Category: Class 8

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Different Ecosystems

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who coined the word ecosystem at first?
Answer:
The word ecosystem was coined by a British Botanist A.G. Tansley in 1935.

Question 2.
What are the different terms used for environment?
Answer:
The different terms are habitat, biome, ecological systems.

Question 3.
What do we call the small level of ecosystem?
Answer:
The small level of ecosystem is called habitat.

Question 4.
What do we call the larger level of ecosystem?
Answer:
The larger level of ecosystem is called Biome.

Question 5.
What do we study in an ecosystem?
Answer:
In ecosystem we study about the changes occuring in the habitat like organisms moving away from the habitat or entering the habitat.

Question 6.
How is an ecosystem made up of?
Answer:
An ecosystem is made up of groups of living organisms and their environment.

Question 7.
Name the biotic and the abiotic components.
Answer:
The living things like plants,animals and microorganisms are known as biotic components. Soil, water, sunlight, air, etc. are known as abiotic components.

Question 8.
What type of relationship is seen in an ecosystem?
Answer:
There is a feeding relationship between plants and animals.

Question 9.
How do plants and animals depend on one another?
Answer:
There is an interdependence between plants and animals for space, reproduction, shelter etc.

Question 10.
From where do all living things derive energy?
Answer:
All living things derive energy from sun.

Question 11.
Why are decomposers called recyclers?
Answer:
Decomposers return nutrients to the soil by decompose the dead plants and animals for the plants to use, as the cycle begins again, so they are called recyclers.

Question 12.
Where does the food web start from?
Answer:
The food web starts from the Producers.

Question 13.
What happens when plants and animals die in a food web?
Answer:
When plants and animals die in a food web, they are decayed and decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi.

Question 14.
How do the changes take place in an ecosystem?
Answer:
Powerful storms, tsunami etc., destroy ecosystem and the changes take place in an ecosystem.

Question 15.
What are mangroves?
Answer:
Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal salt water.

Question 16.
Where do mangroves grow?
Answer:
Mangrove forests grow in back waters low depth areas of sea shores.

Question 17.
Where is Coringa Mangrove situated?
Answer:
Coringa Mangrove is situated South of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km South of Visakhapatnam.

Question 18.
From which rivers C&ringa mangrove receives water?
Answer:
Coringa mangrove receives fresh water from Coringa river and Gaderu river, tributories of Gautami Godavari river.

Question 19.
Name the producers present in Coringa mangrove.
Answer:
Mangrove, spirogyra, euglena, oscilatoria, blue green algae, ulothrix etc.

Question 20.
Name the consumers present in Coringa.
Answer:
Shrimp, crab, hydra, protozoans, mussel, snails, turtle, daphnia, brittle word, tube worm, etc.

Question 21.
Name the decomposers present in Coringa.
Answer:
Detritus feeding bacteria etc.

Question 22.
In what conditions a living community lives?
Answer:
A living community lives in an environment which supplies its materials and energy requirements and provides other living conditions.

Question 23.
What is ecosystem?
Answer:
The living community together with the physical environment forms an interacting system called the ecosystem.

Question 24.
How much place is occupied by the desert on land?
Answer:
The desert occupy about 11% of the land and occur in the regions with an average rainfall of less than 23 mm per year.

Question 25.
What type of producers can be seen in deserts?
Answer:
The shrubs, bushes, grasses and some trees.

Question 26.
Why do cacti have succulent stems?
Answer:
They store water in their stems to be used during the time of water scarcity.

Question 27.
Which organisms capture energy from sun?
Answer:
The energy from the sun is captured by plants and is stored in the form of potential energy in food stuffs.

Question 28.
What are the first trophic level in the ecosystem?
Answer:
Plants are the producers and represent the first trophic level in the ecosystem.

Question 29.
What does the food chain consist of?
Answer:
The food chain consists of four steps – the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

Question 30.
What are consumers? Give examples.
Answer:
The organisms which eat other living things and get their energy from them are called consumers. Ex: Animals.

Question 31.
What are decomposers? Give examples.
Answer:
The organisms which feed on wastes, debris of plants and animals or on their remains after they die. Ex : Microorganisms.

Question 32.
What is a food web?
Answer:
A food web consists of several inter linked food chains and each organism in a food web will be a member of more than one food chain.

Question 33.
What are producers? Give examples,
Answer:
Plants are the only organisms capable of carrying out photosynthesis and producing food to all living organisms in any ecosystem. For this reason plants are called Producers.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Terrestrial
2. Aquatic
3. Aquarium, Terrarium, Spaceship
4. Grassland ecosystem
5. Forest Ecosystem
6. Desert ecosystem
7. Fresh water ecosystem
8. Marine water ecosystem
9. Mangrove ecosystem

Question 2.
What is the significance of mangrove ecosystem?
Answer:

1. Mangroves serve as important breeding grounds for a variety of commercially important organisms.
2. They also serve as protective areas for endangered species.
   Example: Coringa Mangrove Is situated South of Kakinada and is about 150 Km South of Vizag.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“The Sun is the malm source of energy for all laving things on earth”. How?
Answer:

1. All the organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food to live.
2. Plants trap the solar energy through photosynthesis. They convert the light energy into chemical energy.
3. Animals do not get energy directly from Sun. Many animals eat plants, however which use Sunlight to make food.
4. Carnivores do not eat plants still depend on the energy of the sunlight as they eat other plant eaters.

Question 2.
Draw and label the plants and animals present in the food web in Coringa Ecosystem.
Answer:
Diagram of the food web in Coringa Ecosystem.

Question 3.
Draw the diagram showing figure of energy flow in an ecosystem. (Annexure)
Answer:
Energy flow in an ecosystem.

Question 4.
Classify the ecosystem on different basis. (OR)
Draw the flow chart showing different types of ecosystems. Who coined the term ecosystem?
Answer:

1. Ecosystem can vary from a small plant to a dense forest. Ecologists classified ecosystem on different basis.
2. Some such classifications are – artificial and natural temporary and permanent.
3. Due to Abiotic factors, different ecosystems develop in different ways.

Flow chart of classification of ecosystem

The term “Ecosystem” was coined by A.G. Tansley.

Question 5.
Prepare a table what are the adaptations of the desert animal take the data from your school library.
Answer:

Question 6.
Construct the food web with the following.
Grass → Plants → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Eagle → Goaf → Fox → Tiger → Wolf → Rabit.
Answer:

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.

Shown here is a food chain, classify each organism in the food chain as producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer or tertiary consumer.
Answer:
In the above food chain

1. Leaf – producer
2. Catterpillar – primary consumer
3. Chameleon – secondary consumer
4. Snake – tertiary consumer
5. Eagle – top carnivore

Question 2.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions given below.
Several plants, algae, etc. use sunlight to make their own food are called producers. Consumers feed on producers to get energy. The last level is made of decomposers. They feed on wastes, debris of plants and animals or on their remains after they die. They are called Recyclers also.

1. Which are the producers in the food web? Why are they called producers?
2. What are consumers? Give some examples.
3. What are recyclers? Why are they called so? Give some examples.
4. How many levels should be there in a food chain? What are they?

Answer:

1. Algae and plants are the producers in the given food web. They convert the solar energy into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.
2. The animals which feed on these producers (plants) are called primary consumers. Ex : Deer, Grasshopper, Rabbit.
3. Saprophytic bacteria and fungi are act as decomposers. They feed on dead plants and animals. They decompose these dead bodies and convert them into minerals. So, they are called ‘reproducers’.
4. Food chain consists of 4 trophic levels.
   They are 1) producers 2) primary consumers 3) secondary consumers and 4) tertiary consumers.

Question 3.
The desert occupy about 17% of the land and occur in the regions with an average rainfall of less than 23 mm per year. Due to extremes of temperature, the species composition of desert ecosystem is much varied and typical.
a) Which type of adaptations do desert animals have?
b) Write the adaptations in the desert plants.
c) Why the camel is called ship of the desert?
d) In deserts variations of animals is very less. Why?
Answer:
a) They have adaptations to prevent water loss from extreme temperatures.
b) Xerophytic plants do not have stomata. So, they prevent water loss.
c) Camel is called “desert ship” because it has so many adaptations to travel in desert.
d) Due to extremes of temperature, the species composition of desert ecosystem is varied and typical.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Biodiversity and its Conservation

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation

8th Class Biology 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are Biosphere Reserves?
Answer:
Forests are Biosphere Reserves.

Question 2.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
The variety and variability seen in plants and animals is called Biodiversity.

Question 3.
What are Endemic species?
Answer:
The plant or animal species of a particular area (zone), region or country is called endemic species.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Extinct?
Answer:
Species of plants and animals that have vanished from earth forever are called Extinct.

Question 5.
What do you understand the word Endangered?
Answer:
Plants and animal species that are on the verge of becoming extinct are called Endangered.

Question 6.
What is a Red Data Book?
Answer:
The book published by IUWC that contains the details of Endangered and Extinct species is called Red Data Book.

Question 7.
What do you see in National Parks?
Answer:
Conservation of wild life along with environment is seen in National Parks.

Question 8.
What is a sanctuary?
Answer:
A sanctuary is a place where conservation of wild life mostly birds takes place.

Question 9.
Give an example of a sanctuary.
Answer:
Krishna Sanctuary, Krishna & Guntur.

Question 10.
What is migration?
Answer:
Movement of birds for nestling from one region to another region is called migration.

Question 11.
Name the society for conservation of nature in London.
Answer:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and the Zoological Society of London.

Question 12.
Name the most threatened bird found in Palanadu Bird Sanctuary.
Answer:
Great Indian Bustard found in Pallanadu Bird Sanctuary.

Question 13.
Before 60 – 70 years what was the situation of the forests ofRampachodavaram?
Answer:
It was an abode for wild animals like tigers, leopards, deers etc.

Question 14.
What is the present situation of the forests ofRampachodavaram?
Answer:
Forest area was cleared and so several organisms started disappearing.

Question 15.
Why should we conserve a small insect like a bee or a butterfly?
Answer:
Most of the flowers get pollinated through bees and butterflies. So they should be conserved.

Question 16.
Why is the number of butterflies decreasing?
Answer:
The insects are decreasing due to spraying of pesticides and insecticides on crop plants.

Question 17.
How can ‘project tiger’ help to save wild life?
Answer:
This project helped to increase the number of tigers and to save tiger from the brink of extinction.

Question 18.
How is the project tiger achieved?
Answer:
The success of the project was achieved by enforcement of strict anti poaching measures and scientific conservation practices.

Question 19.
While saving tiger, why should it’s food web also be protected?
Answer:
The tiger depends for food on the deer and many other herbivores. If the tiger disappears, the deer and other herbivores will increase and that would affect the flora of the area.

8th Class Biology 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the conservation methods do you suggest to protect the most threatened species?
Answer:

1. Taking measures to protect their natural habitats.
2. Creating awareness at community levels.
3. Strict implementation of National Wild life Protection Act, would help these species.
4. Prohibition of human activities in their habitats.

Question 2.
What are endemic species? Give some examples.
Answer:
Plants or animal species found restricted to a particular area of a country are called Endemic Species.
Ex: Broad tailed Grass bird, Peacock, Malabar Parakeet, Black Buck etc.

8th Class Biology 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Collect the pictures of the following endangered species of plants and animals and paste them in your scrap book and write their names below the pictures.
Answer:

Question 2.
How do we depend on forests?
Answer:

1. Forests play a key role in maintenance of ecological balance.
2. Forests absorbs a large amount of Carbondioxide and Particulate Matter (CPM) and keep the air clean. They serve as lungs of our earth.
3. Forests are the natural sources of a variety of timber yielding plants and forests products like cane, resins, lac, fruits, nuts and honey.
4. Forests provide us with cool breeze which helps in the rainfall.
5. They are the natural habitats for wild animals they serve as biosphere reserves.

Question 3.
What steps do you take to stop deforestation?
Answer:

1. We should stop cutting of forests for farming and industrial purpose.
2. Planting trees like Tamarind, Amla, Tangedu, Subabul, Bamboo in rural areas.
3. Measures should be taken to conserve soil moisture by constructing checkdams and bundhs.
4. Measures should be taken to improve forest productivity by planting fruit and nut bearing plants.
5. Measures should be taken reforestation in order to maintain sustainability of forests.

8th Class Biology 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List any four medicinal plants and their uses.
Answer:
The following are the some of the medicinal plants of our area and their use.

1. Neem – Antiseptic
2. Garlic – Used for lowering cholestrol and blood pressure.
3. Ginger – Used to ease nausea and motion sickness.
4. Feverfew – Used to treat fevers.

Question 2.
Match the following and answer the following question.
1) Endangered species              a) Hyderabad Pigeon
2) Endemic species                    b) Dinosaur
3) Invasive species                     c) Kiwi
4) Extinct species                       d) Spotted chital deer
e) Crow
Answer:
1 – d
2 – c
3 – a
4 – b
Question.
What is a Red Data Book?
Answer:
The book published by IUWC that contains the details of Endangered and Extinct species is called Red Data Book.

Question 3.
What is migration? Give some examples for migratory birds.
Answer:

1. Moving of birds in flocks from one region to another for getting shelter and food is called as “migration”.
2. Examples for migrating birds are great spotted wood pecker, coaltit, pelicon, black – tailed godwits, plover, etc.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph.
Sometimes at night we see birds flying in groups. These birds which do not have permanent nestlings and join into small flocks and move from one region to other for food and shelter called as ‘Migration’ and such birds are called Migratory birds. During the rainy season most of the birds from far away places migrate to Kolleru and Pulicat lakes of our state. They build their nests on the trees in the nearby villages. Due to the cut down of trees, less number of birds are coming to here.
Answer the following questions.
a) What are Migratory birds ? Why do they migrate one place to another?
b) What are the reasons for less number of birds migrating to India?
Answer:
a) The birds which are moving in flocks from one region to other for food and shelter are called “migrating birds”.
b) Due to cutting down of trees in the villages near the lakes, birds are facing scarcity of their nesting habitats.

Question 5.
What measures are to be taken to save paper?
Answer:

1. We should always use recycled paper.
2. Use paper only if we need.
3. We should use electronic transfer methods for our daily transactions.
   Ex: Paying of electricity bills, filling of online application but not paper application.

Question 6.
Study the following para and answer the questions.
Did you get the same number and types of birds every day ? Was there any sudden variation in a particular season ? Did you notice any new type of bird population in any season ? Discuss with your friends about the effect of the presence of such a population. Why do these birds move from one place to another ? Sometimes at night we see birds flying in groups. Where do they fly? Think. Sometimes some birds live in the same habitat throughout the year. Other birds which don’t have permanent nestlings and join into small flocks and move from one region to the other for food and shelter (nesting habits) called as ‘Migration’ and such birds are called as ‘migratory birds ’. During rainy season most of the birds from far away places migrate to Kolleru and Pulicat lakes of our State. They build their nests on the trees in the nearby villages also. In the olden days people believed that these migrated birds are divine ones. But nowadays most of the trees are getting cut down. There is hardly any place for birds to build their nests.
a) What does the above information says?
b) What you say the birds come to our places from distant places?
c) What should we do for the birds to migrate to our place?
d) Name some migratory birds.
Answer:
a) Affects of deforestation on bird migration in Kolleru.
(Or)
Loss of bird habitats due to cutting down of trees in Kolleru.
b) Bird migration.
c) 1) Avoid cutting of trees in lake areas strictly.
2) We should strictly monitor the increased human activities in all lake areas.
d) Great spotted wood pecker, pelicans, coaltit, Siberian cranes.

Question 7.
What are the effects of deforestation?
Answer:

1. Change in rainfall pattern.
2. Increase in green house gases.
3. Loss of wild life habitats.
4. Increase in soil erosion.
5. Massive floods.
6. Global warming.
7. Droughts.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Attaining the Age of Adolescence

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 5th Lesson Attaining the Age of Adolescence

8th Class Biology 5th Lesson Attaining the Age of Adolescence 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is adolescence period ?
Answer:
The age between 13-19 years is called adolescence.

Question 2.
In which period growth takes place?
Answer:
Growth takes place in adolescence period.

Question 3.
When does growth in height stop?
Answer:
Growth stops in boys at the age of 18, in girls at the age of 17.

Question 4.
Who do grow faster?
Answer:
Girls grow faster than the boys.

Question 5.
What is Adam’s apple?
Answer:
A partial growth of larynx.

Question 6.
Why is the Adam’s apple formed?
Answer:
The Adam’s apple is formed due to elongation of the thyroid cartilage, which protrudes out in front of the neck.

Question 7.
Name the secondary sexual characters in boys.
Answer:
Facial hair, moustaches and beard.

Question 8.
What are primary sexual characters?
Answer:
The sex organs by which children are identified as boys and girls at birth represent primary sexual characters.

Question 9.
What is reproduction?
Answer:
Reproduction is the most important process for continuation of human race.

Question 10.
What is the age for the production of gametes?
Answer:
Mostly in between 11-15 years.

Question 11.
What is menarche?
Answer:
The first menstrual cycle begins at adolescence and is termed as menarche.

Question 12.
What is menopause?
Answer:
At 45 – 50 years of age, the menstrual cycle stops. This is termed as menopause.

Question 13.
When does menstruation occur?
Answer:
Menstruation occurs once in about 28 – 30 days.

Question 14.
What is child marriage?
Answer:
Child marriage is a social evil which causes unwanted damage to the lives of children.

Question 15.
What is the legal age for marriage?
Answer:
The legal age for marriage is 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys.

Question 16.
What is the first and foremost duty of every adult?
Answer:
The first and foremost duty of every adult is to prepare oneself to reveal to the adolescent the secretes of nature and the natural course of life as it is Adolescent queries must never go unwanted.

Question 17.
What is the function of endocrine glands?
Answer:
They help in the regulation of the functioning of the human body.

Question 18.
What do endocrine glands release?
Answer:
They release some chemicals (called hormones) directly into the blood.

Question 19.
What is the other name for endocrine glands?
Answer:
Ductless glands as they do not have ducts.

Question 20.
What is the name of the male hormone?
Answer:
The male hormone is ‘Testosterone’.

Question 21.
What is the hormone begin to produce in girls?
Answer:
In girls, the female hormone ‘estrogen’ begins to produce in adolescence.

Question 22.
What is the name of the milk secreting glands?
Answer:
Mammary glands.

Question 23.
Which hormone controls emotions?
Answer:
Adrenalin hormone secreted by Adrenal gland.

Question 24.
Why do the hunger levels are high in adolescents?
Answer:
At this stage there is rapid growth and development.

Question 25.
How do young boys and girls keep the body fit and healthy?
Answer:
All young boys and girls should take a walk, exercise and play outdoor games.

Question 26.
Why are endocrine glands called ductless glands? Name them.
Answer:
Since they do not have specialized ducts, endocrine glands are called ductless glands. Ex : Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland etc.

Question 27.
Why do adolescents generally prefer to eat chips, snacks etc?
Answer:
The growth rate in adolescents is in high rate. Because of this reason they feel hungry and they prefer to eat chips, snacks etc.

Question 28.
Why is it not good to eat junk foods?
Answer:
Eating junk foods regularly may cause problems like obesity, mouth and stomach ulcerations, increase in blood sugar levels and blood pressure etc. So adolescents must say no to junk foods.

Question 29.
What are the factors involved in, to reach proper height?
Answer:
It is influenced primarily by heredity and also environmental factors such as proper nurishment and regular exercise.

Question 30.
Nowadays reaching age of adolescence in girls become reduced – support your answer.
Answer:
Nowadays reaching age of adolescence in girls become reduced . Some observations explain that it is because of polluted food materials such as estrogen present milk. This fact may also effect the boys and delay the reach of reproductive phase.

Question 31.
What is a balanced diet?
Answer:
The diet which includes proteins,carbohydrates, fats and vitamins in require proportions is called a balanced diet.

8th Class Biology 5th Lesson Attaining the Age of Adolescence 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is menstrual cycle? When does it begin? What happens during this period?
Answer:
Menstrual cycle:

1. The cycle of changes takes place in the female reproductive system is called menstrual cycle. It occurs once in 28 to 30 days.
2. It is termed as “menarche”.
3. The first menstrual cycle begins at around 10-12 years of age and lasts till the age of 45 – 50 years.

Question 2.
Why is child marriage a social sin? Give reason.
Answer:

1. As per child marriage restriant act 1978, the maximum age for marriage is 21 years for females and 23 years for males.
2. A female whose age is less than 21 years is not physically or mentally developed.
3. Because of anatomical immaturity, she is not in a condition to either to lead a married life or to have children.
4. Marriage at lower age for girls becomes a greater risk both for the girl and the child.
5. Hence child marriage is a social sin, it should be avoided.

Question 3.
What are endocrine glands? What do they release?
Answer:
Endocrine Glands:

1. The glands which help in the regulation of the functioning of the human body are called endocrine glands.
2. They release some chemicals directly into the blood which are called hormones.

Question 4.
What are the functions of Endocrine hormones?
Answer:
Functions of Endocrine Hormones:

1. They control the sugar levels, salt and sodium levels in the blood.
2. They control water levels of the body.
3. They play an important role in development of the reproductive system.
4. The hormones control the physical changes during adolescence, puberty, pregnancy, menopause etc.

Question 5.
How is physical exercise good for young boys and girls?
Answer:

1. Walking and playing in fresh air keeps the body fit and healthy.
2. All young boys and girls should take a walk, exercise and play out door games.
3. The physical activity leads to conditions of better health, sound sleep and there by mental peace.
4. It promotes happiness in day to day life.

Question 6.
What is growth? How does it take place?
Answer:

1. Growth is one of the characters in human beings.
2. They grow in size over a period of time till the size and shape of the adult is achieved.
3. Growth occurs by addition of new materials to the cells in the body.
4. Thus we grow to certain height for certain time only.
5. These changes takes place in adolescence at maximum pace.

Question 7.
Why are children in adolescence in confusion state?
Answer:
Children in adolescence are in confusion because they grow from childhood to adolescence. They have lot of stress due to changes in the body and are unable to decide whether they belong to adulthood or childhood.

Question 8.
In what way the kind of discrimination is harmful for girls and women during the period of menstural cycle?
Answer:

1. Some sections of people in our society believe that during the period of menstruation women are untouchable.
2. During this time girls may be restricted from taking bath, cooking food or going to school.
3. By separation of the girls in that particular period, it would be known to all, and the girl may feel shy, unable to move freely with others.
4. She becomes dull in studies.

Question 9.
What should be done at the time of pimples and acne?
Answer:

1. Do not scratch the pimples.
2. Wash your face regularly with a mild soap.
3. Use luke warm water to wash pimples and acne.
4. Never get worried of pimples and acne because stress and strain may help them to increase.

Question 10.
Write how child marriages cause damage to her health. (OR)
Child marriage is a social evil. What problems would occur due to early marriage?
Answer:

1. Teenage mothers are not prepared mentally for motherhood.
2. Early marriage and motherhood cause health problems in the mother and child.
3. It also curtails employment opportunities for the young woman and may cause mental agony as she is not ready for responsibilities of motherhood.

8th Class Biology 5th Lesson Attaining the Age of Adolescence 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How do you understand that you have reached the age of adolescence?
Answer:

1. Moustaches growing on upper lip.
2. Change in voice.
3. External hair grows under armpits.
4. Taking care of face by applying powder and combining hair frequently.
5. Feeling shy when talking with opposite sex.
6. Interested to play with opposite sex.
7. Showing restlessness while parents suggest to do something.

Question 2.
Is it apt to believe in the myth of keeping away women untouchable during the period of menstrual cycle?
Answer:

1. In olden days it was believed that the women during their menstrual period were kept aside and were also forced to stay in huts built in out skirts of the village.
2. In those days the women are the home makers and are not job holders.
3. They have leisure to follow all the restrictions.
4. And also there is scientific reason that during menstrual cycle, a woman need rest completely.
5. They believed that it can be strictly followed by exposing it is a myth.
6. So it was followed as restriction.

Question 3.
To make future in a right way an adolescent need to know more about adolescence. Do you agree?
Answer:

1. Attraction towards opposite sex is a normal response.
2. Full of zealous acts and urge to find reasons of several things around.
3. Emotional state at all the time and get new thoughts for the life activities.
4. Behave in a different as compared to what they did during childhood with peers and elders.
5. More independent in nature and very self conscious.
6. Feel insecure while trying to adjust to the changes in the body and the mind.
7. They need a lot of attention, love and care as well as answer to all their queries regarding their body and self development.

Question 4.
Consuming Gutkha, Cigarettes, Cigar, Beedi, Khaini has become a social evil – Is it true ?
Answer:
Yes. It is true.

1. A number of addicted people at the age of 15 or below is 57.57 lakhs (68%) in Andhra Pradesh.
2. When they reach 30 years of age their internal organ system becomes damaged, and this leads to severe problems.
3. Sometimes, may cause death also.
4. It is dangerous alarm in our country.
5. So adolescents should be aware of healthy habits.

Question 5.
Draw and write short notes on Adam’s apple.
Answer:
Adam’s apple:

1. The Adam’s apple is actually a partial growth of our voice box or larynx.
2. The larynx is made up of nine cartilages, one of which is the largest, called thyroid cartilage.
   
3. Due to the elongation of the thyroid cartilage the Adam’s apple is formed. It protrudes out in front of the
4. This is caused mainly by male hormone testosterone during adolescence.
5. As a result muscles or chords attached to the cartilage get loosened and thickened.
6. When air passes through these chords a hoarse sound is produced.
7. This is the reason for distrubance in voice in the stage of adolescence. At the end of this stage voice get perfect.

Question 6.
Draw and label the diagram of position of some endocrine glands in the human body.
Answer:

Question 7.
Adoloscence is the energetic state. What health and good habits you want to develop?
(OR)
What hygienic steps you would follow as an adolescent to keep yourself clean and healthy?
Answer:
Adolescence is the energetic stage. It is the age when growth and development takes place at faster rate. They need good nutrition support. That is why they have to plant to take balanced diet with fruits, milk, egg and iron rich foods. They must say no to junk foods. Cleanliness is more important in this stage to avoid several bacterial, fungal infections. So it would better to take bath twice in a day. Air body parts and inner wears should be washed with fat rich soaps. No to creams, liquids etc. Girls should take special care of cleanliness during the time of menstrual cycle. Making use of disposable napkins may reduce chance of infections. All young ones should take a walk, exercise and play outdoor games. The physical activity leads to conditions of better health. Better to sleep early and awake early in the morning is a good sleeping habit. Think positive is good keep confidence and free from stress. Better to consult your parent, teacher or a doctor to clear the doubts and mental stress. And say no to drugs, alcohol and other stress relievers. Peers don’t have much knowledge in these problems, so better to take advices from parents and teachers. Practicing of different life skills makes an adolescent free from all hazards and become a good citizen.

8th Class Biology 5th Lesson Attaining the Age of Adolescence Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
1) What is the name of the following picture?
2) In which stage this is developed?
3) In whom, this organ will develop more? What will happen?
4) Which cartilage elongation this will form?
Answer:
1) Adam’s apple.
2) Adam’s apple develops during adolescence in boys.
3) Because of this, the voice in boys become coarse.
4) It is formed due to the growth of thyroid cartilage.

Question 2.
Observe the following table and answer the following questions.

Gland	Hormone	Effect
Testes	Testosterone	Release of sperm, secondary sexual characters in male
Ovaries	Estrogen	Release of ovum, menstruation, secondary sexual characters in female
Pituitary	Pituitary hormones like growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Leutinizing hormone (LH)	Brings about general growth, stimulates other endocrine glands. FSH directs estrogen for formation of ovum or eggs in uterus of females, while in males directs testosterone to stimulate sperm sacs to produce sperms. LH causes the egg to burst out and flow into the fallopian tubes
Adrenal	Adrenalin	Controls emotions

1) Which hormone released at the time of anger?
2) Which gland release the testosterone hormone?
3) Which hormone controls the other endocrine glands?
4) Which hormones causes the secondary sexual characters in males and females?
Answer:
1) Adrenalin
2) Testes
3) Growth hormone
4) Testosterone, Estrogen

Question 3.
To know more details about given picture what questions do you ask your biology teacher?

Answer:

1. Name the structure shown in the above figure.
2. How does this structure grow?
3. In whom can you observe this structure?
4. What changes do you observe in boys after the development of Adam’s apple?

Question 4.
Correct the statements and if necessary rewrite.
a) To observe nucleus and cell organelles clearly staining is not necessary.
b) Cell wall controls cell functions.
Answer:
a) To observe nucleus and other cell organelles, staining is very essential.
b) Cell wall provides mechanical strength to the cell. It protects the plant cell from external shocks.

Question 5.
Based on the information given in the table, answer the following questions.

Gland	Hormone	Effect
Testes	Testosterone	Release of sperm Secondary sexual characters in male
Ovaries	Estrogen Progesterone	Release of ovum, menstruation
Adrenal	Adrenaline	Controls emotions
Pituitary	Growth hormone	Effects on growth

a) Where did the sperms produced? Which hormone is responsible for it?
b) Which hormone controls emotions?
c) What are the functions of the hormones produced by ovaries?
d) Why should we call some glands as endocrine glands?
Answer:
a) Sperm is produced by Testes. Testosterone is responsible for the production of sperm.
b) Adrenalin
c) Release of ovum, menstruation, and secondary sexual characters in female.
d) Endocrine glands do not have ducts to release their secretions. They directly release hormones into blood. Hence they are called ‘endocrine glands’.

Question 6.
Mallika was 15 years old. Her parents decided to get her married. Is this correct?
Answer:

1. The decision taken by the parents of Mallika is wrong.
2. In our country the legal age for marriage is 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys.
3. Teenage mothers are not prepared mentally or physically for motherhood.
4. Early marriage and motherhood cause health problems for the mother and the child.
5. It also curtails employment opportunities for the young woman and may cause mental agony as she is not ready for responsibilities of motherhood.

Question 7.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
In females, the reproductive phase of life begins usually around 10-12 years of age and generally lasts till the age of approximately 45-50 years. On the onset of adolescence, the ova begins to mature. One ovum matures and is released by one of the ovaries once in about 28 to 30 days. During this period the wall of the uterus becomes thick so as to receive a fertilized egg and this results in pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the released egg and thickened lining of the uterus along with its blood vessels are shed off. This causes bleeding in women which is called ‘Menstruation ’.
i) In humans, what is the age at which menstrual cycle is generally observed ?
ii) What happens during menstruation
Answer:
i) 10 or 12 years to 45 – 50 years.
ii) During this period, the wall of the uterus becomes thick so as to receive a fertilized egg and this results in pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the released egg and thickened lining of the uterus along with it’s blood vessels are shed off. This causes bleeding in women which is called “Menstruation”.

Question 8.
Match the following.
Group -1                                                         Group – II
A) Adrenalin                                            1) General growth
B) FSH                                                     2) Secondary sexual characters
C) Estrogen                                             3) Sends egg into fallopian tube
D) Growth Hormone                               4) Directs testosterone to produce sperms
5) Controls emotion
Answer:
A – 5
B – 4
C – 2
D – 1

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Reproduction in Animals

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 4th Lesson Reproduction in Animals

8th Class Biology 4th Lesson Reproduction in Animals 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by external fertilization?
Answer:
The process of fertilization that occurs outside of an organism is called External Fertilization. E.g.: Frog, Fish, Star fish etc.

Question 2.
What is meant by Internal Fertilization?
Answer:
The process of fertilization that takes place inside the body of females is called Internal Fertilization. E.g.: Animals, Human beings.

Question 3.
Which are called Viviparous animals?
Answer:
Animals which give birth to their offsprings are called Viviparous animals. E.g.: Animals, human beings.

Question 4.
What are oviparous animals?
Answer:
Animals which lay eggs are called oviparous animals.
E.g. Hen, Duck, Pigeon etc.

Question 5.
Which is formed by the fusion of male and female gametes?
Answer:
Zygote is formed by the fusion of male and female gametes.

Question 6.
Which gamete is that has a tail and travel to fuse with female gamete?
Answer:
Male gamete or sperm or spermatozoa. The structure of sperm has a head, a middle piece and a tail.

8th Class Biology 4th Lesson Reproduction in Animals 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete this flow chart.

Answer:
1 – Testes
2 – Sperms
3 – Ovary
4 – Ovum
5 – Embryo
6 – Foetus

Question 2.
What is meant by cloning if Who invented this?
Answer:

1. Cloning is the reproduction of an exact copy of the cell, any other living part or complete organism from somatic cells.
2. Cloning of an animal was successfully performed for the first time by lan Wilmut in Scotland.

8th Class Biology 4th Lesson Reproduction in Animals 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the cross word puzzle using the hints given below.
Across:
1. The process of the fusion of the gametes.
6. The type of fertilization in hen.
7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of Hydra.
8. Eggs are produced here.
Down:
2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs.
3. Another term for the fertilized egg.
4. These animals lay eggs.
5. A type of fission

Answer:

Question 2.
Write a note on “test tube babies”.
Answer:

1. The babies who born through IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) technique are called “Test tube babies”.
2. In some women, oviducts are blocked due to some reasons. In these cases fertilization will not takes place. Doctors collect freshly released egg and sperms and keep them for few hours.
3. In case, fertilization occurs, the zygote is allowed to develop for about a week and then it is placed in the mother’s uterus.
4. Babies born through this technique are called ‘Test tube babies’ which does not mean babies growing in test tubes.

8th Class Biology 4th Lesson Reproduction in Animals Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are Oviparous and Viviparous animals ? Write their characters and give some examples.
Answer:

1. The animals giving birth to their off springs are called Viviparous animals.
2. The animals which lay eggs are called Oviparous animals.
3. Viviparous animals have epidermal hair on their skin and external ears. Examples are cow, elephant, dog, etc.
4. Oviparous animals do not have epidermal hair or external ears. Examples are fish, frog, crow, peacock, snake, lizard etc.

Question 2.
Kshitija found a fish like larva and put it in an aquarium supposing it as a fish. What would she find after some days?
Answer:

1. Kshitija had brought tadpole larva, which looks like a fish. It was the larva of the frog.
2. After somedays, this tadpole larva undergoes metamorphosis and develops into a frog.
3. Hence, Kshitija would observe a frog in place of tadpole larva after some days in the aquarium.

Question 3.
You want to clarify some doubts about test tube babies what questions do you ask the doctor?
Answer:

1. Where do test tube babies born?
2. What differences may we find between normally born baby and a test tube baby?
3. What problems will test tube babies face in their life?
4. Why people have so many doubts about test tube babies?

Question 4.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of a human sperm. Fill the following table:

Name of the organ	Function
Tail
Mitochondria
Head
Middle piece

Answer:

Name of the part	Function
Tail	Helps in the movements of the sperm.
Mitochondria	Releases energy for the movements of the sperm cell and also provides energy for the penetration of sperm into Ovum.
Head	Helps in the process of fertilization.
Middle piece	It is the site of mitochondria which are the power houses of the cell.

Question 5.
Latha draw the following flow chart of Human reproduction like this. Is it correct or not.
If not, draw a correct one.

Answer:

Question 6.
What are the differences you observed in the reproduction of Amoeba and frog?
Answer:

Reproduction in Amoeba	Reproduction in Frog
1. Asexual mode of reproduction takes place in Amoeba.	1. Sexual mode of reproduction takes place ts Frog.
2. Fusion of garnets will not occur.	2. Fusion of garnets takes place.
3. Through binary fission or multiple fission (during unfavourable condi­tions) daughter amoebas are formed.	3. Through external fertilization, many offsprings will take birth in water.
4. Daughter amoebas formed during binary fission, completely resemble their mother.	4. Offsprings formed exhibit variations.
5. Mother Amoeba will extinct sifter binary fission.	5. Mother frog will not extinct after external fertilization.

Question 7.
Write the apparatus used in the project work of observing the life cycle of frog.
Answer:
To conduct this project we need,

1. Wide mouth transparent bottle/tube
2. Transparent glass
3. Dropper
4. Petridish
5. Some pebbles
6. Magnifying glass

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
The main male reproductive organs are A and in females are B. A and B release some cells respectively known as C and D. The fusion of C and D is known as E. E results in the formation of F. F gradually develops into a G and finally becomes a H.
Answer:
The main male reproductive organs are Testes and in females are Ovary. Testes and Ovary release some cells respectively known as Sperm cells and Ova. The fusion of Sperm cells and Ova is known as Fertilization. Fertilization results in the formation of Zygote. Zygote gradually develops into a Embryo and finally becomes a Foetus.

Question 9.
Observe this diagram and answer the questions.

a) The diagram belongs to which system?
b) Write the A, B, C in the above diagram.
c) What produces the “B” part?
d) What is function of Part “A”?
Answer:
a) Male reproductive system in human beings.
b) A – Seminal ducts B – Testes C – Penis
c) Sperm cells
d) This duct connects each testes to the urethra. They transport sperms into the penis.

Question 10.
Look at the picture and answer the questions.

a) Which system does the picture belong to?
b) What is “A”? What is produced here?
c) What is “B”?
d) What happens when fallopian tubes are closed?
Answer:
a) Female reproductive system in human beings.
b) Ovary
c) Uterus
d) Fertilization will not take place.

Question 11.
What happens to a female body when ovulation stops forever?
Answer:
a) If ovulation stops in females, menstrual changes do not occur in female body. This stage is known as ‘menopause’.
b) As ovum is not released, there is no chance of pregnancy in this stage.

Question 12.
Label the parts of female reproductive system and answer the following questions.

a) In which part of the female reproductive system does fertilization occur?
b) What is the function of the part labelled as 2?
Answer:
Labelled parts :

1. Fallopian Tube
2. Ovary
3. Uterus
4. Fallopian tube
5. Releasing ova

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Story of Microorganisms 2

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are antibodies?
Answer:
Whenever a disease causing microorganisms enter in our body, it produces some de¬fenders to fight against them, these are called antibodies.

Question 2.
Which one is better to take antibiotics or vaccines?
Answer:
Vaccines are better than antibiotics when the disease is prevented by vaccine.
Ex: Tuberculosis, Tetanus, etc.

Question 3.
What questions do you ask on role of mosquitoes and houseflies in spreading the diseases like Malaria and Swine flu?
Answer:

1. How can we be safe, without affected by malaria and typhoid?
2. Which organisms spread diseases like malaria and typhoid?

Question 4.
What is ‘Triple Antigen Vaccine’?
Answer:
D.P.T vaccine which prevents

1. Diptheria
2. Pertusis (Wooping cough)
3. Tetanus

Question 5.
What is Tet – vac?
Answer:
Tet – vac is the vaccine that is used to prevent Tetanus.

Question 6.
What is M.M.R vaccine?
Answer:
M.M.R is the vaccine that prevents the

1. Measles
2. Mumps
3. Rubella

Question 7.
Name the vaccine that prevents T.B.
Answer:
B.C.G (Bacillus Cardio Gram)

Question 8.
What is the mode of transmission of Dengue disease?
Answer:
Aedes Mosquitoes spread Dengue disease.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention different questions to know about antibiotics.
Answer:

1. What are antibiotics?
2. In which year penicillin was announced as antibiotic?
3. Can antibiotics destroy the viruses?
4. Write different types of antibiotics.

Question 2.
Prepare different questions to know the importance of vaccines.
Answer:

1. Name the scientist who invented vaccines first.
2. What type of materials used for preparation of vaccines?
3. Name the vaccine which is used to prevent rabies.
4. Name the disease which is eradicated by vaccine.

Question 3.
Ask different questions about the significance of microbes.
Answer:

1. Name different nitrogen fixing microbes.
2. Can all microbes useful to mankind?
3. What will happen if vaccines are not invented?
4. Write about significance of microbes.

Question 4.
Make a sketch of Nostoc.
Answer:

Question 5.
How is preservation of food helps us?
Answer:

1. Preservation prevents spoilage of food.
2. It helps us to store food for a longer time without spoilage.
3. Variety of food items may be available in off seasons also.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which one is better to take antibiotics or vaccines? Why?
Answer:
Antibiotics are small molecules or compounds that are effective in treating infections caused by organisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Some antibiotics act by killing the bacteria while others prevent the bacteria from multiplying, leaving your own immune system to ‘mop them up’.
Vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms or compounds that are used to provide immunity to a particular infection or disease.
Vaccines are used to prevent infection, particularly viral infections. Vaccines are produced from portions of viruses or viruses that are rendered harmless.
The killed or modified virus is introduced into the body where it stimulates part of the body’s natural defenses against infection without causing the illness itself.
Because of this, if the body is exposed to the specific virus in the future, it will recognize it and can fight the infection off much more quickly and effectively, meaning that you don’t succumb to the illness.
Hence vaccines are better than antibiotics when the disease is prevented by vaccine. Ex: Tuberculosis, Tetanus, etc.

Question 2.
Refrigerator helps us in saving health and money. Can you explain?
Answer:
Food and drink, being organic in origin, does not last forever. Shortly after food is bought or prepared it will begin to spoil, quickly becoming inedible through the effects of bacteria. By lowering the temperature of the food through refrigeration, you can slow or even temporarily halt the effects of bacteria, making the food stay edible longer.we can also transport fruits vegetables and other food items up to long distances by using refrigerators. Refrigerator is more useful to keep vaccines and medicines for long time. Hence we can save money and as well as health.

Question 3.
Take root nodules of any pulse or leguminous plants crush on a slide, and draw a rough sketches of what you observe under microscope.
Answer:

Question 4.
Can you give some important key points you noticed that scientists followed in their inventions and discoveries?
Answer:
Invention of microscope is most important one to find out microorganisms. Basing on this several inventions were made, which break the unsolved problems since 400 years. This credit goes to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who invented single lens powerful microscope, which could magnify the object 300 times. His curiosity and skill of making powerful lenses were the secrets of this invention of powerful microscope.
Dr. Alexander Flemming observed some fungi were preventing the growth of bacteria in his experiments. He separated the substances released by the fungus and tested it on some other disease causing bacteria. This substance also killed many other diseases causing bacteria and named it as Pencillin. The discovery of pencillin paved the way to the discovery of many antibiotics like streptomycin, erythromycin etc.
After several attempts Ross suddenly realized that he used the wrong species of mosquitoes in his experiments. His assistant brought larvae, which hatched to several dappled winged mosquitoes. Delighted with this capture Ross identified Anopheles mosquito is the host for malarial parasite.

Question 5.
Which invention is most important one related to microorganisms? Can you explain the reasons why it is so important?
Answer:
Invention of microscope is most important one to find out microorganisms. Basing on this several inventions were made, which break the unsolved problems since 400 years. This credit goes to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who invented single lens powerful microscope, which could magnify the object 300 times. His curiosity and skill of making powerful lenses were the secrets of this invention of powerful microscope. Later several microbes were identified by using microscopes. This provides a good source to recognize several diseases and treatment by vaccines and antibiotics.

Question 6.
What are antibodies? When do they develop? How they help us?
Answer:
Whenever a disease causing microorganisms enter in our body, it produces some defenders to fight against them, these are called antibodies. The lymphocytes of white blood cells develop antibodies against to the antigen of pathogen. Antibodies fight the disease causing microorganisms and make resistant to particular strains. Antibodies are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as viruses and bacteria.

Question 7.
If there are no microorganisms on the earth what will happen?
Answer:
Microorganisms are present everywhere, they are to be found in air, water, soil within the bodies of animals and plants. Some microorganisms are very useful and help us in many ways while some of them are harmful. Microorganisms are most essential to maintain inorganic and organic cycles, to give freshness to the nature by degrading waste organic matter and as well as to fight against harmful microorganisms. Hence no life will be sustained in the nature if there are no microorganisms on the earth.

Question 8.
Prepare a table showing some of plant diseases, causative microorganisms and mode of transmission.
Answer:

Name of the plant disease	Causative microorganisms	Mode of transmission
1. Citrus canker	Bacteria, Xanthomonoss citri	Air
2. Red rot of sugarcane	Fungi	Air, seedlings
3. Tikka disease of groundnut	Fungi	Air, seeds
4. Tobacco mosaic	Virus	Insects
5. Smut disease of rice	Fungus	Air

Question 9.
If there are no microorganisms on the earth what will happen?
Answer:

1. If micro organisms are not present on earth the earth will be full of dead organisms and plants.
2. The plants can not fix the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
3. We can not get fermented products.
4. The life becomes impossible on the earth.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2 Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Many people to. a colony are suffering from ‘Cholera’. What do you think could be the reason?
Answer:

1. The main reasons for the spread of cholera is consumption of contaminated food and water. House flies rapidly spread this disease among people.
2. I would imagine that people were not following personal hygienic practices before consuming food and water.
3. Perhaps people might not be keeping their surroundings clean and hygienic.
4. Perhaps the people might have poor sanitary conditions.

Question 2.
Suggest any two methods of fish preservation.
Answer:

1. Drying
2. Smoking
3. Canning
4. Chilling

Question 3.
What is symbiosis? Give two examples for it.
Answer:

1. In Greek language, symbiosis means “living together”.
2. Symbiosis is any type of a close and long term biological interaction between two different biological organisms in which both are benefited.
3. Examples for symbiotic relationship is Rhizobium. Rhizobium bacteria is living in the root nodules of legume plants.
4. Rhizobium fixes the atmospheric nitrogen in the form of nitrates which are very essential for the growth of plants. Inturn legume plants provide shelter for Rhizobium. Here, both are benefited.
5. Another example for symbiosis is Lichens. Here, we can see the symbiotic relationship between Algae and Fungi.

Question 4.
In an experiment if we keep the dosa dough in Bacillus free chamber, what changes can you observe in the dosa dough after one day?
Answer:

1. Fermentation of dosa dough will not take place.
2. The volume of the dosa dough will not increase and it will not turn into spongy texture.

Question 5.
Classify the given below microorganisms into useful and harmful microorganisms.
Plasmodium, Lactobacillus, Rhizobium, Pencillium, Yeast, Virus.
Answer:
Useful microorganisms:

1. Lacto bacillus
2. Rhizobium
3. Pencillium
4. Yeast

Harmful microorganisms:

1. Plasmodium
2. Virus.

Question 6.
What will happen if we add butter milk to chilled milk?
Answer:
If we add a few drops of butter milk to chilled milk 1) the milk will not turn into curd. It is because, cold milk won’t provide the conditions to grow lactobacillus. Hence, curd will not be formed.

Question 7.
If you are going to conduct a quiz on micro-organisms, what type of questions do you prepare for the quiz programme?
Answer:

1. Can you name the scientist who discovered the pencillin?
2. Name the bacteria that converts the milk into curd.
3. Can you name the food items that can be preserved through pasteurisation?
4. Can you name the microorganism which is very helpful in the preparation of alcohol?

Question 8.
What is the name of the nitrogen fixation bacteria in the root nodules?
Answer:
Rhizobium

Question 9.
What precautions do you take to avoid diseases?
Answer:

1. We should consume boiled, purified water and healthy food daily.
2. Keep our surroundings neat and clean.
3. We should take vaccines to prevent different diseases.
4. We should practice personal hygiene and good sanitary habits.

Question 10.
Defecation in open areas spreads micro-organisms easily. Write some slogans to conduct a rally to protect us from micro-organisms.
Answer:

1. Keep your country clean by keeping your area clean.
2. Stop being so open….. else everything is broken.
3. Use a toilet. Don’t let anything spoil it,
4. Use a toilet – to achieve Swach Bharath.

Question 11.
Draw a table of microorganisms and its diseases.
Microorganisms : Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Arthropods.
Disease: Scabies, Malaria, Polio, Typhoid.
Answer:

Microorganism	Disease
1. Virus	Polio
2. Bacteria	Typhoid
3. Protozoa	Malaria
4. Arthropods	Scabies

Question 12.
Why is the idly or dosa batter prepared one day before?
Answer:
If we prepare idly or dosa batter one day before, fermentation occurs in it, carbondioxide gas fill the batter increasing it’s volume and makes it spongy.

Question 13.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions.
When an infected person sneezes or coughs, the pathogens enter the air. When this air containing pathogens enters into the body of a healthy person, it may cause cold. These type of diseases which spread from infected people to healthy ones are known as “communicable diseases”. These get spread through air, water, food or through physical contact of infected person or through insects like houseflies and mosquitoes. Common cold, conjunctivitis, typhoid, smallpox, chickenpox, swine flu, tuberculosis are some examples of communicable diseases. Some insects and animals carry diseases causing microorganisms. They are called as ‘vectors’. The microorganism ‘plasmodium’causes malaria. The female Anopheles mosquito carries plasmodium and thus is a vector. Mosquitoes are vectors for other diseases as well. By controlling mosquitoes, we can prevent dis¬eases caused by them. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. We should be careful not to let water collect anywhere in our surroundings, including left over waste pots, waste flower pots, tyres, bowls etc.
a) What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
b) What are vectors?
c) Name the vector which spreads malaria.
d) How do you prevent spread of malaria?
Answer:
a) The diseases which spread from infected people to healthy ones are known as “communicable diseases”.
Eg: Conjuctivitis, Common cold, Smallpox, Rubella, Typhoid, etc…
b) The insects and animals which carry disease causing microorganisms are called as “vectors”.
c) Female Anopheles mosquito.
d) By controlling mosquito population.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Story of Microorganisms 1

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are microorganisms?
Answer:
Some organisms can be seen only with the help of a microscope. Such organisms are called ‘microorganisms’.

Question 2.
Where can we find microorganisms?
Answer:
Microorganisms can found in air, water, soil and all living organisms.

Question 3.
Write the names of some groups of microorganisms.
Answer:
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae are some of the groups of microorganisms.

Question 4.
What is meant by arthropods?
Answer:
Arthropods are joint legged organisms which causes the diseases like scabies.

Question 5.
Write the names of diseases which are caused by bacteria.
Answer:
Diseases like typhoid, tuberculosis (T.B.) and septicemia (blood poisoning) are caused by bacteria.

Question 6.
Mention the diseases caused by protozoans.
Answer:
Malaria, Amoebiasis, Kala Azar, Sleeping bickness are some of the diseases caused by protozoans.

Question 7.
How do we classify the groups of microorganisms?
Answer:
Basing upon the cell structure and mode of living we can classify the microbes into 6 groups.

1. Bacteria,
2. Algae,
3. Fungi,
4. Protozoans,
5. Micro orthropods and
6. Viruses.

Question 8.
What are the uses of yeast?
Answer:

1. Yeast cells are frequently used in the fermentation process of sugars.
2. Yeast is used in the preparation of cakes and buns in bakeries.

Question 9.
What is a “bread mould”?
Answer:
Rhizopus

Question 10.
Aspergillus reproduction takes place through a special structures. What are they?
Answer:
Conidiospores.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prepare a model of any micro arthropod.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is Pencillin? Who discovered this?
Answer:

1. ‘Antibacterium’ is prepared from a fungi called Pencillium notatum. This is called Pencillin.
2. Pencillin was discovered by Dr. Alexander Flemming.

Question 3.
How do you culture protozoa?
Answer:

1. Soak hay in pond water taken in a dish.
2. Add rice powder or ‘Gangi’ to this solution.
3. Keep the dish undisturbed for 3 – 4 days.
4. You can observe several protozoans in this hay decoction.

Question 4.
How can you observe algae in your laboratory?
Answer:

1. Take 2-3 drops of greenish pond water on a slide.
2. Spread the scrapings having small stringe like bodies on the slide.
3. Cover it with a cover slip and observe it under microscope.
4. You can see algae like spirogyra, spirulina and ceratium.

Question 5.
How Microbiology helps in identifying diseases and their prevention?
Answer:

1. Microbiology plays a very vital important role in identifying the cause of diseases by the discovery of several microorganisms.
2. Microbiology helps in the preparation of diseases caused by microorganisms by the discovery of their transmission methods.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Collect different pictures of micro arthropods.
Answer:

Question 2.
Make sketches of bacterial cell.
Answer:

Question 3.
How can you grow protozoa practically in your school? Explain.
Answer:
To grow protozoa, soak hay in pond water to prepare a decoction of hay. After 3-4 days take one or two drops of hay or grass decoction and observe it under microscope. We can see different protozoans like amoeba, paramecium etc.

Question 4.
Identify the following diagram and Label parts.
Answer:

Question 5.
How do you appreciate the fact that some of the bacteria are useful to human?
Answer:
At birth, a baby’s digestive system is a sterile, undiscovered continent. Within minutes, microbes have started pouring in from every direction. They come from the birth canal, from the mother’s breast milk, from the fingertips of nurses and the lips of happy relatives.
There are also innumerable colonies of E. coli in biotechnology and microbiology labs around the world. Everyday pharmaceutical companies manipulate E. coli to produce human-growth hormone, insulin, vitamins, and even the rennet used to make cheese. Biologists use E. coli to map metabolic pathways. Scientists are even using E. coli try to understand why we age and die.
Nitro bacter, ammonifying bacteria etc., are more useful for decompositions and fixing of Nitrogen in the plants and soil.

Question 6.
Explain how microorganisms are important for maintaining of healthy soil and biodiversity.
Answer:
The soil is home to a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity. The top eight inches of soil of one acre area may contain as much as five and half tons of bacteria and fungi.
Soil organisms breakdown organic matter, making nutrients available for uptake by plants and other organisms. A gram of garden soil contains around one million fungi, such as yeasts and moulds. Bacteria and fungi play key roles in maintaining a healthy soil. They act as decomposers that break down organic materials to produce detritus and other breakdown products. Soil detritivores, like earthworms, ingest detritus and decompose it.

Question 7.
Collect the information about useful microorganisms from your school library.
Answer:

Name of the microorganism	Utility
Yeast(Fungus)	Production of alcohol fermented foods like Idli, Dosa etc………..
Pencillium notatum (Fungus)	Preparation of antibiotics
Nostoc, Anabina, Azatobactor	Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
Spirulina	Preparation of medicines
Lactobacillus	Preparation of curd, cheese, buttermilk.

Question 8.
How do you appreciate the role of decomposers in the earth?
Answer:

1. Microorganisms are the decomposers of the earth.
2. They decompose the organic matter from plant parts and dead animals. They enrich the soil with organic matter again.
3. Thus, they maintain the soil fertility and eliminate the wastes from the earth.
4. I appreciate the role played by decomposers in scavenging the earth by decomposing the organic matter of dead bodies.

Question 9.
What are ‘bio – fertilizers’? How are they useful?
Answer:

1. Microorganisms like Bacteria, Fungi which decompose the fallen plant parts, dung and vegetable peelings into simple chemical compounds.
2. They form ‘useful manure’ to the plants since this manure is formed naturally from biological activity of microorganisms, they are called ‘bio – fertilizers’.
3. Farmers are benefited economically. They don’t need chemical fertilizers to increase the soil fertility. Hence, Bio – fertilizers are considered as “friends of farmers”.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Why Do We Fall Ill Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 11th Lesson Why Do We Fall Ill

8th Class Biology 11th Lesson Why Do We Fall Ill Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
A doctor/nurse/health-worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out how she/he avoids getting sick herself/himself.
Answer:

1. By choosing nutritious food and an active lifestyle, managing stress, using tobacco- free, getting preventive immunizations and screenings and choosing protection measures.
2. Maintaining good hygiene:
   By washing hands frequently, cleaning their stethoscopes from patient to patient, using gloves.
3. Recognising the symptoms quicker and knowing what to do can help speedy recovery, easier access to medical care. (E.g.: They can self-prescribe, can ask col¬leagues for help etc.)

Question 2.
Differentiate the infective and non-infective diseases.
Answer:

1. Infectious diseases can be spread from person to person.
   Non-infectious diseases can not be spread from person to person.
2. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens (microbes) which are disease causing organisms.
   The major group of pathogens (microbes) are viruses, bacteria, fungi, single cell organisms like protozoans, multicellular organisms like worms.
   Non-infectious diseases are not caused by Pathogens (microbes), but can be caused by physiological malfunctions, environmental or chemical factors, heredity, unknown causes. These are mostly internal, non-infectious causes.
3. Examples of infectious diseases are Viral, diseases, bacterial etc.
   Example for non infectious causes are some cancers caused by genetic abnormali¬ties and high blood pressure caused by excessive weight and lack of exercise.

Question 3.
Why acute disease become chronic disease?
Answer:

1. Some diseases last for only very short periods of time and these are called acute diseases.
   E.g.: Common Cold lasts only a few days.
2. Some other diseases or ailments can last for a long time, even as much as a life time and are called chronic diseases.
   E.g,: The infection causing elephantiasis, which is very common in some parts of India.
3. As an example, a cough and cold which all of us have from time to time. Most of us get better and become well within a week or so.
4. But if we get infected a chronic disease like tuberculosis of the lungs, it takes over the years to suffer with cough and lose weight and feel tired all the time.
5. In other words, we are likely to have prolonged general poor health if we have a chronic disease.
6. Chronic diseases therefore have very drastic, longterm effects on people’s health
   as compared to acute disease.
7. One reason might be that, because the person is not well nourished and does not get enough food and it is because of poverty, the acute disease becomes a chronic disease.

Question 4.
Draw the figure of leishmania and trypanosome.
Answer:

Question 5.
Ramu was effected with small pox. What advice do you give Ramu for not spreading disease?
Answer:
Prevention of Small Pox:

1. Isolation of the infected person.
2. Surrounding should be kept clean and hygeinic.
3. Clothes of the infected person must be washed in hot water and dried in the Sun.
4. They should not be used by others.
5. Small Pox can be prevented by taking vaccine against it.
6. But in 1776 Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for small pox. Now it is wiped out from our country.

Question 6.
How do you appreciate for role of vaccine in preventing disease?
Answer:

1. Vaccination was discovered by a British doctor called Edward Jenner in the year 1776. Since then, this method has been modified and has become most popular for making people resistant to disease.
2. In this process, the disease causing organism are cultured in the laboratory and are collected. They are killed by heat treatment.
3. The dead micro-organisms are made into a suspension and injected into humans. The body reacts to these dead micro-organisms as if they are alive and are produces antibodies.
4. Next time when the same disease producing micro-organisms enter the body, these antibodies will react and kill them.
5. Thus the person is not affected by the disease, even if he is exposed to the disease causing microorganisms. Vaccination also prevents the spread of epidemics.
6. At present, vaccines are available for various diseases-Cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, tuberculosis etc. Some of the vaccines if taken once, the immunity persists for life time, while in some cases the immunity will lasts only for limited amount of time.

Question 7.
Prepare a questionnaire to collect the information from your local health worker about spreading of diseases?
Answer:

1. What are the causes for a disease?
2. Name the organisms that cause diseases.
3. Name the diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoans.
4. How the infectious agents spread?
5. Name the diseases caused by air, water and physical contact.
6. What are the symptoms of Typhoid and Jaundice?
7. How can we prevent exposure to infectious diseases?
8. How do we kill microbes?
9. How to get rid of an infection in some one who has the disease?
10. What are the treatments for any type of diseases?
11. What are the measures taken by Public Health,Programmes to prevent diseases?
12. What is immunization? What are antibiotics?
13. What is the duty of everyone in the community for the effective prevention of infectious diseases?

Question 8.
How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses?
a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/ most of the above illnesses.
b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of/most of the above illnesses.
Answer:
In the last one year, fall ill for one time with Malaria.
Symptoms:

1. It is a communicable disease caused by the Protozoan Plasmodium Falciparum. It is spread by the infected female anopheles mosquito.
2. It starts with extreme cold. Patient wants to be covered with heavy blankets. This is followed by fever, as high as 106° F.
3. There will be severe head ache and body pains. There will be sweating.
4. In children the parasite enter and block the capillaries, supplying blood to the brain. The blood vessels may ruptures child becomes unconscious and may even die.

a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/ most of the above illnesses.
Answer:
Preventive measures of malaria:

1. To reduce the mosquito population successfully.
2. By protecting ourselves from mosquito bites, the spread of malaria can also be prevented.
3. Best method is to use mosquito nets while sleeping and by using mosquito proof nets for windows and doors. These nets do not allow mosquitoes to enter the house.

b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of/most of the above illnesses.
Answer:

1. Preventing water stagnation in water tanks, drainage canals, and discarded vessels lying outside. The stored water tanks should be emptied frequently and filled with fresh water.
2. Spraying of insecticides or light oil such as kerosene on stagnant water, especially in drainage water.
3. Growing of specific varieties of fishes in stagnant water. They feed on mosquito larvae.

Question 9.
Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases.
Answer:
The most common cause for the spread of diseases in our neighbourhood is by drinking of contaminated water. Polio, Cholera, Typhoid, Jaundice and Amoebiasis and several worms spread through drinking water.
Preventive Measures:

1. Drinking water is purified by filtration and chlorination before it is supplied through municipal taps and provide safe drinking water.
2. Providing basic sanitation by keeping the surroundings clean.
3. Arranging the public health programmes to prevent and control of local diseases by giving immunisation to childhood.

8th Class Biology 11th Lesson Why Do We Fall Ill InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Let us read the wall writings on the panchayat office

Drink boiled water only.
Use mosquito nets.
Keep your surroundings neat and clean.
Do not left water to stagnate.
Eat food when it is hot.
Wash hands before eating food.
Wash hands after toilet.
Use toilets only, not defecate in open.
Keep lids on food vessels.
Wash vegatables before cooking

a) Why local Panchayats display such instructions on the wall?
Answer:
To bring awareness in the local people against diseases.

b) What do we come to know from such instructions?
Answer:
Such infections will spoil the health of people.

c) What would happen if we do not follow the instructions.
Answer:
People who would not follow the instruction may fall sick.

d) In which season do we generally find more mosquitoes? How do they affect us?
Answer:
Generally we find more mosquitoes in rainy season. Mosquitoes cause malaria.

e) What is health ? And when do we fall sick?
Answer:
Health is a state of being well enough to function physically, mentally and socially with optimum efficiency.
When disease causing organisms attack us we fall sick.

Question 2.
State any two conditions essential for good health.
Answer:
Clean surroundings and fresh air.

Question 3.
State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Answer:
Safety food and water and exercise to the body.

Question 4.
Are the answers to the above questions necessarily the same or different? Why?
Answer:
Different.

Question 5.
Do all diseases spread to people coming in contact with a sick person?
Answer:
No, some diseases are infectious and some diseases are non-infectious.

Question 6.
What are the diseases that are not spreading?
Answer:
Non-infectious diseases E.g.: Some cancers, high blood pressure etc.

Question 7.
How would a person develop those diseases that do not spread by contact with a sick person?
Answer:
Non-infectious diseases are some times caused by genetic abnormalities, excessive weight or lack of exercise.

Question 8.
List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
Answer:
Because of not feeling well, unable to do daily work and when feeling uneasy thinking that we are sick we want to see the doctor. If the situation is unbearable then we would like to see the doctor.

Question 9.
In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most unpleasant?
Answer:

1. If in the case of Jaundice, the suffering will be more and it will be cured only by taking medicines. Prescribed by a doctor.
2. Because this is the disease for liver, the normal functioning of the liver will be stopped, and feels unpleasant.

8th Class Biology 11th Lesson Why Do We Fall Ill Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
a) Find out what provisions are made by your local authority (Panchayat/ Municipal Corporation) for the supply of clean drinking water.
Answer:
The Panchayat/Municipal Corporation should filter the water and chlorinated before sending through pipes.

b) Are all the people in your locality able to access this?
Answer:
Yes, all the people can access this. The people are avail of this.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
a) Find out how your local authority manages the solid waste generated in your neighbourhood.
Answer:
The solid waste generated in the neighbourhood is collected and disposed.

b) Are these measures adequate?
Answer:
Yes. But still more they can take measures.

c) If not what improvement would you suggest?
Answer:
The authority can announce the public to reduce the waste in the household.
Suitable arrangements will be arranged for the garbage disposal, to prevent accumulation of waste in and around residential areas. This attracts the houseflies and other microbes to spread diseases.

d) What could your family do to reduce the amount of solid waste generated during a day/week from your house?
Answer:
The peels of fruits and vegetables and other waste materials which decay and turns good manure can deposit in the compost pit.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Survey your neighbourhood to find out:
a) How many people did suffer from acute diseases during the last three months?
Answer:
More people suffered from acute diseases.

b) How many people did develop chronic diseases during this same period?
Answer:
Very few people develop chronic diseases.

c) And finally, what is the total number of people suffering from chronic diseases in your neighbourhood?
Answer:
One or two.

d) Are these answers to questions (I) and (2) different?
Answer:
Same.

e) Are these answers to questions (2) and (3) different?
Answer:
Same.

f) What do you think could be the reason for these differences? What do you think would be the effect of these differences on the general health of the population?
Answer:
In general people get acute diseases seasonally but chronic diseases are drastic, long term effect because of their poor health.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
a) Find out how many of in your class had cold/cough/fever recently.
Answer:
One or two or few students.

b) How long did the illness last?
Answer:
The illness lasts for one week.

c) How many of you took antibiotics?
Answer:
Half of the students took antibiotics.

d) How long did they suffer who took antibiotics pills?
Answer:
Seven days.

e) How long did they suffer who did not take antibiotics pills?
Answer:
Seven days.

f) Is there any difference between these two groups?
Answer:
No difference is seen between these two groups.

g) If yes, why ? If not, why not?
Answer:
Because antibiotics do not work against viral infections.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Conduct a survey in your locality. Talk to ten families who are well-off and ten who are very poor. Both sets of families should have children who are below five years of age. Measure the heights of these children. Draw a graph of the height of each child against its age for both sets of families.
Families who are well – off

Name of the child	Age	Heights
1) C. Vivek	5	105 cm
2) B. Ramu	4	99 cm
3) B. Gopi	4	100 cm
4) R. Rahul	3	91 cm
5) B. Somu	2	86 cm

Families of very poor

Name of the child	Age	Heights
1) A. Kotaiah	5	100 cm
2) P. Ankalu	4	94 cm
3) B. Srinu	4	92 cm
4) C. Samuel	3	86 cm
5) P. Gopi	2	80 cm

a) Is there any difference between the groups? If yes, Why?
Answer:
Yes, there is a difference between the groups. The children who are sufficient nourishment have good health. Their growth is healthy.

b) If there is no difference, do you think that your findings mean that being well-off or poor does not matter tor health?
Answer:
The functioning of the immune system, like any other system in the body, will not be good if proper and sufficient nourishment and food is not available.
So the availability of proper and sufficient food helps us to be healthy.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Rabies virus is spread by the bite of infected dogs and other animals. There are anti-rabies vaccines for both humans and animals.
a) Find out the plan of your local authority for the control of rabies in your neighbourhood.
Answer:
Control of Rabies:

1. Parental rabies vaccination of owned dogs.
2. Sterlization of pet dogs.
3. Unwanted dogs should not be abondoned.
4. Animal birth control attempt should be made to sterilize the stray dog population or other methods of birth control should be investigated.
5. Suitable infrastructure for garbage disposal, to prevent the accumulation of waste in and around residential areas.

This attracts stray and ownerless dog packs to these areas.
Vaccination:
Sufficient and affordable cell culture vaccine should be available for post exposure treatment.
Mass oral vaccination of the stray dog population.

b) Why we are normally advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
Answer:
When we fall sick our normal body functions will be affected the digestion will be slow, so it is advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick.

c) What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?
Answer:
The infectious diseases are spread through contaminated air, water, food and vectors like mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, snails and even lice.

d) What precautions can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infec-tious diseases?
Answer:

1. Encouraging sick students and staff to stay at home and seek medical attention for several illnesses.
2. Facilitating hand hygiene by supplying soap and paper towels and teaching good hand hygiene practicles.
3. Cleaning of class room materials and surfaces.
4. Daily announcements about preventing infectious diseases.
5. Encouraging students and staff to get annual influenza vaccination.

e) What is immunization?
Answer:
The creation of immunity against a particular disease, by vaccination of an organism for the purpose of making it immune to a particular pathogen (disease causing organ¬ism) is called immunisation.

f) What are the immunization programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality?
Answer:
More children are being protected against vaccine preventable diseases, such as tuberculosis tetanus, pertusis (Whooping cough), diphtheria, polio, measles and now hepatitis – A, B then ever before.
The public health programme of childhood immunisation for preventing infectious diseases.

g) Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area?
Answer:
Measles and jaundice.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Not For Drinking-Not For Breathing Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 10th Lesson Not For Drinking-Not For Breathing

8th Class Biology 10th Lesson Not For Drinking-Not For Breathing Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
How does air pollution lead to water pollution?
Answer:

1. Air and water are not separate problem. There is a close link between the health of air and the health of water.
2. Nitrogen and chemical contaminants are two types of pollutants that harm both the air and water.
3. Up to l/3rd of the nitrogen that pollutes the bay and it’s rivers comes from the air.
4. Air pollution from a very large geographic area can eventually wind up in the Bay.
5. Use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture pollutes not only air but also land and water.
6. Sources of air pollution includes vehicles, industries, power plants and farm operations which lead to water pollution.

Question 2.
What steps can be taken up to control air pollution and water pollution?
Answer:
Some of the methods for controlling air pollutions are:

1. Tall chimneys should be installed in all factories to reduce air pollution at the ground level.
2. Better designed fuel burning equipment should be used in homes and industries so that fuel burnt completely.
3. Install electrostatic precipitators in the chimneys of industries.
4. Reduce vehicular emissions by using non polluting fuels like CNG (compressed natural gas)
5. Use LPG for domestic use (Liquify Petroleum Gas)
6. Improve the quality of fuel in automobiles and use catalytic converters in them.
7. Make use of renewable alternative source of energy like solar energy, wind energy and hydro energy.
8. All motor vehicles should be maintained properly so that they comply with pollution norms.
9. Use unleaded petrol.
10. Plant and grow, more and more trees, we can protect plants and trees. Vanamahotsav should be continued every year in July month.

Prevention and controlling of water pollution

1. Toxic industrial wastes should be treated chemically to neutralize the harmful substances present in it before discharging into rivers and lakes.
2. The sewage should not be dumped in to the rivers directly.
3. The use of excessive fertilizers and pesticides should be avoided.
4. The use of synthetic detergent should be minimized or biodegradable detergents should be used.
5. Dead bodies of human beings and animals should not be thrown into rivers.
6. The excreta and other garbage should be treated in a biogas plant to get fuel as well as manure.
7. The water of rivers, streams, ponds and lakes should be purified or cleaned. For example Ganga action plait launched by the Indian Government.
8. Trees and shrubs should bp planted along the banks of the rivers.
9. There should be general Rareness among the people regarding the harmful of water pollution and the ways of prevention.
10. Waste papers, plastic, waste fbod materials and rotten food and vegetables should not be thrown into open drains.
11. Go for the alternate energy resources that can replenish themselves without affecting our environment.
12. Reuse the materials for secondary purpose. Recycling is the next stage of reuse.

Question 3.
Why does the increased level of nutrients in the water affect the survival of aquatic organisms?
Answer:
Plants nutrients:

1. Phosphates and nitrates – chemical fertilizers from agriculture run – off due to rain and industrial wastes enter into water through sewage and pollute the water.
2. It helps algae to bloom, weeds to grow and bacteria is spread. As a result water turn green and cloudy and smell bad.
3. Decomposing plants use up the oxygen in water, disrupting aquatic life, reducing biodiversity and even killing aquatic life.
4. Thus, this enrichment of water by nutrients leading to excessive plant growth and depletion of oxygen is known as ‘Eutrophication’. This affects aquatic life badly.

Question 4.
Road side plants cannot grow properly. Find your own reasons and explain with your argument.
Answer:

1. The plantation along the roads mainly includes neem, peepal, banyan, almond etc.
2. It was observed that vegetation at roadside with heavy traffic and markets was much affected by vehicular emissions.
3. Significant decrease in total chlorophyll and protein content was observed with reduced leaf area.
4. It is concluded that plants can be uses as indicators for urban air pollution and there is need to protect the road side plants from air pollution.
5. Biomonitoring of plants is an important tool to evaluate the impact of air pollution on plants.
6. A study suggests that plants have the potential to serve as excellent quantitative and qualitative indices of pollution levels.
7. So plants should be grown and protected.

Question 5.
Sudheer is a traffic constable. What do you think about his health? Give some suggestions to protect his health during duty period.
Answer:

1. Environmental pollution place a significance role in the development of various respiratory diseases. Different particles and gases from vehicular emissions like carbondioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur, benzene, lead, nitrogen dioxide and black smoke are the root of the problem.
2. Traffic police are increasingly becoming victims of a diabetes and allergies at a younger age. Irregular work schedule were posing a challenge to the health of the police. Besides physical strain, mental stress and asymmetrical food habits are also contributing the problem.
3. The traffic police men who work at busy intersections are at the highest risk of developing asthma, bronchitis, shortness of breath, sore throat, chest pain, lung cancer, eye irritation, skin ailments. Impaired hearing, excessive carboxy haemoglobin and annoyance with noise also high blood pressure and cardiovascular problems.
4. On the basis of the study, pollution masks should be used by the traffic police men on duty at higher polluted junctions.
5. He should be recommended better and special medical care for his protection. Various duty places for them need to be scientifically evaluated for their exposure risk.
6. To protect ears from deafening noises, they can put small cotton balls in the ear and also wear ear masks for this purpose.
7. Ecofriendly solar traffic booths at traffic intersections will be provided for the traffic police men. These booths contains ionisers which supress the suspended particulate matter and provide a healthy environment for a police man seated inside.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the effects of water pollution in your village. Suggest precautions.
Answer:

1. Patancheru is a suburban mandal headquarters in Medak district, located about 25 km from Hyderabad. It is a major industrial hub of the state.
2. It is one of the most polluted areas in India. Nearly 14 villages were badly affected by pollution related diseases like cancer, respiratory diseases and heart diseases caused by number of poisons in air, water and on land.
3. The presence of pharmaceutical and chemical industries, pesticide units, steel rolling industries, distilleries releasing the pollutants like chlorine, Hydrogen sulphide, which are entering into the atmosphere.
4. Most of the agricultural lands became barren. The lives of people there depend on agriculture and animal husbandry. They became helpless. Most of the people converted themselves as workers in the factories.

Question 7.
Visit a pollution check centre. Observe the process of conducting a pollution check and record your findings. You may consider the following areas your record.
Average number of vehicles checked in a certain time period, Time taken to check each vehicle, Pollutants checked for, The process of testing, Permissible limits of emission of various pollutants, Measures taken if the emitted gases are above the permissible limits.

• % Average number of vehicles checked in a certain time period.
  Answer:
  10-15
• Time taken to check each vehicle.
  Answer:
  5-7 minutes
• Pollutants checked for
  Answer:
  Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, nitrogen oxide, methane, hydro carbons, sulphur dioxide, particular matter, trace elements, water vapour etc.
• The process of testing:
  1. The test shall be carried out with the engine mounted on a test bench and connected to a dynamometer.
  2. The gases emission from the exhaust of the engine include hydrocarbons, carbondioxide, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen.
  3. During prescribed sequence of warmed up engine operating conditions, the amount of the above gases in the exhaust, shall be examined continuously.
  4. The prescribed sequence of operations consists of a number of speed and power modes which span the typical operating range of engine.
  5. During each mode, the concentration of each pollutant, exhaust flow and power out put shall be determined and the measured values, weighed and used to calculate the grams of each pollutant emitted for kilowatt hour.
• Permissible limits of emission of various pollutants.
  Pefrol engine
  Carbondioxide                                  14%
  Carbon monoxide                            1 to 2%
  Nitrogen oxide less than                  0.5%
  Hydrocarbons                                   0.5%
  Sulphur dioxide                                possible traces
  Particular matter less than                0.5%
  Trace elements less than                   0.5%
  Nitrogen                                            71%
  Water vapour                                    12%
  Diesel Engine
  Nitrogen                                                   67%
  Carbondioxide                                          13%
  Water vapour                                            11%
  Carbon monoxide                             less than 0.045%
  Nitrogen oxide                                 less than 0 to 1.5%
  Sulphur dioxide                                less than 0.03%
  Hydro carbons                                  less than 0.43%
  Particulate Pollutants                       less than 0.045%
  Trace elements                                           0.3%
• Measures taken if the emitted gases are above the permissible limits.
  Answer:
  The carbon particles (soot) deposited in the engine head will be checked and cleaned or the vehicle will be ceased by .R.T.O.

Question 8.
Organize a field visit to a pond/lake/river present in or near to your village with the help of your teachers.
Observations followed by discussion could focus on…. The history of the pond or lake or river, Water resources available other than that river/pond/or lake, Cultural traditions, Pollution concerns, Source of pollution, Effects of pollution on the people living by the river side as well as those living far away.
Answer:
Kolleru lake: It is a 2nd largest fresh water lake located in Andhra Pradesh located between Krishna and Godavari delta.
History: Two copper plates of the early Pallava dynasty have been found in the lake, tracing it’s history to Langula Narasimha Deva an Ganga Vanshi Odisha King. According to legend, the Gajapathi fort was located at Kolleti kota on one of the eastern islands of the lake. The enemy general “Muhammadan” general escamped at “Chiguru kota” located on the shores. In some ways the lake protected the Oriya forces. The enemy finally tried to excavate a channel, the modern day Upputeru. So that the water of the lake would empty into the sea and the level would fall so that they could attack the Gajapathi fort. The royal oriya army general sacrificed his own daughter to propitiate Gods and ensure his success against Muhammadan and her name was “Perantala Kanama”. Therefore the channel Was called perantala Kanama. “Sri Peddinti Ammavari Temple” is one of the oldest and famous temples found in Kolleru.
Water sources available other than Kolleru: Wells, taps. The lake is fed directly water from seasonal Budameru and Tammileru streams and connected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by channels.
Cultural traditions: The vast majority of the district is rural in nature. Thus the culture of the kolleru lake people is mostly conservative and traditional. The joint family system, the arranged marriages are the norms. Telugu language is spoken in this place. Pollution concerns: Kolleru lake is suffering from the unsatisfied greed of people and selfish interests of mankind who exploit the lake’s integrity. Thousands of fish tanks were dug up effectively converting the lake into a mere drain. This had great impact in terms of pollution, leading to difficulty in getting drinking water for the local people.
Source of pollution: Satellite images taken on February 9, 2001 by the Indian remote sensing satellite found that approximately 42% of the 245 km² lake was occupied by aquaculture. While agriculture had encroached another 8.5% they were mostly rice paddies. Surprisingly no clear water could be found in the satellite image. The rest of the lake is being diminished by weeds like elephant grass and water hyacinth.
Effects of pollution on people: Thousands of fish tanks were dug up effectly leading to difficulty in getting drinking water for the local people. An adverse effect on the thousands of acres of crop in the upper reaches of water flow into the sea because of obstruction by bunds of the fish tanks that appeared illegally.

Question 9.
What is air pollution? Make a flow-chart to describe its causes and effects.
Answer:
If solid, liquid and gaseous substances are present in higher volumes than required in the air, it is harmful to air. It is called air pollution.
Table shows causes and effects of air pollution:

COMMON POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES

Question 10.
Clear and transparent water is always suitable for drinking. Comment.
Answer:

1. No. Clear and transparent water is not always suitable for drinking.
2. Water might appears clean but it may contain some disease causing micro-organisms and other dissolved impurities.
3. Hence it is advised to purify water before drinking.
4. Purifying can be done by water purifying systems or by boiling the water.

Question 11.
If our monument like Tajmahal is effected by air pollution, what is your advise to protect it?
Answer:
The Taj Mahal one of the seven wonders of the world is located in Agra. It is made of white marbles. The effect of pollutants like SO₂, NO₂, smoke, dust, soot, etc. on it has turned the marble from white to yellow.
Precautions to protect Taj Mahal:

1. Switch over to cleaner fuels like CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and LPG (Liquify Petroleum Gas)
2. Use unleaded petrol in vicinity of Taj Mahal.
3. Shift polluting industries to the outside of Agra city.
4. Industrial pollution should be banned around the Taj Mahal.
5. Limited vehicular use in a specific radius.
6. An electronic board should be installed in the Taj Mahal premises, that compares current pollution levels, to the levels that deemed safe.

Question 12.
Reshma going to talk about controlling measures of soil pollution. Prepare write up for her.
Answer:
Controlling measures of soil pollution:

1. Limit the use of fertilizers and pesticides.
2. Awareness about biological control methods and their implementation.
3. The grazing of cattle must be controlled and forest management should be done properly.
4. The afforestation and reforestation must take place.
5. Proper preventing methods like shields should be used in areas of wind erosion .and wind breakes.
6. Remember to carry paper bags and minimising plastic bags.
7. The soil binding grass must be planted and the large trees must be plant along the banks.
8. Industrial waste must be dumped in the low lying areas.
9. There should be a definite technic of cropping which does not allow weeds to settle on the fields.
10. The mining waste must be improved along with the transportation.
11. The are must not be left barren and dry.

Question 13.
To conduct a quiz program on air and water pollution, prepare five thought provoking questions.
Answer:

1. What is environmental pollution?
2. What are the natural disasters of pollution?
3. What are the human activities that leads to pollution?
4. What is the unforgettable industrial tragedy took place in Bhopal on second December
5. Who is responsible for thepollution in Patancheru ? What are the interim orders, released by supreme court of India for the sake of people and environment?
6. What is the sad story of River Musi?
7. Can we save Taj Mahal from pollution?
   What is the present situation of Taj Mahal?
8. Natural resources are the devine gift for us by nature. Can we keep these resources clean and healthy for the future generations? What is your role and response towards this?

Question 14.
“Use Bicycle – Avoid motor bikes and cars”. This slogan is prepared by Sravani. Prepare some more slogans on pollution.
Answer:

1. Slogans towards biodiversity:
2. Segregate the reusable waste.
3. Don’t produce lot of waste.
4. Don’t use plastic covers.
5. Compost the wet waste.
6. Turn the waste into compost.
7. Make Compost out of fallen leaves.
8. Never burn the fallen leaves of trees.
9. Use bicycles if the destination is manageable.
10. Plant trees in vacant places and take care to ensure their growth.
11. Grow plants and protect them for fresh air and ventilation.
12. Use cattle dung, organic fertilizers.
13. Practice eco-friendly methods.
14. Strictly follow environmental policies and laws.
15. Limit the use of fire wood and use bio fuels for cooking.
16. Plant a sapling on your birthday water it every day.
17. Wash your hands, feet close to the trees and plants.

Question 15.
If you are a general manager of a chemical industry, what precautions would you take to control air and water pollution?
Answer:
Precautions to control air and water pollution :

1. Stoppage of effluent flowing into air and water bodies immediately.
2. Installing tall chimneys in factory to reduce air pollution at the ground level.
3. Installing electrostatic precipitators in the chimney of industry to reduce.
4. Plant and grow, more and more. Trees in the industry surroundings.
5. Protecting plants and trees.
6. Toxic industrial wastes should be treated chemically to neutralize the harmful substances present in it before discharging into water bodies.
7. Waste water from the industry is to be filtered first to remove particulate material and stored in shallow tanks where bacterial degradation of organic compounds takes place.

8th Class Biology 10th Lesson Not For Drinking-Not For Breathing InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe this certificate try to find out answers for the following questions.
Answer:
The pollution under control certificate

a) Which department issues the pollution under control certificate?
Answer:
The pollution check up centre issues the certificate.

b) For how much time is it valid?
Answer:
It is valid for six months.

c) For which type of vehicle has it been issued?
Answer:
Motor bike, scooters, cars, bus, lorry all type of vehicles.

d) What is emission test ? What components are tested ini the pollution check up centre?
Answer:
The test conducting of the gases releasing from the vehicle is called emission test. Components tested in the pollution check up center are carbondioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide etc.

e) What will happen if carbon monoxide (CO) and hydro carbons (HQ readings are higher that the permissible limits reading ?
Answer:
If the above said gases are higher than the permissible limits reading it leads to pollution is harmful to the living organisms and hurt the health and well of living organisms.

f) Think of why there is a peed of “pollution under control certificate”?
Answer:
With a rapid increase in Ifie number of vehicles the problem of automobile pollution has assumed greater significance. The emission of smoke from motor vehicles is a major source of air pollution.

Question 2.
What will happen if harmful organisms or substances enter your body? How do you feel?
Answer:
If harmful organisms enter the body, the normal functioning of the body will be disrupted or disturbed. We feel sick.

What is air pollution ?
Question 3.
List out the gases that you know present in the air.
Answer:
The gases present in the air are nitrogen, oxygen, carbondioxide, inert gases mainly argon, and water vapour.

Question 4.
What are the four major gases in the air?
Answer:
The four major gases are nitrogen oxygen, argon and carbondioxide.

Question 5.
Draw a neat diagram showing the composition of air in the atmosphere arid write the percentage of gases.
Answer:

Question 6.
Collect the pictures of natural activities and human activities which leads to pollution and paste them in your record book.
Answer:

Question 7.
If a person burnt out types or dried leaves at a particular place. Where shall go the smoke and ash goes?
Answer:
The smoke and ash raise up, mixes with gases in the atmosphere which leads to pollution.

Water Pollution
Question 8.
Let us read the following news paper clipping.

Answer the following questions based on your understanding of the paper clipping.
a. What do you understand after reading the news paper clippings?
Answer:
Some areas in Nalgonda district, the water got polluted because of the chemicals dissolved in it. These chemicals are released Into the water by the oil factory, textiles, pesticide factory and steel factory.

b. What are the issues discussed in this news paper clipping?
Answer:
Total dissolved solids (T.D.S.) in water should be maximum 500. Due to pollution it is estimated that T.D.S. has reached to 10,000. The pollution in water is higher which is dangerous for use.

c. What are its causes and effects?
Answer:
The causes for the TDS: The chemical pollutants released by the factories into the water. Effects: The water becomes unfit for drinking. By using the water the crops are beeing dead.

d. How does the problem arise?
Answer:
Large amounts of chemicals discharged into the ground water leads to water pollution. Due to water pollution the problem arise in those areas.

e. Are you also facing this type of problems in your area? Can you explain reasons behind?
Answer:
Yes, I am facing this type problems in our area. Because industries are developed in our area. So population is increasing. That’s why water is polluted in our area.

8th Class Biology 10th Lesson Not For Drinking-Not For Breathing Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
NATURAL DISASTERS POLLUTION
Collect information from your school library for the following natural disasters in the world.
Answer:
Volcanic eruptions:
Deep under the earth’s surface, it’s so hot that even rock melts. Sometimes this molten rock, called ‘magma’, is pushed up to the surface. At this point it is referred to as lava. And the opening or vent that lets the lava out is a volcano. ‘
A volcano may explode violently throwing out rocks for miles around. It releases various gases and ash into the atmosphere.

Forest fires:
Forest fire is a moving combustion reaction spreading outwards in a band from it’s ignition point leaving burnt forest behind it and also called as wild fire.
It can be large uncontrolled disasters that burnt through hundred to hundred thousand acres.
Causes : Natural cause, lightening, volcanic eruptions, sparks from rocks falls and spontaneous combustion.
Pollution :
Forest fires release carbon particles (ash) into the air and pollute the air.

Sand storms and Tsunamis:
A sand storm or a dust storm is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi arid regions. They arise when a gust front or other strong wind blows, loose sand and dirt from a dry surface. Particles are transported by saltation and suspension. The Sahara where sand is more prevalent, soil type than dirt or rock.
Causes:
As a force of wind passing over loosly held particles increased, the particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to saltate. As they repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen and break off smaller particles of dust, which then begin to travel in suspension.

Tsunamis:

1. Tsunami is also called as a ‘seismic sea wave’ is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water.
2. Tsunami impact is limited to coastal areas. But their destructive power can be enormous, and they can effect entire ocean basin.
3. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with, atleast 2,30,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
4. Tsunami causes much damage by two mechanisms. The smashing force of water travelling at a high speed and destructive power of a large volume of water draining of the land and carrying away large amount of debris with it.
5. About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific ocean, and there is possibility for tsunamis wherever there are large bodies of water including lakes.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
A) OIL PAPER EXPERIMENT
Answer:
Take three square pieces of white paper of 5 x 5 cm size dipped in oil. Hang these oil dipped paper at three different locations, say your backyard, your school, near a park or parking lot etc. Let it be there for 30 minutes. Observe and compare all three papers.
a) What did you found on those papers dipped in oil ?
Answer:
Some dust particles sticking to the oil paper.

b) Is there any difference observed for all the three locations ?
Answer:
Some differences are observed. The soot and ash dust particles are seen on the oil paper hung at back yard which comes from burning of wood.
More dust particles seen on the oil paper at the school and less dust particles on the oil paper which was hung near a park.

c) Try to find out the answer why this difference occurred.
Answer:
When different types of fuels are burnt they release different types of particles into air. These particles are different according to different locations.

d) Do you know where the dust particles could have come from ?
Answer:
The dust particles could have come from the effect of air pollution caused by man made resources largely affects nature.

B) HUMAN ACTIVITIES:
Name of the fuels we burnt in our daily activities including rural and urban areas.
Answer:
Petrol, diesel, wood, charcoal, tyres etc.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
POWER GENERATION PLANTS.
Go to your school library and collect information to make a list of these power generation plants and where they are located.
Answer:
THERMAL POWER PLANTS

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Discuss about the adverse effects of Global warming.
Answer:
Effects of Global Warming: Global warming is having measurable effects on the planet right now. They are

1. Ice is melting in both polar ice caps and mountain glaciers.
2. Lakes around the world, including lake superior are warming rapidly.
3. Animals are changing migration patterns.
4. Plants are changing the dates of activity. Ex : Leaf flash.
5. Global warming increase in temperature around the world.
6. The average global temperature increased 0.8°C over the post 100 years.
7. Weather is changed by globed warming, some places become more hot and some more cool.
8. Global warming increases the sea level. So the costal areas will sink into the sea.
9. Ice is melted which increases the sea level that leeds to ocean acidification.

Ask your teacher about secondary pollutants why they are called so?
Answer:
Oxides of nitrogen NO, NO₂ (NOx), peroxy acetyl nitrate, formaldehyde, ozone, etc., are the secondary pollutants.
Pollutants are defined as primary pollutants resulting from combustion of fuels and industrial operations and secondary pollutants, those which are produced due to reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
FIELD VISIT:
Visit nearby factory, industry (boiled rice mill, brick making kiln, oil mill food processing mill etc.,) present in your area and observe.

• How are they polluting air and water ?
  Answer:
  They are releasing smoke, smooth dust particles into air and releasing waste material into water sources and polluting air and water.
• Is there any green belt around the factory ? Name the trees they are growing.
  Answer:
  Ashoka, Gulmohar, Neem, Eucalyptus are growing around the factory.
•  What precautions are they taking to prevent pollution ?
  Answer:
  Suction devices known as vacuum pans are used to collect the pollutants from the water.
  To control air pollution, ventury type wet scrubber and meeting the norms described by A.P. Pollution board -have arranged.

Lab Activity 

Question 5.
POLLUTANTS:
Aim: Observation of pollutants in local available water samples.
Material: Glass tumblers, water samples from tap, pond, river, well, lake, red, blue litmus papers, soap.
Procedure: Collect water samples from a tap, pond, river, well and lake. Pour each into separate glass containers. Compare these for smell, colour pH and hardness.

• pH of water samples can be determined by using litmus paper. If blue litmus paper turns to the red colour, that water sample is acidic in nature and if red litmus turns to blue, water sample is basic in nature.
• Hardness of water can be determined using soap. If water produces lesser foam it is referred as hard water.

Observations and findings:
Record your observation in the following table.

Activity – 5

Question 6.
Visit your nearby pond/lake or river and find out the material being discharged in it. Prepare a biography on it.
Answer:
As Hyderabad has grown in size and is emerging as a global mega city, its growing water requirements have been met by under taking long distance water projects over the years. These projects are dependent on Musi River. Thousands of people depend on it for their daily needs and livelihood. The Moosi has been polluted for many years.
The people living near the Musi river, throw large quantities of garbage, untreated sewage, industrial waste, dead bodies, polythene bags, hot water and statues of deities and many other materials directly in to the river. –
The ‘Musi reservoir action plan project’ was undertaken to reduce the pollution level in the river. Pollution control activities include under the project are:

• Solid waste management.
• Installation of sewage treatment plant.
• Provision of low cost sanitary facilities.
• Development of river front.
• Efforts to develop public awareness.

Ask your teacher about aerobic bacteria and write a note on it with some examples.
Answer:
An aerobic bacteria is the one that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. Bacillus, nocardic and pseudomonas space aeruginosa, myobacterium tuberculosis are some of the examples of aerobic bacteria.

Do you know oil slick on sea water ?In what way it is dangerous to aquatic life?
Answer:
Several kinds of plants and animals live in oceans. Oceans maintain equilibrium in nature. We transport several kinds of oils and fuels over seas. The spillage of these oils and fuels by accident creates a layer of oil over the surface of the sea water for hundreds of kilometers. This is called oil spill or oil slog. When it happens, air and light cannot enter the sea water and several marine creatures like fish, tortoise and other marine life forms die of asphyxiation.

Think and Discuss

Question 1.
When we go on a busy road in the evening a lot of smoke is spread in the surroundings. We get cough and feel uneasy even when we close the nose with napkins.
a) Why this type of symptoms we observe? Think about it.
Answer:
Carbon monoxide is poisonous gas combines with haemoglobin of our blood and forms carboxy haemoglobin. Due to this haemoglobin is unable to carry oxygen to various parts. This leads to respiratory problems. It causes suffd&Stion and may cause even death.

b) If these symptoms will continue, what happens?
Answer:
Air pollution is like a slow poison. The effect of air pollution are not seen immediately. But over a long period of time the pollutants present in air damage our health and property.

Question 2.
Do you find any relation between pH and hardness of water?
Answer:
No relation between pH and hardness of water. pH is scale to measure acid, base or neutral hardness is the percentage of salts dissolved in the water.

Question 3.
Which water sample is colourless?
Answer:
Tap water.

Question 4.
Which water sample is suitable for drinking and why?
Answer:
Tap water is suitable for drinking because the tap water is cleaned and chlorinated and safe for drinking.

Question 5.
Do you find any change in colour and smell of water in some water samples ? What are your reasons ?
Answer:
The colour and smell of water is due to the nature of the soil and the plants grown in the water.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Production and Management of Food From Animals Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 9th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Animals

8th Class Biology 9th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Animals Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
One honey bee hive consists of different types of bees. What are they? How they differ from each other?
Answer:

1. Honey bee species are social insects, which lives in colonies.
2. A honey bee colony consists of three types of bees.
3. One queen, several thousands of workers and few hundreds of drones.
4. There is only one queen bee in a colony. The primary function of a queen is to lay eggs (800 – 1200 eggs per day). The life span of queen is two to three years.
5. A worker has 5-6 weeks and the drone has 57 days of life span.
6. There are sterile female which are called workers in the hive. These bees attend to indoor duties during first three weeks during first three weeks of their lives such as secretion of royal jelly, feeding of the brood.
7. After three weeks they attend outdoor duties like collecting nector, pollen and water.
8. Drones are the male members of the colony. They are very lazy and unable to gather food. Their main duty is participating in mating, after this they die.

Question 2.
Make a list of characters of local variety buffaloes, which gives good quantity of milk in your village.
Answer:

1. Buffaloes are most common in India and other Asian countries.
2. In general, buffaloes give more milk than cows and buffaloes milk has more fat than the cow’s milk.
3. Buffaloes are more resistant to diseases than cows.
4. There are about seven different breeds of buffaloes, Murrah, Bhadwari, Jaffrabadi, Surthi, Mehsana, Nagpri and Nili Ravi in our country.
5. Each breed of buffalo is found in specific regions of the country and they differ in their body colour, shape and length of horns and in the shape and size of their forehead.
6. Of these different breeds of buffaloes, Murrah breed of buffaloes have been recognised by Government of India, as the best native milk yielding breed.
7. It yields about 8 litres of milk/day/animal and about 1800 – 2200 litres per year.

Question 3.
Explain the process of hatching eggs under broody hen in rural areas.
Answer:

1. Hatching of eggs is an interesting process.
2. The common village hen has less care and attention.
3. So it’s productivity is low.
4. It has the capacity to lay 15 to 20 eggs an egg per day respectively.
5. After that the hen becomes a broody state (wish to hatch the egg).
6. In this process the people of the house arrange the eggs in such a way that the broody hen can sit comfortably on the eggs to hatch.
7. The hen sits on the eggs stretching its wings to provide heat to the eggs, to develop chicks inside the eggs.
8. It takes 21 days to the chicks emerges out by breaking the egg shell. This process is called incubation.
9. Almost all the eggs hatch into chicken but some eggs which do not get sufficient heat from the broody hen become rotten.

Question 4.
Write about the accessory products produced in animal husbandry.
Answer:
Milk, meat, eggs, wool are the accessory products of animal husbandry.

Question 5.
What is estuaries, how they are suitable for both marine and river fish to live?
Answer:

1. Estuary is the place where river joins the sea usually called mouth of the river. In this area fresh water (with low salt content from the river) is mixed up with sea water (with high salt content).
2. When the wave action is strong or during high tide, large amount of sea water mixes with river water. In fact sea flows deep into the river.
3. During low tide and when the wave action is weak, less amount of sea water mixes with river water.
4. Because of this, salt content of the water in the estuary changes very rapidly.
5. Animals living in the estuary should tolerate and adopt to rapid changes in the salt content of water.

Question 6.
If you have a chance to visit milk chilling centre, what doubts would you like to clarify? Please list out them.
Answer:

1. Chilling of milk means rapid cooling of raw milk to sufficiently to low temperature. So that the growth of microorganisms present in the milk is checked.
   Doubts to clarify
2. What would happen if the temperature of the milk should be reduced to less than 10°C preferably 3-4°C, in the chilling process?
3. Whether the growth of the microorganisms will be controlled as the required nutrients and the growth conditions will be favourable to them?
4. If the growth of the organisms will not be checked what would happen to the milk. Any changes would happen? Is it fit for consumption?
5. If milk has to be transported to longer distances, considerable time is involved between production and heating process.
6. During this period milk should be protected from spoilage by the action of micro-organisms the chilling process therefore considered is necessary.

Question 7.
Collect news from news papers about milk production and impurities in milk.
Prepare a note and display it on wall magazine.
Answer:
Milk Production:

1. Our government treats producing milk as an industry.
2. Generally farmers rear 1 to 5 cattle in small scale at their homes to produce milk.
3. Among cows, traditional species give 2-5 liters of milk in a day. Murrah species are reared in most of the districts in our state.
4. They give up to 8 liters of milk per day. Haryana, Jaferabad, Nagapuri are the traditional variety of cows which give good quantity of milk.
5. Jersy (England) and Holstein (Denmark) are the foreign varieties. They give 25 liters of milk per day.
6. These foreign varieties are cross breed with our traditional local varieties. They give 8-20 liters milk per day.
7. Cows play vital role in total milk production of our country.
8. Out of milk produced in our country 60% is used to prepare cheese, cova, ghee, curd, milk powder and other milk products.
9. The milk produced in dairy forms is collected from house holds and pasteurized.

Impurities in Milk

1. Addition of pure or impure water.
2. Addition of colouring matter.
3. Addition of preservatives like Sodium bicarbonate, Borax or Boric Acid, Salicylic Acid and formaldehyde.
4. Addition of substances used for thickening after dilution with water, e.g. Flour, arrowroot, chalk, carbonate of magnesium.
5. Sugar is added to raise the specific gravity of diluted skimmed milk.
6. Milk is contaminated by
   a) improper or poisonous food eaten by the animal.
   b) Poor condition of animal due to nursing.
   c) Contamination of disease germs from the cub.
   d) Absorption of bad odours.
   e) If milk has been diluted it becomes pale and blueish, so milk and cream are artificially coloured with anilines or other pigments. Annotto is the common dye used to milk cream and butter.

Question 8.
Collect information about sea weeds, sea kelp from your school library and write a note with examples.
Answer:
Sea Weeds:
Sea weeds constitute an important marine resource and are found along the Rocky intertidal and subtidal regions of the coasts of India. The Sundarbans, the Chilka lake, the deltas of Godavari and Krishna. Gulf of Mannar. Palk bay Gujarath coast and around Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nikobar Islands are areas rich in sea weeds. They are used for human consumption, as cattle and poultry feed, as manure and for industrial purposes as the source phyco colloids like Agar-agar.

Sea Kelps:
Kelps are the largest sea weeds belonging to the brown algae (phaeophyceae) in the order laminariales.
Kelps grow in under water in shallow oceans, it has a high rate of growth and it’s decay is quite efficient in yielding methane as well as sugars that can be converted into ethanol.
It has been proposed that large open ocean, kelp farms could serve as a source as renewable source of energy.
Unlike some biofuels, such as corn, ethanol, Kelp energy avoids “food verses fuel” issues and does not require irrigation.

Question 9.
Observe nearby poultry farm and findout how do they export eggs to market? What material is used for transportation?
Answer:

1. The most important component in the marketing of eggs is to handle them with care at the time of collection, transportation and in the sale counter.
2. To avoid breakage of eggs special designs are planned in the poultry forms. They are packed in tailor made egg trays which can be piled up one over the other after inserting eggs in each tray.
3. These trays protect the eggs from both vertical and horizontal friction and avoid breakage during transportation.
4. The design of the transport vehicles for the chicken are also specially designed cages to allow the requisite freedom to the birds.

Question 10.
Observe a dry honey bee hive and how the bees built it. Draw a picture. How does it look like?
Answer:

Honey Bee hive is a construction of six sided (hexagon) wax compartments made by bees to store honey and eggs.
Wax is produced by the honey bees is known as bee’s wax or honey wax. Wax is used in the production of cosmetics, shoe polish, candles and leather industry.

Question 11.
Agriculture and animal husbandry are both sides of the same coin. How can you justify this?
Answer:

1. Farmers adopt different methods of management for getting better yields in agriculture. In the same way, care is required in the management of reading animals also.
2. Since long ago, man used animals not only for obtaining food but also for agriculture, transportation.
3. People living in rural areas used to domesticate animals like cows, buffaloes, bullocks, goats, sheep, pigs, hens etc., supplying of nutritious food accommodating clear and hygienic, shelters for animals is very important issue in animal husbandry.
4. Generally villages send their cattle to rear in their fields. Where grass is easily avail-able. These animals provide him with food (milk, meat, eggs etc) and clothing. Man in turn protected, fed and took care of these domestic animals.
5. The selective relationship between man and the domestic animals has become in-dispensable – man cannot live without them and these animals cannot survive in wild.
6. Thus, the relationship is mutually dependent and beneficial.

Question 12.
How do you appreciate the uses of cattle?
Answer:

1. Cattle are not only for our food, even its excretions like dung and urine also we make them use. Cow dung is used as a cooking fuel, sanitizing cleanser, construction material, insulation and water proofing for walls and floors in rural houses, a cultural symbol in religious worship, the raw material for producing organic compost and generating electricity.
2. The urine of cows is considered an elixir of life and is used as a natural remedy for liver and heart conditions as well as for enhancing mental and physical strength and increasing longevity.
3. The utilization of cow dung and urine is a perfect example of sustainable living. An understanding of the use of cow dung and urine by the rural Indian population can illustrate the indigenous knowledge associated with these materials and alternative sources of materials for electricity generation as well as cost-effective and environmentally friendly fuel and medicines.
4. Even the ash formed from burning of dung can be used as a cleaning agent for household utensils or used as a fertilizer.
5. Cow manure contains several plant nutrients including nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The composition of cow manure makes it ideal for several uses, including fuel, fertilizer and medicine.

Question 13.
What makes you amazing in division of work in Honey bee colony? Support your answer.
Answer:

1. Honey bees lives in colonies. It consists of three types of bees.
2. One queen bee, several thousands of worker bees and few hundreds of drones or male bees.
3. The primary function of a queen bee is to lay 800 – 1200 eggs per day.
4. The worker bees are the sterile female bees. They attend to indoor duties like secretion of royal jelly, feeding of the brood during first three weeks.
   After three weeks they attend outdoor duties like collecting nector, pollen and water.
5. Drones are the male members of the colony. They are lazy. Their main duty is participating in mating. After this they die.
6. Thus the division of work is amazing in honey bee colony.

Question 14.
Conversion of agricultural lands into fish ponds leads to food crisis and environmental pollution. Write your opinion to conduct in debate on this issue.
Answer:

1. Fish culture is not new to our country. Even today in several villages, fishes are grown in small ponds in the backyard of the houses. Besides this, growing of fishes in rice fields is also more common in villages. In fact fish production is considered as second crop for farmers, the primary crop being rice.
2. Fish culture is sometimes practised in combination with a rice crop, so that fish are grown in the water in the paddy field.
3. Growing fish in paddy field is also multi-utilitarian practice. The reason for this are the increasing use of inorganic fertilizers and insecticides in paddy fields which cause deleterious effects on fish and predation for birds, snakes etc.
4. Cultivating fish in paddy fields lower diseases like stem borers on paddy.
5. If the agricultural fields are converted to fish pond, food grains would not be sufficient for the growing population. This leads to food crisis.
6. But ours is a agricultural country. So agriculture will be done in the crop seasons, and in the unseason they can convert to fish pond.
7. The places where it is near to the water sources farmers can utilize these places for growing fish.

8th Class Biology 9th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Animals InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the food items that are obtained from animals?
Answer:
Milk, meat, eggs, honey.

Question 2.
Do we get our food only from domesticated animals? List out the food that is obtained from animals.
Answer:
We domesticated only such animals which were helpful to us. Buffalo, Cow etc. are reared for milk. Hens, goats, sheep for meat, ducks for eggs.

Question 3.
Do you know the period from which wild animals were being tamed?
Answer:

Name of the Animal	Period of Domestication
Dog	30,000 – 7,000 BC
Sheep	11,000 – 9,000 BC
Pig	9,000 BC
Goat	8,000 BC

Question 4.
Why did early man domesticate only some of the animals?
Answer:
Domestic animals provide him food, (milk, meat, eggs), clothing (skin of the animals). The early man realised the capabilities of these animals, tamed and domesticated them to help him in his daily activities.

Question 5.
Why he did not domesticated animals like elephant, tiger, lion etc. or birds like eagle and owl?
Answer:
They are the wild animals and it is difficult to tame them. There is no use of these animals for his daily activities.

Question 6.
Do all the persons who won agriculture fields also rear cattle?
Answer:
All most all the persons who won agriculture fields, rear cattle also.

Question 7.
Is there any relation between agriculture and cattle rearing or animal husbandry?
Answer:
Cattle provide him food, help in agriculture and transport, man provide food for the animals from the agricultural fields.
Collect the following information from your calls.

Question 8.
Number of families in agriculture
Answer:
Less families

Question 9.
Number of families in agriculture along with animal husbandry.
Answer:
Almost all families.

Question 10.
Number of families in Animal husbandry alone.
Answer:
Less families.

LET US DO Cattle Rearing:

Question 11.
Form a group with four or five students in your class. Discuss about the reasons. Why does a farmers rear cattle?
Answer:
Farmers believe that animal husbandry is part and parcel of agriculture.

Question 12.
Where do people rear their cattle in your village?
Answer:
Generally people send their cattle to rear at the places where grass is easily available.

Question 13.
What are the cattle here?
Answer:
Cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep.

Question 14.
At which places fodder is available?
Answer:
Fodder is available in fields and open places.

Question 15.
What are places where water is available?
Answer:
Canals, ponds, wells etc.

Question 16.
Are there any differences between rearing of cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep?
Answer:
All the animals are herbivorous animals. Farmers use bullocks in agricultural practices like ploughing.

Question 17.
What are the major problems that cattle rearers generally face?
Answer:
Cattle sheds become unclean because of the remains of fodder, dung and urine. Care should be taken to prevent the growth of lice and mytes on cattle’s body.

Question 18.
Make a list of agricultural practices by using bullocks and the buffaloes.
Answer:
Ploughing, to draw the leveller, transporting agricultural goods etc.

Question 19.
Think in which way this practice is helpful to the farmer as well as field crops?
Answer:
Sheep and goats provide him meat and wool, the dung and urine becomes good manure to the field crops.

Question 20.
Where is veterinary hospital located in your area?
Answer:
It is located at the place where it is convenience to the people to bring their animals for check.

Question 21.
Who are working there and what do they do?
Answer:
The employees working in veterinary hospital are a veterinary doctor or animal husbandary assistant, a compounder and attenders. They provide treatment and health care for the cattle.

Question 22.
Meet a nearby veterinary doctor or animal husbandry assistant. Collect infor¬mation about common diseases in cattle and prepare a note on them.
Answer:

1. Gali Kuntu is a common and dangerous disease in cows and buffaloes.
2. Sheep and goats suffer from worm infections (Nattala Vyadhi)
3. Growth of lice and mytes on cattle’s body.
4. Some parasitic diseases cause damage to liver intestine.
5. Viral and bacterial diseases also effect on milk production.

Milk Production:

Question 23.
From which animals we get maximum milk production?
Answer:
Cows, buffalows

Question 24.
In which areas people use camel milk?
Answer:
Desert areas.

Question 25.
Have you ever see people taking donkeys milk? Why was it preffered?
Answer:
Yes. Donkey milk which is Rich in immunoglobulin helps human body from many viral and bacterial infections. These are mostly found in Telangana regions especially in Adilabad. The secret behind the glowing skin of Egyptian princess Cleopatra’s is donkey milk.

Question 26.
What are the types of fodder generally farmers feed the cattle with?
Answer:

1. They supply fodder from their agricultural fields.
2. They also feed the cattle with hay, green and dry grass, oil seed cakes of ground nut.

Question 27.
How farmers preserve fodder for cattle after harvesting?
Answer:
After harvesting farmers preserve fodder by arranging into heaps. This heap will be used for the cattle throughout the year.

Pasteurization :

Question 28.
Is there a milk collecting centre in your village?
Answer:
Krishna Milk Union, Vijaya Dairy Milk centres are located in our village.

Question 29.
How do they collect milk and export?
Answer:
The milk produced in dairy farm is collected from households and cattle rearers and export the milk in chilling form (cooling condition).

Question 30.
Do you know how they decide cost of milk?
Answer:
The cost of milk is decided due to fat content.

Question 31.
Do you know in which month the rate of milk production is high? Why?
Answer:
September to November the milk production is high.

Question 32.
Why the milk production is higher during those months than remaining year ? Discuss with your friends and find out the reasons.
Answer:
Milk production is slightly higher in the November and December months. Because

1. In these months food availability is rich and intaking of good food increase the milk production.
2. the climate is cool and enough hot. This sunny weather increase the milk production.
3. water resources are well in these months. Availability of food and water leads to milk production.
4. mostly animals delivered in July and August months and give milk before the summer. So the availability of milk is higher in November and December months.

Selection Procedure:

Question 33.
What care should be taken while buying cattle for milk production?
Answer:
The following points should be kept in mind.

1. Select high milk producing varieties, either traditional or hybrid.
2. Observe 2 to 3 days for average milk production.
3. Number yielding size, health, eating fodder.
4. Consult veterinary doctor, official of Director of Animal husbandry.

Some of rural people are experts in identifying high producing varieties.

Question 34.
What occasions, They decorate their cattle in your village?
Answer:
Pongal, Onam etc.

Question 35.
Do they respond when called by names ? Do you have any such experience with your pets ?
Answer:
We see the pet dogs climbing our body, sitting beside us, moves it’s tail and licks our feet when we call.

Poultry:

Question 36.
Collect information about Biogas Productions from your school library or internet and write notes on Biogas.
Answer:

1. In recent years, an alternate and better method is used to obtain energy from cattle dung and from the excreta of other animals including man and some types of organic waste material from agriculture, homes and industries.
2. This is by anaerobic fermentation of waste, to produce a gas which can be used as fuel. As this gas is produced from biological wastes, this is called BIO GAS.
3. Biogas is a mixture of gases – methane, carbondioxide and small amounts of hydro-gen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide. About 200 cc of biogas gives about 900 K.Cal of energy.
4. Production of biogas occurs in three stages. In the first stage, aerobic bacteria are allowed to degrade the complex molecules into simple molecules.
5. In the second stage, the simple molecules are fermented anaerobically to produce organic acids mostly to acetic acid.
6. In the final stage methane producing bacteria act on the acetic acid under anaerobic condition produce methane. The gases produced are collected into specially constructed chambers and supplied to users.
7. Use of bio gas for domestic purposes (cooking) lighting of street lights etc.
8. When bio gas is burnt, it does not pollute the environment.
9. The left over material after the production of bio gas can be used as manure in agriculture.

Question 37.
Are the hens reared in the poultry is same as our traditional varieties reared by farmers in the village?
Answer:
Farmers rear cocks and hens in villages. Most of these are local varieties (Natukollu). Poultry farms are of two types. One is for production of eggs (layers) and other for meat (Broilers).

Question 38.
Think and discuss Is genetically modified food useful or not?
Answer:
Natural wild varieties grow fully in 5 to 6 years. But broilers grow fully in just 6 to 8 weeks. This happens due to genetic modifications in the hen. So genetically modified food is useful.

Question 39.
Do you know Chicken 65? Why is this called so?
Answer:
This preparation is prepared by A.M. Buhari, in South Indian food industry in Chennai, in the year 1965. So this is called Chicken-65.

Question 40.
Have you heard about cock fight during some festival seasons. Think and discuss in your class about this type of practices which show human cruelty towards animals.
Answer:

At the time of Pongal festival, in some places like India and Tamilnadu, the birds are equipped with either metal spurs or knives tightly tied to the legs in the area where the cock’s natural spur has been partially removed. In this cock fight both the cocks would be wounded, severely bleed, this leads to the death of the birds. By watching this cock fight show, people get enjoyment. This shows human cruelty towards animals.

Question 41.
Do you know how many days a hen spends to hatch it’s eggs?
Answer:
A hen spends 21 days to hatch its eggs.

Question 42.
Prepare a detailed note on hatching eggs by observing at your village. If you need, please draw pictures also.
Answer:

Hatching of eggs into chick is called as incubation period. The full incubation period for an egg is 21 days. During this time the hen sits on her eggs and maintains a temperature of 100°F, which is needed to ensure proper embryonic development.

Question 43.
Egg is a nutritious food. Collect information about various nutrients in egg and write a note on them in your notebook.
Answer:
The nutrients present in egg are is as follows:
Choline: Healthy cell membranes
Vitamin – B: Folate and Riboflavin – converts food we eat into energy. Folate also reduces homocysteine levels and prevent birth defects.
Vitamin – A: Vision and healthy skin.
Vitamin – E and Vitamin – C also present
Luteine and Zeaxanthin: Found in yellow pigment of yolk, prevent macular degeneration.
NECC:
If you want to be healthy person eat egg everyday. This is the slogan of National Egg Co-ordination Committee. Egg is chief nutritious food which is easily available for all.

APICULTURE:

Question 44.
In what way honey bees are helpful in pollination?
Answer:
Honey bees are helpful in pollination, there after growth of food grains.

Question 45.
Generally where do you find honey bee hives in your surroundings?
Answer:
Those plants which contain nectar and pollen liked by bees are called bee flora. We find honey bee hives on the fruit trees like citrus, apple, guava, tamarind, cultivated field crops like mustered, gingelly, wheat, cotton, sunflower, vegetable plants like beans, bendi, brinjal, Trees like acacia, neem, sal and bushes, shrubs.

Question 46.
In which seasons we find honey bee hives?
Answer:
In winter and summer seasons we find honey bee hives.

Question 47.
Collection of honey from hive is a careful activity. Write a note on how people collect honey from hives. What did they do for this ?
Answer:

1. People take risk to collect honey from hives.
2. They burn some plants or wood to make smoke. They cover their body with a thick blanket.
3. They put the smoking material into a container. They take it over to the hive.
4. Working slowly and carefully, they wait for the honey bees to leave the bee hive.
5. Carefully they cut the hive with a sharp knife.
   By pressing the hive they can collect honey.

Question 48.
Ask your parents/teacher how a bear hunts bee hives for honey?
Answer:

1. Before going for hibernation (winter sleep) the bear builts fat reserves in its body and prepares itself for the winter season.
2. The bear attracted towards the bee hive and honey.
3. When it finds bee hive it drives away the bees with its forelimbs.
4. It has the advantage that its body has thick fur and avoids bee sting.
5. It chews the bee hive along with some bees in the hive swallow honeys spits out the waste.
6. This is how a bear hunts bee hives for honey.

FISHERIES:

Question 49.
Write a list of fishes that are available in your surroundings. Just write local names only.
Answer:
Marrel (Korramenu), Katla (Jella), Katrana (Bochu), Rahu (Mosu), Seer (Vanjiram) are the local varieties.

Question 50.
Do you know how to catch fish in a pond?
Answer:
Fishing rod will be helpful to catch fish.

Question 51.
How to catch fish in a large scale?
Answer:
Nylan nets will be useful to catch fish in large scale.

Question 52.
Think what will happen if mechanized fishing continuous for a long run.
Answer:
If mechanized fishing continuous at last we find no fish (extinction)

Question 53.
Ask your teacher what are the uses of Oysters?
Answer:
Oysters are the marine molluscs which produce pears. Economically pearls are important.

Question 54.
Tuna is an important fish which is available in our marine area. Collect information about Tuna and in what way it is important?
(OR)
Poultry Emu culture /Fish forms / Apiculture. Visit any one of the above industries. Get the information from farmers and prepare a note on this.
Answer:

1. Poultry are domesticated birds kept by human for the eggs and meat.
2. Generally chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, quail are cultivated in poultry.
3. Chicken poultry’s are very common in our areas.
4. Here two types of hen’s are cultivated. Layer’s for eggs, and broiler’s for meat.
5. Poultry’s are arranged in stair manner, which save the lot of place.
6. Modern feeds for poultry consists such as soyabean oil, mineral supplements and vitamins.
7. Daily they collect the eggs and parcel in egg cases to supply.
8. Broiler chickens are domesticated and specially meant for meat production.
9. Poultry become a major economic source in rural areas.
10. It provides work and earning for rural people.

Question 55.
What is blue revolution? What are its effects? Discuss in your classroom.
Answer:
In the recent times, the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (Blue Revolution) in the country. These schemes include the development of fresh water aquaculture through Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs) with development of brackish water aquaculture through Brackish Water Fish Farmer’s Development Agencies (BFDAs’ A shrimp and fish culture project is being implemented with World Bank assistance for the development of Shrimp culture in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Odisa and West Bengal.

8th Class Biology 9th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Animals Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Form a group of 5 or 6 students. Collect different types hens and find their characters. If you want to know more details, about you need to ask hen rearers or poultry farmers in your village. Do not forget to collect information about the feed and diseases, treatment by using local technology.
Answer:

1. Production and rearing of hens on a large scale is generally called poultry. So billion hens are reared world wide for eggs and chicken.
2. Farmers rear cocks and hens in villages. Most of these are local varieties (Natukollu). Natural country varieties are good for hatching purpose, Aseel, Kadaknath, Chittagang, Longshan, Bursa are the pure local varieties.
3. Aseel (Berisa Kodi) the Indian traditional variety is meant for fighting because of its pugnacity, high stamina and majestic gait.
4. Feeding: The balanced feed must have nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and water in sufficient quantities. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iodized salt, manganese and zinc are useful for better yield of eggs and meat.
5. Diseases: Poultry chicken are known to suffer from bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Fowl cholera, salmonellasis and coryza are the common bacterial diseases. Fowl pox and Rani kher are the dreaded viral diseases.
   Fowl mite, chicken mite, fleas, licks, lice etc., are known to be present on the external surface of the poultry chicken and cause diseases and are therefore called as external parasites.
   Round worm, tape worm and coccidiosis are categorized as internal parasites.
6. Prevention and control: Prevention is always better than cure. For most of the diseases vaccines are now available. Newly born chicken should be vaccinated. A wide range of antibiotics, particularly broad spectrum sulfa drugs are widely used for treatment for poultry diseases. When a bird is identified to be suffering from a disease, it should be immediately to be isolated.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 8 Production and Management of Food From Plants Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants

8th Class Biology 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
State reasons why wheat is cultivated in Kharif.
Answer:

1. The crops grown in the rainy season are termed as Kharif in the months of June to October.
2. If we cultivate wheat crop in the month of July it takes 8 – 10 weeks for growing.
3. After that flowering will take place. By that time, it would be October.
4. Then the night duration extends more than 12\(\frac{1}{2}\) hours. Wheat plants flowering takes place only in long night durations.
5. Crop production is based on the flowering of plant. If flowering of plant is more, the crop production also is more.
6. Wheat is important cereal crop gained a lot through Green Revolution by developing high yielding hybrid strains.

Question 2.
Ramaiah’s field is flattened. Somaiah’s field has many up and downs. Who will get more crop ?
Answer:

1. Generally the fields have a lot of ups and downs even after ploughing. So a leveller is used for levelling the soil.
2. By levelling the soil, it becomes flattened, water and nutrients can be reached to every part of the land. It also helps in sowing seeds and planting.
3. Because Ramaiah’s field is flattened, he will get more produce than Somaiah.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of ploughing?
Answer:
Before growing crops ploughing the soil properly is necessary.
Advantages:

1. Ploughing loosens the soil and it helps in easier transportation of air and water.
2. Water is stored deeply for a long time as the soil is soft.
3. Roots penetrate in the deep and can respire well as the air enters easily into the soil.
4. Friendly microorganisms and earthworms can grow well when the soil is soft.
5. Some foe microorganisms die due to the sun rays.

Question 4.
Treating with fungicides before sowing the seed is necessary. Why?
Answer:

1. Sometimes farmers wash seeds with chemicals to protect from pests.
2. Medication is done to keep away the seeds from the harmful microorganisms like bacteria, fungi etc.
3. So, generally farmers treat the seeds with fungicides before sowing the seeds before making them to germinate.

Question 5.
Why do farmers dry the paddy crop after cutting them from fields?
Answer:

1. Naturally food produce can be damaged by fungi, pests, rats and bacteria.
2. If moisture is also there in the grains, it helps to develop moulds (fungi).
3. Such grains neither germinates nor suitable to eat.
4. To overcome this problem farmers dry the grains for 2-3 days in sun.
5. After drying they keep the grains in jute bags and preserve them in godowns.

Question 6.
Give some examples of plants that grow after replanting.
Answer:
Seeds that are broadcast in a plot, grow into seedlings. When these plants grow to certain height, farmers pick out the plants (seedlings) from the plots, make bundles and are sown in proper distances. This is called transplantation (replanted)
E.g.: Rice (Sri Vari), Tobacco, Onions, Chillies etc.

Question 7.
Rahim removed weeds in his crop field, but David did not. Guess who get more yield. Why?
Answer:

1. Rahim get more yield than David. Because
2. Weeds are the unwanted or undesirable plants which grow in the fields and compete with crop plants for water, nutrients, light and space.
3. Because of these plants the crop plants may not grow properly. So they should be removed.
4. Otherwise the yield of the crop will be reduced.
5. Weeds give shelter for insects, pests and microorganisms and serve as a host for them.
6. Weeds are capable of germinating and growing fastern than crop plants. They flower and form seeds much earlier than the crop plants.
7. Some weeds disperse pollen grain to air which in turn causes respiratory diseases.

Question 8.
What is natural manure? How to prepare it? Give two examples.
Answer:
Natural manure: A manure made by the decomposition of plants and animal (organic) wastes is called natural manure or natural fertilizer or Bio Fertilizer.
Preparation:

1. These fertilizers are formed by decomposing plant and animal wastes.
2. In rural areas farmers keep these plant and animal wastes outside the village in open space.
3. Some bacteria like Azatobacter, Nitrobacter decompose and it becomes manure which contain nutrients.
4. Wherever the manure is added to the soil, there it provides nutrients to the plants. Examples : Vermi compost, Dung fertilizer.

Question 9.
Why do farmers plough their field during summer?
Answer:

1. Ploughing loosens the soil and it helps in easier transportation of air and water.
2. In summer temperature is very high. So the soil becomes dry. Then the soil becomes very loosly.
3. Some foe microorganisms die due to the sunrays.

Question 10.
Rajendar cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Can you guess the reasons? (OR)
A farmer cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Guess any four causes for it.
Answer:

1. Farmers in our state generally purchase seeds in the nearby market. The grains that are available in the packets play vital role in agriculture.
2. Sometimes the rate of germination of the seeds is not up to the mark, which was labelled on the packet.
3. Sometimes never germinate too.
4. At times, seeds grow into plants but they be sterile.
5. And sometimes the crop may be attacked by the larva of spotted brown boll-worm and pinkish boll-worms.
6. The larva of brown catter pillar sucks the juice from the leaves. The buds and the fruits of cotton plants drop off from the infected plants.
7. The larva of pinkish boll worm of cotton make hole in the stem, flower buds, flowers and fruits. As a result flower buds, cotton bolls drop off.
8. May be these reasons Rajendar did not get sufficient yield.

Question 11.
I am a plant. I grow in crop fields. Farmers pluck me. I do not know the reason. Can you tell who am I ?
Answer:

1. We observe some other plants growing along with the crop plants These are undesirable plants called weeds. They should be removed immediately.
2. The weeds, compete with the crop plants for nutrients, water and light, so he crop plants may not grow properly. This is the reason why they (weeds) should be removed.
3. Besides competition for food, light and water they also work as a carrier for different diseases. They also serve as host for different pests.
4. Some weeds disperse pollen grains to air which in turn causes respiratory diseases.
5. So the farmers pluck the weeds from crop plants by using different methods.

Question 12.
What do you observe in the experiment of dropping a fist of Bengal gram seeds in water?
a) What are the differences you observed in both the seeds?
Answer:
We can observe some seeds floated on water, the remaining sank under the water. The seeds which are floated are wrinkled and rough shaped but the sank seeds are round and smooth.
The floated seeds are light in weight but the sank seeds are more in weight.

b) Do you know why the floated seeds are lighter in weight?
Answer:
The floated seeds are not healthy, so they are lighter in weight.

c) Which seeds germinate well? Why?
Answer:
The seeds which sank in water germinate well because they are healthy.

d) Which seeds would not germinate properly? Why?
Answer:
The seeds which are wrinkled and rough would not germinate properly. Because the cotyledon inside the seed would not develop healthy.

Question 13.
Go to your nearest fertilizer shop and collect the information about chemical fertilizers and fill the table. Copy the following table in your notebook.
Answer:

Question 14.
Prepare a flow chart from ploughing to yielding in paddy.
Answer:

Question 15.
How do you appreciate the irrigation systems used in the drought prone areas?
Answer:

1. This method is employed when the availability of water is poor.
2. As the water reaches the plants drop by drop this is called Drip irrigation.
3. A long tube followed by small tubes attached to a motor. The tubes are made holes. So the water comes out from the tube.
4. The holes are arranged in such a way that it provide water exactly at the place where plant roots could receive water.
5. The man’s best technical method of utilizing the water in farming where the conditions are pravailing and in the areas where the availability of water is scanty.

Question 16.
Narendra sprayed over dose of pesticides on his cotton crop. Ramesh says it is a hazard to biodiversity and crop yield. Can you support Ramesh? How?
Answer:

1. In agriculture pests damage the crops. Almost all crops are generally effected by pests.
2. Wheat, Paddy and suagarcane are generally affected by fungal diseases. Groundnut is affected by Tikka disease. The catterpillars of spotted brown boll worm and Pinkish boll worm affect the crop.
3. A wide variety of agricultural and garden pesticides are available. A few derived from neem tobacco and chrysanthemum (Chamanthi) are less dangerous to other living organisms.
4. A wide variety of inorganic and organic pesticides are commonly used D.D.T. (Dichloro diphenoxy Trichloro ethane) BHC (Benzene Hexa Chloride), Chlordane, Endrin, Aldrin, Endosulfan and Diazinon pesticides are usually dusted or sprayed on crops or put in the soil.
5. But pesticides should not use unwisely. They get into the bodies of plants and animals in the soil and water. When these plants are eaten by animals like fish the pesticide get into their bodies.
6. A bird that eat the fish might get a concentrated lethal dose.
7. D.D.T. also accumulate in the egg shells, weakening them and making the shells break before hatching. It is observed D.D.T. is present in the milk of buffaloes and cows.
8. In this way pesticides are passed down the food chain and accumulate in the bodies of higher animals including human beings causing sickness and sometimes death.

Question 17.
Venkatesh observed the irrigation method for paddy field. He wanted to follow the same practice for his Maize crop. What suggestions do you give him?
Answer:

1. Paddy is grown as a Kharif or a Rabi crop. It requires high temperature of 22°C to 32°C and heavy rain fall. It is cultivated heavily in Kharif season.
2. Maize is cultivated in both Kharif and Rabi seasons but heavily in Kharif season. This requires high temeprature (35°C) with moderate rainfall.
3. So Venkatesh can follow the ame practice for his maize crop as the requirements of both the crops are almost same.

8th Class Biology 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the picture given below and write the constituents in it.

Answer:
Nitrogen (20%), Phosphorus (5%), Potash (10%)

Question 2.
Which manure is beneficial?
Answer:
Natural manure is beneficial.

Question 3.
Let us compare both, which manure is beneficial.

Chemical fertilizers	Natural fertilizers
1. These are made up of inorganic salts.	1. These are made by the decomposition of plants and animal (organic) wastes.
2. These are prepared in factories.	2. These are prepared in open places.
3. No humus can be found.	3. Deposits of humus layer is found in the soil.
4. More amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash deposits in the soil.	4. Potash deposits in the soil.

Observe the table carefully, discuss with your teacher and conclude which fertilizer is best to the farmers and why?
Answer:
Natural fertilizer is the best because this is made by the decomposition of plants and animal (organic) waste. Deposits of humus layer is found in the soil with less amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potash deposits in the soil.
a) When do farmers irrigate the land?
Answer:
After applying manure farmers irrigate the land.

b) List out the water resources of your village.
Answer:
Wells, ponds, canals, tanks are the water resources.

c) Are they useful to your farmers?
Answer:
Yes. They are useful.

d) In what way the farmers of your village get water to the fields ?
Answer:
Farmers irrigate their fields either manually using bullocks or by using pumps.

Question 4.
What are the reasons for high production in Japan?
Answer:
Japan has cooler temperature.

Question 5.
What are the reasons for low production in India?
Answer:
High temperature and uncertainty of rainfall.

8th Class Biology 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
CROPS IN INDIA:
Observe the following India map.

a) Are there many crops that are grow in most of the parts of our country? What are they?
Answer:
India is a unique position to grow almost every possible crop. It is the land of producing a variety of cereals like paddy, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize and ragi, pulses, spices, fruits, vegetables, oil seeds, fibre crops etc.

b) Why such crops are grown all over the country?
Answer:
India is an agricultural country and people derive their livelihood from agriculture. Agriculture is the back bone of Indian economy.

c) From the above map, which of them are grown in your village?
Answer:
Rice, pulses, banana, vegetables and leafy vegetables
a) Country: India
b) State: Andhra Pradesh
c) Your village: Khajipalem

d) How many days are required for getting the crop?
Answer:
Nearly 120 days.

e) Is time period for all crops are same?
Answer:
The time peirod for all the crops are not same. They are different from one crop to another.

f) Which crop needs more duration?
Answer:
Rice and Wheat.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
DURATION OF CROP:
a) Write the information in the table.

Name of the crop	Duration of the crop
1. Paddy	3 to 6 months
2. Wheat	110 to 120 days
3. Jowar	5 to 7 months
4. Bajra	100 to 120 days
5. Maize	100 days
6. Raagi	May to Sept., Nov. and Dec.
7. Pulses	90 to 120 days
8. Cotton	165 days

1. Example for long term crops:
Answer:
Jowar, red gram.

2. Example for short term crops:
Answer:
Pulses like green gram, black gram etc., and onions.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
WHERE DO CROPS ARE GROWN.
Discuss in groups and make a list of these things for the following table.

1. In which season do you find more varieties of vegetables in the market?
Answer:
Rainy season.

2. Generally farmers grow varieties of vegetables during rainy season. Can you guess the reason?
Answer:
In rainy season ponds, wells, rivers, ditches are pooled with water.

3. If we cultivate wheat in the month of the November what will happen?
Answer:
We get hot climate from February onwards. It is suitable for maturing the grains. That is the reason wheat is cultivated in the Rabi season only.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
PRODUCTION OF PADDY:
a) Go and collect the information through your nearest farmer and fill the following table.

a) In which season farmers get more benefits?
Answer:
Kharif season

b) Are there any other crops which are growing both Kharif and Rabi seasons?
Answer:
Paddy, wheat and maize

c) In which seasons farmers generally get good quality of seeds.
Answer:
Kharif and Rabi

d) The quantity of grains is higher in Kharif season than Rabi season. Do you agree this? Give your reasons.
Answer:
The climate, (the temperature, humidity with abundance of water supply) will be suitable in Kharif season

e) Do you know about third crop?
Answer:
The third crop season known as Zayad, grown in the months of April, May and June.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
SELECTION OF SEEDS:
Take some water in glass. Drop a fist of seeds in it. You cam observe some seeds will float on water. Collect those seeds and observe with hand lens and comparing with seeds sink under the water. Write your observations in the table.

a) What are the differences you observed in both seeds?
Answer:
Some seeds sank in water, some seeds floated.

b) Do you know why the floated seeds are light in weight?
Answer:
They are unhealthy seeds.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
GERMINATION AND SELECTION:
Show both the seeds in different pots and provide water uniformly, observe the growth of the plants in two pots and make a report.
1. Which seeds germinate well? Why?
Answer:
The seeds which are smooth and round germinate well because they are healthy seeds. Biology

2. Which seeds do not germinate properly? Why?
Answer:
The seeds which are wrinkled and rough do not germinate properly because they are unhealthy.

3. Were all the seeds were tested like this?
Answer:
The crop plant like Rice, wheat etc.

4. Do you know how the paddy seeds germinate?
Answer:
There are different stages in sprouting of the soaked rice seeds before it is planted.

5. Observe a sprout of paddy. Cam you say which part become root? Which part become shoot im the picture?
Answer:
Coleoptile become shoot and the part beneath the ground is root.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
SOWING METHODS
Collect information from the nearby farmers and fill in the table.

1. Why the seedlings are replanted at proper distance?
Answer:
They get water, mineral and sunlight equally when they are replanted at proper distance.

2. Do all the crops grow when replanted? Why not?
Answer:
Mostly all plants will grow.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
CROPS AND DISEASES:
Form a group with 4 to 5 of your classmates, visit nearby field, discuss with farmers about diseases effected by, and how to control them. If you do not know the name of the disease, write its local name or its characters.

1. Do all the farmers use the same pesticides for the same crop?
Answer:
For different crops different pesticides are used.

2. Is there any disease that you find in all fields?
Answer:
No

3. Where do they buy pesticides?
Answer:
From government and private agencies.

4. What are the appliances that they use to spray pesticides?
Answer:
Sprayer or dusters.

5. Did you find any other living organisms dying along with pests due to pesticides ? What are they ?
Answer:
Yes. Caterpillars, sparrows etc.

Activity – 9

Question 9.
IDENTIFICATION OF PESTS:
Observe the plants in a nearby field or in your school garden. Closely observe the leaves and stems to collect the following information. If the character is present put a ‘S’ mark and if there is no character put ‘X’ mark.
Name of the plant/crop : Rice (Blast of Rice)
Place: Prakasam

a. Do all the leaves of plant have spots?
Answer:
Yes, all the leaves of plant have spots.

b. Draw the leaf with these spots.
Answer:

c. What is your reason for the leaves which have cutting edges?
Answer:
Eaten by grasshoppers.

d. Do you find any twilted leaves with insects? How are they?
Answer:
Infection occurs on leaf sheaths.

e. Are the scars on the stems is same as spots on leaves?
Answer:
Yes, the scars on the stems is same as spots on leaves.

f. Collect powdery substance of the spots on leaves and observe under microscope. Write down your observations.
Answer:
Fungus produce small spores known as conidia.

Activity – 10

Question 10.
PEST CONTROLING PRACTICES:
In your village farmers control pests by using different pesticides and insecticides for different crops. For this they use different practices. Ask your elders the names of pesticides that they use in the following pest controlling practices.
Answer:

1. Spraying: Endrin, Diethane, M-45, Eldrine.
2. Dusting: Aldrin, D.D.T.
3. Put in the soil: Zinc, Sulphur, Phosphorous, fluorine
4. Burning and picking are also the practices where they use these: Sugarcane, citrus
5. Bio pesticides: Neem water

Observe the following pest controlling practices
a. Which of the above practices is good?
Answer:
A farmer remove the affected leaves from the plant and burnt them.

b. Why do you think so?
Answer:
By burning the affected leaves the pests will be controlled.

c. Why did the farmer use two pesticides at a time?
Answer:
At the first time the pests will be controlled by spraying pesticide, but if we use unwisely, pests become resistant to the pesticides.

d. What will we do to solve the problem?
Answer:
Pesticides will be used as per the requirement for the disease.

e. Farmers add manure to the soil.
What they used to add?
Answer:
They used to add nutrients to the soil.

f. Have you a compost pit in your school / house?
Answer:
Yes, there is a compost pit in our school. All the waste materials like dry leaves, fruits peel etc. will dump into the pit.

Activity – 11

Question 11.
WHEN SHOULD FARMERS IRRIGATE THE HELD?
Consult to the farmers and fill the table with the information to how and when they provide water to various crops.

a. Are all the crops provided with equal amount of water?
Answer:
No. Irrigation should be done according to nature of the soil and the type of crop to be grown.

b. Why do farmers provide more water to the summer crops?
Answer:
Summer season is the hottest climate so the crops which grow in summer requires high quantity of water.

Weedling:
a. Why should they (weeds) be removed?
Answer:
The weeds compet with the primary crops for nutrients, water and light because of these plants crop plants may not grow properly. So they should be removed.

Question 12.
How sprinklers and drip system are used and write down their merits and demerits.
Answer:
When the availability of water is poor, drip irrigation system is used. In this the water reaches the plant drop by drop through sprinklers. So that water comes out from the sprinklers wetting exactly the place of the roots of the plant.
Advantages:

1. Maximum use of available water.
2. No water being available to weeds.
3. Maximum crop yield.
4. Efficiency use of fertilizers.
5. Less weed growth.
6. Low labour and low operation cost.
7. No soil erosion.
8. Improved infiltration in soil with low in take.

Disadvantages:

1. Sensitivity to clogging.
2. Moisture distribution problem.
3. Salinity hazards
4. High cost compared to furrow.
5. High skills is required for design, install and operation.

Activity – 12

Question 13.
Ask your nearby nursery and know the weeds that grow in different crops. Make a table in your notebook.

Name of the plant	WEEDS
1) Paddy	Garika, Wanza, Varipilla Gaddi, Sukha Bhogi, Dharaka, Buradha, Thunga
2) Vegetable crop	Gunugu, Gaddi Chamanthi, Jeeluga
3) Cotton fields	Puli chinta
4) Mirchi	Puli chinta
5) Tobacco	Pogaku Malle

Harvesting of paddy:
a. If the paddy is not dried well enough. What will happen?
Answer:
If moisture is there in paddy grains it helps to develop moulds (fungi). Such grains neither germinate nor suitable to eat.

b. Where do farmers harvest the crops in your village ?
Answer:
Farmers generally used to harvest by using traditional methods.

c. Is harvesting same for all crops?
Answer:
Yes.

Activity – 13

Question 14.
Find out the methods of harvesting in and around our village and fill the table.
Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Define an ecosystem. Explain it with a suitable example.
Answer:

1. An ecosystem can be defined as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.
2. For example, Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystem on earth, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal salt water.
3. Coringa mangrove is situated south of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km south of Visakhapatnam.
4. It is named after the river coringa. Coringa mangroves receives fresh water from coringa and Gaderu rivers and salt waters from Kakinada Bay.
5. Biotic components in coringa:
   Producers: Mangrove, Spirogyra, Euglena, Oscilatoria, Blue Green Algae, Ulothrix etc.
   Consumers: Shrimp, crab, hydra, protozoans, mussel, snails, turtle, daphnia, brittle word, tube worm etc.
   Decomposers: Detritus feeding bacteria etc.
6. Abiotic components: Salt and fresh water, air, sunlight, soil, etc.

Question 2.
Explain how diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem.
Answer:

1. The existence of the ecosystem depends on the continued survival of the organisms in the ecosystem.
2. All organisms require energy for growth, reproduction and survival.
3. This energy is obtained by the organisms from the food they consume.
4. Plants are the producers producing food in any ecosystem. The animals present in the ecosystem are consumers as they consume food from plants.
5. Some of the organisms in the ecosystem such as bacteria and fungi, obtained their nutritional requirements by decomposing the dead bodies of both producers and consumers.
6. They retain nutrients to the soil for the plants to use. As the cycle begins again.
7. Like this diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem.

Question 3.
What happens when two animals having similar habits share one ecosystem?
Answer:
When two animals having similar habits, sharing one ecosystem , only the stronger and better equipped animal can survive, while the weaker one die or eliminated from the ecosystem. This is called ‘Survival of the fittest’.

Question 4.
What is the difference between habitat and ecosystem?
Answer:
Habitat is the natural living place of an organism or a group of organisms. Land and water are the major habitates.
An ecosystem is a Natural unit and has both Abiotic and biotic components, which interact and influence each other.

Question 5.
Who am I?
1. I am the base of food chain.
Answer:
Green plants.
2. I depend on plants for food.
Answer:
Consumers (Herbivorous Animals)
3. I break down the remains of dead plants and animals.
Answer:
Decomposers.
Ex: Bacteria, Fungi.

Question 6.
Which of the following is producer and why?
а) fox b) fungus c) chicken d) grass.
Answer:

1. Grass is the producer.
2. All green plants produce food materials with the help of carbondioxide and water in the presence of sunlight. So plants are called producers.
3. As grass is the green plant and produce food for other animals, it is called producer.

Question 7.
What do you understand by food web? Describe your own food web with the help of diagrammatic representation.
Answer:

1. A food web consists of several interlinked food chains and each organism in the food web will be a member of more than one food chain.
2. For example rats and insects eat seeds and other plant parts. As their food.
3. Insects are eaten by frogs and lizards.
4. Rats and frogs are eaten by snakes.
5. Lizards and snakes are eaten by birds.
6. Birds are eaten by fox, wolves. These are eaten by tigers and lions.
7. Thus a single plant or an animal may become food for more than one animal.
8. Similiarly an animal may consume more than one type of food depending on its taste and availability in the ecosystem.
9. Thus each organism in an ecosystem may be a member of more than one food chain.
10. When we looked at these relationships between various organisms for food in the ecosystem, it appears that several food chains are interlinked with each other forming a food web.

FOOD WEB

Question 8.
An ecosystem that had mice. What happens if more cats were added to it?
Answer:

1. In an ecosystem if the mice and the cats were existing equally, smooth balance would be maintained. When reproduction took place in these animals, generations would be continued then the ecosystem would be maintained healthy.
2. When more cats were added in that ecosystem all the mice would be eaten away by the cats it leads to the end of mice population.
3. Because of lack of food, the cats, either have to leave the ecosystem or they die.
4. If there is no continuity of the animals, the ecosystem would be destroyed.

Question 9.
List out producers (plants, bushes, trees), consumers (herbivores and carnivores) and decomposers that you observed in your agriculture field or school garden.
Answer:
Producers:
Plants – Grass plants, creepers like pumpkin, bottlegourd, etc.
Bushes – Rose, Jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold.
Trees – Palm, coconut, mango, drumstick, lemon, sweet lemon, guava.
Consumers:
Herbivores – Goat, sheep, buffalo, ox, rats, butterflies, etc.
Carnivores – Crow, dogs, snakes, frogs, lizards.
Decomposers – Fungi (mushroom), Bacteria.

Question 10.
In grassland ecosystem, rabbit eats only plants. They eat plants faster than the plants can grow back. What must happen to bring the ecosystem into balance?
Answer:
The animals like fox, wolves, tigers, etc. which feed on rabbits will be introduced in that grass land ecosystem, then the rabbits will be controlled by them. Thus the ecosystem will comes into balance.

Question 11.
Plant, Tiger, Rabbit, Fox, Hawk.
Did you find any connection among the above list of things. If we remove Rabbit from the list what will happen?
Answer:

1. Plant, tiger, rabbit, fox, hawk these are the animals living in an ecosystem and are interdepending one on the other, and maintaining a food web – Plants → Rabbit → Hawk → Fox → Tiger.
2. A delicate balance is seen in nature between members of different species.
3. Any disturbance in this balance affects the organisms in a food web.
4. If we remove rabbit from the list the other animals like tiger, fox, hawk which are depending one on the other for food will die because of no food.
5. All the organisms, big or small, have right to live on this planet as man. We should respect this and allow other organisms to live and share the wealth of this planet.
6. “LIVE AND LET LIVE” should become our motto.

Question 12.
What do you understand by interdependency of animals and plants ? How do you appreciate ?
Answer:

1. An ecosystem is made up of groups of living things and their environments.
   
2. Living things like plants, animals and microorganisms are known as biotic components and others like soil, water, sunlight etc are called as abiotic components of the ecosystem.
3. All these organisms live together and interact with one another in many ways.
4. There is a feeding relationship between plants and animals. Along with this an interdependence between plants and animals for space, reproduction, shelter, etc.
5. All organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food to live.
6. The sun is the main source of energy for all living things.
7. Plants being autotrophic, trap this energy through a process called photosynthesis and produce food to all living organisms. They are known as Primary producers.
8. Animals as they can not prepare food, they consume plants directly or indirectly and called consumers.
9. Living organisms like fungi and bacteria which are called decomposers, decay and decompose the dead animals of producers and consumers, and valuable nutrients to the soil for plants to use, as the cycle begins again.
10. A delicate balance is seen in nature between plants and animals by interdependence one to the other for thousands of years, which is unreachable to the human brain.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a Habitat?
Answer:

1. The dwelling place for plants and animals is called habitat.
2. One habitat shared by different types of plants and animals.
3. Try to add more such points to your list.
4. The natural home for plants and animals is called a habitat.
5. Habitat is the environment of an animal or plant.
6. Habitat is a suitable place for plants and animals to live.
7. Habitat is the origin for plants and animals.

Question 2.
Draw the diagram of Interdependence between the biotic components and answer the following questions.
Answer:
Interdependence between the biotic components:

1. What do the arrows in the figure indicate?
Answer:
The animals are depending one on the other for food.

2. Trace the path from grass to tiger. You may trace out other paths as well.
Answer:
Grass → grass hopper → frog → snake.
Carrot and grass → rabbit → fox → tiger
Plants → deer → bear → tiger
Seeds → squirrel → eagle → tiger

3. On how many organisms is rabbit dependent? Write their names.
Answer:
Carrot, grass.

4. How many organisms depend on rabbit? Write their names.
Answer:
Snake, fox, eagle, tiger.

5. Where do plants get their food from?
Answer:
Plants are autotrophs they can prepare their food from carbondioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight.

6. What other things do animals need for their survival?
Answer:
Abiotic components like soil, water, sunlight, etc.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems Activities

Activity – 1

Lab Activity
Answer:
Aim: Study an ecosystem at your school/ home garden to understand it’s structure. Material Required : Measuring tape string, small sticks, hand lens, hand towel.
Procedure: To know about structure of the ecosystem we have to follow the following procedure.

1. Use the tape to measure a square area that is one meter long and one meter wide. It can be on grass, bare dirt or side wall.
2. Mark the edges of the square with the help of string/chalk.
3. Observe the study area (that has been marked). Look for the plants and animals that live there. Use the hand lens.
4. Record all the living organisms you see. You can even dig to go deeper to find out other living organisms that may be present there.

Observation / Findings: We find –

1. Plants like grass, herbs, shrubs, guava, neem and creepers.
2. Insects like ants, grass hoppers, butterflies, mosquitoes, houseflies, locusts, etc.
3. Animals like cat, dog, buffalo, frog, lizards, garden lizards, snake.
4. Mushroom, algae.
5. Deeper layers of soil we find earth worm, leech, rats, bandicoots, rabbits, etc.
6. Birds like crow, parrot, mynah, etc.

Discussion:
1. What living things did you find in your study area? Try to count them if possible.
Answer:
Grass, creepers, shrubs, herbs, trees, herbivores, carnivores, fungi.
2. Which kind of living thing was most common in your study area?
Answer:
Plants.
3. How was your study area different from those of other student groups?
Answer:
Living conditions, food, animals and plants are different.
4. Other than the living organisms what other things can you record from your study area?
Answer:
Soil, water, sunlight (temperature) are recorded.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Observe the food web given below figure.

Answer:
The diagram showing food web.
Now answer the following Questions.
1. Which are the producers in the food web?
Answer:
Grass, rice plants, maize, bushes.
2. Which are consumers?
Answer:
Fish, frog, birds, rats, rabbit, deer, tadpole, larva ,sheep, cat, fox, tiger, crane, eagle, snake, owl, peacock, insects, lion.
3. Where does the food web start from?
Answer:
Food web starts from green plants.
4. Name the organism where the food web ends.
Answer:
Crane, eagle, owl, peacock, lion.
5. What happens when plants and animals die in a food web?
Answer:
When plants and animals die, they are decayed and decomposed by Decomposers like bacteria and fungi. They return nutrients to the soil for plants to use, as the cycle begin again. This is the reason ‘Decomposers are also called as recyclers.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Collect the information forests of Andhra Pradesh and write the flora and fauna and fill up the following table:
Answer:
Forests of Andhra Pradesh

Name of the Forest – Kondapalli Reserve Forest

Investigations:

1. Do all the forest have same type of vegetation?
Answer:
No, there are mainly trees that show much species diversity and greater degrees stratification.
2. Are producers afforest ecosystem higher than its consumers?
Answer:
Trees are higher than consumers, besides trees shrubs and ground vegetation also there.
3. Do all the forests have same type of animals?
Answer:
No, the availability of food and environment different type of animals are present in different forest.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Biodiversity and its Conservation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation

8th Class Biology 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Read this and answer the following questions.
Answer:
Biodiversity – 2050.
A news item on Biodiversity discussed by Conference of Parties (CoP) -2012- Hyderabad says in the next four decades the earth’s natural resources will be limited to grass lands, mountains, ice and arid and semi arid plains.
By 2050 the loss of Biodiversity will lead to unprecedented. Climate change would be the key factor. Nearly 1.3 million natural ecosystems will be without any original species.
(The coloured areas are indicators of biodiversity loss. The red areas show maximum biodiversity loss.)

a) What does the areas with colour codes indicate?
Answer:
The coloured areas are the indicators of Biodiversity loss.

b) Which areas show maximum biodiversity loss?
Answer:
The red areas show maximum biodiversity loss.

c) Which areas show minimum biodiversity loss?
Answer:
The blue areas show minimum biodiversity loss.

d) From 2010 – 2050 what difference do you find in the state of biodiversity?
Answer:
In the few decades earth’s natural areas will be limited to grass lands, mountains, ice and arid and semi arid plans. Nearly 1.3 million natural ecosystems will be without any original species.

e) So what steps would you suggest to conserve our biodiversity?
Answer:
Utilizing the forests resources judiciously without effecting the ecosystems. So that we can have a sustainable development in the forests and the biodiversity can be conserved for future generations.

Question 2.
How can you say that forests are biosphere reserves? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Forests are the natural habitates for many types of plants (flora) and animals (fauna).
2. Plants are primary producers as they provide food for entire human population and all other living organisms on earth.
3. Every part of the plant is used by man and animals in their daily life, and also some of the exudates are used by man.
4. We get cereals, pulses, oil seeds, sugars, spices, drugs, timber, fibres and coir from plants.
5. In addition to this products like rubber, resins, fruits, vegetables, dyes, etc. are obtained from plants.
6. Variety of animals live in the forests. Major products obtained from animals are meat, milk hair and skin.
7. Primitive man obtained his food requirements primarily by hunting of animals in the forests.
8. The skin of animals like tiger, lion, leopard, deer, snakes and ivory from elephants are very valuable.
9. Thus we can say that forests are biosphere reserves.

Question 3.
What do you understand about the terms (a) extinct (b) endangered (c) endemic?
Give examples.
Answer:
a) Extinct: When animals vanish for ever from the earth it is said that the species has become extinct. E.g.: Sparrow, vulture.
b) Endangered : It is a warming signal about the organisms whose numbers have declined rapidly and the species might be wiped off from the earth in near future. Such organisms are called endangered species. E.g.: Lion, red fox, loris, wild cat, vulture.
c) Endemic: Plants or animal species found restricted to a particular area of a country are called endemic species. E.g.: Tiger, peacock, kangaroo, kiwi.

Question 4.
a) Extinct: When animals vanish for ever from the earth it is said that the species has become extinct. E.g.: Sparrow, vulture.
b) Endangered: It is a warming signal about the organisms whose numbers have declined rapidly and the species might be wiped off from the earth in near future. Such organisms are called endangered species. E.g.: Lion, red fox, loris, wild cat, vulture.
c) Endemic: Plants or animal species found restricted to a particular area of a country are called endemic species. E.g.: Tiger, peacock, kangaroo, kiwi.
Answer:

1. Some birds live in the same habitate throughout the year. Other birds which don’t have permanent nestlings join into small flocks and move from one region to the other for food and shelter called as ‘migration’ and such birds are called migratory birds.
2. Primary motivation for migration appears to be food. Also longer days of northern summer provide extended time per breeding birds to feed their young ones.

Question 5.
Identify the endemic and endangered species and write them below the pictures.
Answer:

Question 6.
What is the need of conducting biodiversity meet ? Collect information about these meetings when and where it was conducted and its agenda also.
Answer:
The need of conducting biodiversity meet is

1. Managing biodiversity in transboundary landscapes in Hindukush Mountains.
2. Conserving high altitudes wet lands of the Hindukush Himalayans.
3. Operationalizing nagoya protocall in South Asia.

AGENDA

1. Conservation of Biodiversity.
2. Sustainable use of components of Biological diversity.
3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

33 Decisions were taken at cop – 11, Hyderabad among them some are given below.

1. Status of Nagoya protocol an axis to genetic resources and equitable sharing of benefits.
2. Review of progress in implementation of strategic plan for Biodiversity – 2011 – 20 and Aichi biodiversity targets.
3. Review of implementation of the strategy for resource mobilization including establishments of targets.
4. Financial mechanism.
5. Cooperation with other conventions International organization and initiatives.
6. Business and Biodiversity.
7. Engagement of other state holders major groups and sub – National authorities.
8. Progress report on gender main streaming
9. Periodicity of meetings.

Question 7.
Nowadays we find animals like leopards and bears intruding into our living places. What may be the reason for this?
Answer:

1. Forests are the living places for wild animals. Animals can get plenty of food, shelter from the shade of trees and they feel secure in the forests.
2. People are so greedy that they cut down the forest areas for logging of wood, to increase agriculture, and for human habitations.
3. They clear the forests to construct, thermal power stations, industries and many buildings which leads to destruction of forests.
4. Due to deforestation, nowadays the animals like leopard and bears, lost their food and shelter, to satisfy their hunger and to keep themselves alive, they intruding into our living places.
5. To escape from hunters and from climatic conditions because of deforestation, is may be one more reason, for the animals coming into our living places.

Question 8.
Make a list of animals/birds seen now and 30 years ago. Take the help of your elders. Write few reasons for their disappearance.
Answer:

1. List of Animals and Birds: Lion, Tiger, Jackel, Fox, Wolves, Deer, Monkeys, Hyena, Squirrel, jungle foul etc. Birds like Crow, Pigeon, Peacock, Koel, Parrot, Flemingo, Mynah, King Fisher, Emu, Migratory shore birds etc.
2. The endangered species of plants and animals of India are:
   Lion, Red fox, Single horned (Rhinoceros), Vulture, Spotted chital deer, Loris, Black spider monkey, wild cat, cycas, Rauvolfia serpentine, Nepenthes, Sandle wood tree.
3. These species include mammals – Indian cheetah, Japan Rhinoceros and Sumatran Rhinoceros. Some species of birds of gone extinct in recent times – including pink headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacca) and Himalayan quail (Ophrysia superciliosia)
4. Warbler (Acrocephalus orinus) – Rampur in H.P was rediscovered after 139 years in Thailand.
5. Based on the case study we find that many animals that were found earlier are not found now.
6. The reason for this is exploitation of land and forest resources by humans, along with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the extinction. Feeding of Diclofenac treated cattle is the reason for disappearance of vulture.

Question 9.
Select an area in your locality. Observe the animals (living and visiting) for a day. Prepare a list and plot a graph.
Answer:
The animals in our locality:

1. Dog
2. Cat
3. Rat
4. Mouse
5. Bandicoots
6. Squirrels
7. Frogs
8. Lizards
9. Garden Lizard
10. Monkeys
11. Buffaloes
12. Goats
13. Donkeys
14. Mongoose
15. Snake
16. Sheep
17. Fish
18. Tortoise
19. Rabbit
20. Parrot
21. Crow
22. Hens
23. Koel
24. Pigeon
25. Butterflies
26. Houseflies
27. Dragonflies
28. Mosquitoes
29. Honey bee
30. Cockroach

Question 10.
When tree is considered as an ecosystem, record the flora and fauna connected with it.
Answer:
Flora and Fauna of a tree.
Flora:

1. Grass,
2. Trida (shrub),
3. Datura (Herbs),
4. Creppers,
5. Mosses,
6. Fungi.

Fauna: Squirrels, Butterflies, Dragonfly, Mosquitoes, Birds, Snakes, Ants, Catterpillers, Beetles, Buffaloes, Goats, Human beings, Mouse, Lizard.

Question 11.
Browse through the internet or books on wild life and gather information on birds sanctuaries in India. Prepare a list of birds migrating to India.
Answer:

Birds migration to India:

1. Siberian cranes
2. Greater flamingos
3. Ruff
4. Black winged stilt
5. Common teal
6. Common Green Shark
7. Northern Pintail
8. Yellow wag tail
9. White wag tail

Question 12.
Visit local forest office and collect the data of local flora and fauna.
Answer:
Horticultural Resources: Guava, Mango, Papaya, Sapota, Banana, Coconut, Citrus.
Major oil seeds: Groundnut, Sunflower, Oil palm.
Major food crops: Paddy, Jowar, Ragi, Bazra, Maize, Green gram, Red gram, Black gram.
Commercial crops: Sugarcane, Jute, Chillies, Cotton, Turmeric.
Forest based Resources: Plantation of Eucalyptus Trees, Ponuku wood, Casuarina,
Subabul, Jatropa, Pongamia (bio – diesel plantation).
And also:
Vegetables, flowers, plantation crops, spices and medicinal plants, aromatic crops.
They occupy 6517, 177, 4440, 14315 and 369 hectors respectively in Khammam District.
Local Fauna:
Life Stock Resources: Poultry, Dairy form.
Marine Resources: Fish, Prawn.
Animal Husbandary: Plough animals, Dairy animals like Cow, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goat, Pig.
Forest resources:

1. Panther, Hyena, Jungle cats, Foxes, Bears, and Carnivores, Mammalian are found.
2. Deer, Spotted deer, Sambar, Black buck and other Herbivorous animals found in inland forests.
3. The district has a large number of murrah buffaloes and cows.
4. Migrant grey billed pelican is a protected bird in Kolleru lake and Pulicat lake.

Question 13.
Where do you find most of the biodiversity on the earth? Draw A.P map showing maximum biodiversity areas.
Answer:

1. In areas with sufficient amount of water, a wide variety of plants ranging from grasses to tall trees are seen.
2. Most of the forests are seen in these areas.
3. As there is sufficient vegetation, there will be a large number of herbivorous animals. Carnivorous animals which feed on the herbivores are also found in these regions.
   
4. Generally there is a increase in biodiversity from poles to trophies. Thus localities at lower lattitudes have more species than localities at higher lattitudes.
5. Ultimate factor behind many of the other factors is greater mean temperature at the equator.

Question 14.
What do you understand by biodiversity? How can you say variations are present in them?
Answer:
The word biodiversity is a contraction of biological diversity. It is commonly used to describe the number variety and variability of living organisms. This very broad usage embracing many different parameters, is essentially a synonym of LIFE ON EARTH.

1. The whole world has wide variety of living organisms we can see both invisible (microbial) and the visible world around us are diverse.
2. Different microorganisms like algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses etc., and also the micro-arthropods. There is diverse among microbes.
3. There are different variety of plants like grass, herbs, shrubs, creepers, trees etc. Among the individuals also there are variations like height, colour and size of flower and fruits.
4. We find variations in animals even though they are similar kind. We find differences in colour of fur, nails, claws or hoofs etc.
5. Among birds we can see variations in their feathers, feet, crown, tail etc.
6. As all the humans belong same genus but there is variation in their hands, fingers, toes, nails and hair, height and shape. We can even see variation in the texture of skin dry, oily, smooth or rough. Whether they are twins also we can find variations among them.

Question 15.
Most of our biodiversity is being lost due to human activities. Suggest few ways to protect them.
Answer:
Most of our biodiversity is being lost due to human activities like logging of wood, increased agriculture, increased human habitation and pollution etc. Man has realised this mistake before it was too late. Government of India also realised the importance of wild life and initiated several programmes to preserve wild life in the country and the wild life act was passed in 1972.
Efforts towards conservation:

1. Activities leading to deforestation have been declared as illegal activities and severe punishments have been imposed.
2. Pouching of birds and hunting their eggs are prohibited.
3. Usage of pesticides should be minimised. Usage of biological control methods of pests should be maintained.
4. Efforts to be made to substitude chemical fertilizers with more (natural) bio fertilizers.
5. Pollution from the industries should be reduced.
6. Automobiles should be designed to reduce pollution.
7. Reforestation programmes will be conducted.
8. Gardens, parks, lakes and zoos should be developed.
9. National parks, wild life sanctuaries, where wild life is protected, have been created.
10. Collection, marketing and selling of forest products such as sandal wood, ivory by private parties is banned and is taken up by the Government.
11. Construction of cell phone towers which produce radiation, should be in greater height, so that they should not be reachable to the birds.

Question 16.
When you see a park, sanctuary or a zoo with many kinds of plants and animals, how would you express your happiness? Write a few lines on them.
Answer:

1. Imagine a forest with a carpet of wet leaves littering the ground, the flowers on the trees, we can hear the water drops, sounds of insects, birds chirping and perhaps the distant screech of a monkey – the place picturing is a park, a sanctuary or a zoo. Which gives pleasure to us.
2. These are the homes for many plants and wild animals – and also decorate the world. Any of them are airy and shadowy places.
3. These dwelling places of plants and animals give us happiness. When we are in distress. They give relax – when we feel tired. They give us enjoyment when playing with our friends and they give good health – when we fall sick as they give fresh air and are the lungs of the world.
4. They maintain ecological balance in the environment where we live.
5. We notice the pet dog licks our feet, wags it’s tail, sits near us and walks with us we feel the affection, which gives pleasure mentally.
6. Like this we can experience many situations plants and animals as they are the partners of our environment. So be kind towards them and protect the environment. By maintaining eco – friendly activities.

Question 17.
Prepare an essay to give a talk on biodiversity and conservation.
Answer:

1. The existence of biodiversity in nature teaches us that every plant and animal whether useful or not has right to exist on earth.
2. Every organism is a part of our ecosystem. Loss of any organism endemic or otherwise effects the food chain and food web of that ecosystem, which has impact on the world biodiversity.
3. Hence if we want to protect the biodiversity on our planet, first we must be a part of conservation and then make other aware of it because today we see extinction of some species tomorrow it could be our species.
4. Conserving the biodiversity in a wider prospective is utilizing the forest resources judiciously without affecting the ecosystems so that we can have a sustainable development in the forests and the biodiversity can be conserved for future generations.
5. Nature is for human’s need, not for his greed. If we protect nature, it protects us.

Question 18.
Rani said conservation, of biodiversity starts from our home. Is she correct? How do you support Her? What will be your action for this?
Answer:

1. We live in houses that protect us from heat, cold and rain etc.
2. We keep some animals and birds as pets in our houses. We also grow some plants which give us fruits and vegetables.
3. Thus we can say that our house is also a habitat. Several animals like dogs, cats, goats, cows, birds, hens, ducks, pigeons, spiders, ants, cockroaches live with us.
4. Plants like money plant and some crotons are also kept inside our house.
5. We know that every bit of effort towards conservation helps. If we take due care of plants growing around us, we may not be adding a forest, but adding to greenery around us which is essential for our own existence.
6. So Rani is correct. Conservation of biodiversity starts from our house.

Question 19.
When we take steps towards conserving the tiger, what are the other things that have to be conserved?
Answer:

1. When we take steps towards conserving the tiger we have to conserve the other flora and fauna related to the tiger.
2. If a tiger has to be saved it’s food web should be protected.
3. The tiger depends for food on deer and many other herbivores.
4. If the tiger disappears, the deer and other herbivores population will increase and that would affect the flora of the area.
5. All organisms in nature influence each other in some way or the other. So we need to protect all of them.

Question 20.
Prepare some slogans or a pamphlet to make aware of people about conservation of biodiversity. (OR)
Prepare two slogans to conserve biodiversity in your area.
Answer:

1. Save tree – Save other lives too.
2. Save the lungs of the earth.
3. Be kind towards biodiversity.
4. Reduce pollution.
5. Protect Nature, it protects us.
6. Nature is for human’s need not for his greed.
7. Hunting of wild life is a crime.
8. Forest is our life.

8th Class Biology 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Rampachodavaram: East Godavari District, 60-70 years back Rampachodavaram had dense forest with a rich heritage of wild life. These forest extended to border areas of Aswaraopet of West Godavari district. It was an abode for wild animals like tigers, leopard, deers, hyenas (kondrigallu), foxes, wild boars (adavi pandi), bears, pythons, cobras, porqupines (mulla pandhi), owls, hares, monitor lizard (udumu) scorpions, geremandals (like the desert spider) etc.
After the erection of mines (colour soil) and other industries, human activities increased. Then many buildings, roads and stone quarries have come into exist¬ence. Forest area was cleared and so several organisms started disappearing.
Though an area near Maredumilly, Addateegala (very close to Eleswaram) was once known as Tiger valley, shows no signs of tigers now. Animals like foxen, deers are also not seen these days.
Now there are several human settlements in the area. Some areas of less dense forests with animals like pythons, cobras, deers, scorpions etc., are commonly seen. Bears are rarely found. Peacocks have been sighted recently.
The above case study explains you the need of conservation of biodiversity.
a. What is the difference between the situation regarding types of animals present 70 years ago and now?
Answer:
70 years ago Rampachodavaram had dense forest with a rich heritage of wild life. Now no animals are not seen. Now there are several human settlements in that area.

b. What might have happened to tigers of Rampachodavaram?
Answer:
After the erection of Mines (colour soil) and other industries, human activities increased. Many buildings, roads and stone quarries have come into existence. Forest areas were cleared and so several organisms started disappearing.

c. Do we find tigers any where else in our country?
Answer:
Tigers are found in other parts of our country and the world as well.

d. Peacocks love eating snakes. Can you guess why they dwell in this place?
Answer:
We can find snakes in desert areas. Peacocks love eating snakes. So they dwell in this place where it finds it’s food (snakes) plenty.

Question 2.
Is there any extinct species in your area ? Name them and write a note on them.
Answer:
Sparrow, Vulture.
i) Over use of pesticides and radiation from cell phone towers led to extinction of sparrow.
ii) By feeding of diclofenac – treated cattle led to extinction of vulture.

Question 3.
Give your reasons as for why the organisms become so extinct?
Answer:

1. Either knowingly or unknowingly, man has destroyed the wild life.
2. Hunting of animals either for food or for pleasure, cutting of trees and clearing of forests for fuel, timber and for human settlements, construction of dams and reservoirs has resulted in large scale destruction of forests. This has destroyed the wild life.

Question 4.
How biodiversity is depleting in your area? How to improve it?
Answer:
Biodiversity depleting: Reduction of plant and animal species is called biodiversity depletion. Causes:
1) It may be caused by natural causes which include floods, earthquakes, land slides, diseases etc.
2) Man made causes are called ‘Anthropocentric’ causes. These are

1. Urbanization
2. Expansion of agriculture
3. Deforestation
4. Pollution

In my area: Lot of animal species are in danger of depletion in may areas due to human activities. Sparrow’s, voltures, become rare ones. Their population decreased rapidly.
How to improve?

1. Give importance to plantation
2. Avoid deforestation
3. Installing bird boxes
4. Protect the native species
5. Provide wild life corridors
6. Use organic manures
7. Utilise existing green space connections
8. Be mercy with other creatures.

Question 5.
Observe the pictures and identify the animals. Also try to find out where these can be found.

Answer:
1. Peacock – India (It is our National bird)
2. Tiger – India (It is our National animal)
3. Kiwi – Newzealand

Question 6.
Name an Endemic species of our state.
Answer:
Indian lion, Leopard.

Question 7.
Why should we conserve a small insect like a bee or butterfly?
Answer:
The insects like bee and butterfly, suck nectar from the flowers. By this pollination takes place in flowers.

Question 8.
What will happen if these insects become extinct?
Answer:
Insects help in pollination of flowers. By this pollination fertilization of flowers takes place and seeds will form which helps in the growth of next generation of plants. If insects become extinct – no pollination – no fertilization and no future generations of plants, there by extinction of plants takes place.

Question 9.
What can be done to save these insects?
Answer:
Spraying of pesticides will be minimised. Biological Methods will be used to control pests. (The animals which feed on pests will be used in the agricultural lands.)

8th Class Biology 6th Lesson Biodiversity and its Conservation Activities

Activity – 1 & 2

Question 1.
How many different colours could you mark on your sheet?

Answer:
Seven different colours. (Refer textbook page 85 for colours)
i) What does the colours indicate?
Answer: The colours indicate the existence of plants, animals, insects, humans, and birds,
ii) What does your total colour code count indicate?
Answer: Plants, animals, birds, insects live in our surroundings.
iii) What are the things that attract you very much in the nature?
Answer: Bird’s nests, cobwebs, worms, leaves, insects, mosses etc attract us.
iv) Write your feelings without any hesitation.
Answer: Enjoyment, happiness and pleasure.

Activity – 3

Question 2.
Variations in plants.
Answer:

Similarities:

1. Paddy and Maize belong to grass plants.
2. Both of them have same root system (fibrous R.S.)
3. They are green colour.
4. Seeds are enclosed.
5. They produce cereals.

Variations in Animals:
a) Do you find any differences between animals?
Answer:
They show difference in colour of fur, nails, claws, hoofs etc.

b) Do you find any differences among birds?
Answer:
Birds have differences in their feathers, feet, crown, tail etc.

Variations in Human beings:
a) Observe two students of your class. Do they appear similar?
Answer:
No. Human beings show differences in their height & shape, hands, fingers, toes, nails and hair.
The texture of skin also may be dry, oily, smooth or rough.

b) Suppose two of your classmates happen to be twins, will they look same in structure and shape.
Answer:
If they are twins also we find little differences.

Activity – 4

Question 3.
Collect and paste some pictures of your favourite cricket players belonging to countries like West Indies, Australia, India, etc. in your note book.
Write the differences and similarities that you have noticed in them. What diversity you observed?
Display your finding of above activity in the class and discuss the following questions.
a) Are there any two organisms with 100% similarities between them?
Answer:
No, there are no organisms with 100% similarities.

b) Why do they differ from each other?
Answer:
Because they belong to different species.

c) What will happen if all plants are creepers?
Answer:
If all plants are creepers there will be no shelter for many birds and animals.

d) Hen and goat both have legs. What diversity do you find between them?
Answer:
Hen is a bird and goat is an animal. So hen has two legs and goat has 4 legs.

e) Are all the nests of birds similar why?
Answer:
Because of their living conditions and food habits, the nests of birds are not similar.

f) Do animals all around the world have similar organs and functions? What is the diversity behind them?
Though they look similar, upon careful observation we find differences or variations between them that leads to Biodiversity.

There is no mononamy or uniqueness in structure and functions of nature.
Diversity is the nature’s way.

Activity – 5 (Project work)

Question 4.
Studying migration and its effect on biodiversity of an area.

Read the following ways to conserve biodiversity try to enrich this list in your own way.
1. Look at the sky in the morning and evening. Do you observe birds flying in groups ?
Answer:
Yes. We can see birds flying in the sky in the morning and evening in groups.

2. Did you get the same number and types of birds every day?
Answer:
No. Some times more and some times less in number.

3. Was there any sudden variation in a particular season?
Answer:
Particularly in winter season we can see large number of birds flying in the sky.

4. Did you notice any new type of bird population in any season?
Answer:
During rainy season most of the birds from far away places migrate to Kolleru and Pulikot lakes of our states.

5. Why do these birds move from one place to another?
Answer:
Birds move from one place to another for food and shelter (nestling habits)

6. Sometimes at night we see birds flying in groups. Where do you think they fly to?
Answer:
Sometimes to protect themselves from climatic conditions, for food, for reproduction and to escape from hunting and also due to deforestation, we see birds flying in groups.

7. Perhaps the most important value of biodiversity, particularly in a country like India. Is that it meets the basic survival needs of a vast number of people.
Answer:
Cereals, pulses, oil seeds, sugars, spices, drugs, fibres, coir, timber, resins, gums, fruits, vegetables, dyes are obtained from plants. Meat, skin and hair are obtained from animals.
Like this the biodiversity in our country meets the basic survival needs of a vast number of people.
Flora and Fauna are renewable resources and are to be use judiciously.

Activity – 6 (Project work)

Question 5.
How to make recycled newspaper from waste newspapers? (OR)
Write the procedure of preparation of recycled paper which you did in your school lab.
Answer:
Materials:
2 plastic tubs, wooden spoon, water, clean cotton cloth, old news paper, wire screen, measuring cup, plastic wrap, blender, heavy books / roller.
Procedure:

1. Add cut news papers strips in a tub full of water and soak it for a day.
2. Put two cups of soaked paper and six cups of water in a blender. Blend till the mixture turns into a pulp (like nanny oat meal).Pour it in a clean tub.
3. Fill the tub with one fourth of blended paper pulp.
4. Lay a cloth on a flat, waterproof surface. Slide the wire screen under the wet paper. Remove the screen gently. Press the news paper pulp to squeeze out any extra water.
5. Carefully flip the screen onto the cloth. Press it down firmly. Remove the screen.
6. Lay another cloth on top of the mixture. Cover the cloth with a plastic wrap and stack the books on the wrap.
7. After several hours remove the books on the cloth and let the paper dry.
8. You can even use a hair dryer to blow the paper dry.
9. By adding few drops of edible colours to the pulp you can make your paper colourful. Iron the new made paper with a iron box and cut it to your required size and shape.
10. Beautiful greeting cards, file covers, bags etc., can be made using recycled paper.

Question 6.
How is a compressed cardboard prepared?
Answer:
Materials: bits of wood, saw dust and chemicals sulphate.
Producer:

1. The pulp is made by using bits of wood.
2. It is spead evenly as layers.
3. The saw dust is sandwiched between the two layers.
4. This is compressed and dried.
5. It becomes hard and strong as wooden board.
6. Hence there is no need to cut down the whole tree. This helps in reducing deforestation.