was discovered by F.W. Went.

Question 11.
What was the belief of Greeks?
Answer:
The Greeks believed that all functions of the body were controlled by the brain, since damage to that organ produced remarkable changes in behaviour.

Question 12.
How many types of nerves are present in human body? What are they?
Answer:
Nerves are classified mainly into three types.

  1. Afferent neurons
  2. Efferent neurons
  3. Association neurons.

Question 13.
What are Afferent neurons?
Answer:
Afferent neurons: Nerves which carry messages towards the central nervous system (Spinal cord or brain) from sense organs are called afferent neurons. These are also called sensory nerves.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 14.
What are efferent neurons or nerves?
Answer:
Efferent neurons: Nerves which carry messages from the central nervous system to parts that shall carry out the response are called efferent neurons. They are also called as motor nerves.

Question 15.
What are association nerves?
Answer:
The nerves, which link together the afferent and efferent nerves are called association nerves.

Question 16.
What is stimulus?
Answer:
Stimulus is a thing or event that causes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue.

Question 17.
What is response?
Answer:
Response is a effect of a change in the environment of the organism or signals of change or stimuli.

Question 18.
What does rapidity of response indicate?
Answer:
Rapidity of response indicates an efficient communication system linking those parts that pick up stimuli to those that trigger a response.

Question 19.
How are responses bring about?
Answer:
Responses are brought about by rapid changes in some muscle.

Question 20.
According to Galen a Greek physiologist how many kinds of nerves are present in body?
Answer:
According to Galen, nerves are of two kinds. They are 1) for sensation and 2) for action.

Question 21.
What are the major parts of neuron?
Answer:
The major parts of neuron are cell body or cyton, dendrites and axon.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 22.
What are the two types of projections that extend from cell body?
Answer:
The two types of projections that extend from cell body are dendrites and axon.

Question 23.
What is synapse?
Answer:
Synapse is the functional region of contact between two neurons.

Question 24.
Synapses are mainly found in?
Answer:
Synapses are mainly found in the brain, spinal cord and around the spinal cord.

Question 25.
What are reflexes?
Answer:
The responses to a stimulus on which we do not have control are called reflexes or reflex action.

Question 26.
What is the importance of reflex action?
Answer:
Reflex action save us from painful or dangerous stimuli.

Question 27.
How many types does the nervous system is divided?
Answer:
Nervous system is divided into two types. They are central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Question 28.
What are the parts of central nervous system?
Answer:
The parts of the central nervous system are brain and spinal cord.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 29.
What are the three major divisions in brain?
Answer:

  1. Forebrain
  2. Mid brain and
  3. Hind brain.

Question 30.
What are the parts present in fore brain?
Answer:
The parts present in fore brain are cerebrum and diencephalon.

Question 31.
What are cranial nerves? How many cranial nerves are present?
Answer:
Nerves originate from brain are called cranial nerves. 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from brain.

Question 32.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are present?
Answer:
31 pairs of spinal nerves are present.

Question 33.
Which is called peripheral nervous system?
Answer:
Peripheral nervous system consists of nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord. 12 pairs of cranial nerves from brain and 31 pairs of spiral nerves from spinal card together called peripheral nervous system.

Question 34.
What is autonomous nervous system?
Answer:
The peripheral nervous system that controls the involuntary actions of the body is called autonomous nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 35.
What are the systems involved in control and coordination in animals?
Answer:
The systems involved in control and coordination in animals are nervous system and endocrine system.

Question 36.
The hormone insulin is secreted by?
Answer:
The hormone insulin is secreted by Islets of Langerhans of pancreas gland.

Question 37.
Give examples for endocrine glands.
Answer:
The examples for endocrine glands are pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal, hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, testes and ovaries.

Question 38.
The nervous system that regulates heart beat, breathing, etc., is?
Answer:
The nervous system that regulates heart beat, breathing etc., is autonomous nervous system.

Question 39.
What is thigmotropism?
Answer:
The directional growth movement of a plant part in response to the touch of an object is called thigmotropism.

Question 40.
Name the receptors of taste and smell.
Answer:
The receptor of taste is gustatory receptor and that of smell is olfactory receptor.

Question 41.
What is reflex action? Give examples.
Answer:
Reflex action is a quick involuntary response to a stimulus by an effector.
e.g: Withdrawing our hand from hot object, blinking of eyelids when a moving object approaches eye.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 42.
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer:
Reflex action is an involuntary action whereas walking is a voluntary action.

Question 43.
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
Answer:
The part of the brain that maintains posture and equilibrium of the body is cerebellum.

Question 44.
How do we detect the smell of agarbathi or incense stick?
Answer:
We detect the smell of agarbathi or incense stick when the olfactory receptors in the nose detect smell by sending nerve impulses to the olfactory centre of the brain.

Question 45.
What is target tissue?
Answer:
Tissues or organs on which hormones act are called target tissues or organs.

Question 46.
What are the main cells of the nervous system?
Answer:
The main cells of the nervous system are the neurons. Besides the neurons the nervous system also consists of glial cells.

Question 47.
What is phototropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to light is called phototropism.

Question 48.
What is geotropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to gravity is called geotropism.

Question 49.
What is chemotropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to chemical stimulus is called chemotropism.

Question 50.
What is hydrotropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to water is called hydrotropism.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 51.
How many nerve cells does human nervous system consist of?
Answer:
Human nervous system consists of about 100 billion cells.

Question 52.
What is reflex arc?
Answer:
The structural and functional unit that carries reflex action is called reflex arc.

Question 53.
The three layers covering the brain are called?
Answer:
The three layers covering the brain are meninges.

Question 54.
What are the functions carried out by cerebrum?
Answer:
Cerebrum is a seat of mental abilities, controls thinking, memory, reasoning, perception, emotions and speech.

Question 55.
What are the functions of cerebellum?
Answer:
Cerebellum maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.

Question 56.
Which parts are present in hind brain?
Answer:
Cerebellum and medulla oblongata are the parts present in hind brain.

Question 57.
What is the function of feedback mechanism?
Answer:
The function of feed back mechanism is to regulate the production and release of hormones in the body.

Question 58.
Thyroxine hormone controls the body’s function like?
Answer:
Thyroxine hormone controls body’s function like general growth rate and a metabolic activity.

Question 59.
What are voluntary actions? Give examples.
Answer:
The movements under the control of the conscious mind are called voluntary actions. Example : Kicking foot ball, lifting bucket of water, reading book, running, walking, playing, eating, etc.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 60.
What are involuntary actions? Give examples.
Answer:
The movements which are not under the control of the conscious mind are called involuntary actions. Example : Respiration, circulation, digestion.

Question 61.
What is nerve impulse?
Answer:
The information passing through a neuron in the form of electrical and chemical signals is called nerve impulse.

Question 62.
What are phytohormones?
Answer:
The hormones present in the plants are called phytohormones.

Question 63.
The phytohormone Abscisic acid is responsible for?
Answer:
Closing of stomata and seed dormancy are caused by the phytohormone Abscisicacid.

Question 64.
What are the functions of auxins?
Answer:
Auxins are responsible for cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.

Question 65.
What is the speed of nerve transmission?
Answer:
Nerve transmission from stimulus to a response can occur at a maximum speed of about 100 meters per second.

Question 66.
What is vasomotor?
Answer:
Vasomotor refers to actions upon a blood vessel which alter its diameter.

Question 67.
What are dorsal and ventral root ganglion?
Answer:
The dorsal root and ventral root ganglions are the regions very close to the spinal cord in which the nerve cell bodies lie. Dorsal root ganglion is present on the dorsal side of spinal cord and ventral root ganglion is present on the ventral side of the spinalcord.

Question 68.
What is the function of dorsal root ganglion?
Answer:
The dorsal root ganglion carries messages of sensation toward brain or spinal cord.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 69.
What is the function of ventral root ganglion?
Answer:
The ventral root ganglion carry the instructions from the brain or spinal card to muscles.

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What questions will you ask a doctor to know about endocrine glands?
Answer:

  1. Which glands are known as endocrine glands?
  2. Where can we find endocrine glands in our body?
  3. What do you call chemical substances secreted by Endocrine glands?
  4. Which endocrine gland is attached to the brain?
  5. What are the functions of endrocrine glands?
  6. What will happen if endocrine glands are absent?

Question 2.
How do you feel when you realize that plants respond to the stimuli of their surroundings?
Answer:

  1. It is very interesting and amazing to observe trophic and nastic movements of plants in our surroundings.
  2. For example, the bending of shoots of creepers towards light kept near the window.
  3. The plant roots always grow downwards.
  4. The creepers like cucumber and bittergourds develops tendrils in response to contact or touch.
  5. Butterflies fluttering around the flowers for nectar.

Question 3.
What will happen if a plant is placed near the window of your classroom? What is this process called?
Answer:

  1. The plant bends towards the sun light and grow.
  2. This process is called phototropism.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 4.
How do you appreciate the role of Spinal-cord in reflex actions?
Answer:

  1. Spinal cord responds very fast and immediate.
  2. The nerve impulses are transmitted very fast at the speed of 100 m/min.
  3. So that we are protected from many dangerous situations.
  4. So I really appreciate and amazing reflex actions of the spinal cord.

Question 5.
Read the following table:

Name of the Gland Location Hormone secreted Function
Thyroid Neck Thyroxine General growth rate and Metabolic activity
Ovary Abdomen Estrogen Growth of uterus and Control of menstrual cycle
Testis Scrotal sac Testosterone Growth of beard, mustache and development of male sex organs.
Adrenal Kidney Adrenalin Increase in heart beat, rise in blood sugar.

Answer the following questions:
i) Which hormone is released at the time of emotions?
Answer:
Adrenaline

ii) Name the hormone responsible for the development of Secondary sexual characters.
Answer:
Estrogen, Testosteron.

Question 6.
Ram met with an accident. After that he lost the capacity to walk in straight manner and cannot smell anything. Which part of the brain got damaged in the above cases?
Answer:

  1. The forebrain and hind brain of Ram might have been damaged.
  2. The olfactory lobes of the forebrain are concerned with sense of smell. Here, Ram lost the sense of smell anything. Hence the olfactory lobes of forebrain got damaged.
  3. The cerebellum of hind brain maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
  4. After accident, Ram lost the capacity to walk in a straight manner and hence, I predict that cerebellum of Ram also got damaged.

Question 7.
What questions will you ask a doctor to know about pancreatic gland?
Answer:

  1. Where is pancreas located?
  2. Why is it called a mixed gland?
  3. What is the role of pancreas as an endocrine gland?
  4. Name the disorders occur to pancreas.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 8.
What is the role of Adrenalin in controlling emotions?
Answer:
Adrenalin increases rate of heart beat, causes rise in blood sugar, dilation of coronary artery and dilation of pupil of the eye.

Question 9.
What is the significance of the adrenal gland in the human body?
Answer:
Adrenal gland secrets adrenaline. It helps in

  1. Increase heart beat rate
  2. Rise in blood sugar
  3. Dilation of the coronary artery
  4. Dilation of pupil of the eye.

Question 10.
Write the difference between hormone and enzyme.
Answer:

Hormone Enzyme
1. These are secreted by ductless glands. 1. These are secreted by duct glands.
2. These are travel through blood. 2. These are travel through the ducts.
3. Less in quantity. 3. More in quantity.
4. Reaction is slow. 4. Reaction is fast.
5. Involved in metabolic activities 5. Involve in digestion.
6. Ex: Insulin 6. Ex: Lipase

Question 11.
Observe the following table and answer the questions.

Hormones Uses
Thyroxine Normal growth rate, effect on metabolism
Auxins Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots

i) Name the phytohormone in the table.
ii) Name the hormone which influences growth rate in humans.
Answer:
i) Auxin
ii) Thyroxine.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 12.
What questions you will ask a neurologist on function of brain?
Answer:

  1. How does alcohol cosumption affect the brain?
  2. Which part of brain is responsible for creativity?
  3. How do we get fits ? 4) How do we get paralysis?
  4. What kind of food should we take to increase?

Question 13.
Label a, b, c, d in the diagram given below and write their functions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 3Answer:
a) Sensory Neuron/-Afferent Neuron: These carry messages towards the central nervous system.
b) Motor Neuron /- Efferent Neuron: These carry messages from central nervous system to body parts
c) White Matter
d) Effector Muscles: Respond to stimuli.

Question 14.
Prepare a table showing tropic movements in plants in response to stimuli.
Answer:

SI. No. Tropic movement Response to stimuli
1. Phototropism Movement towards light.
2. Geotropism Respond positively for gravitational force.
3. Hydrotropism Roots grow towards presence of water in the soil.
4. Thigmotropism Tendrils and climbing plants grow towards support.

Question 15.
Explain two tropic movements with suitable examples.
Answer:

  1. Phototropism: Response of plant to light cite example is called phototropism.
    Ex: sunflower
  2. Geotropism: Response of a plant to gravitational force Ex: root growth of plant
  3. Hydrotropism: Response of root to water availability in the soil.
    Ex : Plants which are growing very close to rocks and walls.
  4. Thigmotropism: Response to make contact or touch is called Thigmotropism.
  5. Chemotropism: Response to chemical is called chemotropism (Stigma secretes sugary substances)

Question 16.
Write two voluntary functions and two involuntary functions you have observed in your body.
Answer:
a) Examples for voluntary functions:

  1. Cleaning the table
  2. Playing on the keyboard.

b) Examples for involuntary functions :

  1. Salivating when food is kept in the mouth
  2. Closing of eyes when bright light is focussed.

Question 17.
Plants show tropic movements in different situations. Give examples.
Answer:

  1. Movement of individual parts of plants is possible when they are subjected to external stimuli. This type of response is called tropism or tropic movement.
  2. The response of a plant to light is called phototropism. Respond of plants for gravity is called geotropism. Movement of plant towards water is called hydrotropism. The type of response by plants to make contact or touch is called thigmotropism. The response of plants to chemicals is called chemotropism.
  3. Pollen grains respond to this stimulus as pollen tubes grow to reach the ovule for fertilization.

Question 18.
Divide the following into groups. Walking, blinking of eye lids, heart beat, laughing, digestion of food and reading. How do you divide them into groups?
Answer:
These can be divided into voluntary actions, involuntary actions and reflex actions.
Voluntary actions: Walking, laughing, reading
Involuntary actions: Digestion of food, heart beat
Reflex actions: Blinking of eye lids

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 19.
What are ganglia?
Answer:

  1. Ganglia or neural ganglia are the structures located in the peripheral nervous system (for example beside the spinal column or near viscera) made of concentration of neuron bodies.
  2. Examples of neural ganglia are the ganglia that concentrate cell bodies of sensory neurons in the dorsal roots of the spinal cord and the ganglia of the myenteric plexus responsible for the peristaltic movements of the digestive tube.

Question 20.
Write a brief note on the functioning of sympathetic nervous system.
Answer:

  1. This part of the autonomous nervous system increase the activity of an organ as per the need.
  2. For example, during running there is an increased demand for oxygen by the body.
  3. This is fulfilled by an increased breathing rate and increased heart rate.
  4. The sympathetic nervous system works to increase the breathing rate and the heart rate.

Question 21.
Explain briefly about the action of parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer:

  1. This part of the autonomous nervous system decrease the activity of an organ and it has calming effect.
  2. During sleep, the breathing rate and also the heart rate slows down.
  3. This is facilitated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
  4. It can be said that the parasympathetic nervous system helps in conservation of energy.

Question 22.
Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
Answer:

  1. Insulin is produced by Islets of Langerhans of pancreas.
  2. Insulin regulates the level of glucose in the blood.
  3. Deficiency of insulin results in disease called ‘diabetes’.
  4. Such diabetic patients are given injections of insulin so that the sugar or glucose level in the blood can be controlled.
  5. Insulin is now produced in large quantities for the treatment of human sufferers from ‘sugar diabetes’.

Question 23.
What is chemotropism? Explain it with suitable example.
Answer:

  1. Response of a plant towards chemicals is known as chemotropism.
  2. If we taste the carpel of a flower, it is sweet.
  3. Butterflies flutter on flowers for nectar.
  4. Ripen stigma secretes sugary substance.
  5. This chemical substance stimulates the pollen grain which falls on the stigma.
  6. Pollen grains respond to this stimulus as pollen tubes grow to reach the ovule for fertilization.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 24.
What are plant growth substances? Give examples.
Answer:

  1. Plant growth substances are the chemical (organic) substances which are produced in plants and act at minute concentration on growth and other phisiological functions of plants.
  2. There are five major types of plant growth substances. They are auxins, Gibberellins, cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic Acid.

Question 25.
What is ethylene? Explain its action.
Answer:

  1. Ethylene is a gaseous growth inhibiting substance.
  2. Ethylene causes ripening of the fruits.
  3. It modifies the growth of the plant by inhibiting stem elongation.
  4. It accelerates abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits.

Question 26.
What is Apical dominance?
Answer:

  1. In some plants main stem grows by the activity of terminal bud without giving any branches.
  2. It means the activity of lateral buds is suppressed and this phenomenon of suppression of the growth of lateral buds by terminal bud is called Apical dominance.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 27.
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
Answer:
At synapse, in between the end of one axon and end of another dendrite electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals (neurotransmitter). These chemicals cross the gap or synapse and reach to dendrites of the next neuron and start electrical impulse there.

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 4i) This diagram belongs to which system of the body?
Answer:
Human nervous system

ii) Name the parts A and B.
Answer:
A. Cerebellum
B. Medulla oblongata

iii) The part ‘C is endocrinal gland. This is called master gland. What is the name of this gland?
Answer:
Pituitary gland

iv) Which part in this diagram is useful to solve problems and puzzles?
Answer:
Cerebrum

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 2.
Name the important parts of the brain and write the functions of fore-brain.
(OR)
Write in a tabular form the different parts of human brain and their functions.
Answer:

  1. Brain has the following divisions.
    1. Fore brain – Cerebrum, diencephalon
    2. Mid brain – Optic lobes.
    3. Hind brain – Cerebellum, medulla.
  2. Functions of the various parts of the brain.
    Parts of the brain Functions
    Cerebrum i)    Seat of mental abilities, controls thinking memory, reasoning, perception, emotions and speech.
    ii)    Interprets sensations and responds to cold, heat, pain and pressure.
    Diencephalon i)     Relay centre for sensory impulses, such as pain, temperature and light.
    ii)    Reflex centre for muscular activities.
    iii)     Centre for certain emotions such as anger.
    iv)     Centre for water balance, blood pressure, body temperature, sleep and hunger.
    v)    The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which functions as the master gland.
    Mid brain i) It relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to thalamus, reflexes for light and hearing.
    Cerebellum i)     Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
    ii)    Coordinates voluntary movements initiated by cerebrum.
    Medulla oblongata i)     Contains centre for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor activities.
    ii)    Coordinate reflexes like swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

Question 3.
Observe the following diagram. What does it represent? Explain the process in a flow-chart.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 6Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 5

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 4.
Read the following table:

Part of the Brain Functions
a) Olfactory lobes Sense of smell
b) Cerebrum Mental abilities, memory, reasoning, perception, emotion and speech, respond to cold, heat, pain and pressure
c) Diencephalon Controlling emotions, center for water balance, blood pressure, sensory impulses such as pain, temperature and light, sleep and hunger.
d) Cerebellum Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone, co­ordinates voluntary movements initiated by cerebrum.

Now, identify the part of the brain which participate in the below situations.

a) Ravi is an intelligent boy. He can remember the things for a long time.
Answer:
Cerebrum

b) The drunken man does not walk properly.
Answer:
Cerebellum

c) Identifies the food items without seeing which are being prepared in the kitchen
Answer:
Olfactory Lobes

d) Naveen lost his money purse while coming to the school. But he is not crying.
Answer:
Diencephalon

e) It is time for lunch.
Answer:
Cerebrum

f) I cannot tolerate this type of heat in the summer.
Answer:
Cerebrum

g) Catching the ball perfectly.
Answer:
Cerebellum

h) There may be a drainage behind the house.
Answer:
Olfactory Lobes

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 5.
Look at the picture and answer the questions:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 7a) To which system does the diagram belong ?
Answer:
The diagram belongs to T.S. of Spinal cord (peripheral).

b) What is the name of A, B parts ?
Answer:
A – Dorsal Root,
B – Ventral Root

c) What is ‘C’ ? What is its function ?
Answer:
C – Association neuron
It analyse the information – and send the order (function) through motor neuron to muscle.

d) Through which horn the sensory nerve enters ?
Answer:
Sensory nerve enters through dorsal horn.

Question 6.
Fill the following table related to Endocrine glands.

1. Name of the endocrine gland Location Hormone secreted Response of body to that hormone
2.
3.
4.

Answer:

S.No. Name of endocrine the gland Location Hormone secreted Response of body to that hormone
1. Pituitary Floor of brain Somatotropin Growth of bone.
Gonadotropin Activity of ovary and testis.
2. Thyroid Neck Thyroxine General growth rate and metabolic activity.
3. Ovary Lower abdomen Estrogen Growth of the uterus and skeleton of the pelvis.
4. Testis Scrotal sac Testosterone Growth of male secondary sexual characters.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 7.
Observe the following table and answer the questions.

Division -1 Division – II
Auxins Adrenalin
Gibberellins Testosterone
Ethylene Estrogen
Abscisic Acid Thyroxin
Cytokinins Growth Hormone

a) On what basis the above classification done?
Answer:
Hormones in animals and hormones in plants.

b) From which gland is Adrenalin released?
Answer:
Adrenal gland.

c) Which hormone is responsible for closing of stomata?
Answer:
Abscisic Acid (ABA)

d) What are the functions of Auxins?
Answer:
Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.

Question 8.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 7
A) What does the given picture represent?
B) Name the parts A, B and C.
C) What carries the nerve impulse to the spinal cord?
D) Wrhat is the function of association neuron?
Answer:
A) The given picture represents
T.S. of Spinal cord (peripheral).
B) A – Dorsal root B – Ventral root C – Association neuron
C) Through dorsal root the nerve impulse reaches the spinal cord.
D) Association neuron analyses the information and sends the order through motor neuron to muscle.

Question 9.
The following table is about parts of brain and their functions. Read it and fill the blanks.

Part of the brain Functions
Cerebrum
Centre for certain emotions such as anger
Midbrain It relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, reflexes for sight and hearing.
Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
Medulla oblongata

Answer:

Cerebrum i) Site of mental abilities, controls thinking, memory, reasoning, perception, emotions and speech.

ii) Interprets sensations and responds to cold, heat, pain and pressure.

Diencephalon Centre for certain emotions such as anger.
Midbrain It relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, reflexes for sight and hearing.
Cerebellum Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
Medulla oblongata i) Contains centre for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor activities.
ii) Coordinates reflexes like swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 10.
Ramya ran away shouting loudly after seeing a snake on the way to school. Arrange the events involved in this situation in the correct order and rewrite it.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 8i) Brain receives the information, analyses and produces the reponse.
ii) Sensory nerves carry the information from sense organs to brain,
iii) Effector muscles exhibit the response.
iv) Sense organs receive the information from the environment.
v) Motor nerves carry the response from the brain to effector muscles.
Answer:
1-d, 2-b, 3 -a, 4-e, 5-c
d) Sense organs receive the information from the environment.
b) Sensory nerves carry the information from sense organs to brain,
a) brain receives the information analyse and produces the response.
e) Motor nerves carry the response from the brain to effector muscles.
c) Effector muscles exhibit the response.

Question 11.
Observe the following information and answer the following questions.

S.No. Hormones Uses
1. Auxins Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
2. Abscisic acid Closing of stomata, seed dormancy
3. Ethylene Ripening of fruit
4. Cytokinins Promote cell division, promote sprouting of lateral buds, delay ageing of fruits.

i) What do we call the hormones that are present in plants?
Answer:
We call phyto hormones which are present in plants.

ii) Name the hormones which are helpful in the growth of the plants.
Answer:
Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins are helpful in the growth of the plants.

iii) Farmers keep carbide powder in between raw mangoes. What might be the reason? What will be the end result after 3 to 4 days?
Answer:
Carbide release Ethylene, which promotes the fruit ripening. After 3 or 4 days fruits will ripen.

iv) Plants also respond like animals. Do you agree with this statement? Support your answer.
Answer:
Yes, plants also respond like animals. They shut off leaves in summer, germinate in rainy season, blooms according to seasons.

Question 12.
Read the following table and answer the questions given below.

S.No. Name of the gland Location Hormone secreted Response of the body to hormone
1. Pituitary Floor of brain Somatotropin Growth of bone.
Gonadotropin Activity of ovary and testis.
2. Thyroid Neck Thyroxine General growth rate and metabolic activity.
3. Ovary Lower abdomen Estrogen Growth of the uterus and skeleton of the pelvis.
4. Testis Scrotal sac Testosterone Growth of male secondary sexual characters.

i) Write the importance of glands and hormones.
Answer:
Glands and hormones controls and coordinates various functions of the body with nervous system.

ii) Which hormone is responsible for growth of bone?
Somatotropin is responsible for growth of bone.

iii) What happens if testosterone is not secreted?
Secondary sexual characters in male are not developed if testosterone is absent.

iv) Where does the gland that secretes thyroxine is located?
Thyroid gland which secretes thyroxine is located near the neck.

v) Which glands are common in male and female?
Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, parathyroid and pancreas are common in male and female.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 13.
Explain the different types of adaptations in plants with suitable examples.
Answer:

  1. Most plants can aerate their roots bj’ taking in the oxygen through the lenticels or through the surface of their root hairs.
  2. But plants which have their roots in very wet places, such as ponds or marshes, are unable to obtain oxygen.
  3. They are adapted to these water-logged conditions by having much larger air spaces which connect the stems with the roots, making diffusion from the upper parts much more efficient.
  4. The most usual adaptation is to have a hollow stem.
  5. The problem of air transport is more difficult for trees.
  6. An exception is the mangrove tree of the tropics which have aerial roots above the soil surface and takes in oxygen through these roots.

Question 14.
Karthik is suffering from excess sugar in urine and Varun is suffering from repeated dilute urination. What are the reasons for these diseases ? Explain.
Answer:

  1. Excess sugar in urine condition is known as diabetes milletus. (sugar diabetes)
  2. Repeated dilute urination is known as diabetes insipidus, (diuretic condition)
  3. Deficiency of insulin causes high level sugar in the blood and urine. It leads to diabetes milletus (Sugar diabetes).
  4. Vasopressin maintains osmotic concentration of body fluids. Deficiency of vasopressin causes excessive repeated dilute urination it is called as diabetes insipidus.

Question 15.
Analyse the following information and answer the questions.

S.No Organ List-1
Effect of Nervous system
List-2
Effect of Nervous system
1. Eye Dialates pupil Constricts pupil.
2. Mouth Inhibits salivation Stimulates salivation
3. Lungs Relaxes bronchi Constrict bronchi.
4. Heart Accelerates heart beat Heart beat to normally.
5. Blood vessels Increase blood pressure Decrease blood pressure.
6. Pancreas Inhibits Pancreas activity Stimulates Pancreas activity.

i) Write two functions of Sympathetic Nervous System.
ii) Name two organs that are influenced by Parasympathetic Nervous System.
iii) Name the Nervous system mentioned in the table that increases the blood pressure.
iv) What systems constitute Autonomous Nervous System?
Answer:
i) Dilates pupil, inhibits salivation, relaxes branchi, accelerates heart beat, etc.
ii) Eye, heart, pancreas, etc.
iii) Sympathetic nervous system
iv) Sympathetic and para sympathetic nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 16.
Explain the Phytohormones which control growth in plants.
Answer:
Major plant hormones and their action:

Hormones Uses
Auxins Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
Cytokinins Promote cell division, promotion of sprouting of lateral buds, delaying the ageing in leaves, opening of stomata.
Gibberellins Germination of seeds and sprouting of buds; elongation of stems; stimulation of flowering; development of seedless fruits, breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds.
Abscisic acid Closing of stomata; seed dormancy, promoting aging of leaves.
Ethylene Ripening of fruit.

Question 17.
Analyse the table and answer the following questions.

Sl.No. Part of Brain Functions
1. Cerebrum Mental abilities, memory, speech.
2. Diencephalon Sensory impulses, emotional impulses, muscular activities.
3. Midbrain Reflexes of sight and hearing.
4. Cerebellum Equilibrium.
5. Medulla oblongata Respiratory, cardiac centres, blood pressure.

i) Which part of the brain recollects the childhood incidents?
Answer:
Cerebrum.

ii) Write two parts of hind brain.
Answer:
Cerebellum, medulla oblongata.

iii) Name the part of the brain that will not function in drunken person.
Answer:
Cerebellum.

iv) Name the part of the brain that controls involuntary actions.
Answer:
Medulla oblongata.

Question 18.
Write contrasts and comparisons of the style of response in plants and animals to the stimuli.
Answer:

  1. Both plants and animals react to various stimuli around them. But the method of responding to stimuli is not similar in plants and animals. .
  2. Higher animals respond to stimuli because they have a nervous system and an endocrine system.
  3. Plant do not have a well defined nervous or endocrine system. They do have some mechanism of control by means of some chemicals or hormones.
  4. Plants can sense the presence of stimuli like light, heat, water, touch, pressure, chemicals, gravity, etc.
  5. The hormones present in the plants called phytohormones control response towards the stimuli. Phytohormones coordinate the activities of the plant usually by controlling one or the other aspect of the growth of the plant.

Question 19.
Read the below paragraph and write answers.

There is systematic method in showing response to stimuli. There is different stages in it. First stage starts with the response recognising the changes in outside or inside of the body atmosphere with recognising the stimuli. Transmitting the received information is second stage, analysing that information is third stage and showing correct response to that stimuli is the last stage.

a) What does this information shows?
b) Convert the above information into flow chart.
c) Write about the mechanism that conducts this action.
Answer:
a) It shows the systematic method in showing response to stimuli.

b)
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 9

c) Nervous system can sense the changes inside and outside the body through specialised cells called Receptors. This information in the form of small electrical currents is sent to brain and analysed and responses are generated in the nervous system. These responses once again in the form of small electrical currents are conveyed to the appropriate organs such as muscles and glands at a greater speed. Nervous system may store this information for future use.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 20.
See the below action. What does it indicate? Explain with an example.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 9Answer:

  1. It indicates the stimulus – response action. This stimulus response can be explained with an example.
  2. Suppose a mosquito is biting you on your arm. Mosquito bite is stimulus.
  3. The receptor in the skin responds and send the information in the form of electrical impulses through sensory nerve to spinal cord or brain.
  4. Brain or spinal cord analyses the information that the mosquito bite is causing pains.
  5. The brain or spinal cord sends the message through motor nerve to the effector organ i.e., hand to kill the mosquito.
  6. As per the message our hand immediately hits the mosquito and kills it.

Question 21.
Rangaiah is not feeling well. The following table is the results of tests. Analyse the table.

Tests Present Status Normal Range
Blood Test
1. Blood Pressure 160/90 120/80
2. Glucose (Fasting) 120 60-100
3. Glucose (Post Lunch) 220 160-180
4. Bilirubin 1.0 0.1 – 0.8
Urine Test
1. 24 hours protein 150 mg 100 mg
2. Sodium 140 125-250

Write answers for the following questions.
i) How can you state that Rangaiah is diabetic?
Answer:
After blood test it was found that level of glucose (Fasting) is 120 whereas the normal range is 60 -100. After lunch the level of glucose in blood of Rangaiah further raised to 220, the normal being between 160 – 180. This shows that Rangaiah is diabetic.

ii) What are the tests to know about Bilirubin?
Answer:
We can know about bilirubin by blood test.

iii) What do you understand from the above report?
Answer:
It shows that Rangaiah is diabetic and his systolic pressure is slightly high. The levels of bilirubin in blood also slightly high, almost normal range. Urine test shows sodium levels are at normal range but 24 hours protein is much higher than normal levels.

iv) What questions do you ask the doctor on the above report?
Answer:

  1. What are symptoms shown by Rangaiah as diabetic patient?
  2. What are the ways to control sugar in the blood?
  3. Which hormone is responsible for raise of glucose in the blood?
  4. How sodium maintains blood pressure at normal levels?
  5. What is the role of bilirubin in digestion?

Question 22.
What is reflex arc? Write the components of reflex arc and their functions.
Answer:

  1. The structural and functional unit that carries out reflex action is called a reflex arc.
  2. It consists of five components.
  3. They are receptor, a sensory nerve, a association neuron, a motor nerve and an effector organ.
    SI. No. Component of reflex arc Functions
    1. Receptor Receives information and generates impulses.
    2. Sensory neuron (Afferent) Carries information from the receptor to the interneurons in the spinal cord.
    3. Interneuron (Association neuron) Processes the information and generates responses
    4. Motor neuron (Efferent) Carries the information from the spinal cord to the effector organ.
    5. Effector organ Receives the information from the efferent neuron and shows the appropriate responses.

Question 23.
What are endocrine glands ? What are their functions?
Answer:
Endocrine glands:

  1. Endocrine glands are the ductless glands.
  2. They secret complex organic substances called hormones directly into the blood.
  3. Hormones are transported through blood to different tissues.
  4. Their secretions act as biochemical messengers in the body.

Functions:

  1. The hormones secreted by these glands play an important role in co-ordinating various organ systems.
  2. Hormones can increase or decrease the metabolism and synthesis of substances like proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
  3. Irregular functioning of these glands may lead to serious diseases.
  4. The quantity of hormone required is very minimum (1/10,00,000 gram).
  5. A slight increase or decrease may brings out large changes in the target tissue.

Question 24.
How does a nerve impulse travel through the body?
Answer:

  1. The information acquired at the dendritic tip of a nerve cell sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
  2. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its end.
  3. At the end of the axon the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals.
  4. These chemicals cross the gap or synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.
  5. A similar synapse finally allows the delivery of such impulse from neurons to other cells such as muscles or glands.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 25.
How is the brain anatomically divided?
Answer:

  1. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, the right and left.
  2. Each hemisphere is made of four cerebral lobes. Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipetal lobe.
  3. Each cerebral lobe contains the gray matter and the white matter.
  4. The gray matter is the outer portion and is made of neuron bodies, the gray matter is also known as the cerebral cortex.
  5. The white matter is the inner portion and it is white because it is in the region where axons of the cortical neuron pass.

Question 26.
What are the divisions of the autonomous nervous system?
Answer:

  1. Ganglia near the vertebral column are connected to the spinal cord by nerves.
  2. The two divisions of autonomic nervous system are sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
  3. The sympathetic nervous system is formed by the chain of ganglia on either sides of the vertebral column and the associated nerves.
  4. The parasympathetic nervous system is formed by the nerves arising from the ganglia of the brain and the posterior part of the spinal cord.
  5. These together constitute the autonomous nervous system which is the part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty one pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 27.
What is autonomous nervous system? Explain how it controls voluntary functions with an example.
Answer:

  1. The peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions of the body is known as Autonomous nervous system.
  2. It has voluntary control of muscles of some areas of skin and the skeletal muscle.
  3. For example when we enter a dark room we can not see anything immediately. Slowly we are able to see the things around us in the room.
  4. This is because of increase in diameter of pupil, which allows more light in.
  5. When we come out of the dark room into broad day light the diameter of the pupil decreases allowing less light to enter into the eyes.
  6. Both these functions occur under the influence of the autonomous nervous system.

Question 28.
What is the master gland in the human body? What are the functions of the hormones it secretes? (OR)
Why is pituitary gland known as master gland? How does it control all the other glands in the body?
Answer:

  1. Pituitary gland is known as the master gland of the body as it controls the functions of all the other endocrine glands.
  2. It serves as a link between nervous system and endocrine system.
  3. The hormones secreted by pituitary gland and their functions are as follows.
Hormone Response of the body to hormone
a) Somatotrophin Growth of bones
b) Thyrotrophin Activity of thyroid gland
c) Gonadotrophin Activity of ovary and testis
d) Andrenocortico trophic Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
e) Luteinising hormone In males – secretion of testosterone; In females – Ovulation, development of Corpus Luteum and secretion of progesterone.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 29.
What are the differences between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the movement of our legs?
Answer:

  1. The stimulus of touch causes the response in a sensitive plant Mimosa pudica.
  2. Droping of the leaves takes place due to change in osmotic pressure at the base of the leaf.
  3. When the stimulus is over, the osmotic pressure increases causing the leaf to become normal.
  4. This is not a growth related movement.
  5. It is not connected with the direction of the stimulus.
  6. Nerve messages in the form of electrical impulse reaches the leg muscles from the brain.
  7. On reaching the leg muscles, the muscles contract causing the movement of the leg.

Question 30.
What is the need for a system of control and coordination of organisms? (OR)
How is control and coordination brought in organisms?
Answer:

  1. The various physiological processes in an organism are closely linked and depen¬dent on each other.
  2. The linking together of body activities in time and space is called coordination.
  3. Without coordination, the activities of the body would be disturbed a lot.
  4. For example when eating food at meal, the position of food is recorded by the eyes and as a result of this information the arms are moved to the right place to pick it up with precision and accuracy.
  5. As the food is raised to the mouth, the latter opens to receive it. Chewing movements commence and saliva is secreted.
  6. At the moment of swallowing, epiglottis closes trachea.

Question 31.
What is the experiment conducted by Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin? What is their conclusion?
Answer:

  1. Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed some experiments on phototropism.
  2. They covered the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile) with a cylinder of metal foil.
  3. Exposed the plant to light coming from the side.
  4. The characteristic bending of the seedling did not occur.
  5. If light was permitted to penetrate the cylinder, bending occurred normally.
  6. They concluded that when seedlings are freely exposed to a lateral light some influence is transmitted from upper to the lower part causing the material to bend.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 32.
What are the different types of tropisms found in plants?
Answer:

  1. The different types of tropisms found in plants are phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, hydrotropism and thigmotropism.
  2. Different stimulus and type of tropism.
    Stimulus Type of tropism
    Light – Phototropism
    Gravity – Geotropism
    Chemical substance – Chemotropism
    Water – Hydrotropism
    Touch – Thigmotropism

Question 33.
Describe the story of invention of insulin. (OR)
Collect the information about insulin from internet and other sources and report on it.
Answer:

  1. In Latin “insula” means an Island.
  2. In 1868 Paul Langerhans of Germany working on the structure of Pancreas found Islets of Langerhans specialised cells richly supplied with blood vessel.
  3. But the function of pancreas remained unknown.
  4. Many others interested in the function of pancreas found that its removal from the body of an experimental animal would lead to the development of disease called ‘sugar diabetes’ (or) diabetes mellitus.
  5. Diabetes is a condition in which the amount of free sugar in the blood and in the urine is abnormally high.
  6. Later scientists found that when they tied the pancreatic duct that emerge from the duodenum caused the degeneration of pancreas but not Islets of Langerhans.
  7. Moreover the animal would not develop diabetes. This was really a strong evidence that the level of blood sugar is linked with the Islet cells.
  8. By 1912 workers were convinced that the Islets produced a secretion which directly liberated into the blood.
  9. Ten years later in Toronto, Banting, Best and Macleod finally succeeded in extracting insulin from degenerate animal pancreas whose ducts to the intestine had been tied.
  10. Insulin is now produced in large quantities for the treatment of human sufferers diabetes, to whom it is administered by injection into the skin.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 34.
Compare and contrast the nervous and hormonal mechanism for control and coor-dination in animals.
Answer:

Nervous system Hormonal system
1) Nervous system has a network of nerves. 1) Hormone system does not have such a network in the body.
2) Nervous impulses pass from the receptors to the central nervous system and then to the effectors, through nerve fibers. 2) Hormone system does not have such a network in the body. Hormones pass from the endocrine glands through blood.
3) Nerve impulses reach only the cells required to respond. 3) Hormones reach all the cells but special cells on the target organs using special molecules on their surfaces recognize the information and act.
4) There is no feedback mechanism in generating electrical impulses. 4) The timing and amount of hormones released are dependent on feedback mechanism.

Question 35.
Write brief notes on Ivan Pavlov’s experiment on dog to demonstrate conditioned reflexes.
Answer:

  1. Conditioned reflexes are not inherited.
  2. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist did experiments on conditioned reflexes. His experiments on dogs have become very famous.
  3. When the dog sees food, it secretes salvia. He rang a bell whenever the dog was given food.
  4. After doing this for few days he noticed that the dog secretes salvia when it hears the bell even if the food is not given.
  5. In otherwords dog associated the sound of the bell with the food and assumes that whenever the bell rings food is given.
  6. In expectation of food, saliva start flowing from its mouth. Human beings are no exception to this.
  7. For example, standing in attention when you hear National Anthem.

Question 36.
Collect information about the major plant hormones from library or internet?
Answer:
Some major plant hormones and their action are given in the following table.
Major plant hormones and their action.

Hormones Uses
Abscisic acid Closing of stomata; seed dormancy.
Auxins Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
Cytokinins Promote cell division, promotion of sprouting of lateral buds, delaying the ageing in leaves, opening of stomata.
Ethylene Ripening of fruit.
Gibberellins Germination of seeds and sprouting of buds; elongation of stems; stimulation of flowering; development of fruit, breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 37.
What are auxins? How do they affect plant growth?
Answer:

  1. Auxins are phytohormones which promote longitudinal growth in plants.
  2. The term auxin usually refers to a chemical compound called Jndole Acetic Acid (IAA) which is the principal nature auxine.
  3. IAA promotes growth and elongation of stems, roots and enlargement of many fruits.
  4. Auxins are known to loosen the cellulose frame work of cell wall which helps in cell enlargement.
  5. Auxins promotes cell division in vascular cambium and also root initiation.
  6. Auxins are also responsible for bending of plants in response to light (phototropism) and also to the gravity stimulus (Geotropism).
  7. Auxin is responsible for Apical dominance.
  8. A large number of auxins are synthesized by artificial methods in chemical laboratories.
  9. Substances like Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) are used for inducing roots in cuttings.
  10. Auxin spray can prevent premature fruit drop .
  11. Auxin is also known to inhibit the abscission of leaves and fruits.

Question 38.
What is the role of Gibberellins in plant growth and development?
Answer:

  1. Gibberellins has a significant effect on stem elongation.
  2. It also increases the leaf lamina area. This is due to stimulation of cell division and cell elongation to both leaves and stem.
  3. It leads to the formation of seedless fruits.
  4. Gibberellins along with auxins promote cell elongation and leaf expansion.
  5. Parthenocarpy is induced in fruits like apple and pear with spray of Gibberellins.
  6. These substances are also known to induce enzymes like amylase, protease, lipase, etc. at the on set of seed germination and break the seed dormancy.
  7. These substances are used for fruit setting and also for growing seed less fruits.
  8. In beverages industry gibberellin is used to stimulate amylase activity in barley seeds. This is known to enhance the malting of barley grains.

Question 39.
What are the functions of cytokinins?
Answer:

  1. Cytokinins are capable of stimulating cell division along with auxins.
  2. They promote cell elongation.
  3. They have ability to delay the pocess of ageing in leaves.
  4. Cytokinins can prolong the life of fresh leaf crops like cabbage, spinach.
  5. They are also used for keeping the flowers fresh.
  6. Cytokinins are most effective in breaking dormancy of buds and seeds.
  7. The levels of cytokinins decrease in senescing leaves.

Question 40.
What is ABA? Explain its function in the plant.
Answer:

  1. ABA means Abscisic acid. It is the plant growth inhibiting substance.
  2. It induces dormancy in buds, tubers and many seeds.
  3. ABA is responsible for the formation of separation layer or abscission layer between main plant and the leaf or between plant and flower or fruit. It results in the falling of leaves, fruits and flowers.
  4. It prevents the water loss during drought conditions by closing the stomata.

Question 41.
Draw a diagram of Reflex area and describe the functions of different parts of Reflex arc.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 CoordinationAP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 10Functions of different parts of Reflex arc : Reflex arc consists of a receptor, a sensory nerve (afferent) an association neuron or inter neuron, motor nerve (effferent) and a effector organ.

S.No. Component of the Reflex arc Function
1. Receptor Receives information and generates impulses.
2. Sensory (Afferent) nerve Carries information from the receptor to the inter neurons in the spinal cord.
3. Inter neurons Processes the information and generates responses
4. Motor (efferent) nerve Carries the information from the spinal cord to the effector organ.
5. Effector organ Receives the information from the efferent neuron and shows the appropriate response.

Question 42.
Write a brief account on peripheral nervous system.
Answer:

  1. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that arise from the brain and
    spinal cord; and a vast system of dorsat and ventral root nerve cell heads.
  2. The peripheral nervous system has 43 pairs of nerves.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 11
  3. Of these 12 pairs are called cranial nerves and the rest of 31 pairs are called spinal nerves.
  4. Nerves attached to the spinal cord have two types of connections or roots – One to the back or the dorsal side and other to front or the ventral side of cord.
  5. The peripheral nervous system can either involuntarily control several functions of regions like our internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles. So it is called autonomous nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 43.
Write briefly about the spinal cord. (OR)
Describe the transverse section of spinal cord with the help of a diagram.
Answer:

  1. Spinal cord is a long and cylindrical structure.
  2. It passess through vertebral column extending all along the dorsal surface of trunk.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 12
  3. In other words, vertebrae of the vertebral column protect the spinal cord from injuries.
  4. In a cross section of the spinal cord, the grey matter appears like butterfly or in the shape of letter ‘H’.
  5. Each segment of the ‘H’ shaped grey matter is called a horn.
  6. The upper horns are called dorsal horns, and the lower horns are called ventral horns.
  7. In the middle of the grey matter is a canal called spinal canal.
  8. It runs all along the length of spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
  9. From the sides of spinal cord, 31 pairs of nerves take their origin and supply branches to various parts of the body.

Question 44.
Describe an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism. (OR)
The roots of a plant move or grow towards water in the soil. How do you prove this with the help of an experiment ?
Answer:
Aim: To prove that roots grow towards water.
Apparatus or materials: Two glass troughs, soil, two similar plants, clay pot, water.

Procedure:

  1. Take two glass troughs A and B,
  2. Fill each one of them with two thirds of soil,
  3. Plant a tiny seedling in trough A.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 13
  4. In trough B, plant a similar seedling and place a small clay pot inside the soil.
  5. Water the soil in the trough A daily and uniformly.
  6. Do not water the soil in trough B, but put some water in the clay placed in the soil.
  7. Leave both the troughs for a few days.

Observation: On examining the roots later, it will be found that the root in the trough B has bent towards the source of water. Roots in trough A grew normally straight. Result: The growth of roots towards water is known as hydrotropism. In this experiment roots bent towards water. By this experiment it was proved that roots always grow towards water.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 45.
Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 14i) To which organs of the body do the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column ?
Answer:
Eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, gall bladder, intestine, adrenal gland, sex organs are the body parts, the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column.

ii) Which are the organs that receives nerves starting from the brain ?
Answer:
Nose, eye, tongue, ear, head, neck and shoulder receive nerves from the brain.

iii) Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the sympathetic nervous system?
Answer:
Eyes, lungs, kidneys, gastro intestinal tract, heart, stomach, sweat glands, sex organs, adrenal gland, salivary glands.

iv) Which tire the organs whose activities are influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system ?
Answer:
Eye, lungs, kidneys, gastro intestinal tract, heart, stomach, sweat glands, sex organs, adrenal gland, salivary glands.

v) What do you understand about the functions of parasympathetic nervous system ?
Answer:

  1. The major functions of parasympathetic nervous system is to keep the body in its normal state and it is called as rest and digestive system or feed or breed system.
  2. The function of parasympathetic nervous system is to restore the body to its nor¬mal functioning after all the stress is gone.
  3. The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body to do simple things such as breathing regularly, excreting hormones, eating and digesting food.
  4. It also keeps a person alive when sleeping.

vi) What do you understand about the functions of sympathetic nervous system ?
Answer:

  1. The major functions of the sympathetic nervous system is to activate the response of the body during stressful situation including the fight or flight mechanism of the body.
  2. Sympathetic nervous system is essentially responsible for helping the body to get ready for action or feeling.
  3. It dilates the pupil so one can see better especially in the dark, it increases heart rate so that to increase supply of oxygen to the muscles, decreases digestion so that the energy be better utilized for fighting and so on.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 46.
Describe the structure of brain with the help of a neat diagram.
Answer:

  1. Proportionate to the body size, the human brain is the largest of all animals.
  2. The brain is present in the hard bony box like structure called cranium.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 15
  3. It is covered by three layers called the meninges. The meninges are continued and cover the spinal cord as well.
  4. The space between the inner layers is filled with fluid called cerebro – spinal fluid.
  5. It serves as a shock – absorbing medium and protects the brain against shocks / jerks along with meninges and cranium.
  6. The nerve cell bodies together with capillaries form a mass called grey matter while the myelinated axons form white matter.
  7. The grey matter is in the outer layers while the white matter is present towards inner layers.

Question 47.
Describe the structure of cerebrum.
Answer:

  1. Fore brain is the largest part of the brain. It is also called CEREBRUM.
  2. A deep groove in the middle of the cerebrum divides into two equal halves.
  3. Each calf is called as a cerebral hemisphere.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 16
  4. Right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected each other by a bundle of axon.
  5. The outer portion of the cerebral hemisphere is gray in colour and is called CEREBRAL CORTEX.
  6. There are several ridges called GYRI and the grooves are called SULCI.
  7. They increase the surface area of the cortex in order to accumulate more number of neurons.
  8. In the cerebral cortex, there are centres to receive and analyse various informations like visual (sight), auditory (hearing), olfactory (smell), etc.
  9. Three very deep grooves present across each cerebral hemisphere divides it into four lobes. FRONTAL, PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, and OCCIPITAL LOBES.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 48.
Write a brief account of Adrenal glands.
Answer:
There are two adrenal glands one on the top of each kidney. Adrenal gland has 2 parts.

  1. Cortex – outer part
  2. Medulla – Inner part

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 17

i) Adrenal cortex: Adrenal cortex secretes two hormones i) cortisol and ii) Aldosterone
a) Cortisol regulates the protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
b) Aldosterone increases the re-absorption of water and sodium in the kidney. It regulates the sodium levels in the body.

ii) Adrenal medulla: It secretes a hormone called Adrenaline at times of physical and mental stress. It is secreted in conditions like:

  1. fall in blood sugar levels
  2. When the person is injured.
  3. When exposed to cold conditions
  4. Suffering from pain

The hormone helps in facing such as situation. Therefore it is called the hormone of FIGHT or FLIGHT.

Question 49.
What is feedback mechanism? Illustrate with an example.
Answer:

  1. It is necessary that the hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands in our body in precise quantities which are required for the normal functioning of the body.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 18
  2. This means there should be some mechanism to regulate the production and release of hormones in the body.
  3. For example, anger is always short lived factor and adrenalin is the hormone responsible for anger.
  4. When the levels of adrenalin in the blood came down slowly, we come to normal state.
  5. When we are afraid the rate of heart-beat increases, the breathe rate will be faster, blood pressure increases.
  6. After sometime we come to normal state only when we reach a safe spot.
  7. The timings and amount of hormones released by endocrine gland is controlled by the feed back mechanism, which is in build in our body.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

Question 50.
Write short note on simple goitre. (OR)
What happens if we do not take sufficient amounts of iodine in food? (OR)
Why are people advised to take iodised salt in the food they eat?
Answer:

  1. Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroxine in the body.
  2. If there is a reduced intake of iodine in food, it hinders the formation of thyroxine and results in increase the size of the thyroid gland.
  3. This results in the enlargement of neck. This condition is called simple goitre.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 19

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Transportation

10th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Transportation 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What happens if blood platelets are absent in blood?
Answer:

  1. Blood clotting do not be takes place.
  2. So bleeding from the injuries occurs continuously leads to death of the person.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 2.
When do you think that our pulse rate goes up?
Answer:
Running, Exercise, Fear, Tension, Climbing up stairs.

Question 3.
List out the apparatus required to conduct root pressure experiments in plant.
Answer:
Clamp, glass tube, strong rubber tube, potted plant.

Question 4.
What happens if there are no valves in the Heart?
Answer:

  1. The valves between each atrium and its ventricles are one way valves. They allow the blood to flow from atrium to the ventricles without any hindrance, back flow of blood is stopped.
  2. If there are no valves in the heart, blood flow will not be proper, heart can not pump the blood properly into the blood vessels.

Question 5.
What is meant by pulse?
Answer:

  1. When we keep our finger at the wrist where the artery is passing into the hand, we feel the pressure of blood moving in it. This is the pulse,
  2. The rate of pulse will be equal to the number of heart beats.

Question 6.
Two person’s Blood Pressure is like this:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 1
Whose Blood Pressure is high? What does it indicate?
Answer:
The normal blood pressure is 120/80
The numerator 120 indicates systolic pressure.
The denominator 80 indicates diastolic pressure.
Ramaiah B.P. is 140/80. So he has high blood pressure.

Question 7.
How does lymph differ from blood?
Answer:

  1. RBC are present in blood, RBC are absent in lymph.
  2. Blood is Red in colour, lymph is colourless.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 8.
Name the largest artery in the body.
Answer:
Aorta is the largest artery in the body.

Question 9.
Name the apparatus, shown in the figure below.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 2
Answer:
Sphygmomanometer.

Question 10.
List out the materials you have used to observe the goat heart in your laboratory.
Answer:

  1. Freshly collected specimen of goat’s heart
  2. Soda straws
  3. Used pen refils
  4. The sharp and long blade
  5. Tray
  6. A jug of water
  7. Dissection scissors
  8. Forceps
  9. Gloves

Question 11.
Name any two valves present in human heart.
Answer:

  1. The valve that is present between left atrium and left ventricle is mitral valve or bicuspid valve.
  2. The valve that is present between right atrium and right ventricle is the tricuspid valve.

Question 12.
Siri injured while playing, and the blood is flowing continuously from the wound, what may be the reason for this?
Answer:
a) Vitamin – K is helpful for clotting of blood. Perhaps Siri might be suffering from a deficiency of Vitamin – K. So, blood is flowing continuously from the wound,
b) He may be suffering from thalassemia.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 13.
Prepare two questions, which you ask the doctor to know more details about high blood pressure.
Answer:
a) How can we know that we have high blood pressure?
b) What are the adverse affects of high blood pressure?
c) How can we prevent high blood pressure?
d) What diet should you prescribe for high BP patients?

Question 14.
What is the number of heart beats in new born babies.
Answer:
Number of heart beats in new born babies are 100-150 times.

Question 15.
What is the number of heart beats in well trained adult athletes.
Answer:
Number of heart beats in well trained adult athletes are 40 – 60 times.

Question 16.
Where is heart located in our body? How is it protected?
Answer:
Heart is located in between the lungs and protected by rib cage.

Question 17.
What is the size of our heart?
Answer:
The size of our heart is approximately size of our fist.

Question 18.
What is the shape and structure of heart?
Answer:
The heart is a pear shaped structure, triangle in the outline, wider at the anterior end and narrower at the posterior end.

Question 19.
What protects the heart from shocks?
Answer:
The space between the two layers of pericardial membrane (Pericardium) is filled with pericardial fluid which protects the heart from shocks.

Question 20.
What divides the heart into four parts?
Answer:
The heart is divided into four parts by grooves.

Question 21.
What are the blood vessels that supply blood to muscles of the heart?
Answer:
The blood vessels that supply blood to muscles of the heart are coronary vessels.

Question 22.
Which is the largest artery in the body?
Answer:
Aorta is the largest artery in the body.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 23.
Which artery supplies deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs?
Answer:
Pulmonary artery supplies deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

Question 24.
What are the two veins that collect blood from anterior parts and posterior parts of the body?
Answer:
Superior venacava (pre-caval vein) collects blood from anterior parts of the body and inferior venacava (Post-caval vein) collects blood from posterior parts of the body.

Question 25.
Who studied the veins in the leg and what did he notice?
Answer:
In 1574, an Italian doctor, Girolamo Fabrici, studied the veins in the leg and noticed the presence of valves in them.

Question 26.
What are the very fine blood vessels that connect smallest arteries and veins called?
Answer:
The very fine blood vessels that connect smallest arteries and veins are called capillaries.

Question 27.
Who discovered the capillaries in the wings of bats ?
Answer:
Marcello Malpighi discovered the capillaries (1661) in the wings of bats.

Question 28.
On which day the human heart starts beating during the embryonic development?
Answer:
The human heart starts beating around 21st day during the embryonic development.

Question 29.
What is cardiac cycle ?
Answer:
One contraction and one relaxation of atria and ventricles is called one cardiac cycle.

Question 30.
One cardiac cycle completes in approximately?
Answer:
The whole process of one cardiac cycle completes in approximately in 0.8 seconds.

Question 31.
The cardiac cycle includes?
Answer:
The cardiac cycle includes an active phase systole and a resting phase the diastole of atria and ventricles.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 32.
The number of heart beats in Blue Whale?
Answer:
The number of heart beats in Blue Whale are 7 times.

Question 33.
The number of heart beats in the bird Coaltit?
Answer:
The number of heart beats in the bird coaltit are 1200 times.

Question 34.
What is Edema?
Answer:
Edema is the condition in which the lower part of the legs will be swollen due to overnight journey in sitting position without moving legs.

Question 35.
What is single circulation of blood?
Answer:
If blood flows through heart only once in one circulation is called single circulation, e.g: Fish.

Question 36.
What is double circulation of blood?
Answer:
If the blood flows through the heart twice in one circulation is called double circulation, e.g : Frog and man.

Question 37.
What is lymph?
Answer:
Lymph is the substance that contains blood without solid particles.

Question 38.
What is tissue fluid?
Answer:
To supply nutrients to the cells the liquid portion of the blood with nutrients flows out of the capillaries. This is called tissue fluid.

Question 39.
What is serum?
Answer:
The light yellow coloured liquid portion after formation of the blood clot is called serum.

Question 40.
In which organism does protoplasm show Brownian movements?
Answer:
Protoplasm shows Brownian movements in Amoeba.

Question 41.
Which organisms use sea water for transportation?
Answer:
The poriferans/parazoans like sponges use sea water for transportation.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 42.
Which takes up the function of digestion and transportation of nutrients to each and every cell of the body in cnidarians?
Answer:
Gastrovascular cavity takes up the function of digestion and transportation of nutrients to each and every cell of the body in cnidarians. e.g: Hydra and Jelly fish.

Question 43.
In which animals is the digestive system highly branched and digested food to all the cells is supplied?
Answer:
The digestive system is highly branched and supplies digested food to all the cells in platyhelminthes.

Question 44.
Which takes up the function of collection and distribution of materials in Nematyhelminthes?
Answer:
The Pseudocoelom takes up the function of collection and distribution of materials in Nematyhelminthes.

Question 45.
What are the first Eucoelomate animals?
Answer:
The Annelids are the first eucoelomate animals.

Question 46.
Which have developed the heart, a pulsative organ to pump the blood?
Answer:
The Arthropods have developed the heart, a pulsative organ to pump the blood.

Question 47.
What is lymphatic system?
Answer:
Lymphatic system is a parallel system to venous system which collects tissue fluid from tissues and transports it to the venous system.

Question 48.
What is open type of circulatory system?
Answer:
The transportation system which supplies nutrients to the tissues directly is called open type of circulatory system, e.g: Arthropods, many molluscs and lower chordates.

Question 49.
What is closed type of circulatory system?
Answer:
The transportation system where the blood takes the responsibility of delivering the materials, which flows in the blood vessels is called closed type of circulatory system, e.g : Annelids, echinoderms, cephalopod molluscs and all the higher animals.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 50.
Where do doctors measure blood pressure in human beings?
Answer:
Doctors measure blood pressure in the upper arm artery.

Question 51.
What is the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
Answer:
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is a sphygmomanometer.

Question 52.
What is the normal blood pressure of a human being?
Answer:
The normal blood pressure of a human being is 120/80.

Question 53.
What is Hypertension? (OR)
What is high blood pressure?
Answer:
In some people high blood pressure more than the normal blood pressure of 120/80 is present during rest period. Such a condition is called Hypertension usually called high B.P.

Question 54.
Which vitamin plays an important role in coagulation of blood?
Answer:
Vitamin – K plays an important role in the coagulation of blood.

Question 55.
What is Haemophilia?
Answer:
Due to genetic defect, the blood may not coagulate or clot. This type of defect is called haemophilia.

Question 56.
What is Thalassemia?
Answer:
Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by mild to severe anaemia caused by haemoglobin deficiency in the red blood cells.

Question 57.
Why is the blood pressure more in arteries than veins?
Answer:
The arteries receives blood directly from the heart hence the pressure is more in arteries than veins.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 58.
Why is the wall of left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?
Answer:
The left ventricle pumps blood to more distant parts of the body such as from heart to fingers and toes. Hence the wall of left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle.

Question 59.
How is xylem situated in the root and the stem?
Answer:
In the root the xylem tissue is situated towards the exterior while in the stem it is arranged in bundles towards the center.

Question 60.
Which process plays an important role in the absorption of water by root hairs?
Answer:
Osmosis plays an important role in the absorption of water by root hairs.

Question 61.
What is transpiration?
Answer:
Evaporation of water in the form of water vapour through stomata of leaves is called transpiration.

Question 62.
What are the different types of nutrients required for plant growth?
Answer:
Micronutrients and macronutrients are the different types of nutrients required for plant growth.

Question 63.
Which tissue transports water to all the other parts of the plant?
Answer:
Xylem tissue transports water to all the other parts of the plant.

Question 64.
Which tissue transports food to all the other parts of the plant?
Answer:
Phloem tissue transports food to all the other parts of the plant.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 65.
What is the amount of water that an oak tree can transpire per day?
Answer:
The amount of water that oak tree can transpire per day is 900 liters.

Question 66.
How many liters of water does a fully grown maize plant transpire in a week?
Answer:
Fully grown maize plant transpires 15 liters per week.

Question 67.
How does the opening and closing of stomata take place?
Answer:
When guard cells are filled with water, the walls of the cells are pulled away and the pores open up. When the water content is low the walls of guard cells collapse and close the stomata.

Question 68.
The rate of transpiration depends upon?
Answer:
The rate of transpiration depends on temperature, humidity, wind velocity, soil, water content, etc.

Question 69.
How does the transpiration help the leaf of a plant?
Answer:
Transpiration helps to keep the leaf surface at a lower temperature than the surrounding air.

Question 70.
What is translocation?
Answer:
The transport of soluble product of photosynthesis through phloem is known as translocation.

Question 71.
Why are the artery walls very strong and elastic?
Answer:
Because they are carrying blood away from the heart to every cell of the body tissue and are doing with a lot of pressure. So the walls are thick to enable it to do its job and are elastic.

Question 72.
The lumen size is bigger in vein when compared with artery. Why?
Answer:
Veins are generally large in diameter, carry more blood volume and have thinner wall in proportion to their lumen.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 73.
What is the function of the Gastrovascular cavity?
Answer:
Digestion and transportation of nutrients to each cell of the body in cnidarians is the function of Gastrovascular cavity.

Question 74.
What is the meaning of the word lymph in Latin?
Answer:
In Latin, lymph means water.

Question 75.
It is advisable to take limited food in journey? Why?
Answer:
The body movements will be less in the journey. So taking little food is good for easy digestion.

Question 76.
It is advised to take low amounts of salt in food? Why?
Answer:
Salt (sodium) levels will be more in accumulated water at the time of edema. If salt is not reduced in food the salt levels increase in blood and cause other problems in the body. Hence it is advised to take low amounts of salt in food.

Question 77.
When do you think that our pulse rate goes up?
Answer:
Our pulse rate goes up after jogging, running, strenuous exercise, during fear, anxiety, etc.

Question 78.
Sometimes barks of the tree damaged more than a half, even though tree is alive. How is this possible?
Answer:
In the root the xylem tissue is situated towards the exterior while in the stem it is arranged in bundles towards the center. Hence if the barks of the tree are damaged more than a half there is no obstruction to flow of water, the tree is alive.

Question 79.
Which animals do great damage particularly to beech and sycamore?
Answer:
Grey squirrels do great damage particularly to beech and sycamore.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 80.
Which predators are encouraged by foresters to keep down the population of voles and rabbits that damage plants?
Answer:
Foxes, Badgers, Hawks, Owls are encouraged by foresters to keep down the population of voles and Rabbits that damage plants.

Question 81.
What is Rhesus factor?
Answer:

  1. It is an antigen occuring on the red blood cells of many humans (85%) and same other primates known as the rhesus factor.
  2. It also plays major role in transfusion.
  3. Rhesus factor was first discovered in rhesus monkeys.

10th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Transportation 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Using the data collected by you, from internet and other sources, make a report on coagulation of blood.
Answer:
The process of clotting of blood from the blood vessels when a person injured is known as blood coagulation. Blood platelets starts the process of blood coagulation. When the blood flows out, the platelets release an enzyme called “Thrombokinase”. Thrombokinase acts on prothrombin converting it into thrombin.
Thrombin acts on another substance called fibrin that is present in dissolved state converting it into insoluble fibrin. The blood cells entangle in the fibrin fibres forming the clot.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 3

Question 2.
By the information provided by scientist William Harvey, complete the following table.

SI. No. Vessel Structure / function Artery Vein
1. Thickness of walls (Thick / Thin)
2. Valves (Present / Absent)
3. Pressure in the vessels (low / high)
4. Direction of blood flow (heart to organs / body organs to heart)

Answer:

SI. No. Vessel Structure / function Artery Vein
1. Thickness of walls (Thick / Thin) Thick thin
2. Valves (Present / Absent) Absent Present
3. Pressure in the vessels (low / high) high low
4. Direction of blood flow (heart to organs body organs to heart) heart to organs body organs to heart

Question 3.
How did you prepare a match-stick Stethoscope in your school?
Answer:

  1. Take a shirt button.
  2. Insert a matchstick into the button.
  3. Place it on wrist.
  4. We have to observe the movements of the matchstick.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 4.
After reading the functions of lymphatic system, what precautions you would suggest to your elders about Edema ?
Answer:

  1. Should not sit in the same position for long time.
  2. Should move legs frequently.
  3. Should sit in a up right position.
  4. Take low salt diet.
  5. Do exercise regularly.
  6. Protect themselves from extreme temperature changes.

Question 5.
What will happen if pulmonary veins are tied with a thread?
Answer:
The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the lungs and open into left auricle. If the pulmonary veins are tied with a thread the oxygenated blood will not supply to the heart and body parts from the lungs. Hence the person will die because of lack of oxygen.

Question 6.
Suggest some precautions to avoid cardiac problems.
(OR)
What changes would you like to bring in your life style to avoid cardiac problems?
Answer:
I will bring following changes in my lifestyle.

  1. Avoid heavy fat food and junk food.
  2. Try to spend stress free life as stress leads to cardiac problems.
  3. I will do regular physical exercise or work to keep myself fit.
  4. Keep away from bad habits like smoking and alcohol consumption.
  5. After 40 years, yearly twice I will consult cardiologist.

Question 7.
Read the Para:
Platelets play major role in the coagulation of blood. Whenever the blood flows from the wound, platelets releases the enzyme called Thrombokinase. Thrombokinase acts on another substance present in the blood called prothrombin converting it into thrombin. Thrombin acts on another substance called fibrin that present in the dissolved state converting it into insoluble Fibrin fibers. The blood cells entangle in the Fibrin fibers forming the clot.
Now, answer the following questions:
a) What happens if blood is not coagulated?
Answer:
If blood is not coagulated, it bleeds continuously from the wound, some times it leads to death of a person.

b) Which enzyme helps in the coagulation process?
Answer:
The enzyme thrombokinase helps in coagulation process.

c) How is Thrombin formed?
Answer:
Thrombokinase acts on another substance present in blood called prothrombin converting it into thrombin.

d) What do we call the yellow coloured fluid appear after the formation of the clot?
Answer:
The yellow coloured fluid appear after the formation of the clot is SERUM.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 8.
Observe the following table and answer the questions.

Name of the animal Weight of the body Weight of the heart No. of beats / min.
Blue whale 1,50,000 kgs 750 kgs 7
Elephant 3,000 kgs 12-21 kgs 46
Man 60-70 kgs 300 grams 76
Coal Tit Bird 8 grams 0.15 grams 1200

i) What is meant by Cardiac cycle?
Answer:
One contraction and one relaxation of atria and ventricles is called one Cardiac Cycle.

ii) Write relation between the weight of the heart and heart beat.
Answer:
If the heart weight increases the rate of heart beat decreases and if the heart weight is less and the rate of heart beat is more.

Question 9
Look at the following table and answer the questions.

Name of the Student Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure
Kiran 120 80
Rajesh 160 100

a) Who is healthy person? Why?
b) Who is suffering from hypertension? What are the reasons?
Answer:
a) Kiran is a healthy Person as he has normal blood pressure of 120/80 mm/Hg.
b) Rajesh is suffering from hypertension. Reasons for hypertension are eating foods with high salt, obesity, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, lack of physical exercises and hereditary reasons.

Question 10.
What would happen if transpiration doesn’t occur in plants?
Answer:
i) Transpiration is a process by which plants lose excess of water in the form of water vapour, which in turn returns to environment and comes down as rain. Forests have the highest rainfall due to transpiration.

ii) If plants do not transpire, it affects rainfall.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 11.
Neelima conducted an activity on her friends and got the following results.

S.No. Name Heart beat at rest/min Heart beat after jogging / min Pulse rate at rest / min
1. Jeevan 72 109 72
2. Raju 75 110 74
3. Reshma 73 111 73

i) What is the relation between heart beat and pulse rate?
Answer:
Heart beat rate is equal to pulse rate.

ii) Why is the heart beat rate more after jogging?
Answer:
In the jogging muscles need more oxygen to produce high energy. To supply this oxygen heart beat is increased after jogging.

Question 12.
A person is injured while playing on the ground. Blood is flowing continuously. What might be the reasons?
Answer:
In this case blood is not clotting. Because

  1. He may be suffering from ‘Haemophilia’.
  2. Blood platelets are less in number.
  3. He may suffer from vitamin-K deficiency.
  4. Enzyme ‘Thrombokinase’ may not release.

Question 13.
What questions do you pose to your teacher to understand ‘blood clotting’?
Answer:

  1. What is coagulation?
  2. How does blood coagulate?
  3. What are the factors responsible for coagulation?
  4. What happens if coagulation occurs in blood vessels?
  5. Which substance prevents coagulation of blood in blood vessels?
  6. Which vitamin is required for coagulation of blood?
  7. What happens if coagulation of blood does not occur when we meet with accidents?
  8. Which cells present in blood help in coagulation of blood?

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 14.
Where are the valves located in human heart? Write their names.
Answer:
Valves present in human heart.

Name of the valve Location Allows blood to flow from
1. Tricuspid Valve Right auriculoventricular septum Right atrium to right ventricle.
2. Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve) Left auriculoventricular septum. Left atrium to left ventricle.
3. Pulmonary Valve At the origin of pulmonary aorta in the right ventricle. Allows blood to flow from right ventricle into pulmonary aorta.
4. Systemic Valves (Aortic Valves) At the origin of systemic- aorta in the left ventricle. Allows blood to flow from left ventricle into the systemic aorta.

Question 15.
What happens if there are no valves in veins?
Answer:

  1. If the valves are absent in veins blood will not flow in unidirection and flows backward too.
  2. Blood will not be supplied to heart properly.
  3. Bulging of veins may takes place.

Question 16.
Which items do you take into consideration to explain the differences of arteries and veins?
Answer:
I would like to consider the following items to explain the difference between arteries and veins. They are thickness of walls, valves, capacity to retain shape when blood is absent, direction of blood flow, pressure in the vessels, type of blood transported, type of blood carried by pulmonary artery and type of blood carried by pulmonary vein.

Question 17.
When you know the heart pumping method is circulatory system, which issue do you remember particularly? What’s the reason for that?
Answer:
The heart beats faster during and after an exercise remembered by me. Because at that time our body needs more energy under these conditions. The faster breathing of heart pumps blood more rapidly to the body organs which supplies more oxygen to the body cells for rapid respiration to produce more energy. That is a great job for heart muscle.

Question 18.
Classify different types of blood vessels in humans. On what bases do you classify blood vessels?
Answer:

  1. There are three types of blood vessels called arteries, veins and capillaries present in humans.
  2. These blood vessels are classified on the basis of thickness of walls, valves, capacity to retain shape when blood is absent, direction of blood flow, pressure in the vessel, type of blood transported, type of blood carried by pulmonary artery or vein.

Question 19.
Anil fell down while going to school, got knee injury, started bleeding. After sometime he wondered on seeing blood clot? Why did blood clot?
Answer:
Blood clotting normally occurs when there is damage to blood vessel. Platelets immediately begin to combine to the cut edges of the vessel and release chemicals to attract even more platelets. A platelet clot is formed and the external bleeding stops.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 20.
How is the human heart protected from shocks or injuries?
Answer:
Protection of human heart:

  1. Heart in human beings is protected in different ways.
  2. It is enclosed in a double layered, transparent thin membrane called pericardium.
  3. The space between the inner and outer layers is called pericardial space.
  4. This space is filled with a fluid called pericardial fluid.
  5. Pericardium and pericardial fluid protect the heart from physical shocks.
  6. It is also protected by ribcage or chest cavity.

Question 21.
Describe the blood vessels that carry away blood from human heart.
Answer:

  1. The rigid vessels called arteries which originate from the heart supply blood to various organs in the body.
  2. From the upper part of the left ventricle a thick blood vessel called Systemic Aorta arises. It supplies oxygenated blood to the body parts.
  3. From the upper part of the right ventricle pulmonary artery arises. It supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  4. A pair of coronary arteries (vessels) carry oxygenated blood to the muscles of heart.

Question 22.
What is a mitral valve? What is its function?
Answer:

  1. Mitral valve: The valve present between left atrium and vertricle is known as mitral valve.
  2. Function: It allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle. It also known as bicuspid valve.

Question 23.
Describe the external features of heart.
Answer:

  1. Heart is a hollow organ. It is situated slightly towards left side in the middle of the chest cavity.
  2. It is made up of cardiac muscle.
  3. It is pear shaped wider at the anterior and narrower at the posterior end.
  4. It is protected by ribcage and vertebral column.
  5. Generally it is the size of the one’s fist.

Question 24.
What are the differences between right ventricle and left ventricle?
Answer:

Right ventricle Left ventricle
1. Smaller in size. 1. Larger in size.
2. Pulmonary artery takes its origin. 2. Aorta takes its origin.
3. Receives deoxygenated blood from right auricle. 3. Receives oxygenated blood from left auricle.
4. Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs. 4. Pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except lungs.
5. Tricuspid valve guards the auriculo – ventricular aperture. 5. Bicuspid valve (mitral) guards the left auriculo – ventricular aperture.

Question 25.
How can Thalassemia major be treated?
Answer:

  1. Thalassemia major should be diagnosed as early as possible in order to prevent growth restriction, thin bones and infections in the first year of life.
  2. If Hb is less than 70% or the child shows signs of poor growth and development.
  3. Regular transfusion is the treatment of choice.
  4. This can usually be achieved by carrying out transfusions of concentrated red blood cells at intervals of every three to four weeks.
  5. Today Thalassemia major can be cured by stem cell transplantation.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 26.
Why is double circulation necessary in human beings? Or Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Answer:

  1. In humans the right side and left side of the human heart is useful to keep deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing.
  2. The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
  3. It is useful in case of humans which constantly require energy to maintain their body temperature constant.

27. In some people blood does not coagulate. Give the reasons for it.
(OR)
What is Haemophilia? What are the causes for it?
Answer:

  1. Normally the blood that comes out from a wound clots in 3 – 6 minutes. But in some people due to vitamin K deficiency it takes more time to clot.
  2. Due to genetic defect blood may not coagulate. This type of defect is called Haemophilia.
  3. Haemophilia is a common disorder in the children who have born from the marriages between very close relatives.

10th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Transportation 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is coagulation of blood ? Explain the process of coagulation in brief.
(OR)
Collect information from internet and other sources about blood clotting and prepare a note on it.
Answer:
When the blood vessel is injured, the platelets collect at the site of the injury and form a clot and prevents further loss of blood. This is known as coagulation of blood. Process of Coagulation:

  1. When the blood flows out from injuries, the platelets release an enzyme called thrombokinase.
  2. Thrombokinase acts on another substance present in the blood called prothrombin converting it into thrombin.
  3. Thrombin acts on another substance called fibrin, that is present in dissolved state converting it into insoluble fibrin.
  4. The blood cells entangle in the fibrin fibers forming the clot.
  5. The fibrin fibers are attached to the edges of the wound and pull them together.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 2.
B1, B2, B3, A, C, D, E, K are the symbols of vitamins. Classify these vitamins based on solubility and diseases due to vitamins deficiency.

S.No. Water soluble Disease due to deficiency Fat solube Disease due to deficiency

Answer:

S.No. Water soluble Disease due to deficiency Fat solube Disease due to deficiency
I B1 Beri – Beri A Eye, Skin disease
2 B2 Glossitis D Rickets
3 B3 Pellagra E Fertility disorders
4 Vit C Scurvy K Delay in Blood clotting

Question 3.
Ramu got injured while playing Kabaddi. His blood clotted within 6 minutes. Write the procedure involved in it.
Answer:

When the blood flows out from injuries, the platelets release an enzyme called thrombokinase.
2) Thrombokinase acts on inactive prothrombin and converts into thrombin.
3) Thrombin converts the soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrine fibers.
4) The blood cells entangle in the fibrin fibers forming the clot.
(or)
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 4

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 4.
Read the para:

In the heart, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava opened into right atrium. The pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs and open into left atrium. The valve present between the right atrium and right ventricle is referred as ‘Tricuspid valve ’. The valve present between the left atrium and left ventricle is refferred as Bicuspid valve. A major blood vessel that originate from right ventricle is Pulmonary Aorta. The valves present at the region of Pulmonary Aorta are called pulmonary valves. A major blood vessel originates from left ventricle is Systemic Aorta. The valves present at the region of Systemic Aorta are called systemic valves.

Now, fill the table with the above information.

Name of the valve Location Way of blood flow Nature of the blood oxygenated / deoxygenated
a. Tricuspid Valve
b. Bicuspid Valve
c. Pulmonary Valves
d. Systemic Valves

Answer:

Name of the valve Location Way of blood flow Nature of the blood oxygenated / deoxygenated
a. Tricuspid Valve Right auriculo ventricular septum Right atrium to right ventricle Deoxygenated blood
b. Bicuspid Valve Left auriculo ventricular septum Left atrium to left ventricle Oxygenated blood
c. Pulmonary Valve At the origin of pulmonary aorta in the right ventricle. From right ventricle into pulmonary aorta Deoxygenated

blood

d. Systemic Valves At the origin of systemic aorta From left ventricle into the systemic aorta Oxygenated blood

Question 5.
Study the given paragraph and answer the questions.

When you cut yourself the blood flows out of the wound for only a short time. Then the cut is filled with a reddish solid material. This solid is called a blood clot. When blood flows,out, the plate lets release an enzyme called thrombokinase. Thrombokinase acts on another substance present in the blood called pro – thrombin converting it in to thrombin. Thrombin acts on another substance called fibrinogen that is present in dissolved state converting it in to insoluble fibrin. The blood cells entangle in the fibrin fibers forming the clot.

A) Which blood cells are helpful in blood coagulation?
B) Which enzyme is responsible for blood coagulation? When is it released?
C) How does soluble fibrinogen in blood convert into insoluble fibrin fibers?
D) What will happen, if blood doesn’t coagulate when wound occurs?
Answer:
A) Blood platelets
B) Thrombokinase is responsible for blood coagulation. When the blood flows out the platelets release this enzyme thrombokinase.
C) Thrombin converts fibrinogen in blood into insoluble fibrin.
D) Blood bleeding from the injuries occurs continuously leads to death.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 6.
i) Label the parts of heart in the diagram below:
ii) Which blood vessel brings deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body?
iii) Which chamber(s) of the heart have more thick walls? Why?
Answer:
i)

  1. Artery to left arm
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Left atriu
  4. Left artrioventricular valve
  5. Inferior vena cava
  6. Right atrio – ventricular valve
  7. Right atrium
  8. Superior vena cava

ii) Superior vena cava / Inferior vena cava
iii) Ventricles; to pump blood.

Question 7.
Describe the internal structure of heart with a neat labelled diagram.
(OR)
What is called pumping station in human body? Explain its structure with suitable diagram.
Answer:

  1. Heart is called pumping station in human body.
  2. Internally heart is divided into four parts by grooves.
  3. Two upper parts are called atria, and two lower parts are called ventricles.
  4. The two atria are separated from each by inter-atriolar septum and the right and left ventricles are separated from each other by inter-ventricular septum.
  5. The inter-atriolar septum and inter-ventricular septum prevent mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart with oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.
  6. The walls of the ventricles are relatively thicker than atrial walls.
  7. The largest artery is the aorta which arises from the left ventricle supplies blood to all the body parts except lungs.
  8. Pulmonary artery that arises from the right ventricle carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.
  9. The right atrium and right ventricle are connected to each other by right atrioventricular aperture.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 5
  10. The left atrium and left ventricle are connected to each other by left atrioventricular aperture.
  11. Tricuspid valve guards the right auriculoventricular aperture and mitral valve or bicuspid valve guards the left atrioventricular aperture.
  12. Blood from the anterior parts of the body is collected by superior venacava which opens into right atrium.
  13. Blood from the posterior parts of the body is collected by inferior venacava or post caval vein which also opens into right atrium.
  14. Coronary arteries supply blood to the muscles of the heart whereas coronary veins collect blood from the heart. It also opens into right atrium.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 8.
Write about the valves, their positions, their functions in human heart. How many blood vessels are attached to heart? Write about their positions and functions.
Answer:
Valves and their positions in Human Heart:

  1. The valve present in between right atrium and right ventricle is Tricuspid valve.
  2. The valve present in between left atrium and left ventricle is Bicuspid valve.
  3. The valve present at the region of pulmonary arota is called Pulmonary valves.
  4. The valves present at the region of systemic arota is called systemic valves.

Blood vessels attached to the heart, their positions and functions:

  1. The blood vessels found in the walls of the heart are coronary vessels which supply blood to muscles of the heart.
  2. From the upper part of the left ventricle aorta arises it supplies oxygenated blood to the body parts.
  3. From the upper part of the right ventricle pulmonary artery arises which supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  4. The vein which is right side of the heart is superior venacava.
  5. The vein which is coming from the posterior part of the heart is inferior venacava which collects blood from posterior part of the body.

Question 9.
Read the table and answer the following questions.

S.No. Name of the Phylum Type of transport system
1. Cnidarians Gastro vascular cavity
2. Platyhelminthes Digestive system
3. Nematyhelminthes Pseudocoelom
4. Annelida Blood vessels
5. Arthropoda Open circulatory system

i) In which phylum, blood vessels are first formed?
Answer:
Blood vessels first formed in phylum annelida.

ii) In which phylum, organisms have haemoglobin in their blood?
Answer:
Organisms in phylum annelida have haemoglobin in plasma of blood,

iii) In which phylum, digestive system helps in transportation?
Answer:
The digestive system in the phylum cnidarian helps in transportation,

iv) Why do arthropods have open circulatory system?
Answer:
In arthropods blood vessels are absent, sinuses are present. So they have open circulatory system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 10.
Write a short note on Human Lymphatic System and its functions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 6Answer:

  1. Lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lymph glands.
  2. To supply nutrients to the cells (tissues), the liquid portion of the blood with nutrients flows out of the capillaries. This is called tissue fluid.
  3. To transport the tissue fluid into the main blood stream, a separate system called lymphatic system is present.
  4. Lymph is the vital link between blood and tissues by which essential substances pass from blood to cells and excretory products from cells to blood.
  5. Lymph is the substance that contains blood without solid particles.
  6. From intercellular spaces, lymph goes into lymphatic capillaries.
  7. Lymphatic capillaries join to form large lymph vessels which finally open into larger veins.
  8. Lymph flows only in one direction, that is from tissues to heart through veins.
    Functions of Lymph:
    a) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fats from small intestine to different tissues of the body.
    b) It helps in removing waste materials from the cells in the body to drain into blood.
    c) Lymph protects cells in the tissues from infection.

Question 11.
Explain the process of coagulation of blood.
Answer:

  1. When the blood flows out from injuries, the platelets release an enzyme called thrombokinase.
  2. Thrombokinase acts on another substance present in the blood called prothrombin converting it into thrombin.
  3. Thrombin acts on another substance called fibrin, that is present in dissolved state converting it into insoluble fibrin.
  4. The blood cells entangle in the fibrin fibers forming the clot.
  5. The fibrin fibers are attached to the edges of the wound and pull them together.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 12.
Observe the given diagram. Which type of cardiac cycle does it indicate? Explain the process that happens here.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 7Answer:

  1. It indicates double circuit circulation. It includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
  2. Here blood flows through the heart twice for completing one circulation. Hence it is called double circulation.
  3. In this circuit deoxygenated blood from organs of body is collected into the right auricle and then sent into right ventricle. From right ventricle blood is pumped to the lungs. In the lungs blood is oxygenated and is returned to the left auricle by pulmonary vein. This circulation is known as pulmonary circulation.
  4. In systemic circulation the oxygenated blood from the left auricle is pumped into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle blood is pumped into the systemic aorta. This aorta supplies blood to various organs of the body.

Question 13.
In human body “A” is a pumping organ. From lungs blood vessel “B” with oxygen¬ated blood enters upper “C” part of left chamber of the organ. When “C” chamber contracts blood flows into “D” lower left chamber. “D” chamber contracts blood is pumped to all parts of the body except lungs through blood vessel E. Deoxygen¬ated blood from body parts is collected by blood vessel “F’ and opens upper “G” right chamber. This chamber contracts blood flows “H” lower chamber. Lastly “H” contracts De-oxygenated blood sent to lungs by blood vessel “I”.
a) “A” represents what organ?
b) (i) B (ii) E (iii) F and (iv) I are what blood vessels? Write their names.
c) (i) C (ii) D are what chambers?
d) (i) G (ii) H are what chambers? Write their names.
Answer:
a) Heart
b) i) B – Pulmonary vein
ii) E – Systemic aorta
iii) F – Superior or Inferior venacava
iv) I – Pulmonary artery
c) i) C – Left atrium
ii) D – Left ventricle
d) i) G – Right atrium
ii) H – Right ventricle

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 14.
Which blood vessels bring blood to human heart and from where?
Answer:

  1. There are three large veins that bring blood to heart from all the body parts.
  2. From upper parts of the body (from head and neck) blood is collected by superior venacava.
  3. The inferior venacava brings deoxygenated blood from lower parts of the body like abdomen, hands and legs. These caval veins open into right auricle.
  4. The third vein called pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs and open into left ventricle.
  5. In addition to these, veins called coronary veins bring deoxygenated blood from the walls of the heart. They also open into right auricle.

Question 15.
Give an account of valves in the human heart. (OR)
Write about different valves present in human heart and their uses.
Answer:

  1. Heart has valves which allow the flow of blood only in one direction and prevents its flow in backward direction. Valves are held in position by tough connective tissue called chordaetendinae.
  2. Right auriculo – ventricular aperture is controlled by a tricuspid valve which allows the blood flow from right auricle to right ventricle.
  3. Left auriculo – ventricular aperture is provided with bicuspid valve which controls the blood flow from left auricle to left ventricle.
  4. At the origin of pulmonary aorta in the right ventricle three half moon shaped or semilunar valves present which allow the blood to flow from right ventricle into pulmonary aorta.
  5. At the origin of systemic aorta in the left ventricle there are three semilunar aortic valves which allow the blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta.

Question 16.
What is pulmonary circuit ? Explain it with the help of a block diagram.
Answer:

  1. In pulmonary circulation the deoxygenated blood collected by superior and inferior venacava enters right auricle.
  2. From right auricle the deoxygenated blood enters right ventricle from there it send to the lungs by pulmonary artery.
  3. From lungs pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood into left auricle. From here blood enters into left ventricle.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 8

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 17.
What is systemic circuit? Explain it with the help of a block diagram.
Answer:

  1. In systemic circulation oxygenated blood from left atrium is pumped into left ventricle.
  2. From left ventricle the blood is carried to different parts of the body through systemic Aorta.
  3. The deoxygenated blood from all the body parts is collected into right auricle through inferior and Superior Venacava.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 9

Question 18.
Complete the following table with the details of arteries and veins.

Blood vessels Draw figure Thickness of the wall Layers of the wall Lumen size Capacity to retain the shape

Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 10

Question 19.
How did multicellular animals solve their problem of transport of substances?
(OR)
Write about the evolution we see in the transport system of multicellular animals.
Answer:

  1. Early in the evolution, multicellular animals have solved their problem of transport by dissolving majority of the required substances in water and then transporting to various body parts. Ex: Sponges to Heimenthes.
  2. Later on the evolution, special fluids like blood and lymph have been developed for the transport of substances within the body. Ex: Insects.
  3. In primitive animals, necessary force for transport of these fluids was given by contraction and relaxation of body muscles. These fluids were circulated with in the body cavity. Ex: Earthworm.
  4. Later on evolution, for circulation of fluids a closed circulatory system was developed. This consists of heart, blood vessels and blood. Ex: Amphibians, reptiles, aves and mammals.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 20.
What is blood pressure? How is it measured?
Answer:

  1. The pressure with which the blood flows in the blood vessels is known as blood pressure.
  2. Blood pressure is measured in the upper artery.
  3. There are two pressure readings.
  4. One measures the strongest pressure during the time blood is forced out of the ventricles. This is called systolic pressure.
  5. For a healthy young adult it will be 120 mm of Hg.
  6. The second reading is taken during the rest period, as the ventricles refills with blood. This is called diastolic pressure.
  7. The diastolic pressure will be 80 mm of Hg.
  8. Doctors measure the blood pressure with a device called sphygmomanometer.

Question 21.
How do you prove that transpiration is done through stomata of a leaf? (OR) Describe an experiment to show that water is lost from the stomata of leaf.
Answer:
Aim: To prove that transpiration is done through stomata present in the leaves.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 11Required material: A healthy potted plant, a polythene cover, water.
Procedure: Take a well watered plant. Tie a polythene cover to one of its small branch and keep it in the sunlight. After sometime observe the inner sides of the polythene cover.
Observation: It is observed that the inner sides of polythene cover is moist with water drops.
Inference: The excess of water from the plant evaporates through stomata of leaves into the atmosphere. This process is called Transpiration.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 22.
Explain the process of absorption of water by the root hair and movement of water in xylem.
Answer:

  1. The soil water is an extremely dilute solution of salts, more dilute than that of the cell sap in the root hair.
  2. Therefore water will pass into the vacuole of the root hair by osmosis.
  3. The entry of water dilutes the contents of the root hair vacuole so that it becomes weaker than its neighbour.
  4. Therefore water passes into the neighbouring cell which in turn becomes diluted, finally water enters the xylem vessels.
  5. As there are vast numbers of root hairs and root cells involved, a pressure in the xylem vessels develops which forces the water upwards.
  6. This total pressure is known as root pressure which is responsible for movement of water in xylem.
  7. The water which passed into the xylem vessels forms a continuous system of tubes through root and stem into the leaves.
  8. The evaporation of water creates the main pull from above root pressure gives a variable and minor push from below.

Question 23.
Explain the process of transport of mineral salts and water in plants.
(OR)
Explain how root pressure and transpiration pull help in the transport of mineral salts and water in plants.
Answer:

  1. Xylem tissue transports water and mineral salts in plants.
  2. Xylem vessels and tracheids of root, stem and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water and minerals conducting channels to each part of the plant.
  3. The cells of root hair present in the soil absorb water from the soil by osmosis.
  4. The entry of water dilutes the contents of the root hair vacuole so that it becomes weaker than its neighbour.
  5. Therefore water passes into the neighbouring cell which in turn becomes diluted, finally water enters the xylem vessel.
  6. This creates a column of water that is steadily pushed upward, called root pressure.
  7. Root pressure is not enough to push water and dissolved minerals to leaves in the tall trees.
  8. There is a continuous loss of water through stomata of the leaves in the form of water vapour. This process is called transpiration.
  9. The water lost due to transpiration is taken up from the xylem vessels and tracheids in the leaves.
  10. This loss of water during transpiration creates a suction pressure which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.
  11. This results in enhanced absorption and upward movement of water and dissolved minerals from roots to the leaves due to transpiration.
  12. At night when stomata are closed root pressure has an effect on transportation of water.
  13. Transpiration pull is the major force in the movement of water and dissolved minerals in the xylem during daytime.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 24.
Write an experiment to illustrate the conduction of sugars by phloem.
(OR)
How are sugars conducted by phloem in plants?
Answer:

  1. Experiments to illustrate the conduction of sugars by the phloem have been done by removing a ring of bark from a shoot to expose the wood.
  2. Remove all tissues from the cambium outwards including the phloem.
  3. After a few days, when the tissues above and below the ring were analyzed.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 12
  4. It was shown that food had accumulated above the ring but was not present below it.
  5. If it is left for sometime, the stem increases in thickness immediately above the ring, but no growth occurred below it.
  6. So, any damage to the phloem all around the stem will prevent food from passing down to the roots and the tree will eventually die.

Question 25.
Write about the changes in the evolution of transport system in animals.
Answer:

  1. In Amoeba due to Brownian movements nutrients and oxygen are distributed throughout the protoplasm equally.
  2. The parazones like sponges use sea water for transportation. Sponges create their own currents by beating of flagella that are present in their body.
  3. Cnidarians developed blind sac like gastro vascular cavity, which has taken up the function of digestion and transportation of nutrients, e.g.: Hydra and jelly fish.
  4. In platyhelmenthes, the digestive system supplies digested food to all the cells directly, excretory system collects wastes from each cell individually.
  5. In animals belonging to Nematyhelmenthes the pseudocoelom has taken up the function of collection and distribution of materials.
  6. In Annelids, animals have developed a pulsative vessel to move the fluid and the transporting medium is blood.
  7. In Arthropods have developed a pulsative organ to pump the blood. The blood flows in the tissues, directly supplying the nutrients to the tissues.
  8. Transportation system which supplies nutrients to the tissues directly is called open type of circulatory system, e.g. : Arthropods, many molluscs and lower chordates.
  9. The other type of transportation system where the blood takes the responsibility of delivering the materials, which flows in the blood vessels.
  10. Such type of closed circulatory system is present in annelids, echinoderms, cephalopod molluscs and all the higher animals.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 26.
Briefly explain about Thalassemia disease.
(OR)
What is thalassemia disease ? What is the main cause for it?
Answer:

  1. Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by mild to severe anaemia caused by haemoglobin deficiency in the red blood cells.
  2. In individuals with thalassemia, the production of the oxygen carrying blood pigment haemoglobin is abnormally low.
  3. There are two main types of thalassemia: alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia.
  4. In each variant a different part of the haemoglobin is defective.
  5. Individuals with mild thalassemia may have symptoms such as anaemia, enlarged liver and spleen; increased susceptibility, slow growth, thin and brittle bones and heart failure.

Question 27.
What are the facts known about Thalassemia?
Answer:

  1. Thalassemia is a serious inherited Blood disorder.
  2. 4.5% of world population (250 million) suffering with Thalassemia minor.
  3. There are over 35 million Indians are carriers of the abnormal Gene for Thalassemia.
  4. It is estimated that about 1,00,000 infants are born with major Haemoglobinopathies every year in the world.
  5. 10,000 – 12,000 Thalassemic children are born every year in our country.
  6. Survival depends upon repeated blood transfusion and costly medicines.
  7. Thalassemia can be prevented by awareness, pre marital or pre conceptual screening followed by ante-natal diagnosis is required.

Question 28.
What is the effect of Rhesus factor in childrens if Rh+ person marries Rh woman?
Answer:

  1. If a Rh+ man marries a Rh woman, some of the children are likely to be RlT.
  2. If a child is Rh+ some of its blood will leak into its mother’s circulation and cause antibodies to form in her blood.
  3. If the mother has more children the amount of antibodies in her blood often increases with each pregnancy, and in some instances the antibodies in her blood may pass into the baby’s blood in sufficient quantities to produce very serious anaemia and even death.
  4. When such cases occur, the baby is given a complete transfusion soon after birth sp that the baby’s blood is replaced by blood containing no antibodies to the rhesus factor.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 29.
What are the components of the circulatory system in human beings? What are their functions?
Answer:

  1. The circulatory system or transport system in human beings consists of heart, blood and blood vessels.
  2. Heart is a pumping organ to push blood around the body. It receives deoxygenated blood from body organs and pump it to lungs for oxygenation.
  3. Heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs and sends it to different body parts.
  4. Blood is a fluid connective tissue consists of a fluid medium known as plasma in which white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets are suspended.
  5. Blood transports food, carbondioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
  6. Red blood cells transports oxygen.
  7. Platelets present in blood help in coagulation of blood.
  8. Blood pushed by the heart flows in blood vessels called arteries and also comes back to the heart in the blood vessels called veins.

Question 30.
Draw T.S. of flow of blood in arteries and veins. Write flow of blood in between them.
(OR)
Write the differences between T.S. of artery, T.S. of vein and T.S. of blood capillary.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 13

  1. In arteries, oxygenated blood flows. Arteries supply oxygenated blood to all body parts except lungs. Pulmonary artery supplies deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs.
  2. Veins collects deoxygenated blood from all body parts into the right atrium. Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs into left atrium.
  3. Blood capillaries are the microscopic vessels that connect smallest arteries and veins.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 31.
What was the classical experiment conducted by William Harvey to demonstrate movement of blood in veins ?
(OR)
How do you repeat the classical experiment to demonstrate the movement of blood in veins?
Answer:

  1. In early 17th century William Harvey conducted an experiment to demonstrate the movement of blood in veins.
  2. Tie a tornquit just above the elbow of a person, whose blood vessels are prominent in the hand.
  3. Ask that person to hold the fist with a piece of cloth rolled in the hand. Now the blood vessels can be seen more prominently.
  4. Find undivided blood vessel, where we have to work for the next few minutes.
  5. At the end of the vessel farthest from the elbow apply steady pressure, so as to close its cavity.
  6. Now apply pressure from elbow towards the palm slowly and observe the changes in the blood vessels.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 14

Question 32.
What are the structural and functional differences of arteries, veins and capillaries?
Answer:

  1. The walls of arteries are made up of muscle fibers and are elastic. When the blood enters with a pressure into the arteries then walls will stretch and this enables the arteries to withstand the increase in the pressure without bursting.
  2. Veins are closer to the skin and contain valves. They are made of connective tissue called Tunica adventitia or Tunica externa. Middle layer has bands of smooth muscle called Tunica media. Generally veins are thin, lined internally with endothelial cells Tunica intina.
  3. Blood capillaries are microscopic vessels made of single layer of cells. They allow diffusion of various substances. They establish continuity between arterioles and venules. Capillaries is the Latin word which means “hair” because they were as thin as the finest of hairs.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 13

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

Question 33.
What is the cardiac cycle? Explain it with the help of a diagram.
(OR)
Draw a diagram of different stages of systole and diastole. Explain.
Answer:
One contraction and one relaxation of atria and ventricles is called one cardiac cycle.

  1. We start with imagination that all the four chambers of the heart are in relaxed state.
  2. Blood from venecava and pulmonary veins enters the right and left atria respectively.
  3. Now the atria contract and forcing the blood to enter into the ventricles.
  4. On ventricular contraction due to pressure the blood moves into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
  5. When the valves between the atria and ventricles are closed we can hear the sharp sound of the heart lub.
  6. When the ventricles start relaxing, the pressure in the ventricles is reduced. The blood which has entered the arteries tries to come back into the ventricles. The valves which are present in the blood vessels are closed to prevent backward flow of blood into the ventricles.
  7. Now we can listen to a dull sound of the heart dub. The atria filled up with blood and are ready to pump them into the ventricles.
  8. The sequential events in the heart which are cyclically repeated are called cardiac cycle. It includes an active phase systole and a resting phase the diastole of atria and ventricles.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 15 AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 16

Question 34.
What is hypertension? How is it caused? Mention the preventive steps to be taken.
Answer:

  1. Blood flows in the blood vessels with a specific pressure called Blood Pressure (B.P.) In healthy individuals, the normal B.P. is 120/80.
  2. The numerator (120) represents Systolic pressure and the denominator (80) represents Diastolic pressure.
  3. Blood pressure is measured by the doctors by an instrument called SPHYGMOMANOMETER.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation 17
  4. However in some people blood pressure is very high more than normal B.P. This condition is called Hypertension.
  5. One of the reasons for hypertension is the blocking of arteries by cholesterol. Constant stress and strain for a long time, improper functioning of kidneys, smoking and alcohol consumption are the reasons for high B.P.
  6. Hypertension can be prevented by diet control moderate exercise, avoiding stress and strain, avoiding
    alcohol consumption and smoking.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Transportation

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 2nd Lesson Respiration

10th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Respiration 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the end products of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respirations?
Answer:
End products of aerobic respiration: Carbon dioxide, Water, Energy
End products of anaerobic respiration: Ethanol / Lactic acid, Carbon dioxide, Energy

Question 2.
In which organisms, blood does not supply the Oxygen?
Answer:
Arthropoda organisms (or) Insects (OR) Tracheal respiratory Organisms.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 3.
Hari said that stem also respires along with leaves. How do you support him?
Answer:
Lenticels on stem also help in gaseous exchange in some woody plants along with stomata.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 1

Question 4.
Arrange the apparatus as above and heat the glucose. What will happen to lime water when glucose burns?
Answer:
Lime water turns milky due to carbon dioxide (CO2).

Question 5.
What is the role of mitochondria in anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
The release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen occurs in mitochondria. In anaerobic respiration, as oxygen is absent, mitochondria have no role in respiration.

Question 6.
Fermented idli, dosa produce smell. Name the microorganism responsible for producing such smell.
Answer:
Yeast is responsible for producing such smell in fermented idli, dosa.

Question 7.
In what compound, the energy released during the breakdown of glucose is stored?
Answer:
“ATP” (Adenosine Triphosphate).

Question 8.
Label a and b in the given diagram.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 2
Answer:
(a) Matrix, (b) Cristae.

Question 9.
Name chemical substance produced in human muscles during Anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
Lactic acid is produced in human muscles during Anaerobic respiration.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 10.
Why is Diazene Green solution added to the Glucose solution in anaerobic respiration experiment?
Answer:
Diazene Green solution is added to the Glucose solution in anaerobic respiration experiment to check the presence of oxygen in glucose solution.

Question 11.
Name the food material on which trypsin acts and name the end products.
Answer:
i) protein ii) end products – peptones.

Question 12.
“Respiration is the energy releasing process.” Write your opinion on this statement.
Answer:
The given statement is absolutely correct. We respire to use the oxygen to oxidise our food and release energy. This is similar like burning but a slower process. With the help of respiratory enzymes, energy released can be stored in the form of ATP for later use.

Question 13.
Identify the figure.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 3
Answer:
Aerial roots in Mangrove plants.

Question 14.
Can we say that combustion and respiration are almost same actions? What evidences do you have for this?
Answer:

  1. In both these processes sugar is converted to carbon dioxide and water.
  2. Both these processes require oxygen.
  3. Both combustion and respiration releases energy.

Question 15.
What is the role of epiglottis in respiration and swallowing food?
Answer:
The epiglottis is a flexible flap at the superior end of the pharynx in the throat. Epiglot¬tis acts as a lid over glottis and prevents food from entering into larynx. Air from pharynx enters the larynx while food enters into oesophagus.

Question 16.
What is the function of haemoglobin?
Answer:
During respiration haemoglobin carries oxygen to the cells and CO, from cells to lungs.

Question 17.
What is respiration?
Answer:
Respiration is the process by which food is broken down to release energy.

Question 18.
What does the word respiration mean in Latin?
Answer:
In Latin the word respiration means “to breathe”.

Question 19.
Who did comprehensive work on properties of gases, their exchange and respiration?
Answer:
Lavoisier and Priestly.

Question 20.
What was the gas liberated on heating powdered charcoal in a bell jar?
Answer:
It was fixed air. In those days carbon dioxide was known as fixed air.

Question 21.
What is oxygen debt?
Answer:
It is the inadequate supply of oxygen when we undertake strenuous exercise.

Question 22.
What is vitiated air?
Answer:
It is the term used then to show air from which the component needed for burning had been removed.

Question 23.
What is the total lung capacity of human being?
Answer:
The total lung capacity of human being is nearly 5800 ml.

Question 24.
Who was the renowned chemist who wrote a textbook of Human Physiology?
Answer:
John Daper was the renowned chemist who wrote a textbook of Human Physiology.

Question 25.
What happens when air passes through nasal cavities?
Answer:

  1. Air is filtered in nasal cavity by mucus lining and the hairs growing from its sides, remove some of the tiny particles of dirt in the air.
  2. The temperature of the air is brought close to that of the body.

Question 26.
What is the function of epiglottis?
Answer:
Epiglottis controls the movement of air and food towards their respective passages.

Question 27.
What is breathing?
Answer:

  1. Breathing is the process of inhaling and exhaling.
  2. The mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the environment and release CO2 is called breathing.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 28.
What are pleura?
Answer:
Pleura are the two membranes that protect lungs from injury.

Question 29.
What is the concentration of oxygen at a height of 13 km from the sea level?
Answer:
At a height of 13 km above sea level the concentration of oxygen is much lower about one-fifth as great as at sea level.

Question 30.
What is cellular respiration?
Answer:
Oxidation of glucose or fatty acids takes place in the cells releasing energy. Hence this process is known as cellular respiration.

Question 31.
Where does aerobic respiration occur in eukaryotic cells?
Answer:
Aerobic respiration occur in cytoplasm and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

Question 32.
What is Glycolysis?
Answer:
It is the first stage of respiration. In this breakdown of glucose molecule into two molecules of 3 carbon compound called pyruvic acid or pyruvate releasing energy.

Question 33.
What is the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in animals?
Answer:
In the absence of oxygen pyruvate will be converted to lactic acid and release small amount of energy in animals.

Question 34.
In which type of respiration pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and water?
Answer:
In aerobic respiration pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and water.

Question 35.
What is the main reason for feeling pain in muscles after strenuous exercise?
Answer:
Due to the anaerobic respiration in muscles large amounts of lactic acid is accumulated and this results in muscular pains.

Question 36.
What is fermentation?
Answer:
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells convert pyruvic acid to ethanol. This process is called fermentation.

Question 37.
What is the method used to separate ethanol from the yeast glucose mixture in anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
The method used to separate ethanol from the yeast glucose mixture in anaerobic respiration is fractional distillation.

Question 38.
In which organisms does exchange of gases take place through diffusion?
Answer:
In Amoeba, hydra and planarians exchange of gases takes place through diffusion.

Question 39.
In tracheal respiratory system which carry air directly to the cells in the tissues?
Answer:
Trachioles, the fine branches of trachea carry air directly to the cells in the tissues.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 40.
What are the respiratory organs in fishes?
Answer:
Gills or bronchiae are the respiratory organs in fishes.

Question 41.
What is cutaneous respiration?
Answer:
If the respiration occurs through skin, it is known as cutaneous respiration, e.g : Leech, Earthworm and Frog.

Question 42.
What are the other areas on the plant body through which gaseous exchange take place?
Answer:
The areas on the plant body through which geseous exchange take place are the surface of roots, lenticels on the stem.

Question 43.
What is the full form of ATP? How is it formed?
Answer:
I) ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate.
2) ATP is used to supply energy in the cells for the carrying all the metabolic processes.

Question 44.
What are the factors that control respiration?
Answer:
Oxygen and temperature are the two important factors that control the process of respiration.

Question 45.
What are the substances that are used for the production of energy in all living organisms?
Answer:
Glucose and fatty acids are used for the production of energy in all living organisms.

Question 46.
How many types of respiration are present? What are they?
Answer:
There are two types of respiration. They are :

  1. Aerobic respiration and
  2. Anaerobic respiration.

Question 47.
Where is energy stored in ATP?
Answer:
Energy is stored in the terminal phosphate bond in ATP which is having three phosphates attached to a molecule of Adenosine.

Question 48.
What are the power houses of the cell?
Answer:
Mitochondria are the power houses of the cell.

Question 49.
What is the main difference between respiration and combustion?
Answer:
In respiration several intermediates are produced and in combustion, there are no such intermediates are produced.

Question 50.
What is the equation that represents respiration?
Answer:
The equation that represents respiration is
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 4

Question 51.

.
What are the sites of cellular respiration?
Answer:
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration.

Question 52.
What are cristae in mitochondria?
Answer:
The inner membrane of mitochondria is thrown into several folds called cristae.

Question 53.
What is the net gain of ATP molecules in Glycolysis?
Answer:

  1. Four ATP molecules are produced when one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvate but two are consumed.
  2. The remaining two ATP molecules are net gain in glycolysis.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 54.
How many ATP molecules are produced when one glucose molecule is completely oxidised?
Answer:
A net gain of 38 ATP molecules are formed from the total oxidation of one glucose molecule.

Question 55.
What are the three stages present in complete oxidation of glucose molecule?
Answer:
The three stages present in complete oxidation of glucose molecule are

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreb’s cycle and
  3. Electron transport.

Question 56.
Why does oxidation of fatty acids give more energy?
Answer:
Oxidation of fatty acids give more energy due to the presence of more carbon atoms in them.

Question 57.
What are aquatic and terrestrial animals?
Answer:
Animals that live in water are called aquatic animals and that live on land are known as terrestrial animals.

Question 58.
Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than terrestrial organisms?
Answer:

  1. The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is low when compared to the amount of oxygen present in air.
  2. Therefore the rate of breathing in aquatic animals is much faster than in terrestrial animals.

Question 59.
Which part of the roots is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases?
Answer:
The part of roots that are involved in the exchange of respiratory gases are root hairs.

Question 60.
What is the average breathing rate in an adult mem at rest?
Answer:
The average breathing rate in an adult man at rest is about 15 to 18 times per minute.

Question 61.
Why is the trachea prevented from collapsing?
Answer:
The walls of the trachea are supported by several ‘C’ shaped cartillagenous rings. They prevent the trachea from collapsing and closing.

Question 62.
Why deos the percentage of carbon dioxide increase in exhaled air?
Answer:
During oxidation of glucose carbon dioxide is produced as waste product. Hence the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in exhaled air.

Question 63.
How does breathing take place in mangrove plants?
Answer:
In mangrove plants breathing takes place through specialised structures called breath¬ing roots or pneumatophores.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 64.
How does respiration take place in plants where roots are present in wet places?
Answer:
The plants which have their roots in very wet places have much larger air spaces, connect the stems with the roots, making diffusion from upper parts.

Question 65.
Which form a continuous network all over the plant?
Answer:
The stomatal openings lead to a series of spaces between the cells inside the plant which form a continuous network all over the plant.

Question 66.
What are the reasons for the animals to develop different types of respiratory organs?
Answer:
Body size, availability of water, habitat in which they live and the type of circulatory system are some of the reasons for the animals to develop different types of respiratory organs.

Question 67.
Why do fishes die when taken out of water?
Answer:
Fishes do not have lungs to utilise oxygen for breathing. They have gills which can utilize only dissolved oxygen from water.

Question 68.
What would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Answer:
Deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can affect the oxygen supplying capacity of blood to body cells. It can also lead to a disease called Anaemia.

Question 69.
What are the stages of respiration in man?
Answer:
Respiration in man occurs in two stages 1) Inhalation (or) Inspiration 2) Exhalation (or) Expiration.

Question 70.
Which part plays major role in respiration of man?
Answer:
Diaphragm plays a major role in respiration in man.

Question 71.
Which part plays major role in respiration of woman?
Answer:
In woman ribs play a major role in respiration.

Question 72.
How are lungs protected?
Answer:
Lungs are protected by two membranes called pleura. A fluid between these membranes protects the lungs from injury.

Question 73.
What is the composition of exhaled air?
Answer:
Exhaled air contains 16% of oxygen, 4% of carbon dioxide and 79% of nitrogen.

Question 74.
Why are red blood cells red in colour?
Answer:
Red blood cells are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin in their cytoplasm.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 75.
How is haemoglobin made up of?
Answer:
Haemoglobin is made up of a protein called globin, Iron (Hearn) and organic molecule called porphyrin.

10th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Respiration 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 5(a) Which gas turns lime water milky in this experiment?
Answer:
Carbondioxide (or) CO2

(b) Which gas do you think might be present in less quantities in the air we breath out as compared to air around us?
Answer:
Oxygen (or) O2

Question 2.
Balu said that, “Plants perform Photosynthesis during day time. They respire during night time”.
Do you agree with Bain? Why? Why not?
Answer:

  1. I do not agree with Balu’s statement.
  2. Photosynthesis depends on light for energy but respiration does not depend on light.
  3. Hence, photosynthesis takes place during day time only whereas respiration takes place both day and night.

Question 3.
The sportsman who participated in 100 mtr race get more muscle pains. But the sportsman who participates in 5 km’s race get less muscle pains. What is the reason?
Answer:

  1. Accumulation of lactic acid results in muscular pain.
  2. During 100 m race a well trained athlete can hold his breath and afterwards he pants.
  3. In this case, the muscles are using energy released during the anaerobic break down of glucose, lactic acid is produced.
  4. The presence of lactic acid in the blood is the main cause of muscle fatigue. Whether it is 100 mtr race or 5 km race.
  5. If the body is rested long enough the tiredness goes.

Question 4.
What happens if there is no epiglottis in human beings?
Answer:

  1. Food may enters into the larynx.
  2. Food may enters into the lungs leading to the death.
  3. May not speak properly.
  4. Entry of food and air may not be regulated properly.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 5.
Write two chemicals and two materials required to conduct the experiment “Heat and Carbon dioxide are evolved during anaerobic respiration”.
Materials required: Thermosflask, splitted corks, thermometer, wash bottle, glass tubes.
Chemicals required: Liquid paraffin, glucose solution, bicarbonate solution, Janus green B and Yeast cells.

Question 6.
Observe the below diagram.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 6A) To which biosystem is this picture related?
Answer:
Respiratory system.

B) Write the names of the parts of A, B.
Answer:
A – alveolus; B – blood capillary network

C) To which system are they linked with?
Answer:
Respiratory system; circulatory system.

D) Which process is happening here? What happens as a result of it?
Answer:
Gaseous exchange between alveolus of lungs and blood capillaries. Due to this the CO2, present in blood capillaries enter alveolus and oxygen present in alveolus en¬ter blood capillaries.

Question 7.
A person reached a specific distance once on foot and once by running. In which situation his legs pain? Why?
Answer:

  1. When a person runs to reach a specific distance gets pain in his legs.
  2. This is due to the production of lactic acid in the muscles.
  3. Due to the Anaerobic respiration glucose in muscles converts into lactic Acid.
  4. Accumulation of lactic acid causes pain in leg muscles.

Question 8.
What is the advantage of the wet and warm passage of air from the nostrils to capillaries?
Answer:
When the air passes in nasal cavity and in the pharynx some changes take place.

  1. The mucus layer and hair in the nasal cavity removes the dust particles in the air.
  2. The temperature of the air brought to the body temperature.
  3. Moistening the air.

Question 9.
In the experiment of anaerobic respiration with yeast
i) Why was liquid paraffin poured on glucose?
ii) What did you understood about anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
i) The supply of oxygen from the air can be stopped by pouring liquid paraffin on glucose.
ii) Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. In this glucose molecule is incompletely oxidised. The end products of anaerobic respiration are ethyl alcohol or lactic acid and CO2.
During anaerobic respiration small amount of energy is liberated (2ATP). Anaero¬bic respiration occurs in many anaerobic bacteria and human muscles cells. The anaero¬bic respiration can be represented as:
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2+ 56 K.Cal.

Question 10.
See the below table. Write what you know from it.

Gas % in inhaled air % of exhaled air
Oxygen 21 16
Carbon dioxide 0.04 4
Nitrogen 79 79

Answer:

  1. The inhaled air consists of 21% of oxygen whereas the exhaled air contains 16% of oxygen only. This is due to utlilisation of oxygen during cellular respiration in the body. Hence the difference occurs.
  2. Inhaled air contains 0.04% of carbondioxide whereas exhale air contains 4% of carbondioxide.
    The concentration of CO2 is increased a lot due to the release of CO2 during cellular respiration in the body.
  3. Both inhale and exhale air contains 79% of nitrogen because nitrogen has no role to play in cellular respiration.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 11.
What is the pathway of air from nostril to alveolus?
Answer:
Draw a flow chart of Respiratory passage of Humans.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 7

Question 12.
What happens when a baker prepares a dough by mixing yeast in it?
Answer:

  1. The yeast is commonly used for fermenting bread is saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  2. Baker’s yeast has the advantage of producing uniform, quick, and reliable results because it is obtained from pure culture.
  3. Water is mixed with flour, salt and the fermenting agent.
  4. The mixed dough is then allowed to rise one or more times.
  5. Then loaves are formed and the bread is baked in air oven.

Question 13.
How does respiration in amoeba and hydra occur through diffusion? (OR)
What are the similarities in respiration of amoeba and hydra?
Answer:

  1. Amoeba and hydra are aquatic organisms.
  2. Respiration in them occurs through diffusion.
  3. As oxygen is used by these organisms in respiration, its concentration is reduced in cytoplasm. Hence oxygen diffuses into cytoplasm from surrounding water.
  4. During respiration CO2 is continuously produced, its concentration increases in the cytoplasm, hence it diffuses into surrounding water.

Question 14.
Write a short note on ATP. (OR) Expand ATP.
Answer:

  1. From the break down of glucose the energy is released and stored up in a special compound known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
  2. It is a small parcel of chemical energy. The energy currency of these cells is ATP an energy rich compound that is capable of supplying energy whenever needed within the cell.
  3. Each ATP molecule gives 7200 calories of energy. This energy is stored in the form of phosphate bonds.
  4. If the bond is broken, the stored energy is released.

Question 15.
How do Dolphin and Crocodile respire?
Answer:

  1. The aquatic animals like dolphin and crocodile respire with the help of lungs.
  2. They come out of the water for air.
  3. These two animals were lived on land initially.
  4. Later they lived in water and developed several adaptations to live in water.

Question 16.
Why are Mitochondria called “Power houses of cell”? (QR)
What is the energy producing organ in a cell? How does it produce energy?
Answer:

  1. Cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells like that of bacteria occurs within the cytoplasm.
  2. In eukaryotic cells cytoplasm and mitochondria are the sites of reaction.
  3. The produced energy is stored in mitochandria in the form of ATP.
  4. Hence, mitochondria are called “Power houses of cell”.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 17.
Write the rate of respiration in different age groups of human beings.
Answer:

  1. Newborn child: 32 times per minute
  2. Children of 5 years: 26 times per minute
  3. Man of 25 years: 15 times per minute
  4. Man of 50 years: 18 times per minute

10th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Respiration 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about respiration in mangroves that grow in marshy lands.
Answer:

  1. Mangroves grown near the marshy places respire through aerial roots or respiratory roots.
  2. The root hairs exchange the gases from their surface.
  3. They obtain oxygen from the airspaces present between the soil particles.
  4. The plants grown in marshy places are adapted to develop aerial roots above the soil surface which helps in gaseous exchange.

Question 2.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 10a) What is the aim of this experiment?
Answer:
Heat is liberated during respiration.

b) What change do you observe in thermometer readings?
Answer:
Reading increases in the thermometer.

c) In your opinion, where did this heat come from?
Answer:
The heat comes from the germinating seeds which respire and releasing heat.

d) What precaution should we take, while doing this experiment?
Answer:
The bulb of the thermometer should be dip in the germinating seeds (or) sprouts.

Question 3.
You have conducted this experiment in your classroom. Now answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 11a) What do you prove by conducting this experiment?
Answer:
To test the production of heat and carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration.

b) Why do you heat glucose solution?
Answer:
To remove the dissolved oxygen in the glucose solution.

c) How do you confirm that glucose solution is free from oxygen after heating it?
Answer:
By adding diazine green (Janus green B) solution to glucose solution, it turns to pink.

d) What are the changes you notice in the lime water?
Answer:
Lime water turns milky white.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 4.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 12
i) What change did you observe in the thermometer in the given experiment?
Answer:
Raise in the temperature

ii) Where does the heat come from?
Answer:
From the germinating seeds during respiration

iii) What result you will get, if you perform this experiment with dry seeds?
Answer:
No change of temperature in thermometre.

iv) What are the apparatus used in this experiment?
Answer:
Glass jar, germinating seeds, cork, thermometer.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 5.
Observe the set of apparatus and answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 13i) Which process do we know with the help of this experiment?
Answer:
Combustion.

ii) How does this process differ with respiration?
Answer:
Respiration occurs in the presence of water.
Combustion occurs in the absence of water.

iii) What are the similarities between this process and respiration?
Answer:
In both processes energy is released.

iv) Which gas turns lime – water milky?
Answer:
Carbon-di-oxide (CO2)

Question 6.
Look at the following experiment. Answer the questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 11
a) What is the aim of the experiment?
Answer:
The aim of the experiment is CO2 is released during anaerobic respiration.

b) Which agent is used to find the presence of oxygen?
What changes do you observe when oxygen is present in Glucose solution?
Answer:
To find the presence of oxygen diazine green (Janus Green B) solution is used. The blue diazine green solution turns pink when oxygen is present in the glucose solution.

c) Why is liquid paraffin poured on glucose solution?
Answer:
By pouring liquid paraffin on glucose solution, the supply of oxygen from the air can be cut off.

d) Which gas is released during the experiment? How can you prove it?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is released.
The released CO2 passes into lime water it turns milky.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 7.
Observe the following diagram and answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 14

  1. What do we call the membranes that cover the lungs?
  2. What is the functional unit of lungs ?
  3. Which part produces the sound ?
  4. What does ‘X’ denote ?

Answer:

  1. Pleura
  2. Alveoli
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea

Question 8.
Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 15
a) What does the given diagram indicate?
b) What is the part ‘X’ in the diagram?
c) What is the function of the given picture?
d) To which system the given picture belongs to?
Answer:
a) The given diagram indicates mitochondria.
b) Matrix
c) Performing cellular respiration and releasing energy in the form of ATP.
d) Respiratory system.

Question 9.
Observe the experimental setup and answer the given questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 12A) What is the aim of this experiment?
B) What are the apparatus required for this experiment?
C) What changes do you observe in thermometer during this WKm experiment?
D) What will happen, if dry seeds are taken instead of germinating seeds in this experiment?
Answer:
A) Heat is liberated during respiration.
B) Glass jar, Germinating seeds, Cork and Thermometer.
C) We can notice the raise in temperature after observing the thermometer readings.
D) There will be no change of temperature in the thermometer. We can’t prove the aim of the experiment.

Question 10.
Observe the below diagram and answer the following questions:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 11i) What does the above setting (diagram) indicate?
Answer:
The above setting (diagram) indicates to prove that carbon dioxide and heat are liberated during anaerobic respiration by yeast cells.

ii) Why is boiled and cooled glucose covered with paraffin?
Answer:
To prevent supply of air, boiled and cooled glucose is covered with paraffin.

iii) What is the use of adding diazine green to glucose solution? What change you notice in glucose solution?
Answer:
Diazine green is added to glucose solution to know whether oxygen is present or not in glucose solution. When the availability of oxygen is less the diazine green changes to pink colour.

iv) Why is lime water used in this experiment?
Answer:
To know whether carbon dioxide is released or not in this experiment lime water is used. Carbon dioxide changes lime water to milky white.

v) Why is bulb of thermometer dipped in the glucose water?
Answer:
To know the rise in temperature of glucose solution when heated, the bulb of thermometer is dipped in the glucose water.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 11.
Explain with the help of a flow chart, the path way of air in humans.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 8

Question 12.
Study the graph and answer the following questions :
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 16Graph showing effects of vigorous excercise on the concentration of lactic acid in blood.
i) What was the concentration of lactic acid in blood to start with?
ii) What was the greatest concentration of lactic acid reached during the experiment?
iii) What is the concentration of lactic acid after 25 minutes of exercise?
iv) What is the relationship between lactic acid and muscle pain?
Answer:
i) 20 mg/cm3
ii) 20 minutes (Or) at “B” point,
iii) 101 mg/cm3
iv) If concentration of lactic acid increases, muscle pains also increases.

Question 13.
Observe the following :
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 17
Write the answers to the following questions:
i) How many Pyruvic acid molecules form from one Glucose?
Answer:
2 Pyruvic acid molecules.

ii) What conditions influence Pyruvic acid to participate in Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
Presence of oxygen

iii) In which we get more energy in both Aerobic and Anaerobic respirations?
Answer:
Aerobic respiration

iv) The chemical that is formed in human muscles during Anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
Lactic acid

Question 14.
Why does the exchange of gases happen only in alveoli, though arteries are present in pharynx, trachea and bronchus?
Answer:

  1. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries
  2. They are numerous and only single cell thickness
  3. They increase the efficiency of gas exchange.
  4. Due to the difference in a gradient of O2 oxygen diffuse from alveoli to blood capillaries.

Question 15.
What are the events or steps in respiration?
Answer:
The following are the events or steps in respiration.

  1. Breathing: Air moves into lungs and out of lungs.
  2. Gaseous exchange in lungs: Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood.
  3. Gas transport by blood: Transport of oxygen from blood capillaries of alveoli to body cells and return of carbon dioxide.
  4. Gaseous exchange in cells: Exchanging oxygen from blood into the cells and carbon dioxide from cells into the blood.
  5. Cellular respiration: Using oxygen in cell processes to produce carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy to be used for life processes.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 16.
What will happen if the respiratory tract is not moist? (OR)
Why respiratory tract should be moist?
Answer:

  1. If the respiratory tract is not moist the dirt particles in the inhaled air will not be removed from air in the nasal cavities and reaches lungs and creates problems to lungs.
  2. The temperature of the inhaled air is brought close to that of the body for the smooth passage in the respiratory tract. If it is dry, it is not possible.
  3. If the surface dries out, gas exchange will happen at a very reduced rate since fast moving gaseous oxygen molecules do not efficiently cross the alveoli membrane.
  4. The reduced gas exchange is most likely not enough to support blood oxygenation for vital functions.
  5. Hence respiratory tract should be moist for smooth exchange of gases.

Question 17.
Explain the process of transportation of gases through the blood.
Answer:

  1. The relative amount of gases and their combining capacity with haemoglobin and other substances in blood determine their transport via blood in the body.
  2. When oxygen present in the air is within normal limits (around 21%) then almost all of it is carried in the blood by binding to haemoglobin, a protein present in the red blood cells.
  3. As oxygen is diffused in the blood, it rapidly combines with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.
  4. Not only can haemoglobin combine with oxygen, but it can easily broken into haemoglobin and oxygen.
  5. Carbon dioxide is usually transported as bicarbonate, while some amount of it combines with haemoglobin and rest is dissolved in blood plasma.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 18

Question 18.
Why is human life impossible at higher altitudes without a supplementary supply of oxygen? (OR)
The concentration of oxygen in air decreases as we go up from sea level. Explain briefly.
Answer:

  1. If haemoglobin is exposed to air at sea level, every molecule in air combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
  2. At a height of 13 km above sea level, the concentration of oxygen is much lower about l/5th of a sea level.
  3. Under these conditions about half as many molecules of oxygen combine with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.
  4. Blood cannot carry enough oxygen to the tissues.
  5. Hence human life is impossible at such a high altitude without a supplementary supply of oxygen.
  6. Provision for such a supply is built into modern aircraft which have pressurized cabins that maintain an enriched air supply.

Question 19.
What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms? Give one example of each.
How does oxidation of glucose occur in various organisms?
Answer:

  1. Glucose is the most commonly used sugar for deriving energy in plants, animals and in microorganisms.
  2. In all these organisms glucose is oxidized in two stages.
  3. The first stage is known as Glycolysis. It occurs in cytoplasm.
  4. During glycolysis glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid.
  5. In the second stage if oxygen is available pyruvic acid is converted to C02 and water, large amount of energy is released. This is known as aerobic respiration. It occurs in most of the plant and animal cells.
  6. If oxygen is inadequate or not available, pyruvic acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is anaerobic respiration taking place in yeast cells that is called fermentation.
  7. If oxygen is not available in muscle cells, the pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 19

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 20.
Write the adaptations seen in plants living in water logged conditions.
(OR)
What are the adaptations seen in magrove plants?
Answer:

  1. Most plants can aerate their roots by taking in the oxygen through lenticels or through the surface of their root hairs.
  2. But plants which have their roots in very wet places, are unable to do this.
  3. They are adapted to these water logged conditions by having much larger air spaces which connect the stems with the roots, making diffusion from the upper parts much more efficiently.
  4. The problem of air transportion is more difficult for trees and may not survive with their roots permanently in water.
  5. To overcome this problem the mangrove tree of the tropics which raise up aerial roots above the surface and takes in oxygen.

Question 21.
Describe the mechanism of branchial or gill respiration in fishes.
(OR)
Briefly explain the process of exchange of gases in fishes during respiration.
Answer:

  1. Some aquatic animals like fishes have developed special organs for respiration which are known as gills or branchiae.
  2. Blood is supplied to gills through capillaries which have thin walls where gases are exchanged. Gills are present in the gill pouches or branchial pouches.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 20
  3. Gills are provided with leaf-like folds called gill lamellae.
  4. Fish keeps its mouth open and lowers the floor of the oral cavity. As a result water from outside will be drawn into the oral cavity.
  5. Now the mouth is closed and the floor of the oral cavity is raised.
  6. Water is pushed into the pharynx and is forced to gill pouches through internal branchia apertures.
  7. When water passes through gill lamellae exchange of gases takes place, that is oxygen diffuses from water to blood and CO2 from blood into water.
  8. Then water flows through external branchia aperture.

Question 22.
Explain briefly about Pranayama- the art of breathing. (OR)
How can the capacity of lungs be improved by yoga?
Answer:

  1. To improve breathing capacity the saint Patanjali developed Yogabyasa.
  2. The art of breathing in Yogabyasa is called Pranayama. Prana means gas, ayama means journey.
  3. In Pranayama practice air is allowed to enter three lobes of lungs in order to in¬crease the amount of oxygen to diffuse into blood.
  4. More amount of oxygen available to brain and tissues the body will be more active.
  5. It is very important to practise Pranayama regularly to make our life healthy and active.
  6. All people irrespective of age and sex should practise Pranayama under the guidance of well trained Yoga Teacher to improve the working capacity of lungs.

Question 23.
What are the experiments carried out by Lavoisier to understand the property of gases?
Answer:

  1. In his early experiments Lavoisier thought that the gas liberated on heating powdered charcoal in a bell jar kept over water in a trough was like fixed air i.e., carbon dioxide.
  2. The next series of experiments deals with the combustion of phosphorous in a bell jar. From this he showed that whatever it was in the atmospheric air which combined with the phosphorous was not water vapour.
  3. This was respirable air, a component of air that also helped in burning.
  4. The air that we breathe out precipitated lime water while that after heating metal did not.
  5. From this, he concluded that there were two processes involved in respiration.
  6. Lavoisier carried out another experiment by which he showed that about one sixth of the volume of ‘vitiated air’ consists of chalky acid gas (fixed air).
  7. Either eminently respirable air is changed in the lungs to chalky acid air; or an exchange takes place, the eminently respirable air being absorbed, and an almost equal volume of chalky acid air being given up to the air from the lungs.
  8. Lavoisier had to admit that there were strong grounds for believing that eminently respirable air did combine with the blood to produce the red colour.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 24.
Explain the evolutionary changes in energy-releasing system.
(OR)
What are the different respiratory systems in animal groups?
Answer:
Exchange of gases is a common life process in all living organisms, but it is not same in all.

  1. Diffusion:
    1. Single-celled organisms like amoeba or multicellular organisms like hydra and planarians obtain oxygen and expel carbon dioxide directly from the body by the process of diffusion.
    2. In multicellular animals special organs are evolved.
    3. Body size, availability of water and the type of circulatory system are some of the reasons for the animals to develop different types of respiratory organs.
  2. Tracheal respiratory system : In insects tracheal respiratory system is present in which small branches of trachea called trachioles carry air directly to the cells in the tissues.
  3. Bronchial respiration : In fishes gills are utilised for the exchanges of gases. Blood is supplied to gills through capillaries which have thin walls for exchange of gases. This is called bronchial respiration.
  4. Cutaneous respiration: 0 Respiration through skin is called cutaneous respiration.
    Eg: i) Earth worms and leeches.
    ii) Frog, an amphibian can respire through lungs and skin.
  5. Pulmonary respiration : Most of the higher animals respire with the help of lungs. This type of respiration is known as pulmonary respiration. Eg: Mammals.

Question 25.
Describe the structure of mitochondria with the help of a diagram. (OR)
Which cell organelle is called energy currency or power house of cell? What do you know about its construction?
Answer:
Mitochondria is known as energy currency or power house of cell.
Structure of mitochondria:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 21

  1. Mitochondria are sac-like structures present in the cytoplasm of the cells.
  2. Mitochondria have two compartments-an inner compartment and an outer compartment. The substance in the inner compartment is called matrix.
  3. The matrix is surrounded by a membrane called inner membrane of mitochondria.
  4. The inner membrane is thrown into several folds called cristae. The cristae extended into the matrix.
  5. The space between the folds is continuous with the outer compartment.
  6. On the inner membrane, projecting into the matrix are a large number of particles called elementary particles.
  7. These particles have a spherical head and a stalk. They are attached to the inner membrane by their stalk and the head portion of the particle is in the matrix.
  8. The outer compartment is surrounded by another membrane – the outer membrane. The outer membrane is smooth and has no projections.
  9. The inner membrane, the matrix and the elementary particles in the mitochondria have large number of enzymes and other required proteins for the respiration and energy production.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 26.
Draw and label mitochondria. Why should we call it cell of power ?
Answer:

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 22Oxidation of glucose molecule occurs in the mitochondria, ot cell. This is known as cellular respiration. The energy produced during cellular respiration stored in the form of ATP molecule. Energy producing cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria hence we call it cell of power or power house of the ceil.

Question 27.
Describe how oxygen enters the blood in lungs with the help of block diagram.
(OR)
How does gaseous exchange occur in lungs?
Answer:

  1. Gaseous exchange takes place within the lungs by diffusion from the alveoli to blood capillaries and vice versa. Alveoli in lungs are numerous and only one cell thick.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 23
  2. Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that are also one cell thick.
  3. Blood, dark red in colour flows from the heart through these capillaries and collects oxygen from the alveoli.
    At the same time, carbon dioxide passes out of the capillaries and into the alveoli.
  4. When we breathe out, we get rid of carbon dioxide.
  5. The bright red, oxygen rich blood is returned to the heart and pumped out to all parts of the body.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 28.
What is the role of diaphragm and ribs in respiration? Are both active in man and woman?
Answer:
Diaphragm:

  1. Diaphragm is a muscular dome shaped tissue present at the floor of the chest cavity separating abdomen from respiratory system.
  2. Diaphragm expands downwards into the abdomen thus increasing chest cavity. This allows the lungs to expand as we inhale.
  3. As the diaphragm contracts upwards thus decreasing the chest cavity, it allows the air to expel from the lungs.
    Ribs:
  4. The ribs protect the lungs and expand as we inhale to facilitate space for the lungs to expand. The ribs then contract expelling the air from the lungs.
  5. The intercostal muscles present between the ribs help in contraction and relaxation of ribs.
  6. In man, diaphragm plays a major role in the respiration, while in woman, the ribs play a major role.

Question 29.
Why are alveoli so small and uncountable in number? (OR)
How do alveoli increase the area for exchange of gases?
Answer:

  1. The pouch-like air sacs at the ends of the smallest branchioles are called alveoli.
  2. The walls of the alveolus are very thin and they are surrounded by very thin blood capillaries.
  3. It is in the alveoli that gaseous exchange takes place.
  4. There are millions of alveoli in the lungs. The presence of millions of alveoli in the lungs provides a very large area for the exchange of gases.
  5. And the availability of large surface area maximises the exchanges of gases.

Question 30.
Write a brief note on respiration in plants. (OR)
Does respiration occur in plants? Explain briefly about it.
Answer:

  1. In most plants exchange of gases takes place through stomata.
  2. There are other areas on the plant body like surface of roots, lenticels on stem, etc. the gaseous exchange takes place.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 24
  3. Some plants have specialized structures like breathing roots of mangrove plants as well as the tissue in orchids.
  4. Breathing roots and tissue in orchids help plants to take oxygen to produce energy and release carbon dioxide.
  5. Inside the plants openings lead to a series of spaces between the cells which form a continuous network all over the plant.
  6. The whole system works by diffusion.
  7. As the oxygen is used up by the cells a gradient develops between the cells and the air in the spaces.
  8. So oxygen passes in between the air spaces and the air outside stomata and lenticels.
  9. In the same way, as more carbon dioxide is given out by the cells, a gradient occurs in the reverse direction and it passes out.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 31.
Write a brief note on tracheal respiration in insects.
Answer:

  1. In insects blood do not contain haemoglobin, and blood is white in colour. Hence it cannot carry oxygen.
  2. For respiration insects adopt a special system called tracheal system.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 25
  3. This system consists of a series of tubes called trachea.
  4. These trachea open out through small apertures called spiracles on either side of the body.
  5. All tracheal tubes of each side join and form a longitudinal tracheal trunk.
  6. Trachea divide into a number of branches called tracheoles which carry air directly to the tissues.
  7. As the air moves in and out of the trachea, oxygen present in the air diffuses into the cells and CO2 diffuses into the air from the cells.

Question 32.
Write about the mechanism of respiration in human beings. (OR)
How does exchange of gases take place in human beings?
Answer:

  1. Respiration in man occurs in two stages. They are inspiration and expiration.
  2. During inspiration air from outside enters into the lungs by increasing the chest cavity.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 26
  3. Increase in the chest cavity is made by pulling the diaphragm down and pushing the ribs forward.
  4. As the air pressure in the lungs is reduced, air from outside enters the lungs through external nostrils, nasal cavities, internal nares, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi and branchioles and finally reach the alveoli where exchange of gases takes place.
  5. During expiration the diaphragm and ribs come back to original positions.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 27
  6. This reduces the volume of chest cavity.
  7. So the volume of lungs is decreased and air under pressure comes out of the lungs.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 33.
Study the graph given below and analyse the reasons for accumulation of lactic acid in blood after strenuous exercise.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 28AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 29
Answer:

  1. This graph shows the relation between time accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles.
  2. At the beginning, the amount of lactic acid in the blood is very less.
  3. Gradually it is increased by vigorous exercise.
  4. Within 15 minutes it goes to maximum level which causes muscle pain.
  5. Then the lactic acid is removed from muscles in an hour.
  6. Muscles produce energy by anaerobic respiration.
    C6H12O6 → lactic acid + CO2 + energy
  7. In the vigorous exercise, muscle work rapidly and produce more lactic acid.
  8. That’s why lactic acid concentration is increased in muscle after strenuous exercise.

Question 34.
Observe the above graph of lactic acid accumulation in the muscles of an athlete and answer the following questions.
a) What was the concentration of lactic acid in the blood to start with?
Answer:
It is 20 mg/km3.

b) What was the greatest concentration reached during the experiment?
Answer:
101 mg/cm3.

c) If the trend between points C and D were to continue at the same rate, how long might it take for the original lactic acid level to be reached once again?
Answer:
55 minutes.

d) What does high level of lactic acid indicate about the condition of respiration?
Answer:
It indicates the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles through anaerobic respiration. The presence of lactic acid in the blood is the main cause of muscular pain and fatigue.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 35.
Describe the structure of human lungs with the help of a diagram.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration 30
Answer:

  1. A pair of lungs is present in the chest cavity one on either side of the heart.
  2. Lungs are spongy and elastic. They are enclosed by two membranes called pleura.
  3. Space between the two membranes of pleura is filled with fluid. Pleura protects the lungs from injury.
  4. Right lung is larger than the left lung.
  5. Right lung is made of three lobes while the left lung has only two lobes.
  6. Lung has several thousands of alveoli which are supplied with blood capillaries.
  7. Pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
  8. After entering the lung, this artery divides into several arterioles and capillaries and supplies deoxygenated blood to alveoli.
  9. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
  10. Oxygenated blood is carried from the lung to heart by the pulmonary vein.

Project work
Question 1.
Observe and analyse the questions in the table given below.

Newly borned (Children) (Children) Children Youth/Adults Athletics
(0-3 months) (3-6 months) (6-12 months) (1-10 years)
Heart beat 100 -150 90-120 80 -120 70-130 60-100 40-60

A) In which age group rate of heart beat is more?
B) In which age group rate of heart beat is less?
C) Why heart beat in Athletics is less?
D) What are reasons for more rate of heart beats differences between the newly born and children?
Answer:
A) In newly borned babies which are in 0 – 3 months of age group rate of heart beat is more i.e., 100 to 150 times.
B) In athletics the rate of heart beat is less i.e., 40 – 60 times / minute.
C) The heart of athlete pump more blood per beat due to increased cardio-vascular fitness in the structure of the heart. The muscles in the heart wall thicken and the heart pumps more blood with each beat.
D)

  1. Mothers who have special medical conditions such as thyroid diseases or diabetes may give birth to new borns who are temporarily tachscardic from altered hormone and glucose levels. Tachycardia is a medical term for a very rapid heart beat.
  2. Some infants are born with accessory electrical tissue in the heart causes epi¬sodes of rapid heart rate.
  3. In wolf – parkinson syndrome – white syndrome there are extra cells and an ac-cessory path way, causing additional heart beats.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

Question 2.
Observe the table given below and analyse the questions.

Name of the animal Weight of the body Weight of the heart No. of beats/min
Blue whale 1,30,000 kg 750 kg 7
Elephant 3000 kg 12-21 kg 46
Man 60 – 70 kg 300 gm 76
Coaltit (Bird) 8 gm 0.15 gm 1200

A) Why heart beat is less in animals with more weight?
B) Why heart beat is more in animals with less weight?
C) What is the relationship between weight of the body and rate of heart beat?
D) Why the weight of heart is less than body weight?
Answer:
A) The animals with more weight usually have weighted hearts. In one heart beat the large-sized hearts sends high amounts of blood to circulatory system. It takes time for the fulfilment of heart. Hence heart beat is less in animals with more body weight.
B) Usually the heart is very small in less weight animals. When the animal shrinks or contracts , its heart actually decrease the volume of blood proportionately. It can compensate for the reduced volume by increasing the rate at which it can supply blood to all body parts.
C) As the weight of the body of the animal increases the rate of heart beat per minute decreases. And also as the weight of the body decrease the rate of heart beat increases.
D) Usually the body of an organism is made by number of organs which makes the body functional. As all the body parts constitute the whole organism, the heart one of the organ is usually has less weight than body weight of an animal.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Respiration

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 1st Lesson Nutrition

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define photosynthesis. (OR) What is photosynthesis?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants containing the green pigment called chlorophyll which build up complex organic molecules from relatively simple inorganic ones using sun light as an energy source.

Question 2.
What is the balanced equation to show the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 1

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 3.
Bhumika told that “If there were no green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end” Comment.
Answer:
All the living organisms on the earth depends on the plants either directly or indirectly for the food and oxygen.

Question 4.
Which disease occurs in child when there is an immediate second pregnancy or repeated child births in a mother?
Answer:
Marasmus

Question 5.
Give two examples for nutritional deficiency diseases.
Answer:
Nutritional deficiency diseases: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Beri-Beri, Glossitis, Pellagra, Anemia, Scurvy, Rickets, etc.

Question 6.
Your neighbour’s children appear with swollen legs, hands and other body parts. They have dry skin and frequently suffering from Diarrhoea. What are the reasons for it ? What suggestions do you give to their parent ?
Answer:
The children appear with swollen legs, hands and other body parts. They have dry skin and suffering from diarrhoea.
The reason for it is malnutrition and they are suffering from Kwashiorkor and Marasmus diseases.
They are advised to take proteins and calorie rich foods like liver, meat, eggs, milk, fruits, cereals and leafy vegetables.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 7.
What suggestions do you give to your friend suffering from constipation?
Answer:
Constipation can often be avoided by
a) having plenty of roughages in our daily diet. Ex : Leafy vegetables, beans, cabbage, etc.
b) drink plenty of water daily.
c) avoid junk food,
d) swallow the food only after its thorough mastication.

Question 8.
Which organelle of the leaf absorbs energy from the sunlight for photosynthesis ?
Answer:
Chloroplast.

Question 9.
Which gas is evolved in the diagram experiment? How can this gas be tested for confirmation?
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 2
Answer:
i) Oxygen gas is evolved in this experiment.
ii) If the burning splinter is kept near the mouth of the test tube, it burns brightly.

Question 10.
Classify the following vitamins into water soluble and fat soluble
i) Riboflavin ii) Retinol iii) Tocoferol iv) Thiamin
Answer:
Water soluble vitamins : Riboflavin (B2), Thiamin (B1)
Fat soluble vitamins : Retinol (A), Tocoferol (E)

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 11.
Prepare your own tabular column to get information about food deficiency diseases from a doctor.
Answer:

S.No. Name of the disease Symptoms Deficiency due to which nutrient
1. Kwashiorkor Hands and legs swollen, fluffy face, loose motions. Protein deficiency
2. Marasmus Lean, weak, swollen joints, no development in muscles, loose motions. Both proteins and calories deficiency.

Question 12.
Why is KGH used in Mohl’s half leaf experiment? (OR)
Why do we use KOH solution in Mohl’s half-leaf experiment?
Answer:
1) We conducted Mohl’s half leaf experiment to prove CO2 is essential for photosynthesis.
2) So KOH is used in this experiment to absorb the CO2 present inside the bottle.

Question 13.
What questions will you ask a doctor to know about malnutrition ?
Answer:

  1. What is malnutrition?
  2. What are the causes for malnutrition?
  3. What are the different types in malnutrition?
  4. How can we overcome the malnutrition?
  5. What are the reasons for malnutrition in our country?

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 14.
Name the vitamin which is synthesized by the bacteria present in the human intestine.
Answer:
B12 (Cyanocobalamine) is the vitamin which is synthesized by the bacteria present in the human intestine.

Question 15.
Which digestive juice doesn’t contain enzymes ?
Answer:
Bile juice which is produced by liver doesn’t contain enzymes. But it converts fats into small globules. This process is called emulsification.

Question 16.
One student takes high calorie food. Another student takes less calorie food. But both are affected with diseases. Name the diseases by which they are affected.
Answer:
Student takes high calorie food affected by – Obesity.
Student takes less calorie food affected with – Marasmus.

Question 17.
Mention the two chemicals which you have used in an experiment to test the presence of starch in the leaf.
Answer:
The chemicals used in an experiment to test the presence of starch in the leaf are

  1. Methylated spirit
  2. Iodine solution.

Question 18.
18. Write two slogans for campaign on Mal-nutrition.
Answer:

  1. Be cool and say no to fast food.
  2. Be smart – Eat smart
  3. Eat healthy – Look healthy – Feel healthy

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 19.
Identify the two parts A and B indicated in the given figure.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 3
Answer:
A – Stomach
B – Large intestine

Question 20.
Doctors advise not to eat food items at the time of fever. What are the reasons for this ?
Answer:

  1. At the time of fever body temparature is high.
  2. At that time digestive enzymes do not properly work to digest food.
  3. That’s why doctors advise not to eat food items at the time of fever.

Question 21.
If we chew the grains like wheat, jowar, rice we feel sweet. Why?
Answer:

  1. The grains like wheat, jowar, rice contain carbohydrates.
  2. Ptyalin acts on them and coverts them into sugars. So we feel sweet.

Question 22.
What teeth you use when you eat peas and banana? Why?
Answer:

  1. Premolars and molars are used when we eat peas and banana.
  2. Their function is to chew and grind the seed and food material.

Question 23.
What is autotrophic nutrition?
Answer:
It is a type of nutrition in which an organism makes its own food from the simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water using light as source of energy.

Question 24.
What is nutrition ?
Answer:
Nutrition: Nutrition is the process of intake or procurement of nutrients.

Question 25.
What are the main modes of nutrition ?
Answer:
Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition are the main modes of nutrition.

Question 26.
What are different types of heterotrophic nutrition ?
Answer:
Heterotrophic nutrition is of three types. They are:

  1. Saprophytic nutrition
  2. Parasitic nutrition and
  3. Holozoic nutrition.

Question 27.
What are the symptoms of disease pellagra?
Answer:
Dermatitis, diarrhoea, loss of memory and scaly skin are the symptoms of disease pellagra.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 28.
Which vitamin deficiency causes Rickets ? What are its symptoms?
Answer:
Vitamin D Calciferol deficiency results in Rickets. The symptoms shown are improper formation of bones, knocknees, swollen wrists, delayed dentition, weak bones, etc.

Question 29.
For proper vision which vitamin is required? What is its chemical name?
Answer:
Vitamin A is required for proper vision. The chemical name of vitamin ‘A’ is Retinol.

Question 30.
What are the complex molecules produced by plants from simple Inorganic substances?
Answer:
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are produced from simple inorganic substances like water and CO2.

Question 31.
What are the essential factors required for photosynthesis?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and sunlight are the essential factors required for photosynthesis.

Question 32.
What is the equation for photosynthesis proposed by C.B.Van Neil in the year 1931?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 4

Question 33.
In which form are carbohydrates stored in plants?
Answer:
Carbohydrates are stored in plants in the form of starch.

Question 34.
What is the reagent that is used to test the presence of starch in leaves?
Answer:
The reagent that is used to test the presence of starch in leaves is Iodine solution. The colour of the leaf will turn to blue-black in colour.

Question 35.
Who found that water was essential for the increase of plant mass?
Answer:
Von Helmont found that water was essential for increase of plant mass in the year 1648.

Question 36.
Who performed series of experiments in 1770 to reveal the role of air in growth of green plants?
Answer:
Joseph Priestly performed series of experiments in 1770 to reveal the role of air in growth of green plants.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 37.
What is the role of potassium hydroxide solution kept inside the glass bottle in the Mohl’s half leaf experiment?
Answer:
Potassium hydroxide solution kept inside the glass bottle in the Mohl’s half leaf experiment absorbs the carbon dioxide present inside the bottle.

Question 38.
Who found that gas bubbles liberated from hydrilla plant contain the gas oxygen?
Answer:
Jan Ingenhousz in 1779 found that the gas bubbles liberated from hydrilla plant contain the gas oxygen.

Question 39.
Who coined the term chlorophyll for the extract of green coloured substance from the leaf?
Answer:
Pelletier and Caventou in the year 1817 coined the term chlorophyll for the extract of green coloured substance from the leaf.

Question 40.
Chloroplast is formed by how many membranes?
Answer:
Chloroplast is formed by 3 membranes.

Question 41.
What is grana?
Answer:
Grana : The stacked sac like structures formed by the third layer of chloroplasts is called grana.

Question 42.
What is the function of stroma?
Answer:
It is believed to be responsible for enzymatic reactions leading to the synthesis of glucose, which inturn join together to form starch.

Question 43.
What is stroma?
Answer:
Stroma : The fluid filled portion of chloroplast is called as stroma.

Question 44.
What are the two major phases found in photosynthesis?
Answer:
The two major phases found in photosynthesis are:

Question 45.
Why is light reaction phase called photochemical phase?
Answer:
A series of chemical reactions occur in a very quick succession initiated by light and therefore the phase is technically called the photochemical phase.

Question 46.
Where does the light reaction take place?
Answer:
The light reaction takes place in chlorophyll containing thylakoids called grana of Chloroplasts.

Question 47.
What are the end products of light reaction?
Answer:
The end products of light reaction are O2, ATP and NADPH.

Question 48.
What are called the assimilatory powers?
Answer:
ATP and NADPH formed at the end of the light reaction are called assimilatory powers.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 49.
What are dark reactions?
Answer:
Dark reactions: The reactions that occur in both presence or absence of light are called dark reactions. The occurance of dark reaction is independent of light.

Question 50.
Who observed dark reactions?
Answer:

  1. The entire series of reactions involved in the conversion of CO2 to glucose were identified by Melvin Calvin.
  2. The dark reactions are also called as Calvin Cycle.

Question 51.
What is Calvin cycle?
Answer:
Calvin cycle: The cycle of reactions in fixation of carbon dioxide to glucose is called Calvin cycle.

Question 52.
How is glucose produced during dark reaction?
Answer:
In the dark reaction, the hydrogen of the NADPH is used to combine with CO2 by utilizing ATP energy and ultimately produce glucose.

Question 53.
Write some of the events that occur in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
Answer:

  1. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
  2. Splitting of water molecule.
  3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Question 54.
What is photolysis of water? Which gas is released?
Answer:
Photolysis of water:

  1. Photolysis of water Splitting of water molecule by light activated chlorophyll molecule is known as photolysis of water.
  2. Oxygen is released during (photosynthesis) photolysis of water.

Question 55.
In which cells of the leaves photosynthesis takes place?
Answer:
The mesophyll cells of leaf containing palisade and spongy tissue photosynthesis takesplace.

Question 56.
What is the ultimate source of energy?
Answer:
The ultimate source of energy is the Sun.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 57.
What are guard cells?
Answer:
Guard cells: The two kidney shaped cells which surrounds the stoma are called guard cells.

Question 58.
How does CO2 enter into leaf?
Answer:
CO2 present in the atmosphere enters through stomata into the cells of leaf by diffusion.

Question 59.
What is the first stable product formed in dark reaction or photosynthesis?
Answer:
Phosphoglyceric acid or PGA is the first stable product formed in dark reaction or photosynthesis.

Question 60.
Why ATP and NADPH are required in photosynthesis?
Answer:
ATP and NADPH are required for the utilization of carbon dioxide and formation of glucose during photosynthesis.

Question 61.
Why chloroplasts are green in colour?
Answer:
Chloroplasts are green in colour due to the presence of a green colouring pigment called chlorophyll.

Question 62.
What are the examples for parasitic organisms?
Answer:
The examples for parasitic organisms are cuscuta (plant), lice, leeches and tapeworms (animals).

Question 63.
How does amoeba take food into the body?
Answer:
Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger like extensions called pseudopia of the cell surface.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 64.
How does paramoecium take food?
Answer:
Food is moved to the cytosome by the movement of cilia which covers the entire surface of the cell where the food is ingested.

Question 65.
What is ingestion?
Answer:
Ingestion : The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion.

Question 66.
Name the three pairs of salivary glands. What is the enzyme secreted by them?
Answer:

  1. The three pairs of salivary glands in mouth are :
    i) Parotid glands
    ii) Submandibular glands and
    iii) Sublingual glands.
  2. The enzyme secreted by salivary glands is amylase (ptyalin).

Question 67.
What is the role of amylase in digestion of food?
Answer:
Amylase helps in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates to simple ones.

Question 68.
What is digestion?
Answer:
Digestion : The process of breaking down of complex food substances into simple substances so that they can be used by the body with the help of enzyme is called digestion.

Question 69.
How does the food from oesophagus move into the stomach?
Answer:
Food passes through oesophagus by wave like movements called peristaltic movements and reaches the stomach.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 70.
What is chyme?
Answer:
Chyme : Chyme is a soft slimy substance of food in which some proteins and carbohydrates have broken down.

Question 71.
What is the function of sphincter muscle present at the exit of stomach?
Answer:

  1. The sphincter muscle is responsible for regulating the openings of the stomach into small intestine.
  2. So that only small quantities of the food material may be passed into the small intestine from the stomach at a time.

Question 72.
What does the gastric juice contain?
Answer:
The gastric juice secreted by the walls of stomach contains Hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzyme, pepsin and mucus.

Question 73.
What makes the internal condition of the intestine gradually to a basic or alkaline one?
Answer:
Liver and pancreatic juice make the internal condition of the intestine gradually to a basic or alkaline one.

Question 74.
What is emulsification?
Answer:
Emulsification : Fats are digested by converting them into small globule like forms by the help of bile juice secreted from liver. This process is known as emulsification.

Question 75.
For what intestinal juice secreted by small intestine is responsible?
Answer:
The enzymes present in intestinal juice finally convert the protein to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 76.
What are the enzymes that act on proteins?
Answer:
Pepsin and Trypsin are the enzymes that act on proteins. Both these enzymes convert proteins to peptones.

Question 77.
What is absorption?
Answer:
Absorption : Transport of the products of digestion from the walls of the intestine into blood is called absorption.

Question 78.
What is defecation?
Answer:
Defecation: The passage of undigested material from the body by the way of anus is called defecation.

Question 79.
What are roughages in the food?
Answer:
Roughages are the fibres of either carbohydrates or fats which help in constipation.

Question 80.
What are the parts of human digestive system?
Answer:
Mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 81.
What is a balanced diet?
Answer:
Balanced diet: Diet containing nutrients in required amounts is known as balanced diet.

Question 82.
What are the nutrients present in balanced diet?
Answer:
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and mineral salts are the nutrients present in balanced diet.

Question 83.
What is malnutrition?
Answer:
Malnutrition : Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount is known as malnutrition.

Question 84.
What are different types of malnutrition?
Answer:
Malnutrition is of three types. They are:

  1. Calorie malnutrition
  2. Protein malnutrition and
  3. Protein calorie malnutrition.

Question 85.
What are the two sources of vitamins to our body?
Answer:
The two sources of vitamins to our body are one is diet and the other is bacteria present in the intestine synthesise enzymes and supply them to the body.

Question 86.
Vitamins are classified into how many groups?
Answer:
Vitamins are classified into two groups. They are fat soluble (eg : A, D, E and K) and water soluble (eg : B complex, Vitamin C).

Question 87.
What is the chemical name of vitamin B12?
Answer:
The chemical name of vitamin B12 is Cyanocobalamine.

Question 88.
Which vitamin deficiency causes sterility in males?
Answer:
Vitamin E. i.e., tocopherol deficiency causes sterility in males.

Question 89.
What is the name of vitamin ‘C’? Deficiency of vitamin ‘C’ causes which disease?
Answer:
The chemical name of vitamin ‘C’ is Ascorbic acid. Its deficiency results in Scurvy disease.

Question 90.
What are saprophytes?
Answer:
Saprophytes: Saprophytes are the organisms which obtain their food from dead plants, dead and decaying animal bodies and other organic matter. Eg: Fungi, many bacteria.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 91.
What is peristaltic movement?
Answer:
Peristaltic movement: The muscles present in the wall of oesophagus rhythmically contracts and relaxes. This produces an wave like movement known as a peristaltic movement.

Question 92.
Name the intestinal enzymes present in small intestine and what are their functions.
Answer:
Peptidases and sucrases are the enzymes present in the intestinal juice. Peptidases converts peptides to amino acids. Sucrase converts sucrose (cane sugar) into glucose.

Question 93.
Name the parts of small intestine.
Answer:
The anterior part of small intestine is called the duodenum, the middle part is the jejunum and the posterior part is called the ileum.

Question 94.
What is the enzyme present only in children?
Answer:
Renin is the enzyme present only in children. It helps in curdling of milk.

Question 95.
How many types of teeth are present in our mouth?
Answer:
Four types of teeth are present in our mouth. They are incisors, canine, premolars and molars.

Question 96.
What is the use of tongue?
Answer:
Tongue is useful for mixing and pushing the food in between teeth and helps to push into oesophagus.

Question 97.
What was the opinion of C.B. Van Neil on the equation for photosynthesis?
Answer:
For each molecule of carbohydrate formed, one molecule of water and one molecule of oxygen is also produced.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 98.
“Plants are capable of surviving under a range of situations.” How do you support this statement?
Answer:

  1. Plants are capable of surviving under a range of situations.
  2. They survive from very hot, dry and brightly lighted conditions to wet, humid and dimly lighted ones.
  3. The requirement of light and other factors varies from one plant to other.

Question 99.
From where do we get energy to do work?
Answer:
We get energy to do work from the food we eat.

Question 100.
What did Priestly hypothesize on the experiment he conducted on the role of air in the growth of plants?
Answer:
Priestly hypothesized that plants restore to the air whatever breathing animals and burning candles remove.

Question 101.
How does gaseous exchange occur in plants?
Answer:
Gaseous exchange occurs in plants through the stomata present in leaves and also through the lenticels present on stems.

Question 102.
How do the aquatic plants acquire CO2 to manufacture food?
Answer:
Aquatic plants utilizes or absorbs the carbon dioxide dissolved in water in the form of bicarbonates to manufacture food.

Question 103.
In the experiment to prove that starch is produced during photosynthesis. Why do we boil the leaf in alcohol?
Answer:
We boil the leaf in alcohol to remove all the chlorophyll present in the leaf. The leaf turns to white in colour.

Question 104.
In the experiment to show that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis, why do we immerse leaf in boiling water?
Answer:

  1. Immersing leaf in boiling water will breakdown the cell membranes of leaf cells.
  2. It makes the leaf more permeable to iodine solution, so that it can reach the starch present inside the leaf cells.

Question 105.
Why do we have to destarch the leaf before conducting experiment on photosynthesis?
Answer:
This is because if starch is present it will interfere with the result of the experiment.

Question 106.
Why is a water bath used for heating alcohol in which leaf is kept inside the beaker for testing the presence of starch?
Answer:
A water bath is used here for heating alcohol because alcohol is a highly inflammable liquid. So if alcohol is heated directly over a flame, then it will catch fire at once.

Question 107.
What are the reasons for vomiting?
Answer:
Causes for vomiting :

  1. Overeating especially when the food contain a high proportion of fat.
  2. When we eat something very indigestible or poisonous.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 108.
Why do we feel bilious or liverish?
Answer:
We feel bilious or liverish because of having eaten rich meals for several days.

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Vitamin A, D, E and K are fat soluble vitamins. Write the deficiency diseases and resources of these vitamins in a tabular form.
Answer:

Vitamin – A Night blindness, myopia, dry eyes, scaly skin Leafy vegetables, Carrot, Tomato, Pumpkin, Fish, Egg, Liver, Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil, Milk.
Vitamin – D Rickets Liver, Egg, Butter, Morning sun rays.
Vitamin – E Fertility disorders Fruits, Vegetables, Sprouts, Meat, Egg, Sunflower oil.
Vitamin – K Blood clotting do not occur Green leafy vegetables, Milk

Question 2.
A doctor visited your school to check up the health of school children. What kind of questions do you ask to know about the pancreas?
Answer:

  1. Where is pancreas located?
  2. Why pancreas is called as mixed gland?
  3. What are the hormones released by the pancreas?
  4. What are the enzymes released by the pancreas?
  5. What are the disorders occur if pancreas does not work properly?
  6. What is the role of pancreas in digestion?

Question 3.
Look at the following equation and answer the questions:
Fats + Bile → Fat globules
a) What is the name of that reaction?
b) Which gland plays major role in this reaction?
Answer:
a) The name of the reaction is Emulsification.
b) The gland LIVER plays major role in this reaction.

Question 4.

We know that food is the main source to maintain biological processes in a perfect manner. Our diet should be a balanced one which contains proper amount of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, mineral salts and fats. Two third of world population is affected by food related diseases. Some of them are suffering by consuming high calorific food. Most of them are facing various diseases due to lack of balanced diet. Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount is known as malnutrition. Poor health, will full starvation, lack of awareness of nutritional habits, socio-economic factors are all the reasons of malnutrition.

i) Define Balanced diet.
ii) What is malnutrition and what could be the possible reasons for it?
Answer:
i) The food containing proper amount of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, mineral salts and fats is known as “balanced diet”.

ii) Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amounts is known as “malnutrition”.
Poor health, starvation, lack of awareness of nutritional habits, socio-economic factors are all reasons for malnutrition.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 5.
What questions do you ask your teacher to know about the obesity and its consequences?
Answer:

  1. What are the reasons for Obesity?
  2. How to reduce the body weight?
  3. What are the consequences of obesity?
  4. What type of food you suggest to people suffering from obesity?

Question 6.
Prepare four questions for the Gastro-enterologist to know the problems that occur in the digestive system.
Answer:

  1. Why do the people suffer from indigestion problems?
  2. Why do we get vomitings?
  3. Why do we get belching?
  4. Why do we get ulcers in stomach?
  5. What is acidity?

Question 7.
Balance the following equation. Write what you have received through this equation.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 4
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 1

  1. This equation represents the process of photosynthesis. For the photosynthesis to occur, four factors are required. They are carbon dioxide, water, light and chlorophyll.
  2. 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and 12 molecules of water in the presence of sun light and chlorophyll forms 1 molecule of glucose, 6 molecules of water and 6 molecules of oxygen.

Question 8.
Pregnant ladies are advised to eat leafy vegetables and take folic acid pills. Why?
Answer:

  1. Folic acid is the part of the B – a complex family of vitamins.
  2. Dark green leafy vegetables are a good source of folic acid.
  3. Folic acid is often prescribed for pregnant women because it is essential for the normal development of the brain and spinal cord of the foetus.
  4. It also help in protection against birth defects.
  5. It also required for the synthesis of nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
    Hence pregnant ladies are advised to eat leafy vegetables and take folic acid pills.

Question 9.
You want to know about intestinal juice from your nearby doctor. Which questions do you ask him?
Answer:

  1. Which part of the small intestine secrete intestinal juice?
  2. Intestinal juice contains which enzymes?
  3. Intestinal juice converts peptids into?
  4. Sucrose present in intestinal juice converts sucrose to?
  5. Digestion of which nutrient resumes in small intestine?
  6. Which digestive juice involved in the complete digestion of food?

Question 10.
Photosynthesis process provides food for all organisms. It mainly takes place by two phases. Light reaction is first phase.
H2O → H + OH
Above equation in light reaction shows what?
Answer:

  1. The first phase of photosynthesis is light reaction. It occurs in grana of the chloroplast.
  2. During this phase light-activated chlorophyll molecule splits water molecule into Hydrogen (H+) and Hydroxyl ions (OH)
  3. This reaction is known as photolysis of water which means splitting by light (photo means light, lysis means breaking). This was discovered by Hill. Hence it is also called Hill’s reaction.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 11.
Write names of the given sentences.
i) Organelle in which photosynthesis occurs.
Answer:
Chloroplast

ii) Life process in which complex food is converted into simple substances.
Answer:
Digestive system

iii) The part after large intestine in digestive tract.
Answer:
Anus

iv) Deficiency of Vitamin “K” causing disease.
Answer:
Delay in blood clotting.

Question 12.
Write about the nutrition in Amoeba. (OR)
Observe the below given organism and write its name. How nutrition occurs in this organism ?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 6

  1. The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic nutrition.
  2. Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger like extensions called pseudopodia.
  3. These pseudopodia fuse over the food particle forming food vacuole.
  4. Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simple ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm.
  5. The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.

Question 13.
Write a short note on heterotrophic nutrition.
Answer:

  1. Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from simple inorganic materials like CO2 and water and depends on other organisms for food.
  2. Examples are all animals, most bacteria and fungi.
  3. Heterotrophs depend on others for their food requirement.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 14.
How is a more serious form of indigestion caused?
Answer:

  1. A more serious form of indigestion is caused by stomach and duodenal ulcers.
  2. These conditions occur more often in people who may be described as hurried or worried.
  3. The ulcers occur more often in busy people who get into the habit of hurrying over meals and rushing from one activity to another without sufficient rest.

Question 15.
What is parasitic nutrition? Write briefly about it.
Answer:

  1. Parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism derives its food from the body of another living organism without killing it.
  2. The organism which obtains the food is called a parasite and the organism from whose body food is obtained is called the host.
  3. A parasite usually harms the host.
  4. The host may be a plant or an animal.
  5. Parasitic mode of nutrition is seen in several fungi, bacteria, a few plants like cuscuta and animals like plasmodium.

Question 16.
Write about holozoic mode of nutrition.
(OR)
What is holozoic nutrition?
Answer:

  1. Holozoic nutrition means feeding on solid food.
  2. Holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism takes the complex organic food materials into its body by the process of ingestion.
  3. The ingested food is digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the organism.
  4. The undigested and unabsorbed part of the food is thrown out of the body of the
    organism by the process of ingestion.
  5. The human beings and most of the animals have a holozoic mode of nutritions.

Question 17.
Briefly explain about saprophytic nutrition.
(OR)
What are saprophytes? How does nutrition occur in them?
Answer:

  1. Saprophytic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism obtain its food from dead and decaying plant and animal bodies.
  2. Organisms having saprophytic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes.
  3. Fungi and bacteria are saprophytes.
  4. The saprophytes breakdown the complex organic molecules present in dead and decaying matter and convert them into simple substances outside their body.
  5. These simple substances are then absorbed by saprophytes as their food.

Question 18.
What is malnutrition? What are the reasons for it? What are the different types of malnutrition?
Answer:

  1. Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount is known as malnutrition.
  2. Reasons for malnutrition: Poor health, will-full starvation, lack of awareness of nutritional habits, socio economic factors are all the reasons for malnutrition.
  3. Different types of Malnutrition:
    1. Calorie malnutrition,
    2. Protein malnutrition and
    3. Protein calorie malnutrition.

Question 19.
Write a short note on obesity. (OR)
What are the ill effects of obesity?
Answer:

  1. Obesity is due to over eating and excess of energy intake.
  2. It is a big health hazard. Obese children when grow, they will be target of many diseases.
  3. Obesity children usually suffer from diabetes, cardiovascular, renal, gall bladder problems.
  4. Eating junk foods and other food habits lead to obesity.

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions by observing the diagram showing the experiment:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 7a) What will you prove by this experiment?
Answer:
By this experiment we will going to prove oxygen is released during photosynthesis.

b) What apparatus do you use in this experiment?
Answer:

  1. Beaker
  2. Test-tube
  3. Funnel
  4. Hydrilla Plant
  5. Burning splinter.

c) What would be the results if the experiment is done in shadow?
Answer:
If we conduct this experiment in shadow no change in the water level of the Test-tube. No photosynthesis occur. No air bubbles are form.

d) What will you do to obtain result from the experiment?
Answer:
If the burning splinter is kept near the mouth of test tube, burns brightly.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 2.
Answer the following questions by observing the diagram showing the experiment.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 8a) What will you prove by this experiment?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is necessary for the photosynthesis.

b) What apparatus do you use in this experiment?
Answer:
Wide mouthed bottle, split cork, KOH solution, Iodine, Potted plant.

c) Why do we use KOH solution in this experiment?
Answer:
KOH is used for the absorption of CO2 in the bottle.

d) Why did we study two leaves in this experiment?
Answer:
We should test two leaves of which one must be having the availability of CO2 and other must not be having the availability of CO2 to prove that CO2 is essential for photosynthesis.

Question 3.
Describe an experiment conducted by Joseph Priestley which revealed the essential role of air in the growth of green plants.
(OR)
What is the role of air in the growth of green plants?
(OR)
Write the experiment of bell jar and pudina plant, performed by Priestley to prove that air plays key role in Photosynthesis.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 9

  1. Joseph Priestley in 1770 performed a series of experiments that revealed the essential role of air in the growth of green plants.
  2. Priestley discovered oxygen in 1774.
  3. Priestley observed that a candle burning in a closed space, a bell jar, soon gets extinguished.
  4. Similarly, a mouse would soon suffocate in a closed space of the bell jar.
  5. He concluded that a burning candle or an animal, both somehow, damage air.
  6. But when he placed a mint plant in the same bell jars, he found that the mouse stayed alive and the candle when lighted from outside continued burning in the presence of the mint plant.
  7. Priestly hypothesized as plants restore to the air whatever breathing animals and burning candles remove.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 4.
B1, B2, B3, A, C, D, E, K are the symbols of vitamins. Classify these vitamins based on solubility and diseases due to vitamins deficiency.

S.No. Water soluble Disease due to deficiency Fat soluble Disease due to deficiency

Answer:

S.No. Water soluble Disease due to deficiency Fat soluble Disease due to deficiency
1. B1 Beri – Beri A Eye, skin diseases
2. B2 Glossitis D Rickets
3. B3 Pellagra E Fertility disorders
4. C Scurvy K Delay in blood clotting

Question 5.
During Photosynthesis, several events occurs in the chloroplast. Explain the light dependent reactions.
(OR)
Write the mechanism of light dependent reactions in Photosynthesis.
Answer:
Light reaction takes place in grana thylakoids of chloroplast.
The following events occurs in the light dependent reaction.
1. Step -1: The chlorophyll on exposure to light energy becomes activated by absorbing photons of light energy.
2. Step – II: The activated energy is used in splitting the water molecule into hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl ion (OH). This reaction is known as photolysis or Hill’s reaction.
H2O → H + OH
3. Step – III : Water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) are produced by the OH ions through a series of reaction.
4. Step – IV: H+ ions are involved in the synthesis of ATP and NADPH which are the end products of light reaction. These are called assimilatory powers.

Question 6.
You might have conducted and experiment in your school laboratory to prove that CO2 is essential for Photosynthesis. Raju, who is in 9th class, wanted to perform the same experiment. He had some doubts regarding this experiment. Clarify them.
i) Prior to the experiment, the potted plant was kept in a dark room for a week. Why?
Answer:
To destarch the plant.

ii) KOH pellets were kept in the glass jar. Why?
Answer:
To absorb CO2

iii) Write the apparatus used to perform this experiment.
Answer:
Potted plant, wide mouthed transparent bottle, splitted cork.

iv) What will be the result, if the same experiment is conducted in dark?
Answer:
Photosynthesis does not take place.

Question 7.
Write the differences between light and dark reactions of photosynthesis.
Answer:

Light reaction Dark reaction
1. It occurs in the grana of the chloroplast. 1. Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
2. It occurs only in the presence of light. 2. It occurs in the presence or absence of light.
3. Light reaction absorbs oxygen and light energy. 3. Dark reaction absorbs only CO2.
4. End products are O2, ATP and NADPH. 4. End product is Glucose.
5. Photolysis of water occurs. 5. Carbon fixation occurs.
g. First stage of photosynthesis. 6. Second stage of photosynthesis.

Question 8.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of internal structure of leaf. Which mesophyll cells of the leaf consist of chloroplast?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 10Palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma consist of chloroplast.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 9.
Keep a plant for a week in the dark. Then insert one leaf of this plant into a transparent bottle containing potassium hydroxide solution. Keep the plant in sunlight. Test the leaf in the bottle and any other leaf of the plant with Iodine, after a few hours.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 11i) What is the aim of this experiment?
ii) What will be observed in the leaf kept in the bottle and a leaf from the plant?
iii) Why was the plant kept in the dark first and then in the sunlight?
Answer:
i) To prove that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
ii) The leaf part kept in the bottle does not show colour change in iodine test, whereas the leaf exposed to air turns bluish-black in the iodine test.
iii) To remove starch from leaves (destarching).

Question 10.
Analyse the following information and answer the questions.

Vitamins Resources Deficiency symptoms
Thiamine Cereals, oil seeds, vegetables, milk, meat, fish, eggs Vomitings, fits, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, paralysis.
Ascorbic acid Green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, sprouts, carrot Delay in healing of wounds, fractures of bones.
Retinol Leafy vegetables, carrot, tomato, pumpkin, papaya, mango, meat, fish, egg, liver, milk, cod liver oil, Shark liver oil. Night blindness, xeropthalmia, cornea failure, scaly skin.
Calciferol Liver, egg, cod liver oil, Shark liver oil Improper formation of bones, knock-knees, swollen wrists, delayed dentition, weak bones.
Tocoferol Fruits, vegetables, sprouts, sunflower oil Sterility in male, abortions in female.
Phylloquinone Green leafy vegetables, milk, meat, eggs Delay in blood clotting, over-bleeding.

i) Which vitamins deficiency causes diseases related to bones?
Answer:
Calciferol – Vitamin – D, deficiency causes diseases related to bones,

ii) Which vitamins we get by eating fruits?
Answer:
Retinol – Vitamin – A, and Tocoferol – Vitamin – E we get them by eating fruits,

iii) Which vitamin deficiency causes Paralysis? To prevent iii), what type of food we have to eat?
Answer:
Paralysis is caused by the Vitamin (B}) Thiamine deficiency.
To prevent this disease, we have to eat cereals, oil seeds, vegetables, milk, meat, fish and eggs.

iv) To avoid vitamin deficiency diseases, what type of food we have to eat?
Answer:
To avoid vitamin deficiency diseases, we have to take proper diet.
Our diet should be a balanced one which contains proper amount of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, mineral salts and fats.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 11.
What are fat soluble vitamins? Explain the deficiency diseases due to deficiency of fat soluble vitamins and their symptoms.
Answer:
Fat soluble vitamins :

Name of the vitamin Name of the diseases Symptoms
Vitamin – A (Retinol) Night blindness, xerophthalmia Cornea failure, unable to see during night, scaly skin
Vitamin – D (Calciferol) Rickets Improper formation of bones, knock- knees, swollen wrists, delayed in dentition, weak bones
Vitamin – E (Tocoferol) Sterility Sterility in males, abortions in females
Vitamin – K (Phylloquinone) Over-bleeding Delay in blood clotting

Question 12.
Read the table and answer the following questions.

Sl. No. Vitamin Resources Deficiency disease Symptoms
1. Cyanoco- balamine Synthesised by bacteria present in the intestine. Pernicious anaemia Lean and weak, less appetite.
2. Ascorbic acid Green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, sprouts Scurvy Delay in healing of wounds, fractures of bones.
3. Retinol Leafy vegetables, carrot, tomato, pumpkin, papaya, mango, meat, fish, egg, liver, milk, Cod and Shark liver oil Eye and skin diseases Night Blindness, Xeropthalmia, Cornea failure, Scaly skin.
4. Tocoferol Fruits, vegetables, sprouts, sunflower oil Fertility disorders Sterility in males, abortions in females.
5. Phylloquinone Green leafy vegetables, meat, egg and milk Problems related to blood clotting Delay in blood clotting, over bleeding.

i) Name the anti-sterility vitamin from the above table.
Answer:
Tocoferol (Vitamin E) is the anti – sterility vitamin.

ii) WTiich vitamin deficiency that causes the gums bleeding?
Answer:
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) deficiency causes the gums bleeding.

iii) Name the fat soluble vitamins from the above.
Answer:
Retinol (Vitamin A), Tocoferol (Vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K) are fat soluble vitamins.

iv) Name the symptoms that appear due to deficiency of vitamin K.
Answer:
Delay in blood clotting, over bleeding are the symptoms appear due to deficiency of vitamin K.

Question 13.
Mention different modes of nutrition. Explain the mode of nutrition in Cuscuta.
Answer:
There are different modes of nutrition
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 12Parasitic Nutrition in Cuscuta :

  1. Cuscuta plant is the best example for parasitic nutrition.
  2. It contains no chlorophyll and has root like structures called haustoria.
  3. With the help of haustoria, cuscuta absorbs nutrients from it’s host plant.
  4. As cuscuta grows on the host plants, its roots gradually degenerated and it establishes firmly on the host plant.
  5. Meanwhile, the root rots away after stem contact has been made with a host plant.
  6. As dodder grows, it sends out new haustoria and establishes itself very firmly on the host plant.
  7. After growing in a few spirals around one host shoot, the dodder finds its way to another.
  8. It continues to twine and branch until it resembles a fine densley tangled web of thin stems enveloping the host plant.

Question 14.
Is the malnutrition reason for diseases? Why? Write any of such disease and its characters.
Answer:

  1. Yes, malnutrition is the reason for occurrance of diseases.
  2. Malnutrition is eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount.
  3. This results in scarcity of nutrients for the proper growth and health of the individual.
  4. Kwashiorkor disease occurs in children due to the deficiency of proteins in the diet.
  5. Characteristic features of kwashiorkor disease :
    1. Body parts becomes swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces.
    2. Very poor muscle development, swollen legs, fluffy face, difficult to eat, diarrhoea, dry skin are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor disease.
    3. The child becomes lethargic and shows little interest in its surroundings or in playing and learning.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 15.
Which issues do you take into consideration to tell that plants play a key role in animals nutrition?
Answer:

  1. Plants play a very important role in nutrition of animals. Actually plants are the producers whereas animals are dependent on plants for their nutrition.
  2. Many plants or plants parts are eaten as food. There are around 2000 plant species which are cultivated for food. Nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are available from these plants.
  3. Seeds of plants are good sources of food for animals including humans because they contain many healthful fats.
  4. Infact majority of the food consumed by human beings are seed based food. Edible seeds include cereals like wheat, rice, maize etc. and legumes like pea, groundnut and nuts.
  5. Oil seeds are often pressed to produce rich oils like sunflower, groundnut, sesame etc.
  6. Seeds are typically high in unsaturated fats and considered as a health food.
  7. Fruits are the ripened ovaries of plants including the seeds within. Many plants and animals have coevolved such that the fruits of the former are an attractive food source to the later.
  8. Vegetables are a second type of plant matter that is commonly eaten as food.
  9. Hence all the nutrients required by animals are available to the animals from plants. Hence plants are playing an important role in nutrition of animals including human beings.

Question 16.
Give examples for the vitamin deficiency diseases.
Answer:

S. No. Vitamin Deficiency diseases
1. Thiamine (B1) Beri beri
2. Riboflavin (B2) Glossitis
3. Niacin (B3) Pellagra
4. Pyridoxine (B6 Anaemia
5. Cyanocobalamine (B12) Pernicious anaemia
6. Folic acid (B9) Anaemia
7. Pantothenic acid Burning feet
8. Biotin Nerves disorders
9. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Scurvy
10. Retinol (Vitamin A) Night blindness, Xerophthalmia, Rupture of cornea, Scaly skin
11. Calciferol (Vitamin D) Rickets, fragile bones
12. Tocoferol (Vitamin E) Fertility disorders, Sterility in males, Abortions in females
13. Phylloquinone (Vitamin K) Blood clotting

Question 17.
We know that by taking different types of food materials we will get vitamins. For this what changes shall we take in our food habits?
Answer:

  1. Eating of rice polished only for one time gives us vitamin thiamine in abundant amount.
  2. We should eat balanced food containing nutrients in equal quantities.
  3. Fresh leafy vegetables are rich source of vitamins Riboflavin, Folic acid and Vitamin ‘C’. So our diet should contain these leafy vegetables.
  4. Sufficient amount of non-vegetarian foods like meat, poultry, fish, kidney and liver should present in our food.
  5. Eating fresh fruits also add number of vitamins to our body.
  6. Whole cereals like wheat, rice provide number of vitamins to our body. So we shall eat required quantities of cereals in our food.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 18.
Describe what disaster occurs on earth, if photosynthesis life process stops.
Answer:

  1. Plants are the universal food providers. If they stop photosynthesis all the animals would die due to starvation.
  2. Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis. It is essential for survival of all living beings. If photosynthesis does not take place, there would be no oxygen on the earth and no chance of survival of life on this planet.
  3. plants utilise CO2 for photosynthesis. If it does not occur, CO2 utilisation is stopped and hence increase in the levels of CO2 This leads to global warming.

Question 19.
Describe the experiment conducted by Jan Baptist Von Helmont and discuss his results in the growth of plant body mass.
(OR)
How is water required for the growth of plant body mass?
Answer:

  1. In the year 1648 a Belgian scientist Jan Baptist Von Helmont conducted an experiment that continued for five years.
  2. He took a small willow tree and planted it in a large pot of soil.
  3. Before he did the experiment he carefully measured the mass of the dry soil and mass of the tree.
  4. He covered the soil with a lid so that nothing could fall on to the surface of the soil and add to its mass.
  5. There were holes in the lid so that the tree could grow out of the soil and so that air and water could reach the roots.
  6. Von Helmont left the tree for five years giving it only rain water to drink.
  7. At the end of five years he measured the mass of the tree and the mass of the dry soil for a second time.
  8. The results of this experiment are shown below.
    Mass (Kg)
    At start After five years Change in mass (Kg)
    Tree 2.27 76.74 74.47
    Drv soil 90.72 90.66 0.06
  9. This experiment changed the belief of hundreds of years. This is because Von Helmont arrived at a result that
    a) The substances needed for the growth of a plant do not come from the soil only.
    b) The plant grow because of the water it gets.

Question 20.
Write an account on the mechanism of dark reaction.
(OR)
Write an account on carbon fixation.
(OR)
Briefly explain the Melvin Calvin cycle.
Answer:

  1. The reactions of photosynthesis which do not require light energy are called dark reactions. These reactions occur both in presence and absence of light.
  2. Dark reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast and these were discovered by American scientist Melvin Calvin.
  3. In the first reaction carbon dioxide is accepted by Ribulose 1 – 5 biphosphate, a five carbon sugar to form hexose sugar.
  4. It is an unstable compound so it breaks down into two molecules of three carbon compounds called phospho glyceric acid (PGA).
  5. AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 13
  6. Phospho glyceric acid undergoes a series of reactions and is converted to glyceral- dehyde – 3 phosphate. NADPH and ATP produced in light reactions are used up at this stage.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 14
  7. Two molecules of glyceraldehyde – 3 phosphate combine together to form glucose molecule.
  8. In the end glucose is converted into starch.
    Summary reaction :
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 15

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 21.
Describe the buccal cavity of human beings.
(OR)
How is food masticated in buccal cavity?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 16

  1. The cavity or space in the mouth is called oral cavity or buccal cavity.
  2. Teeth, tongue and openings of three salivary glands are present in buccal cavity
  3. Incisors, canines, premolars and molars are the different types of teeth present in the mouth.
  4. Tongue is muscular and pushes the food on to the teeth during mastication. It also helps in swallowing the food into oesophagus.
  5. Three pairs of salivary glands present in the buccal cavity are parotid, sub-lingual and sub-maxillary glands.
  6. Parotid glands are present near the ears. The other two pairs of glands open below the tongue through ducts.

Question 22.
What is indigestion? How can we avoid indigestion?
Answer:
Indigestion: Indigestion is a general term when there is difficulty in digesting food. Healthy people can usually avoid problems related to indigestion by:

  1. Having simple, well balanced meals.
  2. Eating them in a leisurely manner. ,
  3. Thoroughly masticating the food.
  4. Avoiding taking violent excercises soon after eating food.
  5. Drinking plenty of water and having regular bowel movements.

Question 23.
What are vitamins? Why they are called essential nutrients? What is their role in the human body?
Answer:

  1. Vitamins are organic substances.
  2. They are micro – nutrients required in small quantities.
  3. Actually vitamins are not synthesised in the body and therefore they are essential nutrients.
  4. Though our body cannot synthesis vitamins we do not generally suffer from vitamin deficiency disease.
  5. This is because of two sources of vitamins for our body. Diet is the primary source.
  6. In addition, bacteria present in the intestine synthesis vitamins and supply them to us
  7. By themselves vitamins cannot generate any energy or carryout any chemical reaction.
  8. In the body vitamins combine with some of the enzymes and make the enzymes active.
  9. In the absence of vitamins, enzymes become inactive and cannot catalyse the reactions.
  10. Vitamins are normally present in all types of natural foods – milk, meat, fruits and vegetables.
  11. Vitamins are of two types:
    1. Water soluble vitamins eg: B complex and Vitamin C and
    2. Fat soluble vitamins eg: A, D, E and K.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 24.
Give an account of water soluble vitamins, their occurrence, deficiency diseases and symptoms.
Answer:
Vitamins, available sources and deficiency diseases:

Vitamin Resources Deficiency diseases Symptoms
B complex Vitamins:
1) Thiamine (B1)
Cereals, oil seeds, vegetables, milk, meat, fish, eggs. Beri Beri Vomitings, fits, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, paralvsis.
2) Riboflavin (B2) Milk, eggs, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables. Glossitis Mouth cracks at corners, red and sore tongue, photophobia, scaly skin.
3) Niacin (B3) Kidney, liver, meat, egg, fish, oil seeds. Pellagra Dermatitis, diarrhoea, loss of memory scalv skin.
4) Pyridoxine (B6) Cereals, oil seeds, vegetables, milk, meat, fish, eggs, liver. Anaemia Hyper irritability, nausea, vomiting, fits.
5) Cyano cobalamine (B12) Synthesised by bacteria present in the intestine. Pernicious anaemia Lean and weak, less appetite.
6) Folic acid Liver, meat, eggs, milk, fruits, cereals, leafy vegetables. Anaemia Diarrhoea, loss of leucocytes, problems related to mucus in the intestines.
7) Pantothenic acid Sweet potatoes, ground nuts, vegetables, liver, kidney, egg. Burning feet Walking problems, sprain.
8) Biotin Pulses, nuts, vegetables, liver, milk, kidney. Nerves disorders Fatigue, mental depression, muscle pains.
9) Vitamin ‘C’ (Ascorbic acid) Green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, sprouts. Scurvy Delay in healing of wounds, fractures of bones.

Question 25.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 17a) What apparatus do you use during the conduction of the experiment?
b) Before conducting the experiment, why do you keep the potted plant in dark place for a week?
c) What test do you conduct to know the formation of carbohydrates in leaves?
d) During the test, which part of the leaf turns into blue and which part doesn’t? Why?
Answer:
a) Potted plant, Light screen, Iodine solution, Petridish, Black paper.
b) To destarch the leaves.
c) Iodine Test
d) The part of the leaf exposed to light turn into blue. Unexposed part does not turn into blue.
Reason: Photosynthesis occurs only in the presence of sunlight. The unexposed part does not receive the sunlight.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 26.
Draw the diagram of equipment arrangement in Hydrilla experiment. You did to prove that oxygen releases in photosynthesis. Write the reasons why test tube is placed upside down on funnel.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 7Reasons for placing the test tube upside down on funnel:

  1. To count the number of bubbles coming out of the hydrilla twigs per minute during photosynthesis.
  2. To collect sufficient amount of oxygen at the end of the test tube so that it can be tested with glowing splinter.
  3. Amount of oxygen produced in the test tube can be measured by the displacement of water within the test tube.

Question 27.
Describe the internal structure of the leaf.
(OR)
How is the internal structure of leaf modified to prepare starch through the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:

  1. A transverse section of a typical leaf shows that it is covered on both sides by epidermis. Epidermal layers are covered on both sides by cuticle.
  2. Lower epidermis is interrupted by a large number of openings called stomata. The central opening is called stoma.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 10
  3. Each stoma is surrounded by two kidney shaped cells called Guard cells.
  4. Stomata regulate the exchange of gases and loss of water vapour from the leaves.
  5. Mesophyll is the tissue present between two epidermal layers. Upper mesophyll tissue is called palisade parenchyma and lower tissue is known as spongy parenchyma.
  6. The cells in the palisade parenchyma are long elongated arranged in rows.
  7. The cells in the spongy parenchyma are irregularly arranged cells with large inter cellular spaces.
  8. More number of chloroplasts are present in palisade parenchyma than the spongy parenchyma.
  9. In the midrib and veins vascular bundles are present with phloem located towards the lower side and xylem towards the upper side.

Question 28.
Write about the parasitic nutrition in cuscuta plant.
Answer:

  1. Dodder (genus cuscuta) is a leafless, twining, parasitic plant belongs to family convolvulaceae.
  2. The dodder contains no chlorophyll and instead absorbs food through haustoria.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 18
  3. The dodder’s seed germinates, forming an anchoring root, and then sends up a slender stem that grows in a spiral fashion until it reaches a host plant.
  4. It then twines around the stem of the host plant and throws out haustoria, which penetrate it.
  5. Water is drawn through the haustoria from the host plant’s stem and xylem, and nutrients are drawn from its phloem.
  6. Meanwhile, the root rots away after stem contact has been made with a host plant.
  7. As the dodder grows, it sends out new haustoria and establishes itself very firmly on the host plant.
  8. After growing in a few spirals around one host shoot, the dodder finds its way to another and it continues to twine and branch until it resembles a fine densley tangled web of thin stems enveloping the host plant.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 29.
Describe the digestion of food materials in alimentary canal with the help of a diagram.
(OR)
How is the food digested in your body?
Answer:

  1. The alimentary canal is basically a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
  2. Food is masticated by our teeth in the mouth and mixed with saliva to make it slippery and wet.
  3. Saliva which contains amylase helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple ones.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 19
  4. The soft food mixed with saliva passes through oesophagus or food pipe by wave like movements called peristaltic movements to the stomach.
  5. The gastric glands in the stomach secrete gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzyme pepsin and mucus.
  6. Partially digested food chyme is released in small amounts by sphincter muscles reach small intestine.
  7. Bile juice secreted by liver and pancreatic juice secreted by the pancreas release into the duodenum of small intestine.
  8. Emulsification of fats is done by bile juice. Pancreatic juice contains enzyme trypsin for carrying on the process of digestion of proteins and lipase for fats.
  9. Complete digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins takes place in the small intestine by intestinal juice.
  10. Finger-like projections present in the walls of small intestine are called villi. They absorb the digested food into the blood.
  11. Rest of the food is sent into the large intestine where most of the water present in it is absorbed from the food.
  12. This material is then expelled through the anus which is the last part of the alimentary canal.

Question 30.
Draw a flow chart of human digestive system.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 21

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 31.
Write briefly about nutrition in paramoecium. (OR)
Explain the nutrition process in paramoecium with the help of diagrams.
Answer:
Paramoecium :

  1. Paramoecium is a unicellular aquatic organism.
  2. The paramoecium has thin, hair like cilia all over its body.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 22
  3. The cilia move back and forth rapidly in water.
  4. When the cilia is present around, the mouth region of paramoecium move, back and forth. They sweep the food particles present in water into the mouth of paramoecium.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 23
  5. This is the first step in the nutrition of paramoecium which is called ingestion and is followed by digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

Question 32.
Describe the digestion of food in the stomach. (OR)
How is the food digested in your stomach ?
Answer:

  1. The stomach is a large organ which expands when food enters it.
  2. The muscular walls of the stomach help in mixing the food thoroughly with more digestive juices.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 24
  3. The gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach secrete gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus.
  4. The hydrochloric acid facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin and also kills the germs present in the food.
  5. The enzyme pepsin digests proteins and mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid under normal conditions.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

Question 33.
Describe the digestion of food in the small intestine. (OR)
What are the changes that you see during the digestion of food in small intenstine?
(OR)
Small intestine is a long coiled tube. How the food is digested in small intestine of human being?
Answer:

  1. The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal.
  2. It is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 25
  3. It receives the secretion of liver and pancreas for this purpose.
  4. These juices make the internal condition of the intestine gradually to a basic or alkaline one.
  5. Bile juice secreted by liver breaks down fats into small globules like forms. This process is called emulsification.
  6. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes like trypsin for carrying on the process of digestion of proteins and lipase for fats.
  7. Walls of the small intestine secrete intestinal juice. This is also known as succus entericus.
  8. The intestinal juice consists of enzymes like enterokinase, peptidase, lipase, sucrase, nucleotidase, nucleosidase etc.
  9. Enzymes present in the intestine completely digest the partially digested food.
  10. Following digestive processes take place in the intestine.
    a) Peptidases convert peptides into amino adds.
    b) Intestinal lipase completely digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
    c) Enzymes sucrase, maltase, lactase hydrolyse sucrose, maltose and lactose respectively converting them into glucose.
    d) Nucleotidase and nucleosidase complete the digestion of nucleic acids.
  11. The end products of digestion are absorbed in the intestine.

Question 34.
What are the health aspects of the alimentary canal?
Answer:

  1. The human alimentary canal usually functions remarkably well considering how badly we treat it on occasions.
  2. Vomiting is the body’s method of ridding itself unwanted or harmful substances from the stomach.
  3. There are many causes of vomiting, but one of the most common is over eating, especially when the food contains a high proportion of fat.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition 26
  4. The liver is unable to cope with the excessive fat and we get a feeling of nausea and sometime headache.
  5. Indigestion is a general term used when there is difficulty in digesting food.
  6. A more serious form of indigestion is caused by stomach and duodenal ulcers. These conditions occur more often in people who may be described as hurried or worried.
  7. Those who are able to relax, who are not continually tensed up, and who live at a slower pace, seldom get ulcers.
  8. For good health it is necessary to empty the bowels regularly.
  9. If the food residues remain in the colon for too long, the bacteria present have more time to produce harmful substances which may be absorbed by the blood.
  10. Constipation can often be avoided by having plenty of roughage in the diet.AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Nutrition

 

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 10th Lesson Natural Resources

10th Class Biology 10th Lesson Natural Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
The BP Statistical Review of World Energy in June measured total global oil at 188.8 million tonnes, from proved oil resources at the end of 2010. This is only enough for oil to last for the next 46.2 years. What measures should be taken to conserve oil? What will happen if we do not conserve it?
Answer:
Measures to be taken to conserve oil are:

  1. Walk, ride a bike, carpool and use public transportation whenever possible.
  2. Prefer public transport system like bus or train instead of travelling in personal vehicles.
  3. Choose materials other than plastic which uses crude oil for household items.
  4. Use cloth or paper bags instead of plastic bags when shopping.
  5. Use organic fertilizers for agriculture and gardening because fossil fuels are used in making chemical fertilizers.
  6. Produce renewable biofuels to power cars and trucks.
  7. Vehicle owners should keep their vehicles serviced i.e., correct amount of air in fires, oil change, spark plug/fuel injector checks, often-at least quarterly.
  8. Drive in the correct gear. Incorrect gear shifting can lead to as much as 20% increase in fuel consumption.
  9. Consider a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle.

If we do not conserve oil, we never get oil after 46-47 years. So all the industries that depend on the oil for energy will break down. Facilities linked with oil will be hampered. So the future generations will suffer.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 2.
Here is a news strip, read it carefully and answer the following questions.

Villagers oppose sand mining project Santhabommali (Srikakulam):

People of more than 20 villages in two mandals of Srikakulam have raised a banner of revolt against the proposed beach sand mining project by o private company and threatened to intensify their agitation if the government does not cancel the project. The sand mining is being taken up to extract rich minerals from the area. The villages are located around the forest belt were mining was initiated.

i) Do you think the villagers are doing the right thing to agitate? Why?
Answer:
Yes, the villagers are doing a right thing to agitate. Because beach sand mining leads to certain problems such as –

  1. Destruction of natural beaches and ecosystems.
  2. Habitat loss for globally important species such as turtles, shore birds, etc.
  3. Destruction of nearshore marine ecosystems.
  4. Increased shoreline erosion rates.
  5. Reduced protection from storms, tsunamis and wave events.
  6. Economic losses through tourist abandonment.
  7. Loss of coastal aesthetics and
  8. Increased saline water intrusion.

The threats posed by sand mining are made even more critical given the prospect of a significant rise in global sea level over the coming decades,

ii) What resources are the villagers trying to save by their agitation?
Answer:

  1. Villagers can save the biodiversity of the area by agitating.
  2. They can save flora like mangroves and fauna like turtles, gharials (a species of crocodiles) etc.

iii) Will the villagers be benefited by the rich minerals extracted from sand?
Answer:

  1. No, the villagers will not be benefitted by the rich minerals extracted from sand.
  2. Extraction of minerals may provide employment for few people in that area but most of the local people who are depending on fishing for their livelihood may lose their livelihood as the sand mining brings some disturbances in the ecosystem.

iv) Why does the private company want to carry out mining in the area?
Answer:
Private company wants to carry out mining in that area, for the rich minerals like Titanium and Zirconium. That can be extracted from the sand in the beaches.

v) Does the government have any role to play?
Answer:

  1. The government’s role is very important in this regard.
  2. It has to make some laws to protect the beaches and their biodiversity.
  3. These laws should be implemented very carefully.
  4. Indiscriminate and unlawful mining should be prohibited strictly.

vi) How will mining in that piece of land affect people of the area?
Answer:
Mining in that piece of land affects people of the area in many ways.

  1. People who depend on tourism may lose their livelihood.
  2. People who depend on fishing and other natural products may also lose their livelihood.
  3. They may not get proper drinking water due to increased saline water intrusion
  4. They may get severe loss whenever natural calamities like tsunamis and storms occur due to reduced protection.
  5. In severe cases they have to leave that place due to increased soil erosion and deepening of seashore.

Question 3.
What is sustainable development? How is it useful in natural resource management?
Answer:
Sustainable development: When we use the environment in ways that ensure we have resources for the future, it is called sustainable development.
Useful in natural resources management:

  1. Sustainable development ensures the judicial management of natural resources.
  2. It helps in optimum utilization of alternative resources and renewable resources.
  3. Thus it helps in decreasing the ever increasing demand for fossil fuels and non-renewable resources.
  4. Sustainable development practices will give more scope for planning new methods of natural resource management.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 4.
Write a detailed note on management of a natural resource.
Answer:

  1. Natural resource management refers to the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations.
  2. The main goal of natural resource management is sustainability – balancing social, economic and environmental factors to make sure that our children and grandchildren can equally benefit from our natural resources.
  3. Our social, economic and environmental well-being depends on the sustainable management of natural resources.
  4. Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural landscapes interact.
  5. It brings together land use planning, water management, biodiversity conservation and the future sustainability of industries like agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries and forestry.
  6. Natural resource management specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources and ecology and the life-supporting capacity of those resources.
  7. The various approaches applied to natural resource management include
    a) Command and control
    b) Community-based natural resource management
    c) Adaptive management
    d) Precautionary approach and
    e) Integrated natural resource management
  8. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle are the key concepts for Natural resource management.

Question 5.
Suggest some ways of reusing a resource in your locality.
Answer:
Reusing of a resource (water) in our locality :

  1. Washing hands in the garden.
  2. Washing machine rinse water can be used for toilet flushing and floor cleaning.
  3. Water from washing of fruits and vegetables can be used to water plants.
  4. Laundry water can be reused to clean the cars.
  5. Even the drain water can also be recycled.
  6. After purification recycled water can be used for agriculture.
  7. Recycled water can be used to cool down the machinery in the industries.
  8. Once used water can be used to recharge the ground water.
    Once used water can be used again like this to conserve the water resource.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 6.
Why should we conserve forests and wildlife?
Answer:
We should conserve forests and wildlife for the following reasons.

  1. These are the rich habitat for plants and animals (wildlife).
  2. Forests are needed for the smooth functioning of biogeochemical cycles.
  3. Forests are necessary for the formation of humus and for maintaining soil fertility.
  4. Forests serve as lung for the world. They purify air and protect the earth from greenhouse effect and global warming.
  5. Many industries such as sport equipment, paper, lac manufacturing, timber and furniture etc., depend on forests.
  6. Forests and wildlife provide many fruits, medicines, dyes, sandal wood, bamboo, etc.
  7. Forests provide employment to a large number of people and also help in generating revenue.
  8. Wildlife act as ‘gene bank’.
  9. Conservation of wildlife ensuring that all diverse species in an area survive, breed and flourish.
  10. Conservation of forests and wildlife is vital for the ecological stability of a particular area.

Question 7.
Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests.
Answer:
The approaches towards the conservation of forests.

  1. Sustainable forestry methods should be adapted.
  2. Avoiding certain logging techniques such as removing all the high-value trees or all the largest trees from a forest should be avoided.
  3. There should be proper laws for the exploitation of forest resources.
  4. People should be made more aware about the importance of forests.
  5. All possible forest should be announced as the reserve forests.
  6. Participation of local people and villagers must be taken in the conservation of forests and they should be given proper employment.
  7. Over exploitation by industrial groups and due to the activities of tourist depart¬ment should be checked.
  8. There should be incentives and rewards for the efforts made by the people towards the conservation of forests.
  9. Overgrazing of forest vegetation by the cattle of local people should be prevented.
  10. Measures should be taken to prevent and control forest fires.

Question 8.
Natural resources are decreased more rapidly. Guess what will be the consequences.
What are the consequences of depletion of natural resources?
Answer:
The consequences of rapid decrease of Natural resources.

  1. The resources scarcity will arise shortly and demand for them will increase.
  2. Future generations may not get these resources.
  3. Vehicles running with fossil fuels become useless.
  4. All the industries that depend on these sources will shutdown.
  5. Electricity production through these sources will be stopped. So we have to stay in dark during night.
  6. All the utensils and other articles should be made out of recycled materials.
  7. Balance in the nature will be disturbed due to decrease in these sources like forest and biodiversity.
  8. We have to search for other sources as the alternative for these resources.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 9.
Prepare a questionnaire to conduct interview with petrol filling station personnel about consumption of fossil fuels. (OR)
What questions are you going to ask petrol-filling personnel about consumption of fossil fuels?
Answer:
Questionnaire to conduct interview with petrol filling station personnel about the consumption of fossil fuels:

  1. What is the name of the filling station?
  2. Where is it located (landmark)?
  3. How many litres of petrol is being imported everyday or week or month?
  4. How many litres of diesel is being imported?
  5. How many two wheelers are being filled everyday here?
  6. How many autos are being filled everyday here?
  7. How many lour wheelers are being filled everyday here?
  8. How many litres of petrol is being sold per day in this filling station?
  9. How many litres of diesel is being sold per day in this filling station?
  10. What is the total amount of fossil fuel consumed by the people through this filling station per month?
  11. Why the rates of petrol and diesel changing everyday?

Question 10.
Prepare model for rain water harvesting or energy saving or soil management. That reflect your innovative thoughts.
Answer:
Rain Water Harvesting:
Procedure to prepare a model for rain water harvesting:

  1. Make a model of a house with roof little slanting towards one side.
  2. Connect a tube/pipe to the down end such that the rain water that falls on roof can be collected.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources 1
  3. Connect the other end of this tube to a barrel like structure which can be used as storage tank.
  4. From the tank arrange a tube towards the garden along with a valve that can be closed and opened.
  5. Arrange one more tube with valve into a recharge pit or percolation pit arranged at one corner.
  6. Arrange a tap to the tank that can be opened to collect the water for cleaning floor, vehicles etc.
  7. During rain, water from roof can be collected into tank and we can utilize it later for gardening or cleaning purposes.
  8. When water is in excess it can be used to recharge underground water.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 11.
List out names of villages, farmers and procedure followed to the restoration of any natural resource in your area.
(OR)
How villagers and farmers of your village restore natural resources in your area?
Answer:

S.No. Village name Farmer’s name Procedure followed to restoration of natural resources
1. Kandlagunta Ch. Ramaiah Constructed recharge pits to restore under – ground water.
2. Kotappakonda B.Bangar Raju Constructed check dams to restore under – ground water.
3. Reddy Palem T. Ranganadh Recharged the well by building dykes in the nalla.
4. Uppalapadu R. Sundaram Motivated the villagers to construct percola­tion pits.
5. Nagaram Palem D. Raja Reddy Removed silt from the tank.

Question 12.
You might have heard the Natural Gas drillings near Kakinada by ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation). Collect information and prepare a note on the status of Gas production at the basin.
Answer:

  1. Presently ONGC producing gas at the rate of 3.05 MMM3 / day to 4.0 MMM3 / day.
  2. ONGC, GSPC, Reliance Industries are companies exploring oil and natural gas in this region.
  3. GAIL is marketing and distributing the natural gas through gas collection station.
  4. ONGC is associated with GAIL, in planning the additional facilities and technical inputs needed for the future enhanced gas supplies.
  5. ONGC has established mini oil refinery at Tatipaka.
  6. Total allocation of natural gas from K.G. area is 8.5 MMM3 / day.
  7. ONGC has already projected a production potential of 6.5 MMM3 / day of availability of which entire quantity has been allocated to the industrial consume of the area.
  8. 16 Industries are actively using Natural gas investing Rs. 5500 crores are working well for power generation, steel re-rolling, producing fertilizers, etc. and some power projections are almost invested Rs. 4000 crores and waiting for a supply of Natural gas.

Question 13.
Does your village or nearest city have a mechanism in place for recycling these waste materials? Find out how it is done and write in detail.
Answer:
Near to our village, there is a center that recycles paper waste. Here the waste paper is recycled in the following way.

  1. Waste paper is collected from various sources.
  2. This paper is taken to the recycling plant where it is separated into types and grades.
  3. The separated paper is then washed with soapy water to remove inks, plastic film, staples and glue.
  4. The paper is put into a large holder where it is mixed with water to create slurry.
  5. By adding different materials to the slurry different paper products can be created, such as cardboard, newsprints or office paper.
  6. The slurry is spread using large rollers into large thin sheets.
  7. The paper is left to dry.
  8. Then it is rolled up, ready to be cut and sent to the shops.

(OR)

Plastic Recycling process:
Stage – 1: Plastic needs to collected by the recycling company. Once plastic arise recycling plant, the first stage is to sort the plastic into specific types because plastic recycling is more complex than of other metals like glass or paper. Due to many different types of plastic, mixed plastic cannot be used in manufacturing without delivering poor quality products.

Stage – 2: Once the waste plastic is identified and separated, the cleaning process will begin. This starts with washing to remove paper labels, adhesives and other impurities to be completely removed as this lowers the quality of recyclic plastic.

Stage – 3: The shredding stage is when the plastic is taken and loaded on to conveyor belts or directly into huge hoppers, that funnel the clean scrap towards rotating metal teeth that rip the plastic into small pellets which are bagged up and ready for testing.

Stage – 4: Identify and classify the plastic: Once the shredded plastic has been bagged, it is then chemically tested and labelled as to it’s exact specification. This grade plastic can be used as it is by adding to a mix of vergin plastic in a manufacturing run alternatively the grade plastic can be further recycled.

Stage – 5: Extruding: This is the final stage in recyclic plastic. This involves cleaning and melting, shredded plastic and extruding the form of pellets which then go on to manufacture the next lot of plastic products.

Reasons to recyclic plastic:
Millions of tons of waste plastic end up in land fill. When the vast majority of it can be recycled, it is too easy to throw away rubbish without second thought.

But we need to take care of our planet and not just reducing the amount of rubbish we bury but also given that plastic is derived from oil, a natural product with ever depleting resource, it makes sense to recycling as much as possible.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 14.
Collect any graph that shows oil (petroleum) consumption in India.
i) Does the production meet consumption in India?
ii) During which period of time shows highest increase in consumption rate?
iii) What will you say happened to production from past ten years, for example, 2004 to 2014?
iv) Suggest some ways to bring down the consumption of petroleum.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources 2i) No, the production of oil doesn’t meet the consumption in India.
ii) During 2009 to 2011, there is highest increase in consumption rate.
iii) There was a gradual increase in production from 2001 to 2011. 139.94 million bbl more petroleum was produced in 2011 than 2001. But it does not meet the increased consumption. 1242.27 million bbl more petroleum was consumed in 2011 than 2001. This is nearly nine times more than growth in production.
iv)

  1. Using public transport.
  2. Walking, using car pool whenever possible.
  3. Using hybrid vehicles/electric bikes.
  4. Planning alternate source of energy like biofuel.
  5. Using products free from petrochemicals like organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizer, cloth or paper bags instead of plastic bags etc., can bring down consumption of petroleum.

Question 15.
Proper utilization of natural resources is the way to show gratitude to our nation. Can you support this statement? Give your argument.
Answer:
Yes, I support this statement for the following reasons.

  1. Natural resources are our natural wealth which is very essential for our well-being and economic growth.
  2. The growth and development of any nation depend on its natural resources and their proper utilisation.
  3. We are enjoying the fruits of these resources which is provided by our nation to us.
  4. In return, it is our responsibility to safeguard our nation’s wealth.
  5. For this it is very essential to utilise these natural resources in such a way that they will remain in our nation and available for the future generations.
  6. If we don’t utilize them in proper way there will be crisis for these resources and we have to depend on other nations for it.
  7. Such a situation will damage our economy and life standard, for which we are the responsible persons.
  8. So, proper utilisation of natural resources is surely the way to show gratitude to
    our nation.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 16.
Crop selection and cultivation should be based on the availability of water. Prepare a slogan to make aware of farmers about this.
Answer:

  1. See the water availability – Choose the crop.
  2. Use micro irrigation – Save water for future.
  3. Use less water – Get more productivity.
  4. Need based irrigation – Best production.
  5. Less water availability – Use dry land crops.
  6. Drop by Drop – Grow and grow.
  7. Sprinkle water on crop – Crop feels happy.
  8. See the water – Grow the crop.
  9. Today’s rain water to tomorrow’s life saver.
  10. No matter your occupation – Water conservation is your obligation.

Fill in the blanks.

  1. ———– plants are used for production of biofuels.
  2. Biodiversity is important for more than just food and for ———– also.
  3. Example for non-renewable resource is ———–
  4. ———– is the alternative method to prevent groundwater depletion.
  5. Cultivation of paddy is suitable for ———– areas.

Answer:

  1. Jatropha curcas
  2. medicines
  3. coal, petroleum
  4. Water storage structure
  5. water rich

Choose the correct answer.

  1. Percolation tanks helps to  [ ]
    A) Supply water for agriculture
    B) Increase ground water level
    C) Preserve rain water
    D) Prevent overflow water from tanks during rainy season
    Answer: B/C
  2. Which of the following practices is suitable to farmer at less water resources?  [ ]
    i) select short term crops
    ii) cultivate commercial crops
    iii) adapt drip system
    iv) crop holiday
    A) i, iii
    B) i, ii, iii
    C) i, iv
    D) iii, iv
    Answer: B
  3. Which of the fossil fuel reserves decrease more rapidly in India?  [ ]
    A) natural gas
    B) coal
    C) petroleum
    D) all
    Answer: C
  4. Huge amount of toxic chemicals leak into the surrounding ecosystem because of  [ ]
    A) industries
    B) mining
    C) pesticides
    D) modern technology
    Answer: B
  5. Sustainable development means  [ ]
    A) prevention of wastage
    B) stable growth
    C) development without damaging
    D) high yielding in less time
    Answer: C

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

10th Class Biology 10th Lesson Natural Resources InText Questions and Answers

Table-1: Area under irrigation

Village Total Area (acres) Percentage Area Irrigated Number of Wells Sample Size
Village -1 3791 25% 155 25
Village – 2 2970 15% 175 25

Question 1.
a) What is the total irrigated area in acres, in Village – 1?
Answer:
The total irrigated area in Village -1 is 947.75 acres.

b) If one needs to irrigate all the land in Village -1 how many wells would be required?
Answer:
Number of wells required to irrigate all the land in Village -1 are 620.

c) Though the number of wells is less in Village -1, the area under irrigation is more as compared to Village – 2. How is this possible?
Answer:
The area under irrigation is more in Village -1 when compared to Village – 2 because the farmers in Village – 1 use water resource jointly and follow micro irrigation techniques.

d) Do you think the area under irrigation will change due to rise in population?
Answer:
No, the area under irrigation will not change due to rise in population.

Table 2: Status after five years

Village Percentage Change in area under irrigation Percentage decline in number of wells Percentage change in area under crops
Paddy Cotton Gingelly All crops
K R K R
Village -1 -14 -39 -17 -17 163 86 11 -17
Village – 2 -30 -68 -22 -50 27 138 -05 -50

K stands for Kharif while R stands for Rabi. Negative values indicate loss/ decline, while positive ones show gain/rise.
Question 2.
a) If the number of wells is 155 now, what was it 5 years back ?
Answer:
5 years back nearly 215 wells were there.

b) What do you think ‘decline in number of wells’ represents?
Answer:
Decline in number of wells represents fall of ground water levels due to less rainfall.

c) How would crops be affected due to decline in the number of wells?
Answer:
The crops do not grow well and the yield is less due to decline in the number of wells.

d) Compare table 1 and 2 and state what they tell us about the area under irrigation in both the villages?
Answer:
When compared table 1 and 2 the area under irrigation in Table – 2 is decreased.

e) Which village do you think is more affected?
Answer:
Village – 2 is more affected.
f) What is the change in types of crops grown in the villages?
The crops which need less water and has less duration are grown.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 3.
If 45 per cent of wells have dried up in Village -1 and there is 39 per cent decline in number of wells, what percentage of wells do you think have been converted to bore wells?
Answer:
84% of wells have been.converted to bore wells.

Question 4.
By comparing the two villages, find out where greater number of wells dried up? What methods would have saved the wells in other village?
Answer:
By comparing the two villages Village – 2 has greater number of wells dried up. Percolation tank in Village -1 saved the wells drying up.

Question 5.
Which type of farmers, those having small land holdings or those with large land holdings are most affected when wells dry up?
Answer:
The farmers having large land holdings are most affected.

Question 6.
If water resource becomes scarce, will it affect the nature of soil in an area?
Answer:
Yes, it will also affect the nature of the soil in an area.

Question 7.
As wells dry up, how are people in the area dependent on the well affected?
Answer:
Open wells have dried up, water tables have gone down.

Question 8.
Why do you think water became scarce mainly in Village – 2?
Answer:
Water is pumped out of wells and bore wells using electricity leads to water scarcity.

Question 9.
Table 3 : Annual expenditure on well irrigation for small and large farmers(2002)

a) Is the availability of water resource same for a small and a large farmer?
Answer:
Yes the availability of water resource is same for a small and a large farmer.

b) Do you think the availability should be same for everyone in an area?
Answer:
Availability should be the same as the ground water level is same in all places.

c) A well irrigates more area in Kharif season as compared to Rabi, how is it possible?
Answer:
A well irrigates more area in Kharif season as compared to Rabi because Kharif occurs in rainy season and Rabi in winter season. So well irrigation is more in Kharif season.

d) How should a farmer utilize such a condition?
Answer:
Farmer wants to irrigate more land in Kharif season to grow more crop to get more yield.

e) If a well can irrigate 2.5 per cent of cultivable land, how many wells would irrigate whole of the land?
Answer:
The number of wells required to irrigate whole land in Village -1 are around 1516 wells.

f) Which factor has a greater effect on expenditure, number of wells or depth of a well?
Answer:
Depth of a well has greater effect on expenditure.

g) What is the total expenditure on a whole cultivable land owned by a small farmer in Village – 2? How do you think a small farmer meets this expenditure?
Answer:
The total expenditure on a whole cultivable land owned by a small farmer in Village – 2 is around 20,000 – 45,000 rupees per acre per year. The small farmer meets this expenditure through agricultural loans from banks.

h) What could help the small farmer reduce expenditure?
(Hint: Think of crops that require less water)
Answer:
Cultivating the crops which require less amount of water.

i) Do you think increasing the depth of bore well is a good solution for increasing total land area under irrigation? Why/Why not?
Answer:
Increasing the depth of bore well is not a good solution for increasing total land area under irrigation. This is because with increasing depth, expenditure also will increase so net profit will decrease. Moreover, groundwater level decreases much more and has to dig more depth.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 10.
Table 4: Income on crops

Village Type of Farmer Net income per acre in Rupees Total income per acre year in rupees
Paddy
Kharif
Paddy
Rabi
Cotton Gingelly
Village -1 Large 8200 8700 4900 3300 25100
Small 7046 8490 10889 3110 29535
Village – 2 Large 10698 5970 4000 3595 24263
Small 9128 7380 3031 2650 22189

a) Which crop is most profitable for a small farmer in Village – 2?
Answer:
For a small farmer in Village – 2 paddy in Kharif Is more profitable.

b) What is the difference between a small farmer in Village – 1 and Village – 2?
Answer:
Small farmer in village -1 is getting more income than farmer in Village – 2.

c) Which crop could replace paddy and the profitable as well for a small farmer in Village – 1?
Answer:
Cotton crop could replaces paddy, it is more profitable than others.

d) Though we know that paddy consumes maximum water, why do you think farmere still like to grow paddy?
Answer:
Though paddy consumes maximum water, farmers believe that it is profitable and less risky. It Is a staple food for people. So they still like to grow paddy.

e) What is the impact of a depleting resource upon the farmers?
Depleting resource increases the cost of production. So the farmers are becoming poor and poor as cost increases and profit or income decreases.

f) Do you think the income of a small farmer in Village – 2 is sufficient enough to meet his expenditure?
Answer:
No, the income of a small farmer in Village – 2 is not sufficient enough to meet his expenditure.

g) What are the major causes of pitiable condition of small farmers at Village – 2?
Answer:
The major causes of pitiable condition of small farmers at Village – 2 are

  1. Lack of awareness regarding sustainable use of natural resources like water.
  2. Not adopting crops suitable to their conditions.

h) Do you think farming as an occupation is profitable for the small farmer in Village – 2?
Answer:
No. Farming as an occupation is not profitable for the small farmer in Village – 2.

i) Would the farmer have to look for other kind of occupations to meet his needs?
Answer:
No need to look for other kind of occupations to meet their ends, but has to select proper crops that requires less water, proper methods that increase ground water, proper devices to use water discriminately.

j) How did the availability of water affect a small farmer at Village – 2?
Answer:
The availability of water affected the average household income at Village – 2 For them farming is not profitable. As their income is less than the life standards of these people will also be less.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 11.
How can wells be recharged ?
Answer:
Percolation pits helped in reacharging dried up bore wells. Dykes or barriers are constructed to build underground streams.

Question 12.
How would recharging dried up wells help farmers of Village – 2?
Answer:
In Village – 2 the recharged dried up wells build up under ground streams to tap underground water optimally.

Question 13.
What does the case tell us about a water resource and its effect on farmers?
Answer:
The case tells us that water should not be used indiscriminatly. Every water drop in the ground is important.

Question 14.
How do you think we can use water judiciously?
Answer:
The amount of fresh water is in small amounts only 2.5 – 2.75%. So we should use water carefully.

Question 15.
Why were farmers at Village – 1 at a better state than those at Village – 2?
Answer:
Farmers were at Village -1 at a better state than those at Village – 2 because the farmers of Village -1 have plenty of water to grow their crops.

Question 16.
How did farmers of Village – 2 and Village -1 recharge their ground water resources?
Answer:

  1. The farmers of Village – 2 and Village -1 recharge their ground water resources by construction of soak pits.
  2. The soak pits to tap rain water and by construction of dykes, they increased the ground water levels.

Question 17.
What other ways of restoration of a resource does the Kothapally case tell us about?
Answer:
Broad bed furrows land form and contour planting are the other ways of restoration of a resource.

Question 18.
What are some common means of restoration and conservation of water resource that we came across in the cases studied so far?
Answer:
Planting Gliricidia on field bunds to restrengthen and make soil nitrogen rich. Farmers were encouraged to use water resource jointly and irrigate land using micro irrigation techniques.

Question 19.
What do you think will happen if we do not take care of the sources of water?
Answer:
If we do not take care of water resources, they get replenished.

Question 20.
How do you think we will meet our requirements in future?
Answer:
We have to meet our requirements in future by

  1. Desalenating the sea water
  2. Restoring of ground water by recharging with rain water.
  3. Getting cooperation from the neighbouring states and
  4. Conserve water now for future.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 21.
Do you think we would have to depend upon other states or perhaps other countries as well?
Answer:
Yes, we would have to depend upon other states for water.

Question 22.
Could the amount of water used for irrigation in our state be reduced? How?
Answer:
The amount of water used for irrigation in our state could be reduced by following micro irrigation techniques like drip irrigation, sprinkles, etc., and by growing crops that require less amount of water.

Question 23.
Does cropping pattern have any role to play in reduction of water utilisation?
(Hint: Think of the case of Village – 2 and Village -1).
Answer:
Yes, cropping pattern have role to play in reduction of water utilisation. Broad bed furrow, land form and contour planting helps in reduction of water utilisation.

Question 24.
Do you think one needs laws for distribution of water and its use? Why/Why not?
Answer:

  1. Yes, laws are needed for distribution of water and its uses.
  2. Otherwise all the people may not have self discipline to conserve water.
  3. As water is a key resource for life competition may arise between people or states or countries.
  4. Laws help to control this kind of disputes and use it judiciously.

Question 25.
How much per cent of area do you think is irrigated by other sources of water?
Answer:
Five per cent of area in our state is irrigated by other sources of water.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 26.
Why is it important to recharge the ground water sources?
Answer:

  1. Recharge of the ground water sources is very important.
  2. This is because nearly 43% of irrigating land is getting water from ground.
  3. Due to over drilling of bore wells and pulling out the water by using electric motors, the ground water level is decreasing day by day.
  4. If it goes on without recharging, ground water becomes scarce.
  5. It shows a vast impact on agriculture and the productivity will decrease.
  6. Flourine level in ground water will increase.
  7. Saline water may intrude in to the interior places of land and water becomes unfit for both drinking and agriculture.
  8. Farmers have to drill the bore wells to the more depths which increase the losses for them.

Question 27.
Why do the rivers fail to benefit the state to an extent they should have?
Answer:
Rivers fail to benefit the state to an extent they should have. Because

  1. There are no sufficient structures (dams) to store river water.
  2. Over usage of water by the other states.
  3. Geographically our rivers are flowing through the rocky and hill areas in most of the places in our state where it is difficult to make canals.
  4. The government should plan for proper utilization of river water after scientific study with the help of expert engineers.

Question 28.
Since ground water resources are getting depleted at a fast pace what are the alternatives?
Answer:
Since ground water resources are getting depleted at a fast pace we have to construct percolation tanks to collect run off water. Water shed management projects should be adopted to renew the ground water levels.

Question 29.
River Godavari fails to provide water for the projects like Sri Rama Sagar in Telangana due to over usage of water by some other state. How should states and countries work to provide enough for all?
Answer:
States and countries should work to provide enough water for all by allotting water to other states or countries in an emicable atmosphere.

Question 30.
What would you do to motivate others to manage an important resource in your locality?
Answer:
To motivate others manage an important resource in my locality I will do the following activities:

  1. I will explain the importance of resource and need for its proper management.
  2. I will conduct the seminars on this issue.
  3. With the help of my friends and teachers I will conduct some competitions like debate, essay writing, etc., on this issue.
  4. I will plan some cultural activities such as songs, skits that explain the importance of managing the resource and exhibit them in the school and the village to motivate the village.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 31.
How did the villagers in Kothapally resort to sustainable management
Answer:

  1. The villagers in Kothapally resort to sustainable management with the help of ICRISAT.
  2. ICRISAT educated villagers by large and provided technical support for cost-efficient water storage and soil conservation structures.
  3. The measures were community as well as individual farmer-based.
  4. Fourteen water storage structures with the storage capacity of 300 to 2000 m3, 60 mini percolation pits, field bunding on 38 hectares were completed.
  5. Twenty-eight dry open wells, near Nalla were recharged by building dykes in the Nalla and retaining the run off rain water in it.
  6. A user group was formed for each water storage structure and the water collected was exclusively used for recharging the ground water to the dried well.
  7. Broad bed furrow land form and contour planting was implemented to conserve soil and water.
  8. Gliricidia plants are planted on the field bunds to strengthen the land, make the soil nitrogen rich.
  9. Farmers were encouraged to use water resource jointly and irrigate land using micro-irrigation techniques.
  10. Saplings of useful species were planted along the roads, field bunds and Nallas.

Question 32.
Why do you think forests are important?
Answer:
Forests are important because,

  1. They are rich habitat for plants and animals.
  2. They serve as a lung for the world.
  3. They purify air, decrease carbon dioxide, global warming and green house effect.
  4. Thus provide various valuable things such as wood, medicines etc.
  5. They are providing raw materials for several industries.
  6. They maintain ecological balance in nature.
  7. They preserve the soil fertility.
  8. They cause rains.

Question 33.
Observe a lawn in your area (if you have one) and see how it is maintained. Find out from the gardener the different types of plants that he removes from time to time. Do you think a farmer does the same thing on his farm?
Answer:
The gardener removes all the species of plants that grow in the lawn from time to time.
Farmer does the same thing on his farm. But the variation is all the plants are removed from lawn just for pleasant look whereas farmer remove only weed plants that compete with the crop plants for space, nutrients, water and sunlight. This is to increase the productivity of crop plants.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 34.
What do fossil fuels provide us?
Answer:

  1. Fossil fuels provide us energy.
  2. This energy can be used for various purposes such as running vehicles, machinery in industries, etc.
  3. They are also useful in the production of electricity.
  4. They also provide petrochemicals which are helpful in the manufacturing of several products that include plastics, synthetic rubber, fabrics like nylon, medicines, cosmetics, waxes, cleaning products, medical devices, etc.
  5. They also provide energy for cooking, lighting, etc.

Question 35.
Why do we need to conserve the fossil fuels?
Answer:

  1. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources.
  2. If once they are used up, they never replenish again or take several thousands of years to replenish.
  3. They become integral part of our life, that we cannot live without these.
  4. So, we need to conserve fossil fuels so that we don’t run out of them.

Question 36.
Collect information about solar, wind, tidal and water power and prepare a scrap book.
(OR)
Collect information about conventional energy sources from internet and prepare a note on it.
Answer:
Solar energy: To use solar energy is to generate electricity from sun light. For this purpose special chemical substances which are sensitive to light have been developed.
When light falls on these substances small chemical current is generated in large amounts. This can be stored and used when needed.
Watches, calculators, street lamps have been invented which use the current produced by light falling on light sensitive material.
Wind Energy: Wind mills are in use for centuries especially for pumping water from wells.
In wind mills, wind rotates the blades of windmill and is used to move the piston and lift the water from the well.
Wind energy is being used to pump water and to run turbines for the production of electricity.
Tidal energy (Kinetic energy) : Large amount of energy (Kinetic energy) la stored In the waves especially In seas.
Special devices have been made to rotate as the water passes through them by the wave action.
This Is used to generate electricity.
Water power: Dams are constructed across the rivers water from the reservoir falls from a height on the turbines.
This water falls Is used to drive turbines to generate electricity. These are called hydro electric projects.

Question 37.
Ask your teacher about nuclear energy and its impacts on ecosystem.
Answer:
Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom of elements like uranium or plutonium. This process Is called fission.
Another process for production of nuclear energy Is by fusion. In this process two nuclei of the same elements are fused with one another. In this process more energy is produced than by fission.
The energy Is produced as heat. This Is used to produce steam which runs generators to produce electricity.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 38.
Think why disasters like Uttarakhand happened?
Answer:

  1. Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh are two hill states that were stuck by extreme rains in 2013.
  2. Heavy rainfall has wrecked havoc on the region because of fragile nature of Himalayan range and poor soil stability in its deep steps. But it is the man made factor that has compounded the scale of the disaster.
  3. Unabated expansion of hydro power project and construction of roads to accommodate ever-increasing tourism especially religious tourism are also major causes for the unprecendented scale of devastation.
  4. The valleys of Yamuna, Ganga and Alakananda attract heavy traffic of tourists. For them, government has to construct new roads and widen the existing ones.
  5. A new mountain range like Himalayas will remain study if not tampered much. But the huge expansion of trade and transport is bringing the mountains in Uttarakhand down.
  6. Study should be conducted to assess the carrying capacity of the Himalayas and development should be planned accordingly.

Threat from dams: The Ganga in upper reaches has been engineers’ play ground. The central electrical authority and Uttarakhand power department have estimated the rivers hydrolytic potential at some 9000 muc and planned 70 odd projects on its tributaries. In building these, key tributaries have been modified through diversions through tunnels or reservoirs.

Question 39.
Do you think it is necessary to have a lot of lighting for decoration during celebrations?
Answer:
No, it is not necessary to have a lot of lighting to decorate an occassion of celebration. It is mere waste of electricity and money. We should conserve electricity for proper use.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 40.
What other things could you reuse to save our resources?
Answer:

  1. Glass, paper, wax, plastic, etc., can be reused to save our resources.
  2. Recycle: By recycling the waste materials we can reduce pollution.
    Ex : Plastic recycling is a tricky process and can cause havoc.
  3. Plastic needs to be carefully stored before it can be processed.

Question 41.
Why should one sort wastes carefully before discarding them from home?
Answer:

  1. Before discarding the waste materials we should sort out the reusable things and recycling things.
  2. If it is undecayable waste like glass or plastic we can discard them or if they are the decayable waste we can prepare a compost pit to enrich the soil.

Question 42.
Often we keep a plastic bag in our dustbins to discard waste, is it a good practise?
Answer:

  1. No, it is not a good practise to discard waste in a plastic bag.
  2. When we threw the waste along with the plastic bag it takes hundreds of years for the plastic to get destroyed in the soil and the soil gets polluted.

Question 43.
Can international, national or state organisations alone manage a resource? Who are all involved in the whole process of management?
Answer:
Along with international, national or state organisations there is private organisation named International Union for the Conservation of Nature founded by private groups.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Question 44.
Suggest some ways in which you and your Mends would like to manage a resource.
Answer:
By practising four R’s-reduce, reuse, recycle and recover the things, preparation of recharging structures for water, protecting the wild life and habitats we can manage the resources.

Question 45.
Are we also an important resources of nature? How?
Answer:

  1. Yes, we are also an important resources of nature.
  2. Human beings, through the labour they provide and the organizations their staff are also considered to be resources.
  3. The term human resources can also be defined as the skills, energy, talent, abilities, and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of service.
  4. In a project management context, human resources are those employees responsible for undertaking the activities defined in the project plan.

Question 46.
Find out the usage of water in litres per day in your home? Do you actually require that much water and how much water is enough in accordance with National standards?
Answer:

  1. In my house 900 litres of water is being used per day at the average of 225 litres for a person per day (4 members family).
  2. Actually this much water is not required.
  3. We can conserve at least 400 – 500 litres of water at the average of 100 to 125 litres per head.
  4. In India, the design of water supply system has been done using certain standards.
  5. Currently the standard being used is BIS 1179 : 1993, reaffirmed in 1998.
  6. According to this, for communities with a population between 20,000 to 1,00,000 – 100 to 150 litres per head per day can be considered.
  7. For communities with population over 1,00,000 – 150 to 200 litres per head per day can be considered.
  8. On the whole, at an average of 150 litres per head per day is enough in accordance with National standards.

10th Class Biology 10th Lesson Natural Resources Activities

Activity – 1

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Study the different ways in which water is used, misused and recycled in the area where you stay. Prepare a questionnaire with the help of your friends and teacher and study at least five households in your locality for the same. Also explore and discuss ways to provide water for all.
Answer:
Ways in which water is used:

  1. Drinking
  2. Bathing
  3. Washing clothes
  4. Cleaning utensils
  5. For plants in garden and agriculture, etc.

Ways in which water is misused:

  1. Not closing the taps after using.
  2. Contaminating the water.
  3. Brushing near open taps.
  4. Getting bath under shower.
  5. Playing with water.

Ways in which water is recycled:

  1. Allowing the water used in kitchen for garden.
  2. Using the once used water to wash vehicles.
  3. Using the water from bathing for toilet flush.
  4. Washing hands in plant pots.

Questionnaire:

  1. For what purposes water is being used in your home?
  2. From where this water is being collected?
  3. Are you using water only for the needed things?
  4. Are you closing taps properly after using?
  5. Are you getting shower bath?
  6. Are you using more water than required for cleaning, bathing etc?
  7. Are there any leaks in your water pipelines?
  8. Are you recycling the once used water?
  9. In what way are you recycling the water?
  10. What measures do you suggest to conserve water and make it available for all?

Ways to provide water for all:

  1. Wastage of water should be strictly minimised.
  2. Washing hands in the plant pots.
  3. Rain water should be directed into recharge pits.
  4. Care should be taken to prevent leakage of water from pipes and taps.
  5. Wash clothes in running water canals if possible.
  6. Direct the kitchen water free from soap and detergents to the garden.
  7. Use the soap and detergent water for toilet flush or cleaning vehicles.
  8. Recycling of water can be done on large scale in towns and cities and can be utilised again.
  9. Cooperation between the states through which a river passing is very essential for providing water for all.
  10. People should be motivated in such a way that each drop of water is life and should conserve it.

Activity – 2
i) Find out how many different types of insects are present in and around your house.
Answer:
We find different types of insects present in and around our house.

ii) Do you find the same type of insects in all seasons ?
Answer:
No. We find different types of insects in different seasons.

iii) Make a chart of insects and note their occurrence for at least a week in each season.
Answer:
Ants – All seasons particularly in summer for collection of food.
Butterflies – Winter, summer – Collecting nectar
Honeybee – Winter, summer – Collection of honey.
Beetles – Winter, summer – Collection of food grains
Cockroaches – All seasons – Food and shelter

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Natural Resources

Activity – 3
Nowadays people are revolt against mining. Collect any such’ incident of our state or neighbouring states from your school library or newspapers and conduct seminar on it’s impact.
Answer:

  1. People living in hill top hamlets in seven mandals of Visakhapatnam and East Godavari districts are up in arms against laterite mining in Nagulakonda hill range.
  2. Laterite is a raw material used by cement factories.
  3. Huge deposits of laterite worth hundreds of crore rupees are found in Nathavaram and Kowur mandals in Visakhapatnam and Pratthipadu, Yeleswaram, Sankhavaram, Routulapudi and Kotananduru in East Godavari.
  4. All these mandals are technically coming under scheduled areas.
  5. If the mining continues here, it will badly threaten the ecology of that area.
  6. The tribal people in that area will lose their livelihood.
  7. To reach the mining area road should be laid in the reserve forest area.
  8. This leads to depletion of forest resources also.
  9. Health of the local people will be badly affected due to the dust spread during mining.
  10. Keeping all these in mind the tribal people are opposing the mining in that area.

 

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 9th Lesson Our Environment

10th Class Biology 9th Lesson Our Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What happens to the amount of energy transferred from one step to the next in a food chain?
Answer:

  1. Energy is transferred along food chains from one trophic level to the next.
  2. The amount of available energy decreases from one stage to the next.
  3. This is because not all the food can be fully digested and assimilate.
  4. Hair, feathers, insect exoskeletons, cartilage and bone in animal foods, cellulose and lignin in plant foods cannot be digested by most animals.
  5. These materials are excreted or made into pellets of indigested remains.
  6. Assimilated energy is available for the synthesis of new biomass through growth and reproduction.
  7. Organisms also lose some biomass by death disease or annual leaf-drop.
  8. Moreover at each tropic level, organisms use the most of the assimilated energy to fulfill their metabolic requirements – performance of work, growth and reproduction.
  9. Most of the energy is lost in the form of heat during biological processes.
  10. Only a small fraction goes to the consumer at next tropic level.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 2.
What do pyramids and food chain indicate in an ecosystem?
Answer:

  1. The ecologists used the idea of pyramid to show relationship among organisms in an existing food chain.
  2. Ecological pyramids are of three types. They are pyramid of biomass, pyramid of number, pyramid of energy.
  3. Pyramid of biomass indicates the available biomass in an ecosystem; pyramid of number indicates the organisms present and pyramid of energy indicates the available energy in an ecosystem.
  4. The food chain in an ecosystem indicates how energy is transferred from one organism to another.
  5. The starting point of a food chain are producers and it ends with top carnivores.
  6. A food chain represents a single directional transfer of energy.

Question 3.
Write a short note on pyramid of number for any food chain. What can we conclude from this pyramid of numbers?
i) tree ii) insect iii) woodpecker
(OR)
What is a pyramid of numbers? Write a brief note on the pyramid of numbers with the help of a block diagram.
Answer:
a.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 1AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 2

  1. The number of organisms in a food chain can be represented graphically in a pyramid of number.
  2. Each bar represents the number of individuals at each tropic level in a food chain.
  3. In the pyramid of numbers, from the first – order consumers to the large carnivores, there is normally an increase in size, but decrease in number.
  4. For example, in a wood, the aphids are very small and occur in astronomical numbers.
  5. The ladybirds which feed on them are distinctly larger and not so numerous.
  6. The insectivorous birds which feed on the ladybirds are larger still and are only present in a small numbers, and there may only be a single pair of hawks of much larger size than the insectivorous birds on which they prey.

b.

  1. In the given pyramid, the producer is a large tree, primary consumers are small
    insects which are numerous in number and secondary consumers are woodpeckers which are comparatively less in number than insects.
  2. From this pyramid of number, we can conclude that sometimes the pyramid of numbers does not look like a pyramid at all.
  3. This could happen if the producer is a large plant or if one of the organisms at any tropic level is very small.
  4. Whatever the situation, the producer still goes at the bottom of the pyramid.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 4.
What is biomass? Draw a pyramid of biomass for the given food chain.
i) grass leaves ii) herbivores iii) predators iv) hawk
Answer:

  1. Biomass is organic material of biological origin that has ultimately derived from the fixation of carbon dioxide and the trapping of solar energy.
  2. This includes trees, shrubs, crops, grasses, algae, aquatic plants* agricultural and forest residues and all forms of human, animal and plant waste.
  3. Any type of plant or animal material that can be converted into energy is called “Biomass”.
  4. AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 3

Question 5.
How is using of toxic material affecting the ecosystem? Write a short note on bioaccumulation and biomagnifications.
Answer:

  1. Use of toxic materials such as pesticides, herbicides and fungicides creates new problems in the ecosystem.
  2. As these toxic materials are often indiscriminate in their action and vast numbers of other animals may be destroyed.
  3. Some of them may be predators which naturally feed on these pests, others may be the food for other animals.
  4. Thus causing unpredictable changes in food chains and upsetting the balance within the ecosystem.
  5. Some toxic substances have a cumulative effect.
  6. Some of them are degradable, can be broken down into harmless substances in a comparatively short time usually a year.
  7. Others are non-degradable which are potentially dangerous as they accumulate in the bodies of animals and pass right through food web.
  8. This process of entering of pollutants in a food chain is known as “Bioaccumulation”.
  9. The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one tropic level to the next is known as “Biomagnifications”.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 6.
Should we use pesticides as they prevent our crop and food from pests or we should think of alternatives? Write your view about this issue and give sound reason for your answer.
(OR)
Why should we think of alternatives to pesticides? Give reasons.
Answer:

  1. We should think of alternatives. This is because these pesticides are toxic chemical whose usage leads to Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications.
  2. When we use pesticides, they prevent our crop and food from pests effectively but indiscriminately destroys a vast number of other animals.
  3. This is causing unpredictable changes in food chains and upsetting the balance within the ecosystem.
  4. Most of the chemical pesticides that contain mercury, arsenic or lead are non -degradable.
  5. They enter into food chain, accumulate in the bodies of animals and pass right through food web.
  6. Being further concentrated at each step until animals at the top of the pyramid may receive enough to do considerable harm.
  7. This is one of the reasons for ever decreasing number of butterflies, bees, small and large birds.
  8. Some of the pesticides are nerve poisons and might bring about changes in behaviour.
  9. As the human beings are at the end of the food chain, these pesticides may get accumulated in our bodies also. This shows some adverse effects on us, when their concentration becomes sufficiently high.

Question 7.
What is a tropic level? What does it represent in an ecological pyramid?
Answer:

  1. The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food takes place is called tropic level.
  2. Tropic level means the feeding level of the organism.
  3. In an ecological pyramid, the first tropic level represents the primary producers, and their number, biomass or energy.
  4. Second tropic level represents the herbivores or primary consumers and their number, biomass or energy.
  5. The tropic level represents the lower carnivores or secondary consumers and their number, biomass or energy.
  6. The fourth tropic level represents the higher carnivores or tertiary consumers and their number, biomass or energy.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 8.
If you want to know more about the flow of energy in an ecosystem, what questions do you ask?
Answer:
I will ask the following questions to know more about flow of energy in an ecosystem.

  1. How does the energy flow in an ecosystem from one organism to other?
  2. Is the energy transformation from one level to other 100% efficient?
  3. What per cent of energy transfers from one level to other?
  4. What happens to the remaining energy?
  5. How does the ecosystem lose its energy during energy transformation?
  6. Which tropic level in an ecosystem has more energy and which has less?
  7. What is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem?

Question 9.
What will happen if we remove predators from food web?
Answer:

  1. Removal of organisms from any tropic level of a food chain or food web disturbs the ecosystem and leads to ecological imbalance.
  2. If we remove predators from food web, the prey population will increase enormously as there is no natural control over them.
  3. The producers population will decrease rapidly as the organisms feeding on them increase.
  4. After few generations the prey population also begins to decrease as some of the preys begin to die due to starvation.
  5. Some adaptations may also be developed by the organisms to bring the ecological balance.
  6. But it may take some generations, till that the ecosystem will be disturbed and imbalanced.
  7. For example, if we remove all the predators (carnivorous) from a forest ecosystem, the herbivorous animal population will increase as there are no carnivores to hunt them.
  8. As a result plant population will decrease as the ever increasing herbivores feed more and more on plants.
  9. After some generations the herbivore population begins to decrease as the decreasing number of plants are not sufficient to feed.
  10. Then some herbivorous animals may adapt to feed on other herbivores to increase their survival.
  11. Then scope for survival will increase for plants again which leads to ecological balance.
  12. But this may take lot of time to evolve new predators and to form ecological balance.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 10.
Observe a plant in your kitchen garden, and write a note on producer-consumer relationship.
Answer:
When I observe a plant in kitchen garden, I came to know the following things.

  1. Though it may be relatively small, a garden is a complete ecosystem.
  2. It has the same components as any other large and elaborate ecosystems had.
  3. The plant in a kitchen garden is a producer as it produces their own food from sunlight.
  4. There are two types of consumers in this ecosystem, a) Primary consumers and b) Secondary consumers.
  5. Primary consumers feed on plants. This tropic level consists of caterpillars, bees and butterflies.
  6. Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers. This tropic level consists of birds, garden lizards and spiders.
  7. Fungi, bacteria, insects and worms make up decomposers.
  8. The producer and consumer relationship can be shown in the following food chain.
    Plant → Plant eaters such as caterpillars, bees, butterflies → Meat-eaters such as birds, garden lizards, spiders
    Producers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers
  9. The pyramid of number appears like this.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 4
  10. The pyramid of Biomass appears like this
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 5
  11. The pyramid of energy appears like this
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 6

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 11.
What type of information do you require to explain the pyramid of biomass?
Answer:
To explain the pyramid of biomass, we require the following information.

  1. The type of ecosystem.
  2. Producers in the ecosystem.
  3. Primary consumers in the ecosystem.
  4. Secondary consumers in the ecosystem.
  5. Tertiary consumers in the ecosystem.
  6. Number of organisms at each tropic level.
  7. Size of organisms at each tropic level.
  8. Weight of organisms at each tropic level.
  9. All forms of waste produced at each tropic level and
  10. In total, total amount of biomass produced at each tropic level.

Question 12.
Draw a pyramid of numbers considering yourself sis top level consumer. Pyramid of numbers
Answer:
Pyramid of numbers
Ex: 1
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 7

Ex: 2
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 8

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 13.
Prepare slogans to promote awareness in your classmates about eco-friendly activities.
All the living things have the right to live on this earth along with us. Prepare slogans to promote awareness in public about the conservation of biodiversity.
(OR)
Which slogans do you prefer to promote awareness in your locality about eco-friendly activities?
Answer:

  1. Live and let live.
  2. If we protect the environment, it protects us.
  3. Conserve nature – Conserve life.
  4. Save mother earth.
  5. Earth needs you.
  6. Go ecofriendly.
  7. Clean the environment, live happily.
  8. Heal our planet! Turn it into a better planet.
  9. Plant a tree for your environment.
  10. Think ecofriendly and live ecofriendly.
  11. Earth enables you to definitely stand. Allow it to stand the actual way it is.
  12. You’ve only got one planet. Don’t trash it.

Question 14.
Suggest any three programmes on the prevention of soil pollution in view of avoiding pesticides.
(OR)
Suggest any four eco-friendly methods for prevention of soil pollution in view of avoiding pesticides. (OR)
In your area, soil is polluted by the enormous usage of pesticides. Suggest any two programmes for the prevention of soil pollution.
Answer:
To prevent the soil pollution caused by pesticides following programmes should be implemented.

  1. Rotation of crops :
    1. Same crop should not be grown in the same field in successive seasons.
    2. Rotation of crops reduce occurance of pests and damage due to pests will be decreased.
  2. Biological control: Introducing natural predator or parasite of the pest.
  3. Sterility: Sterilising the males of a pest species reduces the population of pests.
  4. Genetic strains: The development of genetic strains which are resistant to certain pest.
  5. Studying the life histories of the pests: When this is done it is sometimes possible to sow the crops at a time when least damage will be caused.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Choose the correct answer.

  1. What does a food chain always start with?
    A) The herbivore
    B) The carnivore
    C) The producer
    D) None of these
    Answer: C
  2. Which of the following do plants not compete for?
    A) Water
    B) Food
    C) Space
    D) All the above
    Answer: B
  3. Ban all pesticides, this means that
    A) Control on the usage of pesticides
    B) Prevention of pesticides
    C) Promote eco-friendly agricultural practices
    D) Stop biochemical factories
    Answer: C
  4. According to Charles Elton
    A) Carnivores at the top of the pyramid herbivore
    B) Energy trapping is high at the top of the pyramid
    C) No producers at the top of the pyramid
    D) A and C
    Answer: D

10th Class Biology 9th Lesson Our Environment InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Are all terrestrial ecosystems similar?
Answer:

  1. No. All the terrestrial ecosystems are not similar.
  2. Basing on variations in climatic conditions such as rainfall, temperature and the availability of light, there are various kinds of ecosystems.
  3. The major types of terrestrial ecosystem are
    1. Tundra,
    2. Coniferous forest,
    3. Deciduous forest,
    4. Savannah,
    5. Tropical forest and
    6. Deserts.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 2.
If we want to show a food chain consisting of grass, rabbit, snake and hawk then connect the given picture of organisms by putting arrows and make a food chain.
A) Name the producers and consumers in the above food chain.
B) Try to guess what does the arrows marked by you are indicate?
C) Identify at least four other food chains from your surroundings. Name the producers and different levels of consumers in those food chains.
Answer:
Grass → Rabbit → Snake → Hawk
A) In the above food chain grass is the primary producer. Rabbit is the primary consumer, snake is the secondary consumer and hawk is the tertiary consumer.
B) The arrows indicate the flow of energy from one organism to another. So these are always pointed from the food to the feeder.
C)

  1. Plant → insect → frog → bird
  2. Plant → insect →  frog → snake
  3. Aquatic plants → insects → fish → crane
  4. Plant → mice → snake → vulture
  5. Plant → aphids → spiders → birds

Question 3.
Why do most of the food chains consists of four steps?
Answer:

  1. Most of the food chains are quite short and mostly consists of four steps.
  2. This is because only 10% of the energy present in a tropic level transfers to the other tropic level.
  3. Remaining energy is dissipated as heat produced during the process of respiration and other ways.
  4. Thus about three steps in a food chain very little energy is still available for use by living organisms.

Question 4.
Why do the number of organisms get decreased as we move from producer to different level of consumers?
Answer:

  1. As we move from producers to different levels of consumers the energy available will decrease gradually.
  2. Only ten per cent of the energy present in one tropic level transfer to another tropic level.
  3. Biomass also decreases gradually as only 10 – 20% of the biomass is transferred from one tropic level to the next in a food chain.
  4. As there is less energy & less biomass available at top levels, number of organisms also less, generally.
  5. So, the number of organisms get decreased as we move from producer to different level of consumers.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 5.
Draw the pyramid of number for the following food chains.
i) Banyan → insects → woodpecker
ii) Grass → rabbit → wolf
A) Are the pyramid of number having same structure in both of the above two cases as compare to the example given in the earlier paragraph?
B) If there is a difference, then what it is?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 9
A) No. The pyramid of number in the above two cases doesn’t have the same structure as compared to the example given in the textbook.
B)

  1. In the example (given in the textbook), number of organisms at producers level is more. This number gradually decreased in consumers level step by step. So the pyramid of number formed has typical pyramid shape with broad base and the narrow apex.
  2. But in the first case given here, on a single Banyan tree, a large number of insects live and feed. These insects become food for few Woodpeckers. So producers number is less than primary and secondary consumers, and secondary consumers are less than primary consumers. So the pyramid of number does not look like a pyramid. It consists of narrow base, broad middle part and medium apex.
  3. In the second case, grass which are large in number become food for few rabbits. Rabbit provides food for several wolves which are comparatively less in number than grass. So primary consumers are less in number than secondary consumers and producers. So the pyramid of number for this food chain also does not look like a pyramid. It consists of broad base, narrow middle part and medium apex. Thus it differs from case (i) also.

Question 6.
Think why the pyramids are always upright?
Answer:

  1. In ecology not all the pyramids are always upright.
  2. Pyramid of number may be upright, inverted or partly upright.
  3. Pyramid of biomass may be upright or inverted.
  4. But the pyramid of energy is always upright.
  5. This is because energy will decrease when we move from producers to the high level consumers.
  6. Only 10% of the energy from one tropic level transfers to the other through food chain.
  7. So the energy at base is more, gradually decreases, and very less at the top.
  8. As a result the energy pyramid is always upright.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 7.
Observe the data given in the following table.

Classes Area in 1967(Km2) Area in 2004 (Km2)
Lake – water spread area 70.70 62.65
Lake with sparse weed 0 47.45
Lake with dense weed 0 15.20
Lake-liable to flood in rainy season 100.97 0
Aquaculture ponds 0 99.74
Rice fields 8.40 16.62
Enchrochment 0.31 1.37
Total 180.38 180.38

i) In which year lake-water spread area is more? Why?
Answer:
In the year 1967. Because lake was not brought under cultivation.

ii) How do you think weeds are more in the lake?
Answer:
Excessive nutrient addition, especially from anthropogenic sources, led to explosive weed growth. Ex: Eichornia, pistia.

iii) What are the reasons for decrease in lake area?
Answer:

  1. In 1996, almost entire lake was brought under cultivation.
  2. Industries came along in ever growing intensity in the catchment area of the lake.

iv) How do the above reasons lead to pollution?
Answer:

  1. Consequently, the drains and rivulets carry substantial quantity of various types of pollutants into the lake.
  2. The major sources of pollution are agricultural runoff containing residues of several agrochemicals, fertilizers, fish tank discharges, industrial effluents containing chemical residues.

v) How was the threat to the lake due to pollution discovered?
Answer:

  1. The water of the lake turned alkaline in nature, turbid, nutrient rich, low in dissolved oxygen and high in biochemical oxygen demand.
  2. Water borne diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid, amoebiasis and others are said to be common among the local inhabitants who are unaware of the state of pollution in the lake water.
  3. Vector borne diseases were also increased.

vi) What could be the reasons for the migration of birds to this lake?
Answer:
To avoid extreme cold weather conditions in Northern Asia and Eastern Europe birds migrate to Kolleru lake.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 8.
Observe the following table showing different activities in the lake and their influence.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment 10Legend:
(+) means has influence on the mentioned problem
(-) means has no influence on the mentioned problem
i) What are the factors that affected the number of migratory birds to decrease?
Answer:
Aquaculture practices.

ii) Do you find any relationship between biological and physical problems?
Answer:
Yes. Aquaculture practices have influence on these problems.

iii) What are the reasons for chemical problems ?
Answer:
Agricultural practices, aquaculture practices, industrial activities and human activities are the reasons for chemical problems.

iv) What happens if the dissolved oxygen reduce in lake water ?
Answer:
If the dissolved oxygen reduces in lake water, sufficient amount of oxygen will not be available to organisms that live in the lake.
This leads to the death of organisms in the lake.

v) Is BOD of turbid and nutrient rich water high or low? What are its consequences?
Answer:
High. Its consequences are water borne diseases and death of organisms.

vi) People living in catchment area of Kolleru faced so many problems. Why?
Answer:
Vector borne disease increased. The lands adandoned are useless for agriculture.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 9.
Name any two pesticides / insecticides you have heard about.
Answer:
DDT, Aldrin, Malathian, Altrazine, Monocrotophos, Endosulphan etc.

Question 10.
How are the food grains and cereals being stored in your house and how dojyou protected them from pests and fungus?
Answer:
To protect food grains and cereals from pests and fungus, we will follow the following rules in our house.

  1. First of all we will dry and clean our grain before storing.
  2. We will avoid moisture in bagged grains by storing them on wooden structures, bamboo mats or polythene covers.
  3. We use domestic bins or improvised storage structures such as Gaade, Kotlu, Paatara, RCC bins and flat bottom metal bins etc.
  4. We fumigate the storage room with Ethylene Di-bromide (EDB) ampoules to avoid insect damage.
  5. We use anticoagulant for rat control in houses.

Question 11.
Where from pollutants enter to the water sources?
Answer:
The used water from industries and run off water containing agricultural effluents bring pollutants into water sources. Municipal and domestic sewage also pollute water sources.

Question 12.
How can you say fishes living in water having heavy metals in their bodies?
Answer:
The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in tissues of fish particularly in liver, kidney and gills were analysed and found their presence.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 13.
Researchers found that pollution levels increase during monsoon season. Why they found so?
Answer:

  1. Pollution levels increase during monsoon season in water bodies.
  2. During monsoon season heavy rainfall occurs.
  3. The rain water brings residues of agrochemicals, fertilizers and different types of organic substances, municipal and domestic sewage.
  4. Hence pollution levels increase in monsoon season.

Question 14.
Why did people also suffer from various diseases after consuming fishes living in local water reservoir?
Answer:

  1. The heavy metals could find their way into human beings through food chain.
  2. This bioaccumulation cause various physiological disorders such as hypertension, sporadic fever, renal damage, nausea etc.

Question 15.
What is the food chain that has been discussed in the above case?
Answer:
The food chain discussed in the above occurrence is Crops → Locust → Sparrow → Hawk.

Question 16.
How did the campaign disturb the food chain in the fields?
Answer:

  1. Crop yields after the campaign were substantially decreased.
  2. Though the campaign against sparrows ended it was too late.
  3. With no sparrows to eat the locust populations, the country was soon swarmed.
  4. Locust coupled with bad weather led to the great Chinese famine.

Question 17.
How did these disturbances affect the environment?
Answer:

  1. The number of locust increased.
  2. Use of pesticides against locust population further degraded the land.

Question 18.
Is it right to eradicate a living organism in an ecosystem? How is it harmful?
Answer:

  1. No, it is not right to eradicate a living organism in an ecosystem.
  2. It disturbs the existing food chain.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Our Environment

Question 19.
Were the sparrows really responsible? What was the reason for the fall in crop production?
Answer:

  1. No, the sparrows were not really responsible for the loss of food grain.
  2. With no sparrows to eat the locust population crops were damaged and this led to fall in crop production.

Question 20.
What was the impact of human activities on the environment?
Answer:

  1. The human activities badly affected the environment.
  2. Use of pesticides against the pest degraded the land.

Question 21.
What do you suggest for such incidents not to occur?
Answer:

  1. I suggest to use organic manures and organic insecticides to kill the insects.
  2. Rotation of crops is the best method to protect the crops from pests.
  3. We should not kill any organism on this earth because every organism has a role to play.
  4. Think before you start action.

10th Class Biology 9th Lesson Our Environment Activities

Activity – 1

Observe any water ecosystem in your surroundings and identify the different food chains and food web operating in this ecosystem. Write the following details in your notebook.

WORKSHEET

1. Names of the students in a group: ——————— Date: ———–
2. Name of the ecosystem: ———————
3. Topography: ———————
4. Names / Number of plants (producers) identified: ———————
5 Names / Number of animals identified: ———————
6. Identify the different types consumers and name them & mention their number below :
Herbivores (Primary consumers): ———————
Carnivores (Secondary consumers): ———————
Top carnivores (Tertiary): ———————
7 Food relationships among them: food habits/preferences: ———————
8 Show / draw the different food chains: ———————
9. Showcase the food web: ———————
10. List out all abiotic factors existing in the ecosystem: ———————
( A check list can be given, and asked to tick)
11. Is there any threat to the ecosystem ? Yes / No ———————
If yes, what ? and how ? ———————
Suggest few remedial measures ———————
Answer:
Student’s Activity.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What do you mean by hunger pangs?
Answer:

  1. When glucose levels in the blood fall, hunger pangs occur in the stomach.
  2. Ghrelin hormone is secreted in the stomach when it goes empty.
  3. Ghrelin is secreted from certain cell walls of the stomach.
  4. Hunger contractions (hunger pangs) start to occur in the stomach due to secretion of ghrelin hormone.
  5. Hunger pangs continue up to 30 – 45 minutes.
  6. An increase in Ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 2.
What are the organ systems involved in the digestion of food which we eat?
Answer:
The organ systems involved in the digestion of food are:

  1. endocrine system,
  2. nervous system,
  3. muscular system,
  4. circulatory system and
  5. excretory system.

Question 3.
Rafi said smell also increases our appetite. Can you support this statement ? How?
Answer:

  1. Yes. I support the statement made by Rafi that smell also increases our appetite.
  2. When we smell, the air borne substances get dissolved in the watery film of nasal mucus.
  3. The chemoreceptors which are otherwise called olfactory receptors present in the nose trigger signals in the form of nerve impulses to the brain where the smell is detected.
  4. However interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our appetite.

Question 4.
Write a note on peristalsis and sphincter function in the stomach.
Answer:
A) Peristalsis functions in stomach:

  1. Contraction and relaxation of the muscles present in the stomach bring in a wave-like motion called peristalsis.
  2. The contraction of the stomach muscles squeeze and mix the food with the acids and juices of the stomach.
  3. Mechanical mixing of food in stomach occurs by peristalsis. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.
  4. Peristalsis in stomach is involuntary and under the control of the autonomous nervous system.

B) Sphincter functions in the stomach:

  1. Pyloric sphincter is present at the opening of the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine).
  2. The pyloric sphincter allows only small quantities of food into duodenum at a time.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 5.
Observe the given part of the digestive system. What is it ? What is it’s role during digestion ?
Answer:

  1. The given part is the LARGE INTESTINE in the human digestive system:
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 1
  2. If creates peristaltic waves to send waste material called stool or faeces into the rectum.
  3. In the large intestine water and mineral salts are absorbed from the waste material.
  4. The faecal matter containing indigested food material, bile pigments and dead bacteria is formed in the large intestine.
  5. It is stored in the rectum and expelled out of the body through the Anus.

Question 6.
Give reasons.
a) If we press the tongue against the palate, we can recognize taste easily.
Answer:
Reason :

  1. When the tongue is pressed against the palate, the food substance is pressed against the opening of the taste bud letting it to reach the taste cells and triggering taste signals.
  2. Finally, the taste is recognized in the brain.

b) We can’t identify taste when food is very hot.
Answer:
Reason:

  1. Most of the taste buds on the tongue are killed when the food is hot.
  2. This prevents the person from identifying the taste.
  3. The perception of taste decreases when the temperature of the food rises beyond 35°C.
  4. But we don’t pay attention to it because we become worried about the burning feeling.

c) If glucose level falls in blood, we feel hungry. (OR) €EI June 2015
We feel hungry if the blood glucose level falls down. 03 June 2019
Answer:
Reason :

  1. When glucose levels in the blood fall, we get hunger pangs in stomach.
  2. Hungry feeling start to occur in the stomach due to hunger generating signals that the brain from the stomach due to the secretion of the hormone ‘Ghrelin’.

d) Small intestine is similar to a coiled pipe. (OR)
Why is the small intestine long and coiled?
Answer:
Reason :

  1. The length of small intestine is 7 meters long.
  2. It is coiled so as to fit in the human body.
  3. It is coiled to increase surface area and maximum nutrient absorption when food passes through it.

e) Urination increases when we take lot of fluids.
Answer:
Reason:

  1. When we take lot of fluids, the kidneys will efficiently throw the water out by forming more urine than usual.
  2. When there is excess water in the body, the brain usually produces less of a hormone called vasopressin.
  3. This in turn causes the kidneys to produce a lot of dilute urine, until excess water is removed.

f) The process of digestion goes on in a person whose central nervous system has been largerly affected.
Answer:
Reason :

  1. The enteric nervous system embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut or alimentary canal control gut functions often independently of the brain.
  2. The mass of neural tissue of enteric nervous system filled with important neurotransmitters reveals that it does much more than merely handle digestion.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 7.
Write differences between the following:
a) Bolus – Chyme
b) Small intestine – Large intestine
c) Mastication – Rumination
d) Propulsion – Retropulsion
Answer:
a) Bolus – Chyme:

Bolus Chyme
1. Food that is masticated in the mouth. 1. It is the partially digested food in the stomach.
2. Alkaline in nature. 2. Acidic in nature.
3. Teeth and saliva turn food into bolus. 3. Stomach turn food by peristalsis into chyme.
4. Soft round ball of food that has been chewed. 4. It is the liquified part of food.
5. Food goes from mouth to stomach. 5. Food goes from stomach to small intestine.

b) Small intestine – Large intestine:

Small intestine Large intestine
1. It is longer and has small width. 1. It is shorter and has broad width.
2. It is in between the stomach and large intestine. 2. It is the last part of the digestive system.
3. Digestive juices release from liver, pancreas. 3. Digestive juices are not released into large intestine.
4. Food is completely digested in it. 4. Absorption of water from the undigested food takes place in it.
5. It has three parts – duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 5. It has four parts – caecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.
6. Villi helps in absorption of digested food. 6. Villi are absent in large intestine.

c) Mastication – Rumination:

Mastication Rumination
1. Grinding, chewing and shredding of food in the mouth by teeth is called mastication. 1. It is the chewing of cud that come from a part near the stomach of the animal to its mouth.
2. Mastication occurs only one time in the oral cavity. 2. Rumination allows food to undergo mastication more than once.
3. This is also known as chewing the food. 3. This is also known as chewing the cud.
4. It makes the food particles to tiny particles. Does not involve nutrient absorption. 4. It allows greater nutrients to be extracted and absorbed from the food particles.
5. It occurs in most of the animals (mammals), eg: Human being 5. It occurs only in ruminate animals.
eg: Cow

d) Propulsion – Retropulsion:

Propulsion Retropulsion
1. It is a means of creating force leading to movement of food. 1. It is a situation in which something (food) is pushed or forced backwards.
2. Peristaltic waves move food from one part to the other. 2. Small amount of chyme is pushed into duodenum, simultaneously forcing most of it back into the stomach.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 8.
How can you say that mouth is a munching machine?
Answer:

  1. Mouth plays a major role in changing the texture of food.
  2. The circular muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved around.
  3. The teeth grind, chew and shred the food.
  4. The surface muscles of the jaw help in biting and chewing actions, while the deep muscles of the jaw move up, down, forward and backward during food mastication.
  5. The teeth help in cutting and grinding while tongue movements evenly spread out the food and help in mixing it with saliva.
  6. The muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed in the oral cavity and to be moved around.
  7. By all this we can say that mouth is a munching machine.

Question 9.
What is mastication? Explain the role of different sets of teeth in this process.
Answer:
Mastication: Food can not be swallowed directly. So it must be grinded, chewed and shred. This process of grinding, chewing and shredding is called ’MASTICATION’.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 2Role of different sets of teeth in mastication:

  1. In the oral cavity of human beings, 32 teeth and they are 4 different types to perform different functions.
  2. They are a) Inscisors b) Canines c) Premolars d) Molars
    a) Inscisors: These are eight in number and have chisel shape. They have sharp edges and are specialized for cutting and biting the food.
    b) Canines: These are four in number and are with pointed edges- These are designed for piercing and tearing food.
    c) Premolars: These are eight in number and are also called cheek teeth. These are designed for crushing and grinding food.
    d) Molars: These are 12 in number. They are designed for crushing and grinding food.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 10.
During the journey of food from the mouth to stomach through oesophagus, how does muscular system coordinate in this process?
Answer:
Movement of food (bolus) from mouth to stomach through oesophagus is influenced by the coordination between muscular system and nervous system.
Muscular movement in mouth:

  1. The circular muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved around.
  2. The surface muscles of the jaw help in biting and chewing actions while the deep muscles move the jaw up and down, forward and backward during mastication.

Muscular movement in oesophagus:

  1. The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles.
  2. The inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer is of longitudinal muscles.
  3. Contraction of circular muscles lead to narrowing of the oesophagus behind the bolus. So the food is squeezed downwards.
  4. Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widens the tube, results in shortening of particular part of oesophagus.
  5. In this way food moves easily and enters the stomach. ,
  6. Contraction and relaxation of oesophagus muscles bring peristaltic movements.

Question 11.
Is there any reason for the intestine to be coiled with many folds ? In what way it is helpful during the process of digestion? (OR)
Small intestine is similar to a coiled pipe. Give reason.
Answer:

  1. Yes, there is a reason for the intestine to be coiled with many folds.
  2. The coiled and folded nature of intestine slows down the passage of food along the intestine and afford an increased surface area for absorption.
  3. It also increases the surface area for the intestine to increase the absorption of nutrients through finger-like projections villi.
  4. The folded and coiled intestine absorbs nutrients and water more than they breakdown.

Question 12.
What is the function of peristalsis in these parts?
a) Oesophagus b) Stomach c) Small intestine d) Large intestine
Answer:
a) Oesophagus:
Peristalsis helps in pushing the food, down the oesophagus into the stomach.

b) Stomach:

  1. Peristalsis helps in storing food, breaking down food down and mixing it with juices secreted by stomach lining.
  2. Peristalsis in stomach helps in partial digestion of food.

c) Small intestine:

  1. Peristalsis pushes the digesting food through small intestine.
  2. It helps to mix the chyme to help in the digestive process.
  3. Peristalsis also helps in absorbing nutrients from the digesting food into the blood.

d) Large intestine:
Peristaltic movements help to propel feces along the large intestine through colon, to the rectum for expulsion from the body.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 13.
How can you justify the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gut?
(OR)
Write about the nervous system present beneath the digestive system.
Answer:

  1. The enteric nervous system, the second brain consists of sheaths of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, or alimentary canal.
  2. The second brain measures about nine meters to end from the oesophagus to the anus.
  3. The second brain contains some 100 million neurons, more than in either the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system.
  4. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to “feel” the inner world of our gut and its contents.
  5. Enteric nervous system contains mass of neural tissue filled with important neurotransmitters.
  6. This reveals that it does much more than merely handling digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang of hunger.
  7. Enteric nervous system stimulates and coordinates the breaking down of food, absorbing nutrients and expelling of waste.
    Thus equipped with its own reflexes and senses, the second brain can control several gut functions often independently of the brain.
  8. Several scientists also believe that the enteric nervous system is a way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move through and out of our gut smoothly.
  9. Hence we can justify that the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gut.

Question 14.
Rajesh feels hungry upon seeing food. Sheela says no more food as she is not hungry. What makes Rajesh hungry and what suppresses Sheela’s hunger?
Answer:

  1. When glucose levels in the blood fall, we get hunger pangs in the stomach. Feeling hungry lies in the physiology of blood circulation.
  2. The secretion of the hormone GHRELIN starts in the stomach when it goes empty.
  3. Hunger contractions start to occur in the stomach due to hunger generating signals that reach the brain from the stomach due to ghrelin.
  4. So Rajesh effected with secretion of ghrelin in his stomach and he felt hungry when he saw food.
  5. Sheela was not affected with secretion of ghrelin in her stomach. She felt that her stomach is full.
  6. When we feel the stomach is full and there is no need of food any more, another hormone LEPTIN is secreted that supresses hunger.

Question 15.
How are taste and smell related?
(OR)
What is the relationship between taste and smell?
Answer:

  1. Taste and smell are closely related.
  2. This close relationship is most readily seen in how we perceive the flavours of food.
  3. Anyone with severe cough and cold cannot make out the difference in the taste of certain food items.
  4. Actually, what is really being affected is the flavour of the food , or the combination of taste and smell.
  5. That is because not only the taste but also the food odours are being defected.
  6. However, interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our perceptions of the foods we eat.
  7. Smell of the food flavour gives a similar taste to food.

Question 16.
List out the sphincter muscles of the food canal you have observed and give a brief description.
(OR)
What are the different types of sphincter muscles present in the digestive canal?
Answer:
There are different sphincter “muscles in the food canal. They are :

  1. Esophageal sphincter
  2. Cardiac sphincter
  3. Pyloric sphincter
  4. Anal sphincter and
  5. Ileocecal value or sphincter.

1. Esophageal sphincter:

  1. This allows entry of bolus into the oesophagus,
  2. It also reduces back flow from the oesophagus to pharynx.

2. Cardiac sphincter:

  1. It is present where oesophagus meets the stomach,
  2. It’s location is almost directly in front of the heart,
  3. It allows food from oesophagus into the stomach.

3. Pyloric sphincter:

  1. It is present at the opening called pylorus, located at the end of the stomach,
  2. Pyloric sphincter allows only small quantities of food into duodenum at a time.

4) Anal sphincter:

  1. It is located at the anus, the end of the digestive system,
  2. The release of waste is controlled partly, voluntarily by anal sphincter.

5) Ileocecal value:

  1. It is situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine (colon),
  2. It’s function is to limit the colonic contents into the ileum.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 17.
What happens if salivary ducts are closed?
(OR)
What happens if saliva is not produced by salivary glands?
Answer:
If salivary ducts are closed the following consequences may occur:

  1. If salivary ducts are closed saliva will not release into the mouth, the mouth becomes dry.
  2. We can’t taste the food.
  3. Saliva secretes an enzyme called salivary amylase which breaks down the carbohydrates in food into dextrose and maltose sugar.
  4. If saliva is not secreted in the mouth carbohydrates remains unchanged digestion will not completed.
  5. Due to absence of saliva food will not get moistened, chewing and swallowing becomes difficult.
  6. If salivary ducts are closed, the salivary glands become swollen and it leads to pain.

Question 18.
If size and shape of small intestine is like oesophagus what will happen?
Answer:

  1. If size and shape of small intestine is like oesophagus the height of the person should be more than 22 feet as the length of the small intestine is about 22 feet. So it will not fit in the human body.
  2. For the complete digestion of the food to occur, it has to stay in small intestine for 3 to 4 hours.
  3. Otherwise digestion will not be completed and nutrients are not absorbed into blood . in the small intestine.
  4. The tube like nature of small intestine as that of oesophagus will not provide increased surface area for complete absorption of nutrients.

Question 19.
Prepare a questionnaire to understand nervous coordination in the digestion process.
(OR)
What are the questions you are going to ask your teacher about nervous coordination in the digestion process?
(OR)
Prepare a questionnaire for an interview with a doctor to understand the nervous coordination in the digestion process.
Answer:

  1. What is enteric nervous system?
  2. Why the enteric nervous system is known as second brain?
  3. How nervous system plays an important role in digestion of food?
  4. Which nervous system controls the release of saliva from salivary glands?
  5. Which cranial nerve controls the movement of muscles in the jaw?
  6. The mechanism for swallowing is under the control of?

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 20.
What experiment do you perform to understand action of saliva on flour? Explain it’s procedure and apparatus that you followed.
(Activity – 7)
(OR)
i) Explain the procedure followed in the experiment conducted to understand the action of saliva on starch.
ii) What apparatus and chemicals are used to do this experiment?
(OR)
Write the experiment you have performed in your school laboratory to know the action of Saliva on flour. How did you test the pH of Saliva?
(OR)
Explain the experiment conducted by your teacher in your class to show the action of saliva on the starch.
Answer:
Aim: To understand the action of saliva on flour.
Apparatus:

  1. Two test tubes
  2. Water
  3. Ata flour
  4. Water glass and
  5. Iodine solution.

Procedure:

  1. A test tube is taken and half of the test tube is filled with water.
  2. A pinch of flour is added.
  3. To mix flour with water, test tube as shaken.
  4. Few drops of flour mixture is taken in a watch glass and test for the presence of starch by putting a drop of diluted tincture Iodine in it.
  5. A blue black colour confirms the presence of starch.
  6. Divide the mixture into two equal halves by transferring it to another test tube.
  7. Both the test tubes have the same amount of solution.
  8. Add a teaspoon of saliva to one of the test tube and mark it.
  9. Do not add anything in the other test tube.
  10. After 45 minutes add a drop of dilute Tincture Iodine solution to test tubes containing the solutions.

Observation:

  1. Saliva containing flour mixture becomes slurry. It doesn’t show any change.
  2. But in the second test tube with only flour mixture turns blue colour.

Conclusion:

  1. Saliva in the test tube converts flour into sugar. So no change is observe here.
  2. In the second test tube containing only flour mixture turns blue black.

(OR)
i) Answer:

  1. Add a spoon of starch to the water taken in a test tube to make starch solution. Starch solution is divided into two equal parts in two test tubes.
  2. Add a little saliva to one of the above test tube and the other without adding saliva and keep them a side for some time.
  3. Add a drop of dilute iodine to both the test tubes. The test tube added with saliva doesn’t turns to blue black because the starch is broken down into smaller units called sugar by the saliva.
  4. The other part which is not added with saliva turns into blue black, as it has starch without any change.
    So this experiment proves saliva converts complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.

ii) Answer:
Test tubes, water glass, flour, iodine, saliva.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 21.
Suggest a simple experiment to prove the role of palate in recognizing taste.
(OR)
How do you prove that palate has a role in recognizing taste?
(OR)
“Taste is connected to the tongue and palate”. Write an activity to prove it and write your observations.
Answer:
Experiment to prove the role of palate in recognizing taste
Aim: To prove the role of palate in recognizing taste.
Apparatus: Sugar crystals, Stop watch.
Procedure:

  1. Place some sugar crystals on the tongue.
  2. Keep mouth opened and see that tongue does not touch the palate.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 3
  3. Record the time from the moment we placed the crystals on the tongue till we get the taste by using stop watch.
  4. Now repeat the test by placing the sugar crystals on the tongue pressing it against the palate.
  5. Record the time from placing sugar crystals to getting the taste.

Observation: From the above activity we know that taste can be identified easily when the tongue is pressed against the palate.
Result: We can easily identify the taste of the substance we can identify the taste of it in lesser time.

Question 22.
Collect information related to feeling hunger from your school library and prepare a note on it.
Answer:

  1. Generally we feel hunger when our stomach goes empty.
  2. When our stomach goes empty Ghrelin hormone is released and it causes the feeling of hunger.
  3. As well leptin hormone also released, but it causes the feeling of suppression of hunger.
  4. Not only these, when we saw a colourful and good smelling food, automatically we feel hunger. So, the sight of seeing a good food also causes feeling of hunger.
  5. If the food doesn’t have good colour, texture, good smell we can’t eat, even though it is a good food.
  6. All the feelings towards food are recieved by our eyes, nose, tongue.
  7. From these, information is sent to brain, from there signals are sent to stomach and causes feelings either positive or negative.
  8. Hormones are also responsible for most of the feelings of hunger.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 23.
Draw the block diagram of showing sensation of taste from food material to brain.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 4

Question 24.
Draw a neatly labelled diagram showing a peristaltic movement in oesophagus Explain the importance of mucus on the walls of food pipe.
(OR)
In the food pipe, the food bolus is propelled into the stomach by peristaltic movement Represent this action with a diagram.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 5Importance of mucus on the walls of food pipe :

  1. The walls of the food pipe secrete a slippery substance called mucus.
  2. Mucus lubricates and protects the oesophgeal walls from damage.
  3. This helps the food bolus to slide down easily.
  4. Besides this the saliva in the bolus also helps in easy movement.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 25.
Draw a schematic diagram of villus in small intestinp. Explain how digestive system coordinates with circulatory system.
(OR)
Draw the diagram of villi in small intestine and lable its parts.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 6Coordination of digestive system with circulatory system :

  1. After the completion of digestion in small intestine, it enters into the blood through villi.
  2. In blood the digested food gets oxidised after that energy is released.
  3. Releasing of energy from fot^d occur only when it enter into the blood.
  4. So, there is a great coordination between digestive and

Question 26.
The mere smell or sight of food stimulates hunger . Describe the process through a neat diagram.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 7

  1. The mere smell even the mere sight of delicious food stimulates the hunger.
  2. When we smell, the air borne substances get dissolved in the watery film of nasal mucus.
  3. The chemoreceptors in nose are otherwise called olfactory receptors which trigger signals in the form of nerve impulses to the brain where smell is defected.
  4. The amount of the neurosecretory protein hormone ghrelin in the blood increases as a result of visual stimulation images of food.
  5. Hunger contractions start to occur in the stomach due to hunger generating signals that reach the brain.
  6. It is believed that the diencephalon in fore brain and vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) plays an important role in carrying these signals to brain.
  7. Hunger pangs continue up to 30-45 minutes.
  8. Increase ¡n ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.

Question 27.
With the help of a diagram show the movement of food from mouth to the stomach. What muscles and nerves are involved in the movement of food and what is this action called as ? (OR)
Draw a diagram of peristaltic movement of food in oesophagus of elementary canal. Write how it performs.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 5The muscles involved in movement of food from mouth to stomach :

  1. The circular muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved around.
  2. The surface muscles of the jaw help in biting and chewing actions and move the jaw up, down, forward and backward.
  3. Contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles in the oesophagus bring in a wave like motion that propels the bolus into stomach by the action called peristalsis.
  4. As the food approaches the closed ring of pyloric sphincter the surrounding muscles relax and allow the food to pass.
  5. The muscles of the upper part of the stomach have to relax and accept large volumes of swallowed material.

Nerves involved in the movement of food:

  1. The fifth cranial nerve has been found to control the movement of muscles in the jaw.
  2. Peristalsis in oesophagus is under the control of autonomous nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 28.
Prepare a cartoon on Pavlov’s experiment with a suitable caption.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 8

Question 29.
How do you appreciate stomach as a churning machine? How does this coordination
Answer:

  1. The stomach acts like a churning machine, churning the food around to break it into even smaller pieces.
  2. Mechanical mixing of food in stomach occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall.
  3. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.
  4. Due to churning of food in stomach, a mixture that resembles thick cream called chyme is formed.
  5. All the muscles in the stomach works with such a great coordination.
  6. Hence we can call stomach as a churning machine.

Question 30.
There is a great variety in diversified life processes, express your feelings in the form of a poem.
Answer:

POEM
Life is a process of discomfort and pain.
Learn to handle it all with courage and sane
Remember the bliss waiting for you
Nutrition, excretion, respiration all are essential in our life.
Reproduction makes our species go on and on forever.
Autotrophs and heterophs are brothers.
Depend on each other In a systematic way.
So have courage to learn more tricks.
Search for happiness.
In life that survive.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 31.
Suggest any two important habitual actions to your friend while eating food, keeping in view of this chapter.
Answer:

  1. Masticate the food thoroughly in the mouth.
  2. Do not swallow food without chewing properly or do not eat in hurry.
  3. Eat small quantities of food at regular intervals for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients.
  4. Eat the food that emit good smell and has good taste to eat.
  5. Do not eat too hot and too cold items.

Fill in the blanks.

  1. 3:2:1:2 is the ratio of our dentition. Here 1 represents ———–.
  2. Large protein molecules are broken down in ———– of digestive tract.
  3. ———– is the strong acid which is secreted during digestion.
  4. Olfactory receptors present in ———– triggering signals to brain.
  5. pH of saliva is ———– in nature.

Answer:

  1. Canine
  2. Stomach
  3. HCl
  4. Nose
  5. Alkaline nature

Fill in the blanks with suitable words given below.

Fluctuations of hormone —–(i)—– levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation of consuming food. When you feel your stomach is full and there is no need of food any more. Another hormone —–(ii)—– that gets secreted suppresses hunger. When we take food into the mouth it has to be chewed thoroughly. For this purpose the —–(iii)—– muscles help in chewing actions, while the —–(iv)—– muscles of the jaw moves the jaw up,down, forward and backward during food mastication. The —–(v)—– nerve controls the muscles of the jaw. Under the action of —–(vi)—– nervous system Saliva is released by the salivary glands moistens the food to make chewing and swallowing easier. The salivary —–(vii)—– in the saliva breaks down the starch into sugars. As a result of chewing the food is transported into the oesophagus by the action of swallowing which is coordinated by the swallowing centre in the —–(viii)—– and the —–(ix)—–. The tongue which is gustatory recognizes the taste and —–(x)—– nerve plays an important role in sensation of taste.

Choose the right ones.
i) leptin, ghrelin, gastrin, secretin.
ii) ghrelin, leptin, secretin, gastrin.
iii) deep muscles, surface muscles, circu lar muscles, striated muscles.
iv) surface muscles, deep muscles, neck muscles, long muscles.
v) fifth cranial nerve, second cranial nerve, fifth facial nerve, spinal nerve.
vi) central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomous nervous system.
vii) lipase, sucrase, galactase, amylase.
viii) medulla oblongata, cerebrum, 8th spinal nerve, cranial nerve, 7th cranial nerve.
ix) Pons varoli, brain stem, medulla oblongata, mid brain.
x) 6th cranial nerve, 5th cranial nerve, 10th cranial nerve, optic nerve.

Answer:
i) ghrelin
ii) leptin
iii) surface
iv) deep
v) fifth cranial
vi) autonomous
vii) amylase
viii) medulla oblongata
ix) brain stem
x) fifth cranial nerve

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Choose the correct answer.

  1. In which of the following situations you can taste quickly? [ ]
    A) Put sugar cristals on tongue
    B) Put sugar solution on tongue
    C) Press the tongue slowly against the palate
    D) Swallow directly without grinding and shredding
    Answer: C
  2. Peristalsis is because of [ ]
    A) Contraction of longitudinal muscles
    B) Contraction of circular muscles
    C) Under control of autonomous nervous system
    D) Digestive secretions
    Answer: C
  3. Sphincter that helps in opening of stomach into duodenum [ ]
    A) Cardiac
    B) Pyloric
    C) Anal
    D) Gastric
    Answer: B
  4. Glucose and amino acids are absorbed through the following part of villus [ ]
    A) epithelial cells
    B) blood capillary
    C) lymphatic vessel
    D) all
    Answer: A
  5. The region in brain portion that controls hunger signals [ ]
    A) medulla
    B) diencephalon
    C) cerebrum
    D) mid brain
    Answer: B
  6. Human organism is an internal combustion machine because of …. [ ]
    (OR)
    Human being is an “Internal combustion machine” because he/she
    A) assimilation of energy from food
    B) liberate CO2 during respiration
    C) expel waste food at the end state of digestion
    D) secrete powerful digestive juices
    Answer: A

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 145

Question 1.
How do we know that we need food?
Answer:
When we feel hungry then we know that we need food.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 146

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 2.
What plays a major role to identify stale food?
Answer:
Smell or odour plays a major role to identify stale food.

Question 3.
If you are having a tasty dish do you think the smell of it increases your appetite?
(OR)
Do the smell of tasty dish increases our appetite?
Answer:
Yes, the smell of tasty dish increases our appetite.

Question 4.
What are your observations after chewing cumin, sounf, potato and apple?
Answer:
If we chew cumin, sounf, potato and apple we observe in order to taste the food material the food should dissolve in saliva.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 148

Question 5.
Are there any other sensation that affect taste?
Answer:
Temperature (hotness), coldness are the sensations that affect taste.

Question 6.
What happens to your taste sensation while sipping hot milk or tea?
Answer:
We find something more tasty while we sipping hot milk or tea.

Question 7.
What do you think could be the range of temperature for us to relish food items?
Answer:
30°C to 35°C could be the range of temperature for us to relish food items.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 149

Question 8.
What do you think that would happen if the salivary glands did not function in our mouth?
Answer:

  1. If the salivary glands do not function in our mouth, saliva will not release and the food do not get moistened and chewing it is difficult.
  2. The taste of the food cannot be identified.
  3. Carbohydrates in the food cannot be broken down and changed to dextrose and maltose molecules.

Question 9.
Suppose your taste buds were affected what would happen to your interest in haying food?
Answer:
If my taste buds were affected I cannot identify the taste of food and also loose interest in having food.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 151

Question 10.
Does the level of saliva secretion change due to presence of food in the mouth?
Answer:
Yes, the level of saliva increases due to the presence of food in the mouth.

Question 11.
Can the process of chewing go on in the absence of saliva?
Answer:
Yes, the process of chewing go on in the absence of saliva. But it is very difficult to chew food and swallow it.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 12.
Does the saliva have any other roles to play?
Answer:
The enzyme present in saliva that is salivary amylase converts large molecules of carbohydrates into small molecules of sugar like maltose and dextrose.

Question 13.
What is the use of such an increase in surface area of food?
Answer:
It helps in more surface area for the enzyme to act.

Question 14.
What about the nature of medium for salivary amylase to act on food component?
Answer:
The nature of medium for salivary amylase to act on food component is alkaline.

Question 15.
If we swallow food material directly without mastication what will happen?
Answer:
If we swallow food material directly without mastication, the food will not get digest easily and completely.

Question 16.
Do you think the pH of our mouth changes?
Answer:
Yes, the pH of our mouth changes from acidic to alkaline by the release of saliva from salivary glands.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 152

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 17.
What are the different systems that contribute to the proper functioning of digestion in the mouth?
Answer:
Endocrine, muscular, nervous systems contribute to the proper functioning of digestion in the mouth.

Question 18.
After the digestive process in the mouth where does the food move to?
Answer:
After the digestion in the mouth the food move to oesophagus.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 153

Question 19.
What are the systems that come into play for swallowing food?
Answer:
Skeletal system, nervous system and digestive systems come into play for swallowing food.

Question 20.
What does the schematic diagram tell us about the oesophagus?
Answer:
The schematic diagram of the oesophagus tells about its structure, secretion and function.

Question 21.
What kind of the tube is oesophagus?
Answer:
Oesophagus is a muscular and an elastic tube.

Question 22.
How does mucus help in passage of food?
Answer:
Mucus helps in lubricating and protecting the oesophageal wall and helps the bolus to slide down easily in the oesophagus.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 154

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 23.
What makes the movement of the food bolus in the oesophagus easy?
Answer:

  1. Mucus helps the food bolus to slide down easily.
  2. Peristaltic movements of the walls of oesophagus also make the movement food bolus in the oesophagus easy.

Question 24.
Why do you think the stomach is structured like a bag rather than a tube like an oesophagus?
(OR)
Why stomach is structured like a bag rather than like a tube?
Answer:

  1. The food taken has to remain in the stomach for a long time for proper digestion with digestive juices and enzymes.
  2. Different kinds of muscles churns the food by contraction and relaxation to form chyme.
  3. If it was like a tube the food would just pass down without under going much changes and cannot remain in the stomach for long time.

Question 25.
What sets such processes into action?
Answer:

  1. When the food is in the oral cavity, the nerves in the cheek and tongue are stimulated.
  2. These carry messages in the form of nerve impulses to the brain.
  3. They messages are transmitted from the brain, to the wall of the stomach, and stimulate the gastric glands to produce gastric juice.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 155

Question 26.
What stimulates stomach muscle into action?
Answer:
The nervous system stimulates stomach muscle into action.

Question 27.
What causes the stomach to churn and mix the food?
Answer:
The contractions of the stomach muscles squeeze and mix the food with the acids and juices of the stomach.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 28.
Why should only a small quantity of food be passed from stomach to duodenum?
Answer:
For the complete digestion of chyme, only a small quantity of it be passed from stomach to duodenum.

Question 29.
What is involved in bringing about peristalsis?
Answer:
Contraction and relaxation of the muscles present in various parts of gut bring about peristalsis.

Question 30.
What is the direction of peristalsis? Which end of the gut does it begin?
Answer:
The direction of peristalsis is forward direction that is from mouth to anus.

Question 31.
What happens if the direction of peristalsis is reversed?
Answer:
If the direction of peristalsis is reversed the food present in the gut moves backwards.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 157

Question 32.
Why do you think small intestine is long and coiled?
Answer:
The small intestine is long and coiled because the food has to stay for more time for complete digestion and absorption.

Question 33.
What process is involved in this process of absorption?
Answer:
Selective absorption of nutrients by the villi of small intestine is involved in absorption.

Question 34.
What is the relation between finger-like structures and paper folds?
Answer:

  1. Finger-like structures increase the surface area.
  2. The space inside the paper folds is very much high. So area is increased.
  3. So increase in surface area is the relation between finger-like structures and paper folds.

Question 35.
What systems do you think are working together?
Answer:
The digestive system and circulatory system are working together.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 36.
Do you think those systems work together in the whole length of the digestive canal? Why / Why not?
Answer:
No, these systems are not working together in the whole length of the digestive canal. The digested food material is absorbed only in the small intestine but not elsewhere in the gut.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 158

Question 37.
Often you may have experienced that if you have tension for some reason you start having loose motions. What does this show us?
Answer:
If we are tensed for some reason, the enteric nervous system or second brain loses control over the gut. Hence without our intervention, loose motions occur.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 159

Question 38.
What moves out of the gut?
Answer:
The indigested food material moves out of the gut.

Question 39.
Two major pathways of waste expulsion are shown above. Which of the two do you think happens exclusively through the gut?
Answer:
Indigested food matter is expelled in the form of stool from the gut.

Question 40.
What controls the exit of stools from the body?
Answer:
The two muscular layers present In the anal sphincter control the exit of stools from the body.

Question 41.
Do you think the control is voluntary? Why / Why not?
Answer:
Yes, the control is voluntary in adults and it is involuntary in infants.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Question 42.
Did we have a sphincter in any other part of the digestive canal? Where was it?
Answer:
Yes. We have a sphincter at the opening where stomach opens into duodenum (small intestine).

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 160

Question 43.
What is the fate of the digested substances that move into blood from the intestine?
Answer:
The digested substances reach each cell of the body through circulatory system. There it gets oxidised and release energy.

Question 44.
Where is the energy stored?
Answer:
The energy is stored in the cells as ATP.

Question 45.
Which system do you think will remove the excess salts from our body?
Answer:
The excretory system remove the excess salts from our body.

Question 46.
What would be the path of salt removed from gut to the outside of our body?
Answer:

  1. The digested food containing salts will be absorbed into the blood stream in small intestine.
  2. The circulatory system supplies this to kidney through renal artery.
  3. In the kidney salts are filtered and sent out of the body along with urine.
  4. Some of the salts also supplied to the skin. They will be sent out of the body in the form of sweat.

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes Activities

Activity – 1
Observe the following table, identify and tick those options that you think makes you feel hungry.
Table

Smell of food Taste of food Sight of food Being tired and exhausted Need of food Thought of food

i) What stimulates hunger?
Answer:
Smell of food, sight of food and need of food stimulates hunger.

ii) What would be the result of stimulation of hunger?
Answer:
Hunger pangs occur in the stomach.

iii) Which system do you think would send the signals to make us realize that we are hungry?
Answer:
Nervous system.

iv) What kinds of controls are exercised during sensation of hunger? Are they hormonal or nervous or both?
Answer:
They are both hormonal and nervous.

v) Can you suggest any four systems involved in the process of generating hunger sensation?
Answer:
Digestive system, Endocrine system, Circulatory system and Nervous system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Activity – 2
Observation of how our taste is affected by the sense of smell. (OK) How our taste is affected by the sense of smell?

  1. First, close your nose with your fingers.
  2. Pop in some zeera in your mouth and chew it for some time.
  3. After that chew some sounf.
  4. Could you recognise the taste?
  5. How long it taken to know the taste?
  6. After sometime wash your mouth and repeat the activity by chewing a piece of an apple followed by a potato (remember to close your nose)

Could you know the taste of both or did it taste the same? Why?
Answer:
No, because taste buds couldn’t send the taste signals to brain.

Observation :

  1. We can taste the food that is in the form of liquid only.
  2. Only after the dissolved food enters into the cup like taste buds, the sense of taste is carried to the brain for analysis. Then only we will know the taste of food material.
  3. Similarly olfactory receptors which trigger signals in the form of nerve impulses to the brain where smell is detected.

i) What happens when we put a food material in our mouth?
Answer:
Our mouth salivates.

ii) Name the parts in the mouth that help us to taste food.
Answer:
Papillae (taste buds), palate.

Activity – 3

  1. Take a pinch of asafoetida powder/garlic and rub it on hand kerchief/tissue paper.
  2. Close your eyes and smell it.
  3. Then try to identify taste of different types of food materials with the help of your friend.

i) Does garlic have a stronger scent than apple? How do you think the stronger scent affect your sensation of taste?
Answer:
Yes, garlic have a stronger scent than apple. The stronger scent motivate us to eat different types of foods.

ii) How many food materials you have identified correctly?
Answer:
Seven.

iii) Write a few lines on the relation between smell and taste.
Answer:

  1. Taste and smell are intimately entwined. This close relationship is most apparent in how we perceive the flavour of food.
  2. Taste itself is focussed on distinguishing chemicals that have sweet, salty, sour, bitter or umami taste.
  3. However interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our perceptions of the foods, we eat.

iv) Have you ever felt that a particular food is tasty just by looking at it?
Answer:
I felt so many times. In general, we prefer the food material, which is attractive to our eyes and flavour to nose, then we taste it.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Activity – 4
What is the role of different parts of the mouth in helping us to taste keeping sugar crystals over the tongue?

  1. Place some sugar crystals on the tongue and keep mouth opened and see that your tongue dosen’t touch the palate.
  2. Record the time from the moment you placed the crystals on your tongue till you got the taste by using stop watch.
  3. Now repeat the test by placing the sugar crystals on the tongue and pressing it against the palate.
  4. Record the time from placing sugar crystals to getting the taste. Or put a drop of sugar solution on your tongue using a dropper.

Observation :
Based on the above activity we know that taste can be identified easily when the tongue is pressed against the palate.
i) Can we taste on dry tongue?
Answer:
No. We can’t taste on dry tongue.

ii) Which way helped you taste faster? Why?
Answer:
Taste can be identified faster when the tongue is pressed against the palate.
When the tongue is pressed against the palate the food substance is pressed against the opening of the taste bud letting it reach taste celjs triggering taste signals. Finally the taste is recognised in the brain.

Activity – 5
How do you show that the breakdown of food by using the model of chalk piece kept in vinegar?

  1. Break a piece of chalk into two halves.
  2. Crush one half to tiny pieces leaving the other as it is.
  3. Take two small mineral wafer bottles QA ltr bottle) cut them into two equal halves and discard the upper portion.
  4. Now we have two beakers from the lower cut portion.
  5. Fill them half with vinegar and add the crushed chalk to one beaker and the other uncrushed half chalk to the other.
  6. Observe them after half-an-hour or so.

i) Which one dissolved faster the crushed chalk or the whole one?
Answer:
Beaker with crushed chalk dissolved faster than the whole one.
This experiment tells us the need of mechanical crushing of food the mouth to increase surface area for action of substances that aid in digestion.

ii) How does this process of mechanical crushing go on in the mouth?
Answer:
Mechanical crushing of food goes in the mouth by chewing.

iii) Which parts in the mouth are involved in this?
Answer:
Teeth and tongue.

iv) What are the systems involved in this process?
Answer:
Digestive system, Nervous system, Muscular system.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Activity – 6
Observe the diagram and answer the questions and fill the table.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 2i) Observe the model or chart of jaw, on the basis of the figure try to guess what are the functions molars could be?
Answer:
Chewing and grinding.

ii) What do you think could be the function of inscisors?
Answer:
The function of inscisors is biting the food.

iii) Which set of teeth helps in grinding food?
Answer:
Premolars and molars.

iv) Which set helps in tearing food?
Answer:
Canines help in tearing food.

v) What is your dental formula?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 9 is the dental formula.

Table

Name of teeth Number Shape Function
Incisors 8 Chisel, sharp edges Biting
Canines 4 Sharp, pointed edges Tearing
Premolars 8 Diamond shape blunt and flat Chewing and grinding
Molars 12 Rectangular, blunt and flat Chewing and grinding

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Activity – 7
Testing pH of mouth at intervals of one hour.

  1. Collect a strip of pH paper with a colour chart from a chemistry teacher.
  2. Take a small piece of the pH paper and touch it to your tongue.
  3. Match the colour with the colour chart and note the pH.
  4. Take some readings after having your food at lunch break.
  5. Compare your readings with that of your friend.
  6. Take at least 4 readings.

Table

S.No. Name of the Student pH value before lunch pH value after lunch pH value after an hour pH value after 2 hrs
1. Sagar 7.4 6.8 7.0 7.4
2. San jay 7.4 6.8 7.0 7.4
3. Raju 7.1 6.9 7.0 7.1
4. Krishna 7.3 6.8 7.0 7.3
5. Kiran 7.4 6.8 7.0 7.4
6. Yadav 7.2 6.7 7.0 7.2

i) What is the usual range of pH of your mouth Acidic (or) Basic
Answer:
The usual range of pH of our mouth is more or less 6.5. At low level the saliva is acidic and at high level it is basic.

ii) Did you observe any change in pH after eating? What may have caused the change?
Answer:
Yes, 1 observed the change in pH. Bicarbonates in saliva changed that into basic.

iii) In what kind of pH do you think salivary amylase acts well?
Answer:
In the pH range 7.2 to 7.4 it acts well in alkaline medium.

iv) Does this type of food have any role to play on the pH of our mouth?
Answer:
If the food that enters is acidic it will be converted into basic stuff and then it is swallowed.
Based on the above tests we know that salival secreted causes the medium to change to alkaline as it aids in action salivary amylase.

Activity – 8
Making a model of oesophagus to observe how bolus moves forward.

  1. Take a piece of waste cycle tube and insert one or two potatoes into it.
  2. Lubricate the inner side of the tube with oil.
  3. In the same way smear oil over potatoes.
  4. Insert oil coated potatoes in the tube.
  5. Now try to push the potatoes by squeezing the tube.

i) How do you squeeze the tube to make the potatoes pass through?
Answer:
By pushing the potato from behind.

ii) Do you think that the muscles in the wall of the oesophagus have to do something like this?
Answer:
Yes.

iii) How did oil help you in pushing the potatoes through the pipe?
Answer:
Oil acted as a lubricant to push the potato easily in the forward direction.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

Activity – 9
How is the stomach protected from the secretions of its own acids?

  1. Take two similar green leaves.
  2. Grease one leaf with petroleum jelly, leave the other free.
  3. Add 1 or 2 drops of some weak acids on both the leaves.
  4. Observe them after half-an-hour or so and write your observations.

i) Which leaf was effected by the acid?
Answer:
The leaf to which petroleum jelly was not applied.

ii) What kind of change did you observe in the leaves?
Answer:
The colour of the leaf changes.

iii) What saved the other leaf from the effect of acid?
Answer:
Petroleum jelly.
From the above activity we can conclude that mucus secreted by the walls of stomach protects stomach from the harmful effects of hydrochloric acid.

Activity – 10
Paper tube and folded papers.

  1. Provide students with a piece of paper.
  2. Let them calculate the area of one side of the paper and make a roll of it.
  3. Try to fill the tube by inserting few folded papers as much as possible in it.
  4. Pull out the papers from the tube, unfold them and find out the whole area of the papers.

i) Compare the area of the folded papers with that of the roll. Do you find any increase in the area ? If so try to find out the reasons?
Answer:
Area is increased. The space inside the folded papers is very much high. So we can insert as many folded papers as we could.
From the above activity we can infer that the inner surface of the small intestine contains thousands of finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area of absorption of nutrients in small intestine.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction – The Generating System

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction – The Generating System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 6th Lesson Reproduction – The Generating System

10th Class Biology 6th Lesson Reproduction – The Generating System Textbook Questions and Answers

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AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 1.
Why do fish and frog produce a huge number of eggs each year?
Answer:

  1. External fertilisation occurs in fish and frog.
  2. The female lays a vast number of eggs in water and male releases some millions of sperms on to them in water.
  3. Eggs may be carried to a long-distance by water currents or they may be eaten by predators.
  4. So fertilisation is a chance factor and controlled by nature.
  5. Fertilisation occurs externally hence it is inevitable to give rise to vast number of eggs by fish and frog.

Question 2.
Give examples and explain what is meant by external fertilisation?
Answer:

  1. Fusion of the male and female gametes is called fertilisation.
  2. The fertilized egg (ovum) is called zygote.
  3. If the fertilisation occurs outside the body of the female organism then it is called external fertilisation.
  4. External fertilisation is seen in fish, frog and earthworm, etc.

Question 3.
Write the differences between
a) Grafting – Layering b) Stamen – Carpel.
Answer:
a) Differences between Grafting and Layering.

Grafting Layering
1. Grafting is a technique of inserting a part of one plant into another plant in such a way that the two will unite and continue their growth. 1. Stems that form roots while still attached to the parent plants are called layers. Propagating the plants in this method is known as layering.
2. Two plants of the same species are required for grafting. 2. Only one plant is required for layering.
3. Grafting helps to pressure and perpetuate varieties that cannot reproduce by vegetative method. 3. In layering we can propagate the plant varieties which are required by us.
4. Grafting is used to obtain a plant with desirable characters. 4. In layering the plant already has desirable characters is propagated.
5. The two plants stock and scion and joined together in such a way that two stems join and grow as a single plant. 5. The common practice in layering is to injure the portion to be layered by notching, cutting, girdling.
6. Ex: Mango, apple, guava, etc. 6. Ex: Jasmine, rose, grapevine, etc.

b) Differences between Stamen and Carpel.

Stamen Carpel
1. Male reproductive organ of the flowering plant. 1. Female reproductive organ of the flowering plant.
2. It has two parts – anther and filament. 2. It has three parts – style, stigma and ovary.
3. Stamen produces pollen grains. 3. Carpel produces ovule.
4. Pollen grain contains the male gamete. 4. Ovule contains the female gamete ovum or egg.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 4.
Describe the mode of fertilization in plants with a diagram.
Answer:

  1. Fertilisation is the process of fusion of male and female gametes.
  2. For the fusion of male and female gametes pollen grains have to reach the surface of the stigma. This is called pollination.
  3. Pollen grains received by the stigma germinate and give rise to pollen tubes. Only one pollen tube finally reaches the embryo-sac.
  4. This tube will have two male nuclei, which migrate to the tip of the pollen tube at the time of fertilization.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 1a
  5. Usually the pollen tube enters the ovule through micropyle and discharges the two male gametes into its embryo-sac.
  6. One male nucleus (n) or (gamete) approaches the egg and fuses with it to form a diploid (2n) zygote. This is first fertilisation.
  7. The other male nucleus (n) or (gamete) reaches the secondary nucleus (2n) and fuses with it to form the endosperm nucleus which will be triploid. This is second fertilization in the embryo-sac.
  8. Thus double fertilisation occurs in embryo-sac which is unique in flowering plants.

Question 5.
What are the different modes of asexual reproduction? Cite them with examples.
Answer:
Asexual reproduction takes place by six different methods. They are:

  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Spore formation
  4. Regeneration
  5. Fragmentation and
  6. Vegetative propagation.

1. Fission: Single-celled organisms split into two equal offsprings or more offsprings. Ex: Paramoecium, bacteria.

2. Budding: A growth on the body as a bud grows to form identical copy of parent. Ex: Yeast.

3. Spore formation : Spores are produced in the sporangium.
Ex : Rhizopus, mucor, bacteria, ferns and mosses.

4. Regeneration :
a) Ability of organisms to give rise to new individual organisms from their body parts.
b) That is if the individual is some how cut or broken up into many pieces, many of these pieces grow into separate individuals.
Ex: Hydra and Planaria.

5. Fragmentation:
a) In multicellular organisms with relatively simple body organisation breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation.
b) These pieces of fragments grow into new individuals.
Ex: Flatworms, Spirogyra, moulds, lichens.

6. Parthenogenesis: In the process generally the female gametes or ova develop into zygote without fertilization.
Ex : Bees, ants and wasps.

7. Vegetative propagation: When a vegetative part like stem, root and leaf can produce a new organism it is called vegetative propagation. It is of two types.
a) Natural propagation:
Bryophyllum Dahlia, Carrot, Radish
b) Artificial propagation:
i) Layering: Eg: Nerium, Guava, Orange, Rose
ii) Cutting: Eg: Rose, Hibiscus, Sugarcane
iii) Grafting: Eg: Sapota, Guava, Mango, etc.

Question 6.
In what ways does sexual reproduction differ from asexual one? State at least three reasons.
(OR)
What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Answer:

Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
1. Two parents are required. 1. One parent is needed.
2. Gametes are formed. 2. Gametes are not formed.
3. Fertilization takes place. 3. Fertilization does not take place.
4. Zygote is formed. 4. Zygote is not formed.
5. New characters are formed. 5. New characters are not formed but only through mutation.
6. Meiosis takes place. 6. Meiosis does not take place.
7. Found in higher animals. 7. Found in lower animals.
8. Support to evolution process. 8. Supports evolution but not frequently.
9. Takes several months to complete. 9. Takes very short period to complete.

Apart from the above differences Sexual and Asexual reproduction differs in the following ways:

  1. The unit of reproduction in sexual reproduction is gamete whereas in asexual repro-duction it may be whole parent body or bud or a fragment or a single somatic cell.
  2. Sexual reproduction need more time to complete and it is less time in asexual reproduction.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 7.
How are sperm cells adapted for their function?
Answer:

  1. Sperm cell is adapted to its function by carrying genetic information to an egg.
  2. Its body consists of four parts :
    1. Head
    2. Neck
    3. Middle piece and
    4. Tail.
  3. Sperm has a streamlined body that allows it to move quickly.
  4. Nucleus is present in the head.
  5. Special structure on the head called acrosome helps in penetrating the ovum during fertilisation.
  6. The head of sperms also contain enzymes to breakdown and digest the zone on the egg through which it penetrates and fertilise it.
  7. Large number of mitochondria are present in the mid-region, so it is able to produce a lot of energy in order to operate tail.
  8. Its tail allows it to swim towards the egg for fertilisation.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 8.
The menstrual cycle prepares the uterus for a fertilised egg. How long is an average menstrual cycle from start to finish?
Answer:

  1. The cycle of changes that occur in the female reproductive system is called menstrual cycle.
  2. The average menstrual cycle from start to finish is 28 days long.

Question 9.
When the foetus is growing inside the uterus it needs nutrients? What provides these nutrients?
Answer:

  1. When the foetus is growing inside the uterus it needs nutrients for its growth and development.
  2. These nutrients are provided by the mother’s blood through a special structure called placenta.
  3. Placenta is a tissue formed by the cells from the embryo and the mother.
  4. It is formed around 12 weeks of pregnancy and becomes an important structure for nourishment of the embryo.
  5. The foetus is connected to placenta in mother’s body through umbilical cord.

Question 10.
Which type of substances are absorbed by foetus from the mother?
Answer:

  1. The digested food from the mother travel through the mother’s blood stream and exchange to the blood stream of the foetus through the placenta.
  2. In addition to ingested food the mother’s body continuously breakes down muscles, fat and bones.
  3. Releasing proteins, fat and calcium to the mother’s blood that can be absorbed through the placenta to provide nutrients to the foetus.
  4. Some hormones also transfer to baby.

Question 11.
What is the job of Amniotic sac?
Answer:

  1. The amniotic sac is a bag of fluid inside a women’s womb (uterus) where the embryo and foetus develops and grows.
  2. The cavity within the amnion becomes filled with fluid called amniotic fluid.
  3. The embryo or unborn baby floats and moves in the amniotic fluid.
  4. Amniotic sac and amniotic fluid give protection against minor mechanical injury.
  5. This fluid also provides a stable temperature and assists in maintaining a consistent body temperature for the unborn child.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 12.
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
(OR)
What are uses of sexual reproduction?
Answer:
Advantages of sexual reproduction:

  1. Sexual reproduction promotes diversity of characters in the offsprings by providing genetic variation.
  2. It plays an important role in the origin of new species have different characters.
  3. This genetic variation leads to the continuous evolution of various species to form better and still better organisms.
  4. Sexual reproduction influences in diversity of characters in offsprings.
  5. It helps to maintain the continuty of organisms.
  6. It leads to new generation to tolerate adverse or diseased conditions.
  7. It helps the spreading of population to new areas.

Question 13.
How does reproduction help in providing stability to population of species?
Answer:

  1. The reproduction is directly linked to the stability of the population of species because it helps in replacing the lost or aging population with the new population and thus ensures the survival of the species.
  2. The process of reproduction ensure continuity of life on earth.
  3. In the absence of reproduction one particular species will disappear with time.
  4. Reproduction induces variations in the population which help the population to tide over adverse environmental conditions and adapt to changing environment.
  5. Reproduction also helps to generate copies of individuals which are suited to a particular environment.

Question 14.
Write the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Answer:

Mitosis Meiosis
1. It occurs in somatic cells. 1. It occurs in germ cells.
2. Nucleus divides only once. 2. Nucleus divides twice.
3. Two daughter cells are formed. 3. Four daughter cells are formed.
4. Daughter cells are diploid. 4. Daughter cells are haploid.
5. It occurs more frequently. 5. It occurs less frequently.
6. Daughter cells form somatic organs. 6. Daughter cells form gametes.
7. There is only one prophase, one metaphase one anaphase and one telophase. 7. There are two of each phase and five sub-phases in prophase -1.
8. Number of chromosomes are not changed in the daughter cells. 8. Number of chromosomes are reduced to half.
9. Chromosome number doubles at the beginning of each cell division. 9. Chromosome number is not doubled. It doubles after the end of first meiotic division.
10. No crossing over in chromosomes. 10. Crossing over occurs chromosomes.
11. Equation division. 11. Reduction division.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 15.
What happens to the wall of the uterus during menstruation? (OR)
What changes occur in the wall of the uterus during menstruation?
Answer:

  1. During the early stage of menstruation the cells in the wall of uterus increase in number by repeated mitotic divisions.
  2. The inner lining of uterus becomes thick and soft with lot of blood capillaries in it.
  3. These changes in the uterus are necessary because in case the ovum released by the ovary gets fertilised by the sperm, then the uterus has to keep this fertilised ovum for further development and supply it with food and oxygen etc.
  4. If fertilisation does not occur the additional growth of the uterus is detached and expelled along with some amount of blood.

Question 16.
“All unicellular organisms undergo only mitotic cell division during favourable conditions” – Do you support this statement? Why?
Answer:

  1. Unicellular organisms undergo mitotic cell division not only during favourable conditions but also in unfavourable conditions.
    So I don’t support the given statement.
  2. When the organism finds favourable conditions it deserves to perform division called Fission. Ex: Amoeba.
  3. Sometimes scarcity of food or to save it life, some organisms undergo mitotic cell division.
  4. Organisms like paramoecium undergo a type of sexual reproduction called conjugation during unfavourable conditions.

Question 17.
What would be the consequences if there is no meiosis in organisms that reproduce sexually?
(OR)
What happens if Meiosis does not take place in reproductive cells?
Answer:

  1. If meiosis did not occur, a fusion of gametes would result in a doubling of the chromosomes for each successive reproduced generation.
  2. For example, in case of man egg cells and sperm cells like other cells must contain 46 chromosomes.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 2
  3. This results in the formation of abnormalities in each generation.
  4. If meiosis did not occur, there is no genetic variation in the offsprings produced by random fusion of the gametes.
  5. New characters will not appear in the offsprings.
  6. The process of evolution will be stopped.

Question 18.
Vicky’s father wants to grow a single plant having two desirable characters colourful flowers and big fruits. What method will you suggest to him and why?
Answer:

  1. I will suggest the method of grafting to him.
  2. Grafting enables us to combine the most desirable characteristics of two plants into a single plant with colourful flowers and big fruits.
  3. By grafting method, a very young scion can be made to flower and produce fruits fast when it is grafted to the stock.
  4. Vicky’s father can grow one of the two plants as stock and second plant can be graft to some of its branches as scions.
  5. Then he can get the plant with both the desirable characters.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 19.
Uproot an onion plant and take a thin section of its root tip. Stain it and observe under the microscope. Draw as you see and identify the stages of the cell division.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 3

Question 20.
Visit a nearby village and collect information on how farmers grow sugarcane, flowering plants like chrysanthemum, primerose and vegetables like stem tubers, plump gourd (dondakaya), etc. Make a report and present in class.
Answer:
Report on growing methods of various plants :

Plant name Growing method
Sugarcane Stem bits with nodes called seed pieces or sets can be planted horizontally in the farrows.
Chrysanthemum It propagates often by means of suckers (the basal shoot). But some farmers grow these using seeds or the transplanted nursery plants.
Primerose These are generally grown using cuttings. Its root ball should be cut vertically making sure that each half has at least 2 plant stems.
Potatoes These are the stem tubers. The nodes on the potato are called eyes which sprout out and grow into a new plant.
Plumpgourd These have tubers just below the ground which on cutting and planting in soil can give rise to new plants.

Question 21.
Collect the information from school library or using internet what vegetative methods are followed in your district as well as in your state to propagate various plants of economic importance. Represent it with a graph.
Answer:
Vegetative methods followed in our district as well as in our state to propagate various plants of economic importance.
I) Natural vegetative propagation: In this method of vegetative propagation, a part of the plant which may be stem, root-leaf or flower gets detached from the body of the mother plant.

  1. Vegetative propagation: Roots of radish, carrot, dahlia develop adventious buds which grow into leafy shoots.
  2. Vegetative propagation by stems: Stolons – Vallisneria, offsets – Eichhornia, Rhizome – Banana, Ginger Bulbs – Alliumcepa (Onion); Corn – Colacasia; Tuber – Potato.
  3. Vegetative propagation by leaves: Bryophyllum.
  4. Vegetative propagation by modified flowers (Bulbils): Agave.

II) Artificial vegetative propagation: Certain flowering plants have the capacity to develop a part of their somatic body into a new independent plant. In artificial vegetative propagation such plants are identified and special techniques are applied to obtain new independent plant.

  1. Cutting (Stems): Sugarcane, Roses, Hibiscus, Citrus plants.
  2. Cutting (Root): Lemon, Tamarind.
  3. Layering: Jasmine, Strawberry, Gooseberry.
  4. Grafting: Rubber, Apple, Pear, Citrus, Mango, Guava.
  5. Propagation by tissue culture technique: Lily, Rose, Magnolia, Fern, Banana for micropropagation, a small amount of tissue from a suitable part of the parent plant is excised and grown on a nutrient medium under aseptic conditions.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 4

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 22.
Make a flow chart to show the cell cycle and explain cell division describing different stages of mitosis.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 5

Different stages of mitotic cell division:

Stage Description
1) Prophase Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. Chrormisomes split length ways to form chromatids, connected by centromeres. Nuclear membrane breaks down.
2) Metaphase Chromosomes move to spindle equator, centromeres attached to spindle fibres. Centromeres split, separating the chromatids.
3) Anaphase Spindle fibres attached to centromeres contract, pulling chromatids towards poles.
4) Telophase Chromatids elongate, become invisible. Nuclear membranes form round daughter nuclei. Nucleus divides into two and division of cytoplasm starts.
5) Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.

Question 23.
Draw neat labelled diagrams of male and female reproductive systems of plant.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 6

Question 24.
Observe the following part of flowering plant and prepare a note.
Answer:
The given diagram is the structure of ovule which is present in the ovary (carpel) of plant.

  1. An ovule is an egg shaped structure attached by a stalk (Funicle) to the inner side of the ovary.
  2. Depending upon the species of plant involved, an ovary may have one, two, several or even hundreds of ovules.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 7
  3. At the centre of each ovule is a microscopic embryo sac filled with food and water.
  4. The embryo-sac is composed of gametophyte cells.
  5. The majority of flowering plants have an embryo sac consisting of seven cells and eight nuclei.
  6. They are one egg (female gamete), two synergids, one central cell (secondary nucleus) and three antipodals.
  7. Central cell contains two nuclei, they are called polar nuclei.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 25.
Prepare a flow chart to explain the process of sexual reproduction in plants
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 8

Question 26.
Draw a neat labelled diagram to explain plant fertilisation. Write few points on Pollen grain.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 1a
Pollen grains:

  1. Pollen grains develop in anther.
  2. Anther consists of spore-forming tissue. Some of the cells in the spore-forming tissue develop as pollen mother cells.
  3. Each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four daughter cells which develop into pollen grains
  4. Pollen grains are haploid (‘n’) and are otherwise known as microspores or male gametes.
  5. They contain only one set of chromosomes (‘n’).
  6. The study of pollen grain is called palynology.
  7. During pollination pollen grains are dispersed by wind and insects.
  8. Pollen grains are formed in large numbers. They are light in weight and are easily carried by wind currents.

Question 27.
How will you appreciate cell division that helps in perpetuation of life?
Answer:

  1. Perpetuation means continuation of life.
  2. The perpetuation of life is based on the cell division.
  3. Both mitotic and meiotic divisions are very essential for perpetuation of life.
  4. In unicellular organisms, the mitotic cell divisions form the entire organisms.
  5. Mitotic division is essential for all types of asexual reproductions.
  6. In sexually reproducing organisms meiotic cell division helps in formation of gametes with haploid number of chromosomes which fuses to form diploid zygote during fertilization.
  7. Zygote further divides by mitosis again and grows into an embryo and then to offspring.
  8. Thus both mitotic and meiotic cell divisions play a key role in perpetuation of life. Without cell division, there is no perpetuation of life.

Question 28.
What precautions will you take to keep away from various sexually transmitted?
Answer:
Precautions to be taken to keep away from various sexually transmitted diseases:

  1. Avoid sex with any one who has genital sores, a rash, discharge or other symptoms.
  2. The only time unprotected sex is a safe if the partners have sex only with each other.
  3. I use latex condoms every time 1 participate in sex. I use it for the entire sex act.
  4. I avoid sharing towels or under clothing.
  5. I wash genital organ before and after intercourse.
  6. I will get a vaccination for hepatitis B. This is a series of three shots.
  7. I will get tested for HIV for every six months.
  8. I will not drunk or take drugs. Under these conditions, I may fail to have safe sex.
  9. I consider that not having sex is the only way, sure way to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
  10. Sexual act is supposed to be an act between husband and wife. Hence I will not participate in sex before marriage.
  11. When I grow up and get married, I will be upright and faithful to the life partner and will not behave immorally.
  12. Hence as a student I will concentrate on studies and create activities to achieve success in life.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 29.
Conduct a seminar on child marriages and foeticide.
Answer:
child marriages can also be defined as “any marriage carried out under the age of 18 years and involves the girl who is physically, psychologically, mentally and physiologically immature”.

Causes of Child marriages :

  1. Poverty in the families due to unemployment.
  2. Illiteracy among people.
  3. Ignorance of consequences of child marriages.
  4. Strong superstitions among people about child marriages.
  5. Religious and traditions are also responsible for occurance of child marriages.

Steps to prevent Child marriages:

  1. By creating awareness among the people about the ill effects of child marriages.
  2. By educating the people especially in rural areas of backward districts.
  3. By providing employment opportunities to all the people.
  4. Performing live plays, skits and stage shows to create enlightenment among the rural illiterate women about the pathetic future of kids who are forced to get married.

Foeticide:

  1. Foeticide is the illegal practice of killing a foetus. Female foeticide is prevalent in our country as a major social evil.
  2. Some kinds of complications in pregnancy can also demand surgical termination of pregnancy after 8 weeks of conception.
  3. This is where the abortion is legal and doctors may have to suggest for discontinuous of pregnancy for the sake of health of the mother. However the technique of surgical termination is misused by some people by getting rid of the unborn child.
  4. Abortion of foetus is an act of murder. God is the author of life and nobody should have right to take it.

Choose the correct answer.

1. The part of the female reproductive system produces the eggs [ ]
A) Ovary
B) Epididymis
C) Cervix
D) Fallopian tube
Answer: A

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

2. The term that we use to describe a sperm cell fusing with an egg cell [ ]
A) Fragmentation
B) Fermentation
C) Fertilisation
D) Fusion
Answer: C

3. Which part of the male reproductive system produces (human) the sperm cells ? [ ]
A) Vas deference
B) Epididymis
C) Seminiferous tubules
D) Scrotum
Answer: C

4. How does the sperm break through the egg cell membrane? Choose the option you think is right.   [ ]
A) Tears a hole in the membrane
B) Dissolves the membrane with chemicals
C) Bites through the membrane with teeth
D) Squeezes through gaps in the membrane
Answer: B

5. Why are egg cells larger than sperm cells? Choose the option you think is right. [ ]
A) Egg cells have more cells in them
B) Have food store to help growth after fertilisation
C) Have thicker cell membranes
D) Have larger nuclei
Answer: B

6. Which of these things will affect the way a foetus grows? Choose the option you think is right. [ ]
A) Chemicals in cigarette smoke
B) Alcohol
C) Drugs
D) All of the above
Answer: D

7. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the human life cycle? Choose the right option. [ ]
A) Babyhood, childhood, adolescence, adulthood
B) Childhood, babyhood, adulthood, adolescence
C) Adolescence, babyhood, adulthood, childhood
D) None of the above
Answer: A

10th Class Biology 6th Lesson Reproduction – The Generating System InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 117

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 1.
How do you think bacteria were dividing to form curd?
Answer:
Curdling indicates that the increase in number of bacteria by fission.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 118

Question 2.
How do you think this process (parthenogenesis) happens?
Answer:
This process occurs by the development of female gamete or ovum directly develops into zygote without fertilisation.

Question 3.
What about animals?
Answer:

  1. Normally the fertilized ovum (zygote) develops into a young one. But the unfertilized ovum also develops into a young one generally the male.
  2. The process of development of young ones from unfertilized ovum is called parthenogenesis.
  3. In this process sperms develop by mitotic division whereas ova develop by meiotic division.
  4. This strange kind of reproduction occurs in animals like bees and wasps.

Question 4.
Is regeneration can also be known as a type of fragmentation? Do you agree? Why? Why not?
Answer:

  1. Yes. I agree that regeneration could be also called as a type of fragmentation. Because in both cases pieces or parts from the body of the organism can develop into a new individual.
  2. Fragmentation and regeneration occur in multicellular animals.
  3. Fragmentation occurs in organisms with relatively simple body organisation.
  4. Whereas regeneration occurs in organisms with fully differentiated body organisation.

Question 5.
Which type of fission would produce larger colonies in less period of time. Why?
Answer:
Multiple fission would produce larger colonies in less period of time because more number of daughter cells are formed by multiple fission.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 6.
Which mode of asexual reproduction provides maximum scope of choice of desirable characters?
Answer:
Parthenogenesis provides maximum scope of choice of desirable characters.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 120

Question 7.
What are the characters that would you like to select?
Answer:
The characters that I would like to select are plant with large number of fruits which are big in size and taste sweet with less or no seeds.

Question 8.
What mode of propagation would help you to produce the plants with selected characters?
Answer:
Mode of propagation that would help me to produce the plants with selected characters is grafting.

Question 9.
Whether they reproduce by budding or fission or fragmentation, organisms are copies of their parents. Is it true? Why ?
Answer:

  1. Yes, it is true that organisms reproduced by budding or fission or fragmentation are copies of their parents.
  2. Because budding or fission or fragments are not the methods of sexual reproduction.
  3. No gametes were formed or fused in these methods.
  4. Exchange of chromosomes or crossing over do not take place. Hence the offsprings produced are similar to their parents.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 122

Question 10.
Do you find any similarities between rhizopus and fern spores and sporangia?
Answer:

  1. Both rhizopus and fern reproduce asexually through spores.
  2. In both the spores are microscopic, unicellular bodies produced in the sporangia.

Question 11.
What about mushrooms, how do they grow? Discuss in your class.
Answer:
Fungi grow from the fragmentation of hypae. They also form buds which are bulged from out side of cells which detaches after division of the nucleus. A special reproduc¬tive sac called sporangium produces asexual spores which are released outside. Fun¬gal sexual reproduction includes plasmogamy, Karyogamy and gametangia.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 123

Question 12.
Think why testis are located outside the abdominal cavity?
Answer:
The testis are located outside the abdominal cavity because the temperature required for proper functioning of spermatogenesis is generally 2 to 3 degrees less than the body temperature,

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 127

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 13.
What function do you think is served by petals and sepals?
Answer:

  1. Calyx consists of sepals give protection to the flower particularly in bud condition.
  2. Corolla consists of bright coloured petals and are useful in attracting insects for pollination.

Question 14.
Draw the diagram of the flower that you collect and label the parts shown and write their functions.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 13Functions of flower parts:

  1. Calyx: Consists of sepals – protects flower in bud conditions.
  2. Corolla: Consists of coloured petals – helps in pollination.
  3. Androecium: Consists of stamens – produce male gametes pollen grains,
  4. Gynoecium: Female reproductive part – produce ovules inside the ovary. Stigma receives pollen grain.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 128

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 15.
How does the male reproductive cell fertilise the female reproductive cell in flowers of such plants (pea plants)?
Answer:

  1. In self pollinated plants anthers are usually present above the stigma.
  2. Pollen from the anthers drop on the stigma.
  3. A process that takes place as the flowers close for the night,
  4. And sometimes occurs before they are completely developed and ready to open.
  5. At the time of pollination slightest movement of the flower’s petals stimulate the stamen to dislodge its pollen and transfer it to the near by stigma in pea plant.
  6. Pollination usually occurs before the flower is fully open, .

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 129

Question 16.
How many nuclei are present in the pollen grain?
Answer:
Pollen grain has two nuclei. One is called a tube cell and the another is generative cell.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 131

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 17.
Which floral part may be seen in a fruit?
Answer:
Sometimes calyx may remain with fruit.

Question 18.
How cotyledons are useful for the plant?
Answer:

  1. The cotyledons digest and absorb the endosperm.
  2. They make the stored food available for the growth of the epicotyl and hypocotyl.
  3. The cotyledons of some flowering plants, digest, absorb, and store the foods from the endosperm as the ovule is maturing into a seed. Eg: beans
  4. As a consequence, the cotyledons become greatly enlarged because of stored food and the endosperm disappears more or less completely.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 137

Question 19.
What differences do you find in mitosis and meiosis? Write in a tabular form.
Answer:

Mitosis Meiosis
1. It occurs in somatic cells. 1. It occurs in germ cells.
2. Nucleus divides only once. 2. Nucleus divides twice.
3. Two daughter cells are formed. 3. Four daughter cells are formed.
4. Daughter cells are diploid. 4. Daughter cells are haploid.
5. It occurs more frequently. 5. It occurs less frequently.
6. Daughter cells form somatic organs. 6. Daughter cells form gametes.
7. There is only one prophase, one metaphase one anaphase and one telophase. 7. There are two of each phase and five sub-phases in prophase -1.
8. Number of chromosomes are not changed in the daughter cells. 8. Number of chromosomes are reduced to half.
9. Chromosome number doubles at the beginning of each cell division. 9. Chromosome number is not doubled. It doubles after the end of first meiotic division.
10. No crossing over in chromosomes. 10. Crossing over occurs chromosomes.
11. Equation division. 11. Reduction division.

Question 20.
What would happen if the gametes do not have half the chromosome number as the skin parent?
Answer:

  1. Daughter cells formed in meiosis are gametes.
  2. These gametes have half of the chromosomes in number as the parent,
  3. If the gametes do not have half of the chromosomes in number as the parent, when they fuse, they form zygote with double the number of chromosomes when compared to parent cell.
  4. If it continues, cells in the offspring will have thousands of chromosomes within few generations.
  5. If the chromosome number increases in a species it leads to the formation of abnormalities.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 21.
How would it affect the progeny formed by sexual reproduction?
Answer:
If the progeny have thousands of chromosomes in them, it results in formation of abnormalities in each generation.

Question 22.
Why did the government of India fixed the legal marriage age of boys (21 years) and girls (18 years)?
Answer:

  1. Government of India fixed legal marriage age of boys as 21 years, and girls as 18 years.
  2. This is because teenage mothers are not prepared mentally or physically for motherhood.
  3. Early marriage and motherhood cause health problems for the mother and child.
  4. It may also cause mental agony, as teenage mother is not ready for responsibilities of motherhood.

Question 23.
Do you feel that it is a social responsibility to control birth after having one or two children?
Answer:

  1. Yes, it is a social responsibility of every individual to control birth after having one or two children.
  2. If we don’t control birth after having one or two children, population will grow rapidly.
  3. If the population increases we will not be able to provide all the facilities such as education, medicine, employment etc., to all the people.
  4. It shows impact on the economic conditions of the family and the society.
  5. The quality of life will decrease.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 24.
What do you understand by the term ‘Healthy Society’?
Answer:

  1. If all the people in a society are in the state of complete physical, mental and social well being, then the society is said to be healthy society.
  2. To be in a healthy society, every one in the society should take care of their own personal hygiene and cleanliness of the surroundings.
  3. Avoiding child marriages, unprotected sex and creating awareness among the people regarding adverse effects of these are very essential to form a healthy society.

Question 25.
Will you encourage child marriage? Why?
Answer:

  1. No. I will never encourage child marriage.
  2. This is because, the sexual act always has potential to lead to pregnancy.
  3. In case of child marriage, the age of girls is less than 18 years and so they are not prepared mentally or physically for motherhood.
  4. If they got pregnancy the health of them and their child will be affected.

Question 26.
How does HIV is transmitted?
Answer:
Hiv is transmitted by unsafe sexual contacts, using infected devices,infected blood
transfusion, from an infected mother to child, etc.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 138

Question 27.
Social discrimination against AIDS patients is also a social evil. Can you support this? Why?
Answer:

  1. Yes, I will support this statement.
  2. The persons suffering from HIV/AIDS are shown lot of social discrimination in the society.
  3. This happens even with their own family members.
  4. This is due to lack of awarness among public about spreading of disease, illiteracy misconception about AIDS.
  5. If everyone knows how it will not spread they will treat HIV + ves with love and effection.
  6. HIV +ves are patients. It will spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, mother to child and not with other modes.
  7. Hence they can live with us without any discrimination they need our love and family support.
  8. If anybody shows discrimination, it is definitely a social evil.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 140

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Question 28.
Do you think you have moral right to kill a foetus?
Answer:
No, I don’t think that we have moral right to kill a foetus. It is our social responsibility to protect the foetus.

Question 29.
Why doctors are prohibited to do sex determination through ultrasound scanping for pregnant women?
Answer:
Knowing the sex of foetus inside mother’s womb is a severe crime as per the acfmade by government. Ultrasound tests are mend to know the growing condition of the foetus and also to see whether it is suffering with severe ailments. By knowing the sex of the foetus, if it is female, people are ready for aborting it. This leads to reduction in male female ratio in the country. That’s why doctors are prohibited to do sex determination through ultrasound scanning for pregnant women.

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Reproduction – The Generating System Activities

Activity – 1

Formation of bacterial colony in milk.
Answer:

  1. Take a tea spoon full of curd and mix it thoroughly with around tea spoon full of (half of the glass) luke warm milk in a bowl.
  2. Take another tea spoon full of curd and mix it with 30 tea spoon full of cold milk in another bowl,
  3. Cover both the bowls and note the initial time.
  4. Keep observing every hour to see whether curd has formed.
  5. Curdling indicates that the increase in number of bacteria.
  6. Note the time taken for formation of curd in both the bowls.
  • Does it take the same time to form curd in both the bowls?
    Answer: No. Formation of curd in the bowl containing luke warm milk takes nearly 5 – 6 hours. In the second bowl in which cold milk is present no curdling took place.
  • What does the time taken to form nearly 30 times the size of the bacterial colony indicate?
    Answer: Time taken to form nearly 30 times the size of the bacterial colony indicates how fast bacteria are growing.

Activity – 2

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Examine Rhizopus or common mould under Microscope.
(OR)
Write the materials required and the procedure followed by you to observe Rhizopus in the lab.
(OR)
Write the procedure which you follow to observe bread-mould Sporangium m your laboratory. What precautions do you take during the activity?
(OR)
Suneetha wanted to observe Rhizopus on the piece of bread,
(i) Suggest the apparatus needed. (ii) Write the procedure to be followed.
Answer:
Aim: To grow and examine rhizopus or common mould.
Materials required: Bread, plastic bag, plain glass slide, cover slip, water, eye dropper, disposable gloves, compound microscope.
Procedure to grow mould:

  1. Take a soft bread and leave it in the open for about an hour so it is exposed to contaminants in the air.
  2. Place the bread in a plastic bag, sprinkle water over it, so it is damp and seal the bag living some air inside.
  3. Check on the piece of bread every few days and add more water if it is becoming dried out.
  4. We can find whitish thread like growth with masses of black, gray and green fine dotted structures, the black dotted structure is that of bread mould.
  5. A good sample of mould may take up to two weeks to form.
  6. Using this mould make a slide and observe under the microscope.

Procedure to make a slide:

  1. Place a drop of water in the centre of the slide, using an eye dropper if you have one, or the tip of a clean finger.
  2. Using a tooth pick, scrape some of the mould off, and place it on the drop of water.
  3. Take the coverslip and set it at an angle to the slide so that one edge of it touches the water drop.
  4. Then carefully lower it over the drop, so that the coverslip covers the specimen without trapping air bubbles underneath.
  5. Use the corner of a tissue paper or blotting paper to blot up any excess water at the edges of the coverslip.
  6. View the slide with a compound microscope, starting with a low objective.

Observations:

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 9

  1. The common bread mould plant consists of fine thread like projections called hyphae and thin stems having knob like structures called sporangia.
  2. Each sporangium contains hundreds of minute spores.

Precautions:

  1. This should not be done by those with allergies to mould or with severe asthma.
  2. Avoid opening the plastic bag as much as you can.
  3. If you touch the bread, be sure to thoroughly wash your hands afterwards.

Activity – 3

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System

Observation of pollen grain.

  1. Take a slide and put a few drops of water on it.
  2. Take any flower like hibiscus, tridax, marigold, etc. Tap the anther over the drop of water.
  3. We will see small dot like structures in water. These are pollen grains.
  4. Take permanent slide of pollen grain from your lab.
  5. Also see a permanent slide of pollen grain from our lab.
  6. Observe under a microscope. We will make a drawing of what we observe and compare with the given diagram.

Observation: Pollen grain germinates only on stigma. Pollen grain consists of two to three cel Is surrounded by a protective wall in Angiosperms. In gymnosperms the pollen grain consists of several living cells.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 10

Activity – 4

Seed germination.
Answer:

  1. Soak a few groundnut or bengal gram (chana) seeds overnight.
  2. Drain the excess water and cover the seeds with wet cloth. Leave them for a day.
  3. Keep sprinkling water at regular intervals so that they do not dry up.
  4. Open the seeds carefully and observe the parts.

Observation: The seed is germinated i.e., the seed embryo is developed into seedling plumule which grows into plant.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 11

Activity – 5

Observe different stages of mitotic cell division. (OR)
Describe various stages of mitosis with the help of neat diagrams.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Reproduction - The Generating System 12

  1. Take permanent slides which shows different stages of mitotic cell division from your lab kit.
  2. Observe carefully under microscope.
  3. Draw diagrams what you observe, and compare your observations with the following chart.
Stage Description
1. Prophase
  1. Chromosomes contract, spiral and become visible even in light microscope and nucleoli become smaller (material to chromosomes).
  2. Chromosomes split lengthwise to form chromatids, connected by centromeres.
  3. Nuclear membrane disappears.
  4. Centrosome, containing rod-like centrioles, divides and forms ends of spindle (probably animal cells only).
    (Note : No pairing of chromosomes as in meiosis).
2. Metaphase
  1. Chromosomes move to spindle equator, spindle fibres attached to centromeres.
3. Anaphase
  1. Centromeres split, separating the chromatids.
  2. Spindle fibres attached to centromeres contract, pulling chromatids towards poles.
4. Telophase
  1. Chromatids elongate, become invisible, (replication at this stage to become chromosomes).
  2. Nuclear membranes form round daughter nuclei.
  3. Cell membrane pinches in to form daughter cells (animals) or new cell wall material becomes laid down across spindle equator (plants).
  4. Nucleus divides into two and division of cytoplasm starts.

 

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 5th Lesson Coordination – The Linking System

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination – The Linking System Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Fill In the missing sections In the following flow-chart.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 1
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 2

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 2.
Do you think body’s team work maintains functioning of our body? Justify your answer with an example.
Answer:

  1. Yes. Body’s team work maintains functioning of our body.
  2. All our functions are carried out by an effort of several systems working together.
  3. The human body has a set of systems which regulate the internal environment and strive to give our cells the necessary condition as they need to function.
  4. We cannot use only the skeletal system or muscular system.
  5. To do any function several other systems also have their own roles to play.
  6. The pathway involving the way that our organs tissues and cells pickup signals from their surroundings and respond to them that triggers different functions in our body as well as by our body.
  7. When all the organs and organ systems work as a unit then the organism will survive.
  8. For example our eyes, ears, legs should coordinate with each other when crossing the road. Otherwise we may met with an accident.

Question 3.
Give an example of coordination in your body where both hormonal and nervous controls function together.
Answer:

  1. Several functions in our body are controlled by nerves, while many others are controlled by hormones.
  2. When we are afraid, the rate of heart beat increases, the breath rate will be faster, blood pressure increases, the hair on the body becomes errect and we get goose bumps.
  3. We might not observe our pupil dilation, skin becomes more sensitive. We come to normally only after we reach a safe spot.
  4. The various actions of the body are controlled by hormones and coordinated by nervous system.
  5. In these type of conditions nervous system and endocrine system work together to bring about control and coordination.
  6. Another example for nervous and hormonal coordination. When the mother feeds the baby, the baby sucks the nipple for milk. This information is send to the brain by sensory nerve. Brain orders the pituitary gland to release the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin helps in the ejection of milk from the mammary glands.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 4.
Consider that you are passing by a garbage disposal area and you immediately
cover your nose. Arrange the events below in a logical order by marking them from 1 to 5 to trace the events that happen in the nervous system from detection of foul smell (stimulus generation) to covering your nose (response).
i) At the end of the axon, electrical impulse releases chemicals.
ii) Stimulus received by the dendrites of a neuron sets off chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
iii) Electrical impulse transmitted through cell body and axon.
iv) The chemicals cross the synapse and reach the next neuron. Similarly, the electrical impulse crosses several neurons.
v) Finally, the impulse is delivered from neuron to the gland that helps in recognition of the foul smell and muscle cells that help in covering the nose.
Answer:
The following events occur in nervous system for detecting foul smell of garbage, ii, iii, i, iv, v

Question 5.
What is a Synapse? How is it useful in transfer information?
Answer:

  1. Definition: Synapse is a functional region between two neurons where information from one neuron is transmitted or relayed to another neuron.
  2. Through synaptic region is with minute gaps it does not have any protoplasmic connection between them.
  3. Information is passed from one nerve cell to the other through these gaps either in the form of chemical or electrical signals or both.

Question 6.
Distinguish between
a) Stimulus and Response
b) Afferent and Efferent nerves
c) Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
d) Receptor and effector
Answer:
a) Stimulus and Response

Stimulus Response
1. It is the cause or change in organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react 1. It is the act done by the organism.
2. Stimulus can not be always controlled especially external stimuli. 2. It could be controlled.
3. Stimulus could be of any magnitude. 3. The response could never go beyond the highest capability of an organism.
4. Response can not determines the stimulus. 4. Stimulus determines the response.

b) Afferent and Efferent nerves

Afferent nerves Efferent nerves
1. Nerves coming from receptors or sense organs are called afferent nerves. 1. Nerves that carry impulses from brain or spinal cord are called efferent nerves.
2. These are also called sensory nerves. 2. These are also called motor nerves.
3. Sensory nerves carry information from sensory organs like ears, eyes, from brain or spinal cord. 3. The motor nerves carry impulses to effector nose, tongue and skin to brain and organs (muscles) and are responsible for the movement of hands and legs.
4. These are incoming nerves. 4. These are outgoing nerves.

c) Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system :

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
1. It consists of Brain and spinal cord. 1. It consists of nerves that arise from brain and spinal nerves.
2. Both of them have nerve cells and glial cells. 2. It has 43 pairs of nerves. Among them 12 pairs are cranial nerves and 31 pairs are spinal nerves.
3. Brain and spinal cord are continuous with each other. 3. Cranial nerves take their origin from brain and spinal nerves take their origin from spinal cord.
4. Brain and spinal cord receive infor­mation. 4. The cranial nerves carry information to the sense organs and spinal nerves from organs to spinal cord.
5. Central nervous system coordinates all neural functions. 5. These supply information required for the movement of the muscles.

d) Receptor and effector:

Receptor Effector
1. The sense organs which are made up of cells called receptors. 1. Muscles or tissues which are linked with nerves are called an effector.
2. Receptors respond to stimulus. 2. Effectors are the organs that produce response.
3. These send information to central nervous system. 3. They follow the commands of central nervous system.
4. These are connected to sensory organs. 4. These follow the motor nerves.
5. Nervous system sense the changes inside and outside the body through receptors. 5. Effectors receive messages from brain or spinal cord through motor nerves.

Question 7.
How does phototropism occur in plants?
Answer:

  1. Bending of plants towards light is called phototropism. (Photo = light) (tropism = movement)
  2. For example a creeper which is growing near the window bend towards sunlight.
  3. Auxins are the phyto hormones which are present at the tip of the shoot respond the plant to bend towards sunlight.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 8.
Give an example and explain how plants may immediately respond to a stimulus.
Answer:

  1. The plant responding to stimulus is mimosa pudica is the example.
  2. Mimosa pudica leaves have pad like sweelings at the base are called PULVINI.
  3. Here cells contain water and large intercellular spaces. Due to water pressure pulvini hold the leaf errect.
  4. When we touch the leaves, an electrical impulse is generated due to plant hormone.
  5. Because of this hormone water in the pulvini cells which are closer to the leaf vein migrate to other side’of the cells.
  6. Then pulvini loss its fitness hence leaves become fold. After 20 to 30 minutes water comes back leaves become errect.

Question 9.
Suggest an experiment to show how roots grow away from light in most plants.
Answer:
Aim: To prove that roots grow away from light in most plants.
Material required: Glass jar, Bean seed.
Procedure:

  1. A plant jar is taken and filled with mud.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 3
  2. A bean seed is sown just adjacent in the inner wall of the jar.
  3. So that it is easy to observe the growth of root and shoot.
  4. After 4-5 days the germination of the seed is observed.
  5. Keep the jar in the sunlight. We observe the growth of roots and shoot.
  6. Finally the jar is tilted to keep the growing plant horizontally.
  7. After the growth of 4-5 days, tilt the glass jar and keep the plant horizontally.

Observation: It is observed that the roots extends downwards to the earth that is away from the sun light and the shoot grows towards sunlight.
Conclusion: By the above experiment it is proved that roots grow towards gravity (earth) away from sun light.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 10.
Give an example to show how hormones can influence visible changes in your body.
(OR)
What are the effects of hormones on human beings?
Answer:

  1. Endocrine glands secrete chemical substances called Hormones directly into blood.
  2. Hormones act on the cells of other organs and increase or decrease the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
  3. The external features by which the males and females can be distinguished are called secondary sexual characters.
  4. Testosterone in males and estrogen in females promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
  5. For example, if a dog chases us, our nervous system stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete more adrenaline hormone into our body.
  6. When we are afraid, the rate of heart beat increases, the breath rate will be faster, blood pressure increases, the hair on the body becomes errect.
  7. All these changes occur due to the production of Adrenaline hormone.

Question 11.
How does a neuron differ from an ordinary cell in structure? Write notes.
Answer:

Neuron (Nerve cell) Ordinary cell
1. It is the longest cell in our body. 1. Generally cells are round or oval shaped.
2. It belongs to only nervous system. 2. These are the structural units of body.
3. Nerve cell has three parts: 1. Cyton 2. Axon 3. Dendrites 3. Commonly divided as 1. Cytoplasm and 2. Nucleoplasm
4. These cells carry impulses to brain and spinal cord. 4. Involve in metabolic activities.
5. These are not regenerated. 5. The cells have cell division and replace the death cells.
6. Nerve cells end with dendrites. 6. These cells do not have end points.
7. Some nerve cells are covered with lipid coat. 7. Generally these are covered with plasma membrane.
8. Nissl granules are special character of nerve cells. 8. These cells do not have Nissl granules.

Question 12.
Is the structure of neuron suitable for transmission of impulses? Analyse.
Answer:

  1. Yes. The structure of neuron is suitable for transmission of impulses.
  2. Neurons are the functional units which receive and process information and generate responses.
  3. Cell body is the centre for all the synthetic activity of the neuron.
  4. Dendrites arise from the cell body receive information from other neurons and carry this information to the cell body.
  5. The axon or nerve fibre gives out several branches that end in nerve terminals. These make connect with the dendrites or the axons of another neuron.
  6. Myelinated sheath prevents the leakage of electrical currents from axon. Myelinated axons conduct impulses much faster than unmyelinated axons.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 13.
Man is the most intelligent animal. What could be the fact that helped us to reach such a conclusion?
Answer:

  1. Man is the most intelligent animal in animal kingdom.
  2. This is possible by well development of brain and its marvellous function.
  3. Human brain has abilities to learn from concepts.
  4. It understands, applies logic and reason.
  5. The brain also recognizes patterns and comprehends ideas.
  6. The human brain has ability in making plans, solving problems, making decisions and retaining information.
  7. Man is the only animal who uses language to communicate.
  8. Intelligence enables humans to experience and think.
  9. It has also consciousness and self-awareness.

Question 14.
The axon of nerve cell in hand is shorter than the axon of nerve cell in leg. Do you support this statement? Why?
Answer:

  1. Yes, I support the above statement.
  2. The axon of nerve cell in hand is shorter than the axon of nerve cell in leg.
  3. The sciatic nerve is the large nerve in humans and animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and lower limbs.
  4. Sciatic nerve present in the leg is the largest and widest single nerve in the human body. It measures about 1 mt in length.
  5. Usually the length of leg is more in size than hand. Hence the axon of nerve cell in hand is shorter than the axon of nerve cell in leg.

Question 15.
Organs respond to the external stimulus by a fraction of second. How do you feel about such controlling mechanism of human body?
Answer:

  1. Organs responding for the external stimuli by a fraction of second are due to reflex action.
  2. Reflex actions are very important as they save us from painful or dangerous stimuli.
  3. Reflex actions or reflexus are fast, immediate automatic and involuntary responses of the body.
  4. They help in the body as they save us from painful or dangerous stimuli.
  5. Reflexes occur without our thinking.
  6. Brain is not involved in the execution of several reflexes.
    Ex: Withdrawing our hand when we touch hot subject.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 16.
State whether the following actions are voluntary action, reflex action or conditioned reflex.

  1. Blinking
  2. Cleaning the table
  3. Playing on the key board
  4. Salivating when food is put in the mouth
  5. We close our ears when we hear unbearable sound

Answer:

  1. Blinking: Involuntary action or reflex action.
  2. Cleaning the table: Voluntary action.
  3. Playing on the keyboard: Conditioned reflex.
  4. Salivating when food is put in the mouth: Involuntary or Reflex action.
  5. We close our ears when we hear unbearable sound: Involuntary or reflex action.

Question 17.
What will happen to the potted plant kept near window in the room?
(OR)
Draw a diagram of a plant showing phototropism. Explain why plants possess such type of response.
(OR)
A plant which grows near a window bends towards sun light. Write the reason for it.
Answer:

  1. The potted plant which is kept near the window in the room, grows towards light.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 4
  2. Auxins acts on bending of stem of show a response to the sun light.
  3. More auxin collects on the light illuminated side of the stem. So cells on that side grow faster.
  4. On opposite side cells grow slow to make the stem bend.
  5. Auxins are the plant hormones responsible for the growing of the stem towards light.
  6. Auxins are synthesized at the tip of the stem (meristematic tissue).
  7. Bending of the plant towards light is called phototropism.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 18.
What happens if all the functions of the human body are controlled only by brain?
Brain controls all the functions of the human body. Comment on it.
Answer:

  1. If all actions of the human body are controlled by brain, our body will get harm in dangerous situations.
  2. Some actions may be delayed and our brain could not conduct reflex actions, which require immediate action to a stimulus.
  3. For example, when we touch a hot object, we require an immediate response to save our hand. If the brain controls this action, the time taken will be more and our hand will burn.
  4. So, it is controlled by spinal cord, the response will be quick, and we may escape the danger.
  5. Nerves can not reach the every corner of the body, whereas hormones of endocrine glands can do that.
  6. So it’s not good that all functions are controlled by brain.

Question 19.
If you visit a doctor, what doubts you would like to clarify about pancreas?
Answer:

  1. What is pancreas?
  2. Where is pancreas located in our body?
  3. Why is it called mixed gland?
  4. What is the exocrine part of pancreas?
  5. What is the endocrine part of pancreas?
  6. What are the cells that secrete hormone insulin?
  7. What is the function of insulin?
  8. What happens if required amounts of insulin is not produced?
  9. What are the symptoms of diabetes?
  10. How can diabetes be controlled?

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 20.
Take a small potted plant. Cover base portion of the plant tightly and hang the part upside down. Observe the plant for a week. Based on your observation how can you support phototropism?
Answer:
Aim: To prove that phototropism is a character that is carried by stem.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 5
Apparatus: Potted plant, a strong small rope.
Procedure : Take a small potted plant. Cover the base portion of the plant tightly so that the plant along with soil do not fell down. Now take a rope and hang the potted plant upside down to a support firmly.
Observe the plant after a week.
Observation: We observe that the end of the stem which is upside down takes ‘U’ turn and grows towards light.
Conclusion: Phototropism is a response of plants towards light. That the stem grows towards light that is negatively to gravitation. Auxins are responsible for phototropism.

Question 21.
Take a cock feather touch smoothly at different parts of your body. Findout which portion of the body has high sensation. Is this similar during sleeping ? Prepare a report on it.
Answer:
Aim: To prove that our body shows high sensation in different parts.
Apparatus : Cock feather.
Procedure: Take a cock feather. Touch smoothly at different parts of our body with the cock feather.
Observation : It is observed that some of the body parts like palms of hands and soles of feet there is less sensation than the other body parts because the skin is thick. Some other parts where the skin is thin, the sensation is more.
Report: The nerve endings are situated in the skin. These nerve endings are responsible for the sensation of the body.

Question 22.
What procedure you follow to understand the effect of plant growth hormones (in agar medium) in the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile)?
Answer:
Aim: To show the growth of Avena coleoptile involves a chemical substance.
Apparatus: Oat seedlings (Avena sativa), coleoptile, a slice of agar, a sharp blade. Procedure:

  1. Take some oat seedlings.
  2. Their coleoptile tips are cut off.
  3. Place the tips on a slice of agar and leave them for about an hour.
  4. Cut the agar into small blocks and place a block on one side each stump of the decapitated plants.
  5. The plants were kept in the dark during the entire experiment.
  6. Observe the plants after one hour.

Observation :

  1. Within one hour a distinct bending away from the side on which the agar block was placed is observed.
  2. Agar block that had not been contact with coleoptile doesn’t show any bending.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 6

Conclusion : The coleoptile tip exerted its effect by means of a chemical stimulus such as an electrical impulse. This chemical stimuls came to be known as auxin.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 23.
Collect information on the actions controlled by spinal cord by using reference books from your school library.
Answer:
Spinal cord:

  1. Spinal cord is a long and cylindrical structure. It passes through vertibral column extending all along the dorsal surface of trunk.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 7
  2. Vertebrae of the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
  3. The spinal cord has two major functions, a) carrying information b) coordinating reflexes.
  4. It receives sensory information through the afferent nerves from the sensory receptors throughout the body and send them to the brain.
  5. It also carries information from the brain through efferent fibres to the muscles and glands.
  6. It coordinates reflexes without the involvement of the brain.

Thus the spinal cord has both communicative and integrative functions.

Reflex actions:

  1. Excepting the sensory and motor functions spinal cord controls some other important function also. These are called as reflex actions.
  2. The spinal cord does not take any assistance from the brain. Reflex actions are automatic, unlearned, involuntary and in born responses.
  3. Therefore these actions are suddenly in nature and have a purpose of protecting the individuals or his / her organs from sudden danger.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 24.
Read the following sentences and compare with endocrine glands.

Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by organisms. These act as chemical signals secreted by exocrine glands. Pheromones are used as signals by the members of same species. Honey bee secretes pheromones that attract other bees to the location of food.
Answer:

Pheromones Secretions of Endocrine glands (or) Hormones
1. Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by organisms. 1. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands.
2. These act as chemical signals. 2. These are the chemical messengers.
3. Pheromones are used as signals by the members of same species. 3. Hormones change or control the metabolic activities in the organisms.
4. Honey bee secretes pheromones that attract other bees to the location of food. 4. Hormones help for growth, and stimulated organs’ function.

Question 25.
Collect the information about cranial nerves, spinal nerves from internet or from your school library.
Answer:
Spinal cord :

  1. Spinal cord is a long and cylindrical structure passing through the vertebral column.
  2. The vertebrae (back bones) of the vertebral column protect the spinal cord from injuries.
  3. From the sides of spinal cord, 31 pairs of nerves take their origin one from each side and supply branches to various parts of the body.
  4. Basic function of spinal cord is to act as a relay station – receiving information from various parts of the body parts below the head and send this information to the brain.
  5. Similarly, it receives information from brain and sends this information to other parts of the body.
  6. In addition to this, spinal cord also plays a major role in the RFELEX ACTIONS.
  7. The message received from the sensory nerve is passed into spinal cord. It is analyzed by the INTER NEURON present in the spinal cord and response is given. It is conveyed to the effector organ through motor nerve. The effector organ shows the response.
  8. Thus spinal cord saves us from dangerous stimuli through it’s REFLEX ACTIONS.

Question 26.
Draw a picture representing connection between dendrite – dendrite, axon – dendrite. Why do they connect like that?
Answer:

  1. The nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 8
  2. It consists of more than 100 billion of them, which communicate with each other in a specific manner.
  3. Dendrites of one nerve cell connects to the other or to the axons of another nerve cell through connect points called as a synapse.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 27.
Draw a neatly labelled diagram of Brain and write few points how it is protected.
Answer:
Protection of Brain :

  1. Brain is present in the hard bony box called CRANIUM.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 9
  2. It is covered by three layers called MENINGES.
  3. The space between the inner layer is filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid,
  4. It serves a shock-absorbing medium and protects brain against shocks/ jerks along with the meninges and cranium.

Question 28.
You are walking in the traffic suddenly you heard a loud sound. How does coordination take place in this situation among respected organs? Draw a block diagram to explain this situation.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 10

Question 29.
Make a model of neuron using suitable materials.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 15Required materials: A chart, twine thread, fevicol, sticker.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 30.
Observe different actions performed by your classmate for a period of 45 minutes. Out of these actions which are controlled by voluntary and involuntary pathways?
Answer:
Voluntary actions:

  1. Standing
  2. sitting
  3. laughing
  4. drinking
  5. moving
  6. clapping
  7. carrying books
  8. reading
  9. writing
  10. talking

Involuntary actions:

  1. Blinking of eyes
  2. swallowing
  3. breathing
  4. listening etc.

Question 31.
Its very interesting to watch a creeper entwining its tendril to the support. Is not it? How do you express your feelings in this situation?
(OR)
Plants also respond to external stimuli. How do you feel about this?
Answer:

  1. A very interesting thing in plants is movement of tendrils.
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 12
  2. All plants show positive response to phototropism.
  3. But creepers like cucumber, bittergourd the stem is weak and thin. Hence plant cannot grow erect.
  4. Tendrils play a vital role to make the plant erect. Tendrils are thin thread-like growth on the leaves or stems of climbing plants.
  5. They grows towards support and wind around them.
  6. This type of response to make contact or touch is called thigmotropism.
  7. Nature only finds it’s way to grow and survive on the earth.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 32.
Hormones are released at a specific place, specific time for a specific function. Prepare a cartoon on the hormones with a nice caption.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 13

Fill in the blanks.

  1. The largest region of the brain is ———–.
  2. A point of contact between two neurons is ———–.
  3. ———– phytohormone is responsible for cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
  4. Thyroxine is responsible for ———–.
  5. Gibberellins and auxins promote growth in plants while absciscic acid arrests the same. Some situations are discussed here. State which hormones would be needed and why?
    a) A gardener wants large dahlias, he should use along with nutrients and other things ———– hormone.
    b) In a dwarf plant the branches have to be thickened one would use the ———– hormone.
    c) Seeds are to be stored a long time ———– hormone can help.
    d) Cutting the apex or tip of plants so that there are several lateral buds ———– hormone can be used.
    e) The part of the brain that helps you in solving puzzles is ———–.

Answer:

  1. cerebrum
  2. synapse
  3. Auxin
  4. General growth rate and metabolic rate
  5. a) Auxin b) Gibberellin c) Absciscic acid d) Cytokinins e) Cerebrum

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Choose the correct answer.

  1. A person has loss of control on emotions, which part of brain stops its function ? [ ]
    A) Cerebrum
    B) Diencephalon
    C) Mid brain
    D) Cerebellum
  2. Leaf movement in mimosa helps to [ ]
    A) Reduce photosynthesis
    B) Protect from grazers
    C) Releasing phytohormones
    D) Regulate its growth
  3. Diabetes is related to this gland. [ ]
    A) Thyroid
    B) Pancreas
    C) Adrenal
    D) Pituitary

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination – The Linking System InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 95

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 1.
What helps us to respond to such signals?
Answer:
There is a sequence of events that bring about responses. They start from detecting changes in environment.

Question 2.
Why does the living body respond to such signals?
Answer:
The ability to react to particular stimulus in a particular situation must be of great importance in ensuring the survival of the organism.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 96

Question 3.
What did Galen conclude after his observations?
Answer:
After the observations of his patient, Galen a Greek physiologist concluded that nerves were of two types – those of sensation and those of action.

Question 4.
Why do you think Galen drew such a conclusion?
Answer:
According to Galen the blow in the neck of his patient had damaged the nerves of sensation but had not affected its action. Then Galen concluded that nerves were of two types.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 98

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 5.
Which organ of our body was the detector and which was the effector in Activity -1?
Answer:
In Activity -1, Eye was the detector and fingers were the effector.

Question 6.
What do you think that the information carried on the afferent and efferent nerves?
Answer:
The information carried by afferent nerve is “scale is falling”.
The information carried by the efferent nerve is “to hold the scale”.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 99

Question 7.
What other effectors would act under these circumstances?
Answer:

  1. Withdraw our hands, when our fingers touch a hot object.
  2. Closing eyes when bright light is focussed on eyes.
  3. We sneeze when something enters the nose.
  4. We cough when inhaled dust or some other circumstances.

Question 8.
What does this tell us about the association nerves?
Answer:
The sensory nerves in the spinal cord makes connections with other neurons in the grey matter. These neurons are called association neurons or interneurons. The association neurons process the information and generate responses.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 100

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 9.
Think of any action and try to make a sketch of reflex arc.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 19

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 102

Question 10.
According to you what would be the function of the spinal cord?
Answer:
Functions of the spinal cord :

  1. Spinal cord sends information received from different parts of the body to brain.
  2. Also it sends the information to various parts received from brain.
  3. Spinal cord also play a major role in reflex actions.

Question 11.
Are all functions of our body under direct control of the brain and spinal cord? Why do you think so?
Answer:
Yes. All the functions of our body are under direct control of the brain and spinal cord. The 43 pairs of peripheral nervous system associated with brain and spinal cord plays an important role in disposing our body functions.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 103

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 12.
Which root according to you gets signals from afferent nerves?
Answer:
The dorsal root of the spinal cord gets signals from afferent nerves.

Question 13.
What do you think the end of these nerves act at the muscular end?
Answer:
At the ends of these nerves can involuntarily control several functions of regions like internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles and is called an autonomous nervous system. It has voluntary control of muscles of some areas of skin and the skeletal muscle.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 104

Question 14.
To which organs of the body do the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column?
Answer:
The organs like heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, kidneys, hand fingers of the body, the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 105

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 15.
What are the organs that receives nerves starting from the brain?
Answer:
Eye, mouth, tongue, salivary glands are the organs receives nerves starting from the brain.

Question 16.
Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the sympathetic nervous system?
Answer:
Eye – pupil, heart, lungs, blood vessels, sweat glands, digestive tract, kidneys, penis are the organs influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 17.
Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the parasympathetic system?
Answer:
Stomach, intestines, salivary glands, reproductive organs, etc., are influenced by para sympathetic system.

Question 18.
What do you understand about the functions of parasympathetic nervous system?
Answer:
Parasympathetic nervous system slows down the body functions such as feed & breed, rest & digest, sexual arose, lacrimation, urination, defecation and digestion.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Question 19.
What do you understand about the functions of sympathetic nervous system?
Answer:
Sympathetic nervous system speeds up the body functions. Dilates pupil, heart – increases rate, force of contraction, lungs dilates, blood vessels contraction, etc. are the functions controlled by sympathetic nervous system.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 107

Question 20.
Have you ever observed the duration of anger?
Answer:
The duration of anger will be sometimes ten minutes or fifteen minutes or according to the situation.

Question 21.
Why does anger come down?
Answer:
Anger is always short lived factor. Increased levels of adrenalin are responsible for anger. When the levels of adrenalin in the blood come down slowly. We came to normal state.

Question 22.
What may happen if anger persists for a longer period?
Answer:
If anger persists for longer time, regular metabolic activities are disturbed.

Question 23.
What will happen if it is continued for longer periods of time?
Answer:
The sugar levels in the blood rise than normal level. Blood pressure increases, burning sensation in the heart, stomach upsets are the some of the abnormal conditions may happen.

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination – The Linking System Activities

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Activity – 1

Holding a falling stick.
Answer:
Take a long scale or stick at least around V2 meter. Keep your fingers in holding position. Ask your friend to hold the stick / scale near the end and let the other end be suspended between your fingers.
Let there be a very small gap around a centimeter between your thumb and stick/scale and fore finger. Now let you friend allow it to fall. Try to hold it.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 14

  1. Could you hold it exactly at the point where it was suspended between your fingers?
    Answer:
    No. I cannot hold it exactly at the point.
  2. How far up was this point from the end suspended between your fingers?
    Answer:
    2 cm up (nearly at the end of the scale).
  3. Why did this happen?
    Answer:
    Because it is the sudden action. To hold it fastly. The exact point went up.
  4. How fast do you think the process was?
    Answer:
    The process was so fast in a fraction of a second.
  5. What makes this kind of communication possible?
    Answer:
    Rapidity of response indicates an efficient communication system linking those parts that pick up stimuli that trigger a response by the nervous system.

Activity – 2

Observe the permanent slide of nerve cell or neuron under microscope and try to find out its parts. Compare with the following diagram.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 11Structural unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell or neuron. Neuron is highly specialised cell. Neurons carry impulses or messages. New nerve cells are not produced to replace the damaged or destroyed nerve cell. A neuron has three parts. They are

  1. cyton
  2. axon and
  3. dendrites

1. The cyton:

  1. It is also called the cell body.
  2. It has a large and round nucleus.
  3. In the cytoplasm of the cyton, nissl granules are present.

2. Axon:

  1. It is the long and cylindrical process that arises from the cyton.
  2. In some nerve cells, axon is surrounded by a layer of fatty material known as myelin sheath.
  3. The myelin sheath is not continuous throughout length of the axon.
  4. It is broken at regular intervals.
  5. These broken spots are called as nodes of Ranvier.

3. Dendrites: Arise from the cyton they are much branched, when compared to axon.

Activity – 3

What is knee jerk reflex?
Answer:
Cross the legs, in a seated position, so that the lower half of the uppermost leg hangs freely over the other. Strike the area below the knee cap sharply, while firmly grasping the front part of the thigh with the other hand. Note the changes in shape of the thigh muscles.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 16

  1. What changes do you observe in the thigh muscle?
    Answer:
    The thigh muscles get contracted and becomes short.
  2. What do we call this type of response?
    Answer:
    This type of responses are called involuntary actions. Such type of actions in the body are carried by without our involvement and our knowledge.
  3. What do we call the action of kicking a foot ball?
    Answer:
    Kicking of a foot ball is a voluntary action’ These actions are within our control.
  4. How is the knee jerk action takes place?
    Answer:
    In the knee jerk action a nerve pathway was involved.
    v) Do you think most of the functions in our body go about in an involuntary manner? Why ? Why not ?
    Answer:
    Most of our body functions are done without the involvement of our knowledge. For example, heart beating, respiration, digestion, etc., are the involuntary actions which are carried by our body.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Activity – 4

Touch the leaves of Mimosa pudica (athipathi, touch me not) plant and observe the response of leaves.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 17

  1. Are they folding?
    Answer:
    When the leaves of Mimosa are touched the leaves get folding. Touching the leaves is the stimulus and folding is the response.
  2. In which direction the folding of the leaves take place?
    Answer:
    The folding of the leaves take place inward direction.
  3. Give some examples of situations in plants responding to a certain stimulus.
    Answer:
    Examples: The sun flower turning to the direction of sun, the bending response of the plant when it is kept in the dark. Some of leaves of the trees opens at the day time and closes after sun set.
    Phototropism of stem and geotropism of roots, hydrotropism of roots of plants growing towards water and thigmotropism where the creepers like cucumber, bitter – gourd takes the help of tendrils and wind around the support are some of the examples of response to stimulus in plants.

Activity – 5

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System

Take a glass jar and fill with soil. Sow a bean seed near the wall of the jar. After 4 – 5 days you will notice seed germination. Keep the jar under the sun. Observe how root and shoot grows. Then tilt the glass jar and keep the plant horizontally. Observe the direction of the root and shoot growth for more than a week.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 18

  1. Does the shoot take a horizontal tilt after a week?
    Answer:
    After a week the shoot takes a horizontal tilt.
  2. Which side of the shoot may have grown more and which side less to bring about this effect?
    Answer:
    The shoot grown more towards the light and less where light is not falling.
  3. Do you find any difference in the shape of epidermal cells?
    Answer:
    The straight portions of the epidermal cells shows no bending but the bending portions of epidermal cells shows bending.
  4. Who performed experiments on phototropism?
    Answer:
    Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed some experiments on phototropism.
  5. What did they do in their experiment?
    Answer:
    Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed experiments on phototropism. They covered the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile) with a cylinder of metal foil. Exposed the plant to light coming from the side.
  6. What did they observe by that experiment?
    Answer:
    They observed that the bending towards the light (characteristic) of the seedling did not occur. If light was permitted to penetrate the cylinder bending occurred normally.
  7. What did Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin state on their experiment?
    Answer:
    They stated that when seedlings are freely exposed to a lateral light some ‘influence’ is transmitted from upper to the lower part causing the material to bend.
  8. What are the experiments of F.W. Went and how did he succeeded in separating ‘influence’ from the plant?
    Answer:
    F.W. Went cut off coleoptile tips from oat seedlings. He placed the tips on a slice of agar and left them for about an hour.
    He then cut agar into small blocks and placed a block on one side each stump of the decapitated plants. They were kept in the dark during the entire experiment. Within one hour he observed a distinct bending away from the side on which agar block was placed.
  9. How did Went come to know about auxin?
    Answer:
    AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 5 Coordination – The Linking System 6Went interpreted these experiments as showing that the coleoptile tip exerted it’s effect by means of chemical stimulus rather than a physical stimulus such as an electrical impulse.
    This chemical stimulus came to be known as auxin. In this way the first plant hormone auxin was discovered by F.W. Went.
  10. What is the meaning of auxin in Greek?
    Answer:
    The Greek word auxin means to increase.

 

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion – The Wastage Disposing System

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion – The Wastage Disposing System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 4th Lesson Excretion – The Wastage Disposing System

10th Class Biology 4th Lesson Excretion – The Wastage Disposing System Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What is meant by excretion? Explain the process of formation of urine.
(OR)
What are the different stages in urine formation? Explain what happens in those stages.
(OR)
Explain various steps in the mechanism of urine formation.
Answer:
Excretion: Excretion is a biological process involved in separation and removal of toxic wastes from the body.
Formation of urine involves four stages:

  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion and
  4. Concentration of urine.

1. Glomerular filtration:

  1. Blood flows from renal artery to glomerulus through afferent arteriole.
  2. Filtration of blood occurs in the glomerulus.
  3. Glomerular filtrate is also known as primary urine which almost equal to blood in chemical composition except the presence of blood cells.

2. Tubular reabsorption:

  1. The primary urine passes into proximal convoluted tubule.
  2. Useful substances like glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride, potassium ion, bicarbonate ion, water are reabsorbed into peritubular network.

3. Tubular secretion:

  1. After reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) the urine travels through the loop of Henle into distal convoluted tubule.
  2. Here some other wastes like extra salts ions of K+, Na+, Cl and H+ secrete from peritubular capillaries into distal convoluted tubule which are surrounded by peritubular network.

4. Concentration of urine:

  1. 75% of water content of the nephric filtrate is reabsorbed in the region of proximal convoluted tubule and 10% of water passes out of filtrate through osmosis in the area of loop of Henle.
  2. The concentration of urine takes place in the area of collecting tubes in the presence of hormone called vasopressin. The hormone is secreted only when concentrated urine is to be passed out.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 2.
How are waste products excreted in Amoeba?
(OR)
Write the process of excretion in amoeba.
Answer:

  1. Specific excretory organs are absent in unicellular organisms like amoeba.
  2. Amoeba possess osmoregulatory organell called contractile vacuole.
  3. It collects water and wastes from the body, swells up, reaches the surface and bursts to release its content to outside.
  4. The main excretion takes place through body surface by simple diffusion.
  5. The waste material carbon dioxide is removed by diffusion through the cell membrane.

Question 3.
Name different excretory organs in human body and excretory material generated by them.
Answer:
Different excretory organs in human body and excretory material generated by them are as follows.

Excretory organ Excretory material generated
Kidney Filters blood and eliminates nitrogenous wastes and other harmful things. Filters urea from the blood.
Lungs They remove carbon dioxide and water in respiration.
Skin Sweat and metabolic wastes. Sebaceous glands in skin eliminates sebum which contains waxes, sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acids.
Liver Bile pigments bilirubin, biliverdin are metabolic wastes of haemoglobin of dead red blood cells.
Urochrome is eliminated through urine. Liver also eliminates cholesterol and derivatives of steroid hormones, extra drug, vitamins and alkaline salts. Urea is also formed in liver.
Intestine Excess salts of calcium, magnesium and iron are excreted by epithelial cells of colon for elimination along with faeces.
Eccrine glands These allow excess water to leave the body. They are present mainly on the forehead, the bottoms of the feet and the palms.
Salivary glands and Lacrimal glands Small amount of nitrogenous wastes are also eliminated through saliva & tears.

Question 4.
Deepak said that ‘Nephrons are functional and structural units of kidneys’. How will you support him?
(OR)
How can you say that kidney is suitable for the filtration of biological waste from blood in man?
Answer:
I support Deepak’s statement that nephrons are functional units of kidneys because

  1. Nephron’s chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
  2. Nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites and regulates blood pH.
  3. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system.
  4. Hence, nephrons are the functional units of kidneys.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 5.
How do plants manage the waste materials?
Answer:

  1. Plants can get rid of excess water by a process like transpiration and guttation.
  2. Waste products may be stored in leaves, bark and fruits.
  3. When these dead leaves, bark, and ripe fruits fall off from the tree, the waste products in them are got rid of.
  4. Some of the plant waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides. e.g: Yam.
  5. Several plants prepare chemicals and store them in roots, leaves, seeds to protect against herbivores.
  6. The plants excrete carbon dioxide produced as a waste during respiration only at night time.
  7. The plants excrete oxygen as a waste only during the daytime.
  8. The plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the form of gums and resins.
  9. Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

Question 6.
Why do some people need to use a dialysis machine? Explain the principle involved in it.
Answer:

  1. Kidneys are vital organs for filtration of nitrogenous waste material from blood and for survival of a person.
  2. Factors like infections, injury, very high blood pressure, very high blood sugar restrict blood flow to kidneys.
  3. This leads to accumulation of poisonous wastes in the body and leads to death.
  4. When both kidneys are damaged DIALYSIS machine is used to filter the blood of a person.
  5. This process is called HAEMODIALYSIS.
  6. In this process blood is taken out from the main artery, mixed with an anticoagulant such as HEPARIN and then pumped into the apparatus called DIALYZER.
  7. In this apparatus, blood flow through channels or tubes and are embedded in the dialyzing fluid.
  8. The membrane separates the blood flowing inside the tube and dialyzing fluid by osmosis.
  9. The dialyzing fluid has the same composition as that of plasma, except nitrogenous wastes.
  10. Therefore, nitrogenous waste materials move out from the blood freely, there by cleaning the blood of it’s wastes.
  11. This process is called DIALYSIS. Cleaned blood is pumped back to the body through a vein after adding HEPARIN.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 7.
What is meant by osmoregulation? How is it maintained in human body?
Answer:

  1. The process of constant maintaining of the water and salt contents in the body is called osmoregulation.
  2. The kidneys are the main osmoregulatory organs in human body.
  3. The function of kidney is to filter blood and maintain the dissolved ion concentrations of body fluids.
  4. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, which actively filters blood and generates urine.
  5. The hormone VASOPRESSIN maintains osmotic concentration of body fluids.
  6. 75% of water content of nephric filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) and only 10% of water passes out of filtrate through osmosis in the area of loop of Henle.
  7. Thus osmoregulation is maintained in human body.

Question 8.
Do you find any relationship between circulatory system and excretory system? What are they?
Answer:

  1. Circulatory system delivers oxygen, nutrients, water, hormones and other essential to each cell of the body.
  2. And it also transports all the carbon dioxide and other waste products of the cells to the lungs to be expired (exhaled) or to the kidneys to be excreted.
  3. The excretory system is closely related to the circulatory system by virtue of the process of cleansing the blood of waste, removing excess fluids and generally keeping other fluids in balance.
  4. Excretory system releases hormones to elevate blood pressure and accelerate red blood cell production.
  5. Kidney stimulates the red blood cell production by erythropoetin and regulates blood pressure with the secretion of renin.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 9.
Give reasons.
A) Always vasopressin is not secreted.
Answer:

  1. Vasopressin is secreted only when concentrated urine is to be passed out.
  2. If vasopressin is not produced in sufficient quantities, very large amount of urine (more than 15 litres per day, normal persons excrete about one litre in a day) is excreted by the person which produces dilute urine.
  3. Deficiency of vasopressin causes DIABETES INSIPIDUS.
  4. Therefore vasopressin is always not secreted but only to concentrate urine.

B) When urine is discharged, in beginning it is acidic in nature later it becomes alkaline.
Answer:

  1. Urine contains 96% of water, 2.5% of organic substances and 1.5% of inorganic solutes.
  2. Urine is acidic in the beginning of it’s formation.
  3. Gradually it becomes alkaline due to the decomposition of urea to form AMMONIA.

C) Diameter of afferent arteriole is bigger than efferent arteriole.
Answer:

  1. Glomerulus develops from an afferent arteriole. It gives rise to an efferent arteriole.
  2. The diameter of afferent arteriole is bigger than the efferent arteriole.
  3. The narrower out let of efferent arteriole exerts pressure in the glomerulus and enables the blood to remain more time, thus helps in proper filtration of blood by ultrafiltration.

D) Urine is slightly thicker in summer than in winter.
Answer:

  1. In summer, a large quantity of water is lost in the form of sweat.
  2. To save the body from sun’s heat and to maintain water balance sweat glands secrete more sweat.
  3. The remaining waste materials get concentrated.
  4. Due to the high concentration of the remaining waste materials urine is slightly thicker in summer than in winter.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 10.
Write differences between
A) Functions of PCT and DCT
B) Kidney and Artificial kidney
C) Excretion and Secretion
D) Primary metabolites and Secondary metabolites
Answer:
A) Functions of PCT and DCT:
Functions of PCT:

  1. Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, phosphate, potassium, urea and other organic solutes from the filtrate into the peritubular network.
  2. The PCT regulates pH of the filtrates by exchanging hydrogen ions in the interstitium for bicarbonate ions in the filtrate.
  3. It is also responsible to secreting organic acids such as creatinine and other bases into the filtrate.
  4. Proximal convoluted tubule regulates the pH of the filtrate in the kidneys.

Functions of DCT:

  1. It maintains a proper concentration and pH of the urine.
  2. Extra salts, ions of K+, Na+, Cl and H+ secrete from peritubular capillaries into DCT.
  3. It secretes ammonium ions and hydrogen ions.
  4. It is relatively impermeable to water but in the pressure of Antidiuretic hormone

B) Kidney and Artificial kidney:

Kidney Artificial kidney
1. It is a natural excretory organ in human beings to filter blood and forms urine. 1. It is a device to remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood through dialysis.
2. Kidney is used to filter blood in healthy persons. 2. It is used in persons when both kidneys are damaged.
3. Blood that passes through kidney contains nitrogenous wastes. 3. Dialysing fluid used in dialysis machine do not contain nitrogenous wastes.
4. Person’s blood passes through Malphigian body and renal tubule during filtration. 4. Patient’s blood is passed through number of tubes with semipermeable lining suspended in a tank filled with dialysing fluid.
5. Reabsorption of materials takes place in proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule. 5. No reabsorption of material takes place in artificial kidney.
6. The filtration in the glomerulus is called pressure filtration or ultra filtration. 6. The filtration in artificial kidney is known as haemodialysis.
7. Anticoagulant heparin is present in the blood vessels. 7. Heparin is added to the blood before pumping into the apparatus.

(ADH) its permeability to water increases making urine concentrated.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

C) Excretion and Secretion:

Excretion Secretion
1. It is the removal of materials from a living being. 1. It is movement of material from one point to other point.
2. Excretion is passive in nature. 2. Secretion is active in nature.
3. Humans excrete materials such as tears, urine, carbon dioxide and sweat. 3. Humans secretions includes enzymes, hormones and saliva.
4. Excretion is mostly body waste. 4. Secretion is important materials that can be metabolized and used by our bodies.
5. Plants excrete through roots into its surroundings and falling off leaves and bark. 5. Secretions occur in the plant body in the form of latex, resins, gums etc.

D) Primary metabolites and Secondary metabolites:
(OR)
What are primary and secondary metabolites in plants? Give examples.
Answer:

Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites
1. These are involved in normal growth, development and reproduction. 1. These are not directly involved in the normal growth, development and reproduction.
2. Examples for primary metabolites are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. 2. Examples for secondary metabolites are alkaloids, tannins, resins, gums and latex etc.

Question 11.
There is a pair of bean-shaped organs ‘P’ in the human body towards the back, just above the waist. A waste product ‘Q’ formed by the decomposition of unused proteins in liver is brought into organ ‘P’ through blood by an artery ‘R’. The numerous tiny filters ‘S’ present in organ ‘P’ clean the dirty blood goes into circulation through a vein ‘T’. The waste substance ‘Q’ other waste salts and excess water form a yellowish liquid ‘U’ which goes from organ ‘P’ into a bag like structure ‘V’ through two tubes ‘W’. This liquid is then thrown out of the body through a tube ‘X’.

(a) What is (i) organ P and (ii) waste substance Q?
(i) Organ P is kidney and
(ii) Waste substance Q is urea.

(b) Name (i) artery R and (ii) vein T.
Answer:
(i) Artery R is Renal artery and
(ii) Vein T is Renal vein.

(c) What are tiny filters ‘S’ known as?
Answer:
The tiny filters S are Nephrons.

(d) Name (i) Liquid (ii) Structure V (iii) Tubes W (iv) Tube X.
Answer:
(i) Liquid U is urine.
(ii) Structure V is urinary bladder.
(iii) Tube W is ureters.
(iv) Tube X is urethra.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 12.
The organ ‘A’ of a person has been damaged completely due to a poisonous waste material ‘B’ has started accumulation in his blood, making it dirty. In order to save this person’s life, the blood from an artery in the person’s arm is made to flow into long tubes made of substance ‘E’ which are kept in coiled form in a tank containing solution ‘F’vThis solution contains three materials ‘G’, ‘H’ and ‘I’ and similar proportions to those in normal blood. As the person’s blood passes through long tubes of substance ‘E’, most of the wastes present in it go into solution ‘F’ The clean blood is then put back into a vein in the person for circulation.
(a) What is organ A?
Answer:
Kidney.

(b) Name the waste substance B.
Answer:
Urea.

(c) What are (i) E and (ii) F?
Answer:
(i) Long tubes ‘E’ are made of cellulose.
(ii) Solution ‘F’ is dialysing fluid contains three materials like: water, glucose and salts.

(d) What are G, H and I?
Answer:
Waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water.

(e) What is the process described above known as?
Answer:
Dialysis.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 13.
Imagine what happens if waste materials are not sent out of the body from time to time.
(OR)
What happens when the waste products are not sent out from the body?
Answer:

  1. If waste materials are not sent out of the body from time to time, our body is filled with extra water and waste products.
  2. ThIs condition ¡s called UREMIA. 1f kidneys stop working completely it leads to UREMIA.
  3. Our hands and feet may swell.
  4. We feel tired and weak because our body needs clean blood to function properly.
  5. These waste materials turn into toxic and it leads to death.

Question 14.
To keep your kidneys healthy for long period what questions will you ask a nephrologist/urologist?
Answer:

  1. How can I prevent the formation of stones in kidney?
  2. Does renal failure hereditary?
  3. What are the dietary measures to be taken for normal functioning of kidney?
  4. How diabetes harm kidneys?
  5. What shall I do to keep my kidneys healthy for a long time?
  6. What are the factors responsible for kidney failure?
  7. How can we know that there is a problem In the kidneys?
  8. Is there any relationship between blood pressure and kidney function?
  9. What are ‘the signs of kidney failure?
  10. Why is smoking bad for kidneys?

Question 15.
What are the gum yielding trees in your surroundings? What procedure you should follow to collect gum from trees?
Answer:
In our surroundings neem, acacia, eucalyptus, sapota are some of the gum yielding plants.
Process of collecting gum from trees:

  1. Gum will flow naturally from cracks in the bark of acacia and neem trees.
  2. Gum is collected about four weeks after stripping and can be repeated every few weeks thereafter for several months.
  3. Mature plants are selected for taking gum.
  4. Suitable stem parts are selected.
  5. Grooves are made by break the bark away about three foot from the ground and 10 inches wide with a sharp sickle or knife.
  6. We can fit a container at the lower end tightly, so that when gum begins to seep out, it will drip into it.
  7. The plants are to be kept undisturbed for at least two or three weeks.
  8. When the container is seen filled with gum they are removed.
  9. It is collected and stored for supply and used as adhesives, binding agents, in the preparation of medicines etc.
  10. Break some shallow notches in a ‘V’ shape, with the point of the ‘V’ diectly above the centre of the bucket.
  11. Leave the bucket attached to the tree until the gun begins to seep out and drains into it.
  12. Remove any nails or other metal things from the tree and after taking down the gum collection bucket.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 16.
Collect the information about uses of different kinds of alkaloids, take help of Library or Internet.
Answer:
Common alkaloids in plants and their uses are

Alkaloid Plant Part Uses
Quinine Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona) Bark Antimalarial drug
Nicotine Nicotiana tobacum (Tobacco) Leaves Insecticide
Morphine, Cocaine Papaver somniferum (Opium) Fruit Pain killer
Reserpine Rauwolfia serpentiana (Snake root) Root Medicine for snake bite
Caffeine Coffea Arabica (Coffee plant) Seed Central nervous system stimulant
Nimbine Azadirachta indica (neem) Seeds, Barks, Leaves Antiseptic
Scopolamine Datura stramonium Fruit, Flower Sedative
Pyrethroids Tridax Flower Insecticides
Ephedrine Ephedra species Leaves, Stems Relieves the discomfort of common cold, sinusitis, hay fever, bronchial asthma.
Caffeine Erythroxylon coca Leaves Anesthetic
Tubocuranine Chondrodendron tomentosum Bark Muscle relaxent in surgery
Vincristine and Vinblastine Vinca rosea Leaves, flowers Chemotherapy agent in treatment of many types of cancer.
Mescaline Anhalonium species Dried parts of the plant Hallucinogenic
Psilocybine Psilocybe mexicana Dried pulve -rised fruit bodies Hallucinogenic (usually arising from a disorder of the nervous system)
Coniine Conium maculatum All plant parts Active ingredient in poison hemlock.
Strychnine Strychnos species Dried ripe seeds Powerful poison

Question 17.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of L.S of kidney.
(OR)
Draw a neat labelled diagram of internal structure of Kidney. Write the function of Renal artery and Renal vein.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System 1

  1. Renal artery supplies oxygenated blood with nitrogenous waste – products to kidneys.
  2. Renal vein collects nitrogenous waste free and deoxygenated blood from kidneys.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 18.
Draw a diagram of a Nephron, and explain its structure.

Describe the structure of nephron with the help of diagram.
(OR)
Answer:
Structure of the Nephron :

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System 2

Each Nephron has basically two parts:

    1. Malpighian body
    2. Renal tubule

1. Malpighian Body:

  1. It consists of Bowman’s capsule and bunch of fine blood capillaries called the glomerulus.
  2. Glomerulus develops from afferent arteriole. It gives rise to an efferent arteriole.

Renal Tubule :

  1. It has three parts.
    1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT),
    2. Loop of Henle
    3. ‘U’ shaped second or Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  2. Distal convoluted tubule open into a COLLECTING TUBE. Collecting tubes form PYRAMIDS and CALYCES which open into PELVIS.
  3. Pelvis leads into the URETER.
  4. All the parts of the renal tubule are covered by a network of PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES fromed from EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
  5. The peritubular capillaries join to form RENAL VENULE, which joins the other venules to form RENAL VEIN.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 19.
Draw a block diagram showing the path way of excretory system in human being.
Answer:
Block diagram showing the path way of excretory system in human beings.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System 3

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 20.
If you want to explain the process of filtration in kidney, what diagram you need to draw ?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System 4

Question 21.
List out the things that makes you amazing in excretory system of human being.
(OR)
How do you appreciate the functioning of excretory system of human being?
Answer:

  1. In human beings during metabolic activities many waste products like water, nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigments, excess salts, etc. the toxic wastes are produced.
  2. To excrete all these waste materials in human beings there is an excretory system consisting of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
  3. Each kidney is made up of more than one million nephron. These are the structural and functional units of excretory system.
  4. Per day 170 litres of water is filtered by kidneys. Out of this 168.2 litres is reabsorbed. This is a wonderful mechanism.
  5. Total amount of urine excreted per day is about 1.6 to 1.8 litres.
  6. The kidneys have a great reserve power. If one kidney is removed due to disease or damage, the other kidney can take up the function of both the kidneys.
  7. It is so amazing that the 10 cm in length, 5-6 cm in breadth and 4 cm thickness size of the kidney can do filtration of blood and can remove all the poisonous substances from the human body and keeping the organism healthy.
  8. Skin is also an excretory organ responsible for elimination of wastes in the form of sweat along with various toxins.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 22.
You read about ‘Brain dead’ in this chapter. What discussions would you like to have? Why do you think so?
Answer:

  1. When some one is brain dead, there is no blood flow or oxygen to their brain.
  2. The brain stops functioning in any capacity.
  3. Because the ventilator is breathing for the person organs such as the heart and liver continue to receive oxygen and one able to function for a few days after the brain has dead.
  4. Unless damaged by injury we can transplant organs like kidney liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, skin, bone, intestine and eyes (Retina) from brain dead patients.
  5. The process of transplantation of organs from brain dead patients to another is called cadaver transplantation.
  6. There is very less awareness among people about organ donation.
  7. Society needs much awareness in organ donation so that we can save many lives who are in need of different organs for their survival.
  8. Those who are willing to donate their organs have to sign in an application form at the transplantation facility hospital.
  9. Some voluntary organisations like jeevandan.org working on this aspect.

Question 23.
We the people have very less awareness about organ donation, to motivate people to write slogans about organ donation.
Answer:
Slogans about organ donation :

  1. Organ donation saves lives.
  2. Give a life, gift of life.
  3. Donate organs today for better tomorrow.
  4. The measure of a life, after all is not its duration but its donation.
  5. Change your thoughts and you change your world.
  6. Organ donation is icky (disagreeable) but recycle yourself is sticky.

What you have seen?

  1. Have a heart, save a life.
  2. The gift of life pass it on.
  3. Organ donation is a gift for life.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 24.
After learning this chapter what habits you would like to change or follow for proper functioning of kidneys?
(OR)
What habits you would like to follow for the proper functioning of kidneys?
Answer:

  1. I always eat the home cooked meals.
  2. I should adapt to take low salt diet.
  3. I eat the food that are lower in protein which can help to decrease the levels of protein, avoid eating cakes, pies, cookies, candies and pastries (junk foods), take fruits containing simple carbohydrates.
  4. I would like to drink sufficient water nearly 5-6 litres per day.
  5. I never forget drinking more water after meals.
  6. I avoid taking high phosphorus foods like cheese, cola, soft drinks, butter but I replace them with butter milk, sharbat etc.
  7. I eat low potassium levels fruits like apples, watermelon, cucumber, grapes, cherries, carrots, etc. because high potassium levels cause irregular heart beats.
  8. I avoid high sodium contents like potato chips, bacon (cured meat from pig) cheese, meat, canned vegetables, caned soups frozen dinners and table salt, which damage kidneys.

Fill in the blanks.

  1. Earthworm excretes its waste material through ———–.
  2. The dark coloured outer zone of kidney is called ———–.
  3. The process of control of water balance and ion concentration within organism is called ———–.
  4. Reabsorption of useful product takes place in ———– part of nephron.
  5. Gums and resins are the ———– products of the plants.
  6. Bowman’s capsule and tubule taken together make a ———–.
  7. The alkaloid used for malaria treatment is ———–.
  8. The principle involved in dialysis is ———–.
  9. Rubber is produced from ———– of Heavea braziliensis.
  10. ———– performed first Kidney Transplantation.

Answer:

  1. nephridia
  2. cortex
  3. osmoregulation
  4. tubular
  5. secondary metabolic
  6. malphigian tubule
  7. quinine
  8. Osmosis and filtration
  9. latex
  10. Dr. Charles Hufnagel

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Choose the correct answer.

  1. The structural and functional unit of human kidney is called [ ]
    A) Neuron
    B) Nephron
    C) Nephridia
    D) Flame cell
    Answer: B
  2. The excretory organ in cockroach  [ ]
    A) Malpighian tubules
    B) Raphids
    C) Ureters
    D) Nephridia
    Answer: A
  3. Which of the following is the correct path taken by urine in our body? [ ]
    A) Kidney, urethra, ureters, bladder
    B) Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
    C) Kidney, bladder, ureters, urethra
    D) Kidney, urethra, bladder, ureters
    Answer: C
  4. Malpighian tubes are excretory organs in [ ]
    A) Earthworm
    B) Housefly
    C) Flatworm
    D) Hen
    Answer: B
  5. Major component of urine is [ ]
    A) Urea
    B) Sodium
    C) Water
    D) Creatine
    Answer: C
  6. Special excretory organs are absent in [ ]
    A) Birds
    B) Amoeba
    C) Sponges
    D) A and B
    Answer: B
  7. Which of the following hormones has direct impact on urination? [ ]
    A) Adrenal
    B) Vasopressin
    C) Testosterone
    D) Estrogen
    Answer: B
  8. Amber colour to urine due to [ ]
    A) Urochrome
    B) Bilirubin
    C) Biliverdin
    D) Chlorides
    Answer: A
  9. Sequence of urine formation in the nephron is [ ]
    A) Glomerular filtration → Tubular reabsorption → Tubular secretion
    B) Tubular reabsorption → Tubular secretion → Glomerular filtration
    C) Tubular secretion → Glomerular filtration → Tubular reabsorption
    D) Tubular reabsorption → Concentration of urine → Tubular secretion
    Answer: A
  10. Part of the nephron that exists in outer zone of kidney [ ]
    A) Loop of the Henle
    B) PCT
    C) DCT
    D) Bowman’s capsule
    Answer: D
  11. After having lunch or dinner one can feel to pass urine, because of [ ]
    A) Stomach pressures on bladder
    B) Solids become liquids
    C) Water content in food material
    D) Sphincter relaxation
    Answer: D

10th Class Biology 4th Lesson Excretion – The Wastage Disposing System InText Questions and Answers.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 75

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 1.
What products would the organism be able to take up for other activities?
Answer:
Oxygen produced in the photosynthesis process is used by all the living organisms on the earth for breathing. Without oxygen life would not be possible on the earth. No organism can survive.
Carbon dioxide produced in respiration will be taken up by plants to prepare food materials, in the process of photosynthesis. Plants are called autotrophs because they produce food for ail the animals and human beings directly or indirectly.

Question 2.
What are the products would cause harm to the body, if they are not removed?
Answer:
Nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigments, excess salts are toxic to the body. So they should be removed.

Question 3.
What happens if harmful products are not removed from our body every day?
Answer:
If harmful products are not removed from our body they get accumulated in the body and becomes toxic. This leads to the death of the person.

Question 4.
What are the substances present in blood?
Answer:
The substances present in blood are Glucose, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides, Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Calcium Phosphorous, Bilirubin, Proteins, Albumin.

Question 5.
What are the substances present in urine?
Answer:
Protein, Creatinine, Calcium, Phosphorous, Uric acid, Sodium, Potassium are the sub-stances present in urine.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 6.
What are the substances present both in blood and urine?
Answer:
Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides, Urea, Uric acid, Calcium, Phosphorous are the sub¬stances present in blood and urine in common.

Question 7.
Which substances are present above the normal limits both in the blood and urine?
Answer:
Urea, Uric acid, Cholesterol, Calcium, Creatinine are present above the normal limits both in the blood and urine.

Question 8.
What do you think reading above normal limits indicates?
Answer:
If any material is above the normal limits, it causes health problem which leads to a disease and damage of the organs.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 77

Question 9.
What are the materials needed to be removed from our body?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, water and nitrogenous compounds such as ammonia, urea and uric acid are the waste materials needed to be removed from our body.

Question 10.
From where are these materials removed?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is eliminated through lungs while small amounts of water is eliminated through body surface (sweating) and through lungs during respiration. An excretory organ system is present for excreting the nitrogenous wastes along with salts, excess water.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 11.
What are the organs that separate excretory materials?
Answer:
Flame cells in flat worms, Nephridia in Annelids, Malphigian tubules in Arthropods, kidneys in all vertebrates are the excretory organs that separate excretory materials and eliminate them.

Question 12.
Why do you think the body must remove waste substances?
Answer:
For the smooth functioning of the body the body should be healthy. Waste materials are the toxic substances, which are harmful to the body. So they should be eliminated.
If they remain in the body, it leads to the unhealthy conditions to the organisms.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 79

Question 13.
Think why the diameter of the efferent arteriole is less than that of afferent arteriole?
Answer:
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is less than afferent arteriole so as to create pressure in the glomerulus to filter the waste materials. Due to this, blood remains in glomerulus more time.

Question 14.
Why the nephron is considered to be the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
Answer:

  1. The kidney is made up of more than one million nephrons.
  2. Hence it is called as the structural unit of the kidney.
  3. Filtration of blood to remove nitrogenous substances occur in nephron.
  4. So it is called as functional unit of the kidney.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 80

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 15.
Which arteriole has more diameter, afferent or efferent?
Answer:
Afferent arteriole has more diameter than efferent arteriole.

Question 16.
What are the substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule?
Answer:
The substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule are waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water.

Question 17.
If you drink more water, will you pass more urine?
Answer:
Yes. If we drink more water, we will pass more urine.

Question 18.
What are the substances reabsorbed into peritubular network from Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
Answer:
Glucose, Amino acids, Vitamin – C, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium chlorides and 75% of water are the substances reabsorbed into peritubular network from proximal convoluted tubule.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 19.
What are the substances that secretes into Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?
Answer:
The substances that secretes into Distal Convoluted Tubule are extra salts, ions of K\ Na+, C/“ and H+ ions.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 81

Question 20.
Why more urine is produced in winter?
Answer:

  1. Due to the cold condition, our body does not lose the water in the form of sweat.
  2. In the same condition, blood flow to our internal organs is increased, to keep our organs warm.
  3. The increase in the blood flow to the kidneys causes more blood to be filtered.
  4. These two causes more urine is produced in winter.

Question 21.
What happens if reabsorption of water does not take place?
Answer:
If reabsorption of water does not take place :

  1. water levels decreases in the body and leads to malfunctioning of metabolism.
  2. osmoregulation of body fluids will be disturbed.
  3. circulation of blood does not take place due to increase in its concentration.
  4. the useful substances like nutrients, salts, hormones, vitamins are not absorbed they excrete out.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 83

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 22.
What happens if both kidneys fail completely?
Answer:

  1. Complete and irreversible kidney failure is called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).
  2. If kidneys stops working completely, our body is filled with extra water and waste products.
  3. This condition is called UREMIA.
  4. Our hands or feet may swell. We may feel tired and weak because our body needs clean blood to function properly.
  5. The solution to this problem is either dialysis or kidney transplantation.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 84

Question 23.
Is there any long term solution for kidney failure patients?
Answer:
The best long term solution for kidney failure is kidney transplantation. A functioning kidney which is a good match to the body is used in transplantation from a donor preferably a closed relative.

Question 24.
Where is the transplanted kidney fixed in the body of a kidney failure patient?
Answer:
Kidney transplantation involves placing a healthy kidney into the body where it can perform all of the functions that a failing kidney cannot. The new kidney is placed on the lower right or left side of the abdomen where it is surgically connected to nearby blood vessels.
Placing the kidney in this position allows it to be easily connected to blood vessels and the bladder. The vein and the artery of the new kidney are attached to the body’s vein and artery. The new kidney’s ureter is attached to the body’s bladder to allow urine to pass out of the body.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 25.
What about the failed kidneys?
Answer:

  1. In most cases the old kidneys will not be removed.
  2. This is because even failed kidneys release chemicals that help the body work.
  3. However if those kidneys have a disease that cause on going problems such as persistent kidney infections or intestinal blockage, then the transplantion would be considered removing the old kidney.
  4. The two most common medical conditions requiring “native nephrectomy” or “congenital reflux” disease and polycystic disease.

Question 26.
Can donor survive his / her life with single kidney without any complications?
Answer:

  1. There are some risks.
  2. There is a chance of affecting his/her life span or life style is extremely low with surgery and anaesthesia.
  3. The risk of minor complications like wound infection because the kidney donar operation is a major surgical procedure.
  4. Donar feels less energy and need about 4 to 6 weeks to return to their activities.

Question 27.
What are the other excretory organs of human body?
Answer:
Lungs, Skin, Liver are the other excretory organs of human body.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 85

Question 28.
Collect information on sebum and prepare a news bulletin, display it on bulletin
Answer:

  1. Sebum is a complex mixture of naturally produced fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol etc.
  2. It is secreted by SEBACEOUS glands present in the DERMIS of skin.
  3. The fat and OMS present in the sebum do not originate directly from the fats and oils consumed in the diet.
  4. SEBUM is manufactured and stored by the sebaceous glands under the direction of biological process.
  5. Sebaceous glands are found in great number on the face, scalp and on all parts of the skin.
  6. The function of sebum : it prevent the skin from becoming dry.

Question 29.
People in cold countries get very less/no sweat. What changes occur in their skin and in other excretory organs?
Answer:

  1. Regulation of body temperature is one of the functions of skin.
  2. To maintain the body temperature, skin produces sweat.
  3. In cold countries environment is very cool. So there is no production of sweat.
  4. In these conditions there will be more pressure on other excretory organs.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 86

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 30.
Do plants excrete like animals?
Answer:

  1. Plants do not have specific organs to excrete the waste materials which are formed during metabolism.
  2. As in animals carbon dioxide, water, ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes are also formed in plants.
  3. In plants, carbon dioxide released during respiration is sent out through stomata of leaves.
  4. Plants discharge the excess water in the form of water vapour during transpiration by leaves. Due to this, the heat in the plants is reduced.
  5. In germinating seeds carbon dioxide formed during respiration is released into atmosphere.
  6. Plants have the capacity to utilise the by- products of one metabolic activity as the raw materials for another metabolic activity.
  7. For example, oxygen released during photosynthesis is utilised for respiration; carbon dioxide released during respiration is utilised for photosynthesis. Plants convert nitrogen and ammonia into nitrates.

Question 31.
How do plants manage or send out waste products from its body?
Answer:

  1. Plants can get rid of excess water by a process like transpiration and guttation. Waste products may be stored in leaves, bark and fruits.
  2. When these dead leaves, bark, and ripen fruits fall off from the trees, then waste products in them are got rid off.
  3. In some plants, waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides. Example : Yam (pendalam).
  4. Several compounds are synthesized by the plants for their own use specially for defense.
  5. Several plants prepare chemicals and store them in shoots, leaves, seeds for protection against herbivores.
  6. Most of the chemicals are unpleasant to taste and hence herbivores do not prefer to eat such plants. Some of the chemicals are toxic and may even kill the animal that eats them.
  7. Some of the plants release attractants for other organisms which will help the plants for pollination. For example, plants having root nodules secrete chemicals to attract rhizobia into the surroundings of the roots and form a symbiotic relationship with the rhizobium.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 87

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 32.
Why do plants shed their leaves and bark periodically?
Answer:

  1. In summer season, transpiration rate is very high in plants.
  2. To reduce the transpiration rate plants shed their leaves.
  3. And some waste materials are also stored in leaves and removed by shedding of leaves.
  4. Bark is the outer zone of plants, which contain phloem to transport food materials.
  5. In the growing period cambium produces bark tissue. When new bark tissue is produced, the old bark is removed.
  6. In this process the old and dead cells filled with waste materials are also removed.

Question 33.
Name the alkaloids which are harmful to us.
Answer:
The harmful alkaloids are :

  1. Nicotine is harmful. It causes cancer to lung, throat, tongue and affects the nervous system.
  2. Morphine which is used as a pain killer, may effect kidneys if they are used more.
  3. Cocaine, scopolamine (Datura) etc are the alkaloids which are harmful to us.
  4. Nitrogenous substances are also found in the walls of pollen grain, if they enter our body. Ex : they cause allergy.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 89

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 34.
Do roots secrete?
Answer:
Yes, roots also can secrete a portion of their peculiar secretions back into the soil.

Question 35.
Do you think is there any relation between reduction in yielding and root secretions?
Answer:

  1. Yes, there is a relation between reduction in yielding and root secretions.
  2. For example plants like apple where a single apple crop is yielded for 4 or 5 years continuously in the same soil, it fails to produce fruits.
  3. It will not give proper yield even if you use lot of fertilizers.

Question 36.
Why do we get peculiar smell when you shift the potted plants?
Answer:

  1. Some peculiar secretions are secreted and sent out from roots into soil.
  2. When we shift the potted plant we get peculiar smell due to the chemical reaction of the secretion in the soil to make it fertile.

Think and Discuss

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 82

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 1.
Do cells need excretion?
Answer:
Yes, the cells need excretion to keep all the body organs healthy.

Question 2.
Why are we advised to take sufficient water ?
Answer:
We are advised to take sufficient water because filtration of waste products becomes easy and there is a free flow of urine including salts, And also body temperature will be maintained.

Question 3.
Why do some children pass urine during sleep at night until 15 or 16 years of age?
Answer:
Children pass urine during sleep at night because one or more of the following reasons.

  1. The child’s urinary bladder is maturing more slowly than usual. The capacity of the bladder may be reduced.
  2. The risk of child passing urine in night time is due to the hereditory factor that one or both parents wet the bed as children.
  3. Some children wet the bed because they do not make enough levels of vasopressin which reduces the urine production.
  4. Physical or emotional problems may cause bed wetting.
  5. A stressful situation can trigger bed wetting include moving to a new house, changing schools, the death of a loved one or being sexually given bad effect.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 84

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Question 4.
Why are weeds and wild plants not affected by insects and pests? (OR)
Ravi went to his cotton field. There he observed some of the cotton leaves were affected by insects. He also observed that weeds in between are not affected. Give reasons.
Answer:
Some plants like weeds and wild plants prepare chemicals which are unpleasant to taste and some chemicals are toxic and may even kill. So insects and pests do not touch them.

10th Class Biology 4th Lesson Excretion – The Wastage Disposing System Activities

Activity – 1

How do you study the external and internal features of kidney ? (OR)
Explain the procedure and observations of the experiment conducted to observe internal structure of the kidney.
Answer:
Aim: Studying the external and internal features of a kidney.
Materials required: Freshly collected specimen of sheep/goat’s kidney from the butcher or 3D model of a kidney sharp blade/ scalpel, tray and a jug of water.
Procedure for observation:

    1. Wash the kidney so that blood is completely drained from it.
      AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System 5AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System 5
    2. Put the kidney in the tray and observe it carefully.
    3. Note down the observation in the notebook.
  1. With the help of sharp blade take the longitudinal section of the kidney and observe internal structure.
  2. Draw what you have observed and compare it with the figure given.
  3. After observing the L.S. of kidney answer the following questions given under.

What is the shape of kidneys?
Answer:
The shape of kidneys is bean shape.

What is the colour of kidney ?
Answer:
Colour of kidney is reddish brown.

Do you find any attachments on upper portion of kidney?
Answer:
Yes. Adrenal glands are attached to kidneys on upper portion.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System

Is the internal structures similar to fig – 2?
Answer:
Yes. It is similar to internal structure of fig – 2.

What is the colour of the outer part in L.S. of kidney?
Answer:
The colour of the outer part of the kidney is Dark.

In L.S. of kidney where do you find dark brown colour portion?
Answer:
Dark colour portion is found on the outer zone of kidney.

How many tubes are coming out from kidney fissure ?
Answer:
Two tubes are coming from kidney.