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AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 6th Lesson Sense Organs

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How many sense organs are present in human beings? What are they?
Answer:
We have five sense organs.
They are :
1. Eye
2. Ear
3. Nose
4. Tongue
5. Skin.

Question 2.
What are the main parts of an eye?
Answer:
Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.

Question 3.
What are the three layers that covers an eye?
Answer:
Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.

Question 4.
How eye is different from other sense organs?
Answer:
The unique characteristic of the eye that makes it different from other sense organs, lies in its ability to take the information from light waves then transforms the characteristics of light into neutral signals that the brain can process.

Question 5.
What are the recent findings regarding the structure of eye?
Answer:
Presence of some other receptor cells sensitive to edges and boundaries of objects and those that respond to light and shadow and motion in the retina have been reported recently.

Question 6.
How iris patterns are useful to issue ‘AADHAR’?
Answer:
Iris patterns are individual specific and can be used for identification as our finger prints.

Question 7.
Write about the diseases and defects of the eye.
Answer:
The main diseases and defects of the eye are night blindness, Xeropthalmia, myopia (Near sightedness, hypermetropia (far sightedness), glaucoma, cataract and colour blindness.

Question 8.
What are the functions of ear?
Answer:

• To collect and transform vibrations produced by sound to nerve impulses to be carried to the brain.
• To maintain balance or equilibrium.

Question 9.
What are the uses of hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity?
Answer:
The hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity kept dust, germs and other unwanted materials away from gaining entry into our bodies through the nose.

Question 10.
How do we see movies?
Answer:
The impression of an image stay in the retina for about 1/16th of a second. If the still images of an object are flashed at the rate faster than 16 per second, the eye receive it as moving. In this way we see movies.

Question 11.
How do we take care of our skin?
Answer:

• Taking bath regularly
• Use soap to clean the body
• In any redness, itching, discoloration and rashes appear we consult the dermatologist,

Question 12.
Write two diseases of skin.
Answer:
Leprosy, chicken pox, measles, leucoderma, pellagra etc.

Question 13.
You entered into a darkroom from outside which is very bright. What happens?
Answer:
We can not see anything in the dark room for sometime because Iris size is very small.

Question 14.
Why coffee tastes less sweet if it is taken after eating sweet?
Answer:
Because a higher level of the same stimulus masks that of the lower level.

Question 15.
What changes the focal length of the eye lens?
Answer:
Ciliary muscles and suspensor ligaments adjust the focal length of the eye lens.

Question 16.
What is the main function of the cornea?
Answer:
Cornea protects the eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 17.
What are the main function of melanin?
Answer:

• The colour of the skin is due to the presence of ’Melanin”.
• Due to this, the skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.

Question 18.
What are the important functions of our ear?
Answer:
a) Hearing
b) Maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Question 19.
What is MSG?
Answer:
Monosodium Glutamate (Huching) often used in Asian cuisine

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is stimulus? How the information from surroundings reaches the brain?
Answer:

• Something external that influences an activity is called stimulus.
• Information carried by these stimuli are picked up by the certain organs called as receptors.
• The receptors present in sense organs convert the information into nerve signals.
• Nerve signals are carried by sensory nerves to the brain and processed to create a sensation.

Question 2.
What are photoreceptors? How they sense light?
Answer:

• The real work in the retina is performed by light sensitive cells known as photore-ceptors.
• These receptors consists of two different types of specialised cells the rods and cones that absorb light energy and respond by creating nerve impulse.

Question 3.
Write a short note on rods of retina.
Answer:

• Nearly 125 million tiny rods are present in the retina.
• Rods contain the pigment rhodopsin. which defect low intensities of light at night.
• Rods cannot make the fine distinctions that give rise to our sensations.

Question 4.
Write briefly about cones of retina.
Answer:

• Cones contain a pigment called idopsin which helps in identifying colours in bright light.
• Cones are about 7 million in number and concentrate most in the very centre of the retina in a small region called fovea, which gives us sharp vision.

Question 5.
How eyes are protected?
Answer:

• Eye is protected by eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal or tear glands.
• The protective cover conjunctiva covers the front part of the eye.
• Lachrymal glands wash the unwanted substances out of the eye.
• The fluids present in the eyeball protect the lens and other part of the eye from mechanical shocks.
• Cornea protects eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 6.
Write briefly about middle ear.
Answer:

• Middle ear plays an important role in amplifying the vibrations received on the tympanum membrane.
• The chain of three bones malleus, incus and stapes helps to the same.
• Oval window is a membrane, covered ending of the middle ear, it opens into the inner ear through round window.

Question 7.
What is the sensory nature of skin?
Answer:

• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.
• It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure, nocireceptors for temperature etc.

Question 8.
What is melanin? What is its function?
Answer:

• Melanin is the pigment present in skin.
• This pigment gets stimulation, when exposed to sunlight.
• The skin becomes dark to protect other layers of the skin from harmful effects of light.

Question 9.
What illusions tells us about sensation?
Answer:

• When our mind deceives us by interpreting a stimulus pattern incorrectly, we are experiencing an illusion.
• Such illusions can help us to understand some fundamental properties of sensation and particularly the descripancy between what we see and external reality.

Question 10.
Identify the iabelled parts of the tongue.
Answer:

1) Foliate papillae
2) Vallate papillae
3) Fungi form papillae

Question 11.
What are the different receptors present in the skin?
Answer:
a) Tactile receptors for skin
b) Pacinian corpuscles for pressure
c) Nociceptors for temperature etc.

Question 12.
What happens when light is thrown on the face of your friend?
Answer:
My friend immediately closes his/her eyes because of the light. This is because the eye gets damaged if more light enters inside at a time.

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the centre for ail the sensitive activities? How it interpret the information? Give example.
Answer:

• Brain is the centre for all the sensitive activities.
• It receive information in the form of nerve signals through sensory nerves.
• It interpret the information sends off signals through another type of nerves called as motor nerves.
• Motor nerves take the signals to parts that show response.
• For example, when a mosquito bits you on your leg the sensation is carried to the spinal cord through sensory nerves.
• The spinal cord sense the message to the hand to kill the mosquito through motor nerves. Then we kill it.

Question 2.
Describe the structure of an eye with a neat diagram.
Answer:

• Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.
• A thin layer called conjunctiva covers the front portion of the eye.
• The eyeball is located in the eye socket only 1/6 portion of the eyeball is invisible to us.
• Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.
• The sclera bulges to form cornea.
• The end of sclera connects to the optic nerve.
• The choroid layer is black in colour and contains lot of blood vessels.
• Choroid layer encloses the eye except the part pupil.
• The part formed by the choroid layer around the pupil is iris.
• Biconvex lens is present behind the pupil.
• The lens divides the inner eyeball as aqueous chamber and vitreous chamber.
• Retina contains the cells called rods and cones.
• The area of no vision called blind spot and the area of the best vision called yellow spot are present in the retina.
• The yellow spot is also called macula or fovea.

Question 3.
Write about the functioning of an eye.
Answer:

• The eye gathers light through convex lens, focusses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
• The lens turns the image left to right and upside down.
• Brain tends to maintain this reversal in its sensory processing regions.
• Most information from the sense organs crosses over to the opposite side of the brain.
• In the brain’s sensory areas are typically reversed and inverted.
• The eye forms an image that gets extensive further processing in the brain.

Question 4.
Write a short note on external ear.
Answer:

• External ear is a flap like structure, called the pinna.
• Pinna has wax producing ceruminous glands and oil producing sebaceous glands.
• These help to keep the ear canal lubricated prevent the dust and other particles from entering into the ear canal.
• The ear canal is also called auditory meatus.
• A thin layer called tympanum or ear drum is present at the end of the auditory meatus.
• Ear drum is present in between external and middle ear. It is in the shape of a cone.
• Its narrow area connects to the first bone malleus of the middle ear.

Question 5.
Write briefly about inner ear.
Answer:

• Internal or inner ear consists of bony labyrinth enclosing the membranous labyrinth.
• The membranous labyrinth consists of vestibule, three semicircular canals and cochlea.
• The anterior part of the vestibule is sacculus and the posterior part is utriculus.
• Nerve fibres from them form vestibular nerve.
• Vestibule and semicircular or semilunar circles together form vestibular apparatus.
• Vestibular apparatus maintains the equilibrium of the body, pertaining to the posture and balance of the body.
• Cochlea is a spiral shaped structure. It has three parallel tubes called scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani.
• Cochlear nerve fibres form cochlear nerve.
• The vestibular and cochlear nerves join together to form auditory nerve.

Question 6.
How the hearing or auditory sensation occurs?
Answer:

• External ear collect the sound waves. They enter into the auditory meatus.
• Then they strike tympanum. The vibrations from tympanum reach the malleus, incus and stapes.
• They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations.
• The stapes transmits the vibrations to the membrane of oval window.
• Then they transmit to the cochlea.
• The basillar membrane is moved then the vibrations reach to the organ of corti.
• The impulses are sent to the brain through auditory nerve.
• The hearing can be done according to the responses given by the brain.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the structure of nose.
Answer:

1. Our external nose has two nostrils. They lead to nasal cavity.
2. Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves.
3. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane and small hairs.
4. Olfactory receptors are present in the mucous membrane.

Question 8.
What are the different kinds of structures that are seen on our tongue?
Answer:

• We can clearly see flake like structures called the filiform papillae.
• The roundish structures on the tongue are fungiform papillae.
• There are large roundish ones at the back of the tongue are circumvallate papillae.
• On the sides of the tongue are the bump like structures are foliate papillae.
• Taste buds are present on all of these except the fili form papillae that are not the sites of taste sensation.

Question 9.
Write a short note on skin.
Answer:

• Skin is the outermost covering of our body.
• It regulates the body temperature and eliminates certain waste material through sweat.
• It is the sense organ of touch.
• The sense of touch is done by the cutaneous receptors.
• It is the largest organ of all.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.

Question 10.
What are the diseases effecting the skin?
Answer:
Some of the diseases effecting the skin are

1. Viral diseases such as measles, chicken pox etc.
2. Bacterial diseases such as leprosy.
3. Leucoderma, the disease due to the deficiency of melanin.
4. Pellagra the disease due to deficiency of vitamins.
5. Fungal diseases such as ringworm.

Question 11.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of the skin.
Answer:

1. hair
2. oil gland
3. blood vessel
4. sweat gland
5. nerve
6. fat lobules
7. endodermis
8. epidermis
9. pore

Question 12.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of nose.
Answer:

Question 13.
Draw a neat and labelled diagrams showing Rods and Cones of the eye.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the following picture. Label the parts 1, 2, 3, 4 and answer the following questions.

1) Ear is broadly divided into how many parts?
2) Name the bones of middle ear in correct order.
3) Which part of ear vibrates on receiving sound waves?
4) Name the part of ear that is associated with balancing.
Answer:

1. 3 parts. They are
   a) External ear
   b) Middle ear and
   c) Internal ear
2. Malleus, incus, stapes
3. Ear drum
4. Vestibular apparatus.

Question 2.
What happens if our tympanum ruptured?
Answer:

• If tympanum (or) ear drum is damaged, the sound vibration will not reach the auditory nerve. Hence, it will not carry the hearing impulses to the brain.
• Deafness will occur.

Question 3.
Draw a labelled diagram of eye. What happens if there are no cones in eye?
Answer:

• Cones are very useful in identifying different colours. They are responsible for bright light vision.
• If cones are absent, we can’t identify the array of colours and see in bright light.

Question 4.
Explain how skin works as a sense organ.
Answer:

• Skin is the largest sense organ in our body.
• It gives us the sense of touch which has supreme importance in the sphere of senses.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.
• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure. It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure nociceptors for temperature, etc.
• By the above reasons, we can say that skin is a sense organ.

Question 5.

1. Label A, B and C.
2. What is the function of lens?
3. Name the cells present in Retina.
4. Give examples of two defects of eye.
Answer:

1. A) Sclera
   B) Choroid
   C) Retina
2. The eye gathers light through a convex lens, focuses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
3. Rods and cones are the specialised cells present in Retina.
4. Night blindness, glaucoma, cataract, dry eye, etc.

Question 6.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.

a) Correct the wrongly labelled ones.
b) What is the function of X?
c) There are two types of photo receptors in the Retina of human eye. What are they?
Answer:
a) Retina
b) The denoted part x’ is optic nerve. Optic nerve carries the information of the object seen to brain.
c) Rods and cones are the two types of photo receptors present in human eye.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How are living things classified?
Answer:

• Living things are classified on the basis of their body designs.
• Living things are classified on the basis of dissimilarities and similarities.

Question 2.
What are the uses of Arthropod animals?
Answer:
Arthropods help in pollination, honey collection, silk industry, and in preparation of Lac.

Question 3.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
The variety of animals and plants living in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that geographical area.

Question 4.
Who coined the term bio-diversity?
Answer:
Walter. G. Rosen

Question 5.
What is the need for system of classification?
Answer:
To make the study of plants and animals easier.

Question 6.
What are variations?
Answer:
Differences exhibited by organisms of the same species.

Question 7.
What is fauna?
Answer:
A collection of various animal groups in a particular geographical area is called fauna.

Question 8.
What is flora?
Answer:
A collection of various plant groups in a particular geographical area is called flora.

Question 9.
What are viviparous animals?
Answer:
Animals giving birth to young ones are called viviparous animals.

Question 10.
What is a notochord?
Answer:
A long flexible shaped supporting structure that runs along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut.

Question 11.
What is species?
Answer:
Species is defined as a dynamic group of organisms, which resemble each other in all essential aspects, i.e structure and function, and interbreed to produce fertile young ones of their own kind.

Question 12.
What are cotyledons?
Answer:
Plant embryos in seeds are called cotyledons.

Question 13.
Name two mammals that lay eggs.
Answer:
Platypus, Echidna.

Question 14.
Who wrote the book “The origin of species”?
Answer:
Charles Darwin.

Question 15.
Which division is called the amphibian of plant kingdom?
Answer:
Bryophyte.

Question 16.
What is evolution?
Answer:
The life forms that exist today have raisen because of changes in their body design over a course of time to adapt themselves in the changing conditions. This is called evolution.

Question 17.
Name two animals that live in water.
Answer:
Whale, Platypus, Dolphins, etc.

Question 18.
Which type of leaf venation do you find in monocots?
Answer:
Parallel leaf venation

Question 19.
How many cotyledons are present in the embryo of groundnut?
Answer:
Two cotyledons.

Question 20.
Which type of root system do you find in monocot plants?
Answer:
Fibrous Root system.

Question 21.
Define classification.
Answer:
Classification is the systematic study of organisms present in nature with respect to their evolution.

Question 22.
Who wrote the book “Vrikshayurveda”?
Answer:
Parasara

Question 23.
According to 5 kingdom classification, to which kingdom ‘Paramecium’ belongs?
Answer:
Protista.

Question 24.
Organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus are called?
Answer:
Prokaryotes

Question 25.
Cell wall of bacteria is made of?
Answer:
Peptidoglycon

Question 26.
Give two examples of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
Cycas, Pine

Question 27.
To which phylum octopus belong?
Answer:
Mollusca

Question 28.
Name the phylum that Tapeworm belongs to.
Answer:
Platyhelminthes

Question 29.
Name the phylum that spider belongs to.
Answer:
Arthropoda

Question 30.
Name the phylum that Hydra belongs to.
Answer:
Cnidaria

Question 31.
Name the phylum StarFish belongs to.
Answer:
Echinodermata

Question 32.
Which plants have flowers as their reproductive organs?
Answer:
Angiosperms

Question 33.
In which phylum, exoskeleton of feathers, lay eggs outside the water is seen and flight is possible is seen in?
Answer:
In Aves

Question 34.
Who proposed 5 kingdom classification?
Answer:
Whittaker

Question 35.
Name two bryophytes of Plantae.
Answer:
Moss and Riccia

Question 36.
Phanerogams bearing naked seeds are called?
Answer:
Gymnos perms

Question 37.
Give two examples of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
Pines, cycas and deodar.

Question 38.
Which root system present in dicots?
Answer:
Tap root system.

Question 39.
Scorpions, spiders belongs to which phylum?
Answer:
Arthropoda

Question 40.
What is genus?
Answer:
A genus is a group of related species.

Question 41.
Canal system can be seen in?
Answer:
Sponges

Question 42.
In which phylum water vascular system can be seen?
Answer:
Echinodermata

Question 43.
Name the phylum of the following organisms whose exclusive characteristics are given below (a) Hallow bones (b) Soft body, Muscular marine animal.
Answer:
a) Aves
b) Mollusca

Question 44.
Name the respiratory organs present in Pisces.
Answer:
Gills

Question 45.
Warm blooded, external ear, heart is four Chambered. In which phylum these characters are exclusively present?
Answer:
Mammals

Question 46.
Name the phylum that sponges belongs to.
Answer:
Porifera

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the contributions of Indian scientists towards classification in ancient India?
Answer:

• In India classification had been the basis of studies in Medicines and dates back to first and second century A.D.
• Charaka and Sushrut had classified plants on the basis of their medical importance.
• Parasara in his book ‘Vrikshayurveda’ documented the classification system for several land plants for the first time.
• This classification mainly deals with the structure of the flowers.

Question 2.
Name the five kingdoms of living organisms classified by Whittaker.
Answer:
The five kingdoms are :

1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Plantae
4. Kingdom Fungi
5. Kingdom Animalia

Question 3.
What are the major groups of moneran organisms?
Answer:
Three major groups of organisms come under this group. They are :
1. Archaebacteria :
Ancient bacteria, some species found in hot springs.

2. Eubacteria :
eg : Streptococcus, Rhizobium, e.coli.

3. Cyanobacteria :
Green bacteria.

Question 4.
What are the characteristic features of plants?
Answer:

• Plants are diverse in nature.
• Plant body is divided into root, stem, leaves.
• They are multicellular, eukaryotic with cell walls.
• They are usually autotrophs and use mainly chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Question 5.
What is nomen Clature? Who proposed it?
Answer:

• Naming of oranisms with a distinctive scientific name is called nomenclature.
• Nomen clature rovides a uniform way of identification of the vast diversity of life around us.
• Carl Linneaus introduced Binomial nomenclature by which an organism is named by two words a generic name and a specific name.

Question 6.
What are the salient features of Phylum Coelenterata? Give examples.
Answer:

• These are aquatic forms.
• Cavity is present inside the body.
• The body is made up of two layers (diploblastic).
• Some live in colonies like the corals that are tiny, while others like hydra, jellyfish, and sea anemons are common examples.

Question 7.
What are the characteristic features of Phylum Nematoda? Give examples.
Answer:

• The body of nematoda is cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical, and triploblastic.
• There are tissues but no real organs.
• Pseudocoelom is present.
• These are parasitic worms causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the worms in the intestines (roundworm).

Question 8.
What are the salient features of Mollusca? Give examples.
Answer:

• Animals are bilaterally symmetrical, body cavity or coelomic cavity is reduced.
• There is little segmentation.
• They have open circulatory system and kidney like organs for excretion.
• There is a foot for moving around. Examples are snails and mussels.

Question 9.
What are the differences between spores and seeds?
Answer:

Spores	Seeds
1. Spores contain very little food.	1. Seeds store lot of food.
2. Spores are produced from sporangium.	2. Seeds are produced from ovules of flowers.

Question 10.
What are the differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperins?
Answer:

Gymnosperms	Angiosperms
1. Seeds are not enclosed in fruits.	1. Seeds are enclosed in fruits.
2. The ovules are not contained within an ovary. Eg. : Pinus, Cycas	2. Ovules are enclosed within an ovary. Eg. : Mango. Apple etc.

Question 11.
What are the differences between Poriferan animals and Coelenterate animals?
Answer:

Porifera animals	Coelenterate animals
1. Cellular level of organisation.	1. Tissue level of organisation.
2. Body design shows minimal differentiation.	2. Body design shows some body differentiation.

Question 12.
Give two points of differentiation of Phylum Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca.
Answer:

Annelida	Arthropoda	Mollusca
1. Segmented with paired appendages.	Segmented with jointed legs.	Little segmentation without appendages.
2. Excretion by nephridia.	Excretion by Coelomoducts, malphigian tubules.	Excretion by metanephridium or kidney.

Question 13.
What are the salient features of Aves? Give examples.
Answer:

• The body is covered with feathers.
• They are warm blooded animals.
• Heart is four chambered.
• They lay eggs. Claws on their toes are present.
  Eg : Birds.

Question 14.
What are the characteristics that possessed by Chordates?
Answer:
All chordates possess the following features :

1. Have a notochord
2. Have a dorsal nerve cord
3. Are triploblastic
4. Have paired gill pouches
5. Are coelomate.

Question 15.
Write briefly about the vertebrates.
Answer:

• Vertebrates have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton.
• Skeleton allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
• Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic coelomic, and segmented.
• Vertebrates have complex differentiation of body tissue and organs.

Question 16.
Wrrite briefly about the division of phylum chordate.
Answer:

• Some biologists divide phylum chordata into three subphyla viz.,
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Vertebrata.
• Subphylum Hemichordata is now treated as phylum Hemichordata.
• But the International Biological Society (IBS) is given approval to most recent classification of Cavallier and Smith in the year 2004.

Question 17.
What are the three criteria on which Whittaker based his system of classification?
Answer:
a) Complexity of cell structure
b) Body organisation
c ) Modes of nutrition

Question 18.
Give the characteristics of ’Aves’.
Answer:
a) Body i.e., covered with feathers.
b) Beak is present, teeth absent
c) Forelimbs modified for flying
d) Hollow bones for flying and streamlined body.

Question 19.
Give any two characters of Echinodermata.
Answer:
a) These are spiny skinned organisms.
b) Exclusively marine animals.
c) Water vascular system is present.
d) They have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton.

Question 20.

Now answer the following questions.
a) In which group plants having false roots and leaves?
b) In which group naked seeds bearing plants are included?
Answer:
a) Bryophyta
b) Gymnosperms

Read the above flow chart and answer the following questions.
i) What are the two major branches of plant kingdom?
ii) Name the group of plants that have false roots and leaves.
iii) What do you mean by angiosperms?
iv) What is the difference between the monocots and dicots?
Answer:
i) Cryptogams and phanerogams
ii) Bryophyta
iii) Plants with seed coat or embeded in fruit.
iv) Monocots have single Cotyledon where dicots with two Cotyledon

Question 21.
What are the conventions followed for writing the scientific names?
Answer:

• The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
• The name of the species begins with a small letter.
  Example : Naja naja, Pila globosa

Question 22.
What are the major divisions in the plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?
Answer:

Division	Basis for classification
1) Algae	Thallus like body
2) Bryophyta	Body divided into leaf and stem
3) Pteridophyta	Body is divided into root, stem, and leaf
4) Gymnosperm	Seed bearing naked seeds
5) Angio sperm	Seed covered

Question 23.
Write similarities between plants and animals.
Answer:

• Both are made up of cells and tissues.
• Both contain protoplasm and the genetic material DNA
• Both plants and animals show growth.
• Both show response to external stimuli.
• Both plants and animals reproduce and pass their characters to the off-spring by the same mechanism.

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is biological diversity, classification, taxonomy, and variation?
Answer:
Biological diversity :
Bio-diversity is the diversity within the species, between the species, and of ecosystems.

Classification :
Classification in biology is the systematic study of organism present in nature with respect to their evolution.

Taxonomy :
The process of organizing plants and animals into different groups that * show their natural relationships.

Variation :
The presence of differences between organisms of the same species.

Question 2.
What is the relationship between classification and evolution?
Answer:

• All living things are identified and categorized on the basis of their structure and function.
• Some characteristics are likely to make more wide ranging changes in the body design than others.
• Characteristics that came into existence earlier are likely to be more basic than characteristics that have came into existence later.
• This means classification of life forms are closely related to their evolution.
• Evolution is the process of acquiring change.
• Charles Darwin first wrote about evolution in his book “The origin of species” in 1859.
• We many say that older organisms are simpler as compared to the younger.
• That is why evolution and classification has close relationship.

Question 3.
Write about classification of Carl Linneaus.
Answer:

• In 1758, Carl Linneaus proposed a system that has dominated classification for centuries.
• Linneaus gave each organism two names denoting genus and species.
• He grouped genera into families, families into orders, orders into classes, classes into Phyla, and Phyla into kingdoms.
• Linneaus identified two kingdoms. Animalia (animals) and Plantae (plants).
• Linneaus classified organisms on the basis of the similarities and differences.

Question 4.
What is the classification suggested by Woese et al?
Answer:

• Woese et al classified organisms into three groups namely Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya.
• Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
• The cell walls of Bacteria contain a fat like chemical peptidoglycan.
• Eukarya have Eukaryotic cells.
• All cells came from a common ancester cell called Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA).
• These LUCA eventually evolved into three domains namely Archaea, Bacteria, and – Eukarya.

Question 5.
What is the Hierarchy of classification?
Answer:

• Ernest Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1959) and Carl Woese (1977) have tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories called kingdoms.
• The classification of Whittaker proposed five kingdoms.
• These five kingdoms are formed on the basis of their cell structure, mode and source of nutrition and body organisation.
• Further classification is done by naming the sub groups at various levels as given in the following scheme.
  
• Thus, by separating organisms on the basis of hierarchy of characteristics into smaller and smaller groups. We arrive at the basic unit of classification on which is a species.
• A species includes all organisms that are similar in structure enough to breed and perpetuate.

Question 6.
What are the characteristic features of Monera? Give examples.
Answer:

• Organisms are unicellular; Prokaryotic.
• Reproduce by splitting into two.
• Absorb nutrients from outside their bodies.
• They move with the help of locomotory organs like Flagella, Cilia or hair like struc¬tures present on them.
• Some monerans cause diseases, but others are helpful to people Ex : Bacteria.

Question 7.
What are the salient features of protista?
Answer:

• Most of them are unicellular, some may have many cells.
• Cells have a membrane around the nucleus.
• Some get nutrients and energy by eating other organisms and some get energy from Sun and water around them.
• They live either solitary or in a colony and some have cell organells present inside the cell.
• Most of the protists reproduce by splitting in two examples are paramecium, amoeba, algae, kelp etc.

Question 8.
What are the characteristic features of Fungi?
Answer:

• Most of fungi are multicellular and some are unicellular.
• Eukaryotes with well defined prominent head.
• Get nutrients and energy by absorbing/ digesting the surface they live on through root like structures.
• Fungi reproduce by spore. Ex : Yeast, Mushrooms, Breadmoulds, and Lichens.

Question 9.
What are the characteristic features of porifera?
Answer:

• The word porifera means organisms with holes.
• These are non motile animals attached to some solid support.
• There are holes or pores all over the body.
• Pores lead to a canal system which circulate water throughout the body.
• These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton.
• They are commonly called sponges and found in marine habitats.
  Examples : Euplectelea, Sycon, Spongilla.

Question 10.
Write a flow chart for plant kingdom.
Answer:

Question 11.
What are the characteristic features of Platyhelminthes?
Answer:

• The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
• There is some degree of tissue formation.
• There is no true internal body cavity or coelom.
• The body is flattend dorsiventrally, that is why these animals are called flat worms.
• They are either free living or parasitic.
• Examples of free living are planarians and parasitic animals like liver flukes and tape worms.

Question 12.
What are the salient features of Phylum Annelida. Give examples.
Answer:

• Annelid animals are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, triploblastic and coelomate.
• There is extensive organ differentiation in a segmental fashion with the segments lined up one after the other from head to tail.
• These animals are found in fresh water, marine water as well as land.
  Examples : Earthworms and Leeches.

Question 13.
What are the characteristic features of Arthropods? Give examples.
Answer:

• Arthropoda is the largest group of animals.
• These animals are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented.
• Open type of circulatory system is present. The coelomic cavity is filled with blood.
• They have jointed legs.
• Examples are prawns, butterflies, cockroaches houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs.

Question 14.
What are the characteristic features of Echinodermata? Give examples.
Answer:

• Echinoderms are spiny skinned organisms.
• They are exclusively free living marine animals.
• They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity.
• They also have a peculiar water driven tube system for moving around.
• Echinoderms have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton. Examples are starfish and sea urchines.

Question 15.
What are the salient features of protochordata?
Answer:

• Protochordates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have a coelom.
• Notochord present at some stages during their lives.
• The notochord is a long rod like support struc¬ture that runs along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut.
• Notochord provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of movement.
• Protochordates are marine animals.
  Examples : Balanoglossus, Herdmania and Amphioxus.

Question 16.
What are the characteristic features of fishes?
Answer:

• Fishes have fins and tails. Aquatic vertebrates.
• Skin is generally covered with scales.
• They are cold blooded animals.
• Fishes breath with gills.
• They lay eggs in the water.
• Two chambered heart is present.
• First vertebrates to have vertebral column.

Question 17.
What are the characteristic features of Amphibians?
Answer:

• Young live in water but adults live on land.
• Skin lacks scales and is smooth and slimy.
• They lay eggs in water and cold blooded animals.
• First vertebrates can live both in water and land.
• They have three chambered heart.
• They lack claws on their toes.
• Hibernate during winter and aestivate during summer.
  Eg : Frogs, Toads, Salamanders.

Question 18.
What are the characteristic features of reptiles? Give examples.
Answer:

• The skin is dry and covered with scales.
• They are cold blooded animals.
• Most of them have three chambered heart but crocodile have four heart chambers.
• They are egg laying animals.
• Crocodiles have claws on their toes.
  Eg. : Crocodiles, Aligators, Snakes. Lizards.

Question 19.
What are the characteristic features of mammals? Give examples.
Answer:

• Skin covered by hair/fur.
• Feed babies with milk.
• Most of them have sweat glands and mammary glands.
• Different types of teeth are present.
• They give birth to fully formed young ones.
  Eg : Bats, Monkeys, Humans, Kangaroos etc.

Question 20.
Write the differences between non-chordata and chordata.
Answer:

Non – chordata	Chordata
1) Vertebral column is absent.	1) Vertebral column is present.
2) Central nervous system is solid and ventral.	2) It is hollow and dorsal.
3) If heart is present, it is dorsal.	3) Heart is ventral.
4) Haemoglobin, if present is dissolvedin plasma.	4) Haemoglobin is present in the red bloodcorpuscles.
5) The Anus is posterior so no post analtail. Eg : Annelida, Arthropoda	5) A post anal tail is present. Eg : Aves, Reptilia

Question 21.
Draw a labelled diagram of bacteria. Add a note on its characteristics.
Answer:

Characteristics of bacteria :
a) One celled organism
b) No membrane bound nucleus
c) Reproduce by binary fission
d) Locomotion is by Flagella
e) Nutrition is by absorption

Question 22.
Identify the phylum for the following characteristics given.
a) Organisms with joint appendages
b) Hollow bones and stream lined body
c) Gills in larva, lungs in most adults, slimy skin
d) Exoskeleton of hair, external ears, mostly giving birth to live young.
Answer:
a) Arthropoda
b) Aves
c) Amphibian
d) Mammals

Question 23.
Fill up the flow chart.

Answer:

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why there is a need for classification of organisms?
Answer:

• Classification gives a better knowledge and understanding of organisms under study.
• It helps to study the organisms in a proper and systematic manner.
• It helps to make comparison in an easier way.
• It helps in understanding the relationship among the organisms and their interdependence.
• Classification makes our study more focussed and helps us to handle huge population of organisms.
• It gives us an idea about evolution.

Question 2.
Hasith went for an educational trip and collected some plants and animals. He is preparing a report on “Different organisms an** their Habitat’. Help him in the grouping of organisms by completing the table below.

Plant/animal	Group/order
Earthworm
Star fish
Scorpion
Snail
Moss
Mango
Paddy
Coconut

Answer:

Plant/animal	Group/order
Earthworm	Annelida
Star fish	Echinodermata
Scorpion	Arthropoda
Snail	Mollusca
Moss	Bryophyta
Mango	Angiosperm – dicot plant
Paddy	Angiosperm – monocot plant
Coconut	Angiosperm – monocot plant

Question 3.
Complete the following flow chart and answer the questions.

i) In which group of non-flowering plants, true roots and leaves are present?
ii) In which groups of plants seeds are enclosed in fruit?
Answer:
i) A – Flowering plants
B – Pteredophyta
C – Gymnosperms
D – Dicot plants

ii) a) Pteredophyta
b) Angiosperm

Question 4.
Write any four doubts in the classification of organisms.
Answer:

• What is the basis of classification?
• Why should we consider evolution in classification of animals and plants?
• How should we classify the organisms of the same species basing on their variations?
• How should we classify the organisms scientifically?

Question 5.
Draw a dicot plant and label it.
Answer:
Parts :

1. Tap root system (Root)
2. Two cotyledons (Fruit)
3. Reticulate venation (Leaf)

Question 6.
To which kingdom do Amoeba, Euglena, Paramoecium belongs to? Why?
Answer:
Amoeba, Euglena and Paramoecium belong to Protista kingdom.
Characters :

1. Mostly they are unicellular organisms.
2. Cells have a membrane around the nucleus.
3. They live either solitary or in a colony.
4. Most reproduce by splitting in two (binary fission).

Question 7.
Observe the table and answer the following characteristics of vertebrates.

1) Which animals respire through lungs? Give examples.
2) Distinguish between warm blooded and cold blooded animals.
3) Where do we find first limbs in the animals?
4) Write the characteristic features of reptiles.
Answer:
1) Frog, Snake, Pigeon

2) Cold blooded animals change their body temperature according to their surroundings.
Ex : Fish, Frog, Snake. Warm blooded animals do not change their body temperature according to their surroundings.
Ex : Birds and mammals.

3) Amphibians

4) a) Ail are warm blooded animals.
b) They have 4 chambered heart.
c) They respire through lungs.
d) They give birth to fully developed young ones. They feed their babies with milk.

Question 8.
According to the following information answer the following questions.
Answer:

1) On what basis the plants are classified?
2) How do we call the plants that seeds are in fruits?
3) To which plants early root system were formed.
4) Give some examples to monocots.
Answer:

1. Basing on flowering/non-flowering and seed bearing/non-seed bearing.
2. Angiosperm plants
3. Pteredophyta
4. Paddy, Wheat

Question 9.
You have observed various characteristics of plants in your school, such as venation, root system and cotyledons, tabulate the details based in observations.

Answer:

Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given question.
Classification helps us in exploring the diversity of life forms. It is the systematic study of organisms present in nature. Initially the living organisms were classified into two kingdoms, then three kingdoms and then overtime into 5 and 6 kingdoms by different biologists as shown in the table below.

i) What is classification?
ii) What is the use of classification?
iii) Who divided living organisms into five kingdoms?
vi) What are the first two divisions of Cavalier Smith classification?
Answer:
i) Classification is the division of organisms in groups basing on their similarities and diversities.
ii) Classification enables study of organisms in a systematic and easy manner and to understand the concept of evolution
iii) Whittekar
iv) Bacteria and protozoa.

Question 11.
Observe the above pictures and answer the questions.

i) Shown here is a mango. What type of plant is a mango tree depending upon the number of cotyledons?
ii) To which phylum does the star fish belong?
iii) Name the unicellular organisms in the above picture.
iv) What are structures at the lower surface of the fern leaves?
Answer:
i) Dicotyledons
ii) Echinodermata
iii) Amoeba, Paramoecium, Euglena are Unicellular organisms in the above pictures.
iv) Sori

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is exosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules leave the cell is called exosmosis.

Question 2.
What is endosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules enter the cell is called endosmosis.

Question 3.
Who are the scientists that removed salt from sea water and how?
Answer:
Freddie Mercury and David Bowie removed salt from sea water by using a semi permeable membrane by a process called desalination.

Question 4.
What happens if red blood cells are placed in distilled water?
Answer:
The red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution like distilled water the cells swell and burst.

Question 5.
What is the better food during a journey?
Answer:
The natural fruits with 80% to 90% water in them, not only quench our thirst but also reduce our hunger.

Question 6.
What is a saturated solution?
Answer:
The solution that cannot takeup more solute to dissolve is called a saturated solution.

Question 7.
Name the principle involved in dialysis and reverse osmosis.
Answer:
Osmosis

Question 8.
Name the principle involved in air freshners, mosquito repellents that are used in our daily life.
Answer:
Diffusion.

Question 9.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium surrounding the cells has a higher water concentration than the cell, the cell will gain water by osmosis. Such type of solution is called hypotonic solution.

Question 10.
What is isotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has exactly the same concentration as the cell there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. Such solution is called isotonic solution.

Question 11.
What is hypertonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has a lower water concentration, then the cell will loose water by osmosis. Such a solution is called hypertonic solution.

Question 12.
What is plasmolysis?
Answer:
When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.

Question 13.
How do substances like CO₂ and water move in and out of the cell?
Answer:
CO₂ moves by diffusion and water moves by osmosis through cell membrane.

Question 14.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypotonic solution?
Answer:
When the cell is placed in hypotonic solution, water enters into the cell. Hence, the cell swell up.

Question 15.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypertonic solution?
Answer:
Water leaves from the cell when we keep the cell in the hypertonic solution. Hence the swell will shrink.

Question 16.
Why does the skin of your finger shrinks when you wash your clothes for a long time?
Answer:
A soap solution is a hypertonic solution. So, water moves out of your fingers by osmosis.

Question 17.
A person takes concentrated solution of salt. After sometime, he starts vomiting. What is the phenomenon responsible for such solution?
Answer:
Exosmosis in intestine causes dehydration.

Question 18.
When you are cooking vegetables generally you add salt to vegetables during cooking. After adding salt, vegetables release water. What mechanism is responsible for this?
Answer:
Exosmosis is responsible for the above mechanism.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is reverse osmosis ? What are its applications?
Answer:
1) When heavy pressure is applied on salt solution which is separated from fresh water with semipermeable membrane, the water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind.
2) This process is known as reverse osmosis.

Application :
Home reverse osmosis machines are available in the market, which filter salt water through three membranes.

Question 2.
What is diffusion? Give example.
Answer:
The process by which some materials when kept in a medium like air and water spread equally throughout it, it is called diffusion.

Example :
If a bottle of scent is opened in one corner of a room, the smell spreads in the entire room due to the diffusion of scent molecules.

Question 3.
What is Graham’s law?
Answer:

• Thomas Graham, Scottish physical chemist, worked on diffusion of gases.
• He had infered that a more soluble substance in a medium diffuse faster than a less soluble substance.
• This is popularly known as Graham’s law.

Question 4.
What is dialysis? Who constructed dialysis machine? The machine works on which principle?
Answer:

• Dialysis is the artificial method of removal of wastes from the blood.
• Dr. William Kolff a Dutch physician in the year 1947 constructed dialysis machine.
• Dialysis machine works on principle of diffusion and filtration across a semi permeable membrane.

Question 5.
Why did we feel thirstier, after eating 50 gms of potato chips in journey?
Answer:

• After eating foods preserved like potato chips we feel thirstier because water is drawn from the body into the digestive system to maintain water balance.
• So we have to drink more water after eating salty food.

Question 6.
Why does CO₂ can not enter the cell?
Answer:

• This is due to diffusion of CO₂ from the cell into the blood through semipermeable membrane or cell membrane.
• Due to respiration concentration of CO₂ increases in the cell than outside.
• Hence CO₂ diffuses out.

Question 7.
Water enters the root cells from the soil, why? Name the process involved in this.
Answer:
Water enters the plant through root hairs, because the concentration of water in the soil arounds the roots is higher than that inside the root epidermis. This process is called osmosis.

Question 8.
Why do dry apricots placed in salt solution do not swell while they do so when kept in water?
Answer:
Dry apricots swell up in water because their cells have a high osmotic concentration which causes passage of water into them. They do not swell up when placed in salt solution because the external solution is hypertonic.

Question 9.
What happens if plasma membrane ruptures or breaks?
Answer:
If the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, the following may happen.
a) The cell will lose its shape.

b) Since plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
If it breaks all the useful substances also move out of the cell, all the metabolic activities of the cell will get effected and the cell may die.

Question 10.
What happens to the dry raisins when we put them in plain water for sometime? What happens if these raisins are now placed in concentrated solution?
Answer:
i) When we put dry raisins in plain water, they gain water and the size of dry raisins will increase.
ii) When these swollen raisins are placed in concentrated salt solution, these loose water and shrink.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the differences between diffusion and osmosis?
Answer:

Diffusion	Osmosis
1. Substance move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration.	Water moves from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration.
2. Semipermeable membrane is not necessary.	Semipermeable membrane is necessary.
3. Diffusion can takes place in solids, liquids and gases.	Osmosis occurs in liquid medium.
4. It is a physical process.	It is a physical, physiological process.

Question 2.
What is osmosis? Explain with example.
Answer:
The flow of water from a region of dilute solution to a more concentrated one through a semipermeable membrane.
Eg : Osmosis with kishmish / raisin.

1. Dried kishmish are put in pure water and left for some time. Then these kishmish are placed in concentrated solution of sugar or salt.
2. It is proved experimentally that kishmish gains water and swells and when placed in concentrated solution the kishmish loose water and shrink.
3. In the above two situations water moved from low concentration to higher concen-tration due to osmosis.

Question 3.
What is cell membrane? What are its functions?
Answer:
The outermost, extremely delicate elastic membranous covering of the cell that separate its contents from the external environment is called plasma membrane.
Functions of plasma membrane :
1. Shape :
Plasma membrane provides a definite shape to semi-fluid contents of the cell.

2. Mechanical barrier :
It functions as mechanical barrier that protects the internal contents of the cell,

3. Selectively permeable :
Plasma membrane determines what substances are to be allowed entry or exit from the cell.

4. Endocytosis :
It helps the cell to engulf food and other substances from its external environment by endocytosis.

5. Recognition :
The recognition centres of plasma membrane help in tissue formation, distinction of foreign substances and defense against microbes.

6. Flow of information :
Plasma membrane provides flow of information amongst different cells of the same organism.

7. Osmosis :
Osmosis occurs due to presence of tiny water channels in the plasma membrane.

8. Cell continuity :
At places plasma membrane of adjacent cells become continuous to form plasmodesmata and cell junctions.

9. Specialization :
Plasma membrane gets modified to perform different functions.
E.g. : absorption in microvilli.

Question 4.
Importance of osmosis to living organisms.
Answer:

• Water enters into roots through osmosis.
• Water moves between the cells through osmosis.
• Osmosis helps in opening and closing of stomata.
• It bring about movement of water and minerals in certain plants.
• In our body waste materials are filtered from blood.
• In our body useful materials are absorbed along with water through osmosis.

Question 5.
Explain the process of reverse osmosis with a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
When salt water is separated from fresh water through a semi-permeable membrane, the filteration can be achieved by applying high pressure on salt water. Due to this pressure water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind. This phenomenon is widely used nowadays in water purifiers to filter salt water.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if we keep deshelled raw egg in salt water?
Answer:
i) Salt water is more concentrated than egg Yolk.
ii) When raw de-shelled egg placed in salt water, water from egg comes out through egg membrane. This called exosmosis.
iii) Due to exosmosis, the size of the egg decreases.

Question 2.
i) Pour sugar solution in the potato cup upto a level as shown by the pin in the figure.
ii) Keep the potato cup in the bowl filled with water upto half the height of the potato cup.

Answer the following questions based on the above experiment
i) What is the aim of the experiment?
ii) What will be the observation in this experiment?
iii) If the potato cup is filled with water and the beaker is filled with sugar solution, what will be the observation?
iv) What is the difference between this experiment when compared with dried grapes (kishmish) kept in water?
Answer:
i) To prove osmosis in potato living cells.
ii) Sugar solution level rises in potato cup beyond the point where needle placed.
iii) Sugar solution level falls down in potato cup.
iv) In both experiments endosmosis is observed in the cells.

Question 3.
Latha dropped some crystals of KMnO₄ in a beaker of water and observing to know what happens. What is the phenomenon that occurs in the experiment?
Answer:
Diffusion

Question 4.
Read and complete the following table according to the given information.

Process / Function	Name of the Phenomenon
1. Plasma membrane determines what substances are to be allowed entry or exit from the cell.
2. The flexibility of membrane to engulf food and other substances.
3. Movements of water through tiny channels of plasma membrane (from lower concentration to higher concentration.)
4. Movement of molecules / substances from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Answer:

1. Selective permeability
2. Endocytosis
3. Osmosis
4. Diffusion

Question 5.
Observe the following substances and answer the following questions.

Substance	Should go into the cell	Should go out of the cell
Oxygen
Glucose
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbondioxide
Wastes

a) Which substances should go into the cell?
b) Which substances should go out the cell?
c) Which is useful to transport the substances into the cell?
d) What is use of osmosis?
Answer:
a) Oxygen, Glucose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins.
b) Carbondioxide, Waste materials.
c) Plasma membrane.
d) Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane. It allows entry of useful certain materials exit of some unuseful substances while preventing passage to remaining substances.
It helps in keeping the ceil alive.

Question 6.
Observe the diagram answer the following questions.
a) Which chemical material is used to made a semi permeable membrane from an egg?
b) Which precautions do you take to make a semipermeable membrane?

Answer:
a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid.
b) 1) Keep the raw eggs in dil HCl for 4 to 5 hours.
2) Wash the eggs under tap water.
3) Carefully pierce a pencil sized hole in the egg membrane and drain the contents.
4) Again wash the membrane with fresh water.

Question 7.
Two beakers, funnel, filter paper, retort stand, sugar, dye and wheat or rice flour and plastic bottle would be given to you. What experiment will you do with this? Write the procedure and precautions of that experiment.
Answer:

1. Arrange the filtering apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Prepare wheat or rice powder solution in a beaker by adding one tea spoon of powder in 100 ml of water.
3. Add a drop of tincture iodine to the solution.
4. Now pour the solution into the funnel.
5. Filter paper allows water and dissolved rice powder to pass through it.
6. Filter paper does not allow the undissolved powder precipitate through it.

Precautions :

1. Ensure that the using filter paper should not have any damage or holes.
2. Stir the powder solution continuously, while pouring it slowly through filter paper.

Question 8.
What happens if cells are not permeable
Answer:
If cells are not permeable, they will not get the useful substances like minerals, water, nutrients and oxygen. Like this way, the waste products released during cellular activities will not be sent out. As a result the cell may die.

Question 9.
Rajesh conducted an experiment to know the movement of substances using potato and sugar solution.
a) What is the objective of Rajesh’s experiment?
b) Write the materials required by Rajesh to conduct this experiment.
c) Where does the level of solution increase?
d) What is your observation in this experiment?
Answer:
a) To observe osmosis
b) One raw potato, one boiled potato, two beakers, bowls, two pins, water, sharp knife.
c) Increase in the level of sugar solution in potato.
d) Water always moves towards the sugar solution the movement of water from less concentration to high concentration through a membrane is called osmosis.

Question 10.
Give some examples for process that occurs through permeable membrane that you observed in your daily life.
Answer:
Ex : 1. Water moves from one cell to another through osmosis.
Ex : 2. Movement of water from soil to roots.
Ex : 3. Waste materials in our blood are filtered.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the parts of a nerve cell?
Answer:
We can identify 3 distinct parts in nerve cell. They are :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites

Question 2.
How the bone is made up of?
Answer:

• Bone is made up of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
• These salts are secreted by osteocytes.
• Osteocytes are present in the bone marrow.

Question 3.
What is granular epithelium?
Answer:
Sometimes a portion of epithelial tissue folds inward and formed a multicellular gland. Hence, it is called as granular epithelium.

Question 4.
Where do we found columnar epithelium?
Answer:
Columnar epithelium present where absorption and secretion occurs.
Eg : Intestine.

Question 5.
Why the ‘AB’ group human beings are called as universal recipients?
Answer:

• ‘AB’group human beings can receive the blood from any other groups.
• Hence, they are called as universal recipients.

Question 6.
Why the ‘O’ group people are called as universal donors?
Answer:

• ‘0’group human beings can donate the blood to any other group.
• So, these people are known as universal donors.

Question 7.
Name some modified epithelial cells.
Answer:

• Skin is a kind of epithelial tissue.
• Nails and hair grow from it.
• The scales of fishes and reptiles and feathers of birds etc., are the modified epithe-lial cells.

Question 8.
What is tendon? What is its use?
Answer:

• Tendon is a type of connective tissue, which is also made of fibres.
• The tendon joins the muscle to the bone. It is also made of collagen.

Question 9.
Where do we found cuboidal epithelium? Why?
Answer:
Cuboidal epithelium can be found in the lining of kidney tubules, the ducts of salivary glands. They provide mechanical support.

Question 10.
What is the main function of WBC?
Answer:
WBC provides immunity to the body by providing the body against infections.

Question 11.
Give two examples of cartilage.
Answer:
Tip of the nose and external ear are two examples of cartilage.

Question 12.
Name the muscle tissue that connects muscle to a bone.
Answer:
Tendon

Question 13.
What is the yellow fibres that are connecting bones known as?
Answer:
Ligament.

Question 14.
What are the involuntary muscles?
Answer:
The muscles whose contraction is not under the control of will power.
Eg : Cardiac muscles.

Question 15.
Write the functions of cartilage.
Answer:

• Provides flexibility and support to the body parts.
• It smoothens the surface at the joints.

Question 16.
Name the tissue that is present in the hump of a camel or blubber of whale.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 17.
Name the fat storage tissue and state its location in our body.
Answer:
Adipose tissue stores fat in our body. It is present just below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 18.
Name the types of Rh factors of human body.
Answer:
Positive and Negative (A+, A-)

Question 19.
Name the tissue that is present in brain.
Answer:
Nervous tissue formed with neurons is present in the brain.

Question 20.
What is called action potential?
Answer:
Whenever a nerve is stimulated, it produces a small electrical current (0.055V) called action potential.

Question 21.
What is the other name for Areolar tissue?
Answer:
Fibroblasts.

Question 22.
Name the tissue that acts as insulator.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 23.
What is bone made of?
Answer:
Bone is made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Question 24.
Where do you find Osteocytes?
Answer:
In the central hollow portion of the bone called bone marrow.

Question 25.
Where you can see Haversian canal?
Answer:’
In Osteocytes (or Bone cells)

Question 26.
Name the tissue that is present in embryos of several vertebrae.
Answer:
Cartilage

Question 27.
Where do you find contractile proteins?
Answer:
In muscle fibres.

Question 28.
What are the 3 major portions of a nerve cell?
Answer:
1) Cell body
2) Axon
3) Dendrite (or) cyton

Question 29.
Name the only cells in our body, which do not have the ability of regenaration.
Answer:
Nerve cells.

Question 30.
Where do you see Nissl’s granules?
A. Nerve cells

Question 31.
Which nodes present at regular intervals on the nerve cells?
Answer:
Ranvier Nodes.

Question 32.
What is a nerve?
Answer:
Axons of several nerve cells form bundles called nerve.

Question 33.
Nerve tissue has neurons and supporting cells. Name the supporting cells of the nerve tissue.
Answer:
Glial cells.

Question 34.
How do Monocytes destroy the foreign materials?
Answer:
Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes they attack the foreign materials and engulf them. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells.

Question 35.
What are corpuscles?
Answer:
Cells present in blood are called corpuscles.

Question 36.
What is the “grave yard of RBC”?
Answer:
Spleen

Question 37.
What are granulocytes?
Answer:
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

Question 38.
What are agranulocytes?
Answer:
Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 39.
How many RBC are present in 1 ml of blood?
Answer:
5 million of RBC 1 ml of blood (in human adults).

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:

• There is a difference between skin cells and muscle cells.
• Skin cells are arranged in the form of layers. This is called stratified squamous epithelium.
• Muscle cells are elongated ones and responsible for movement in the body.

Question 2.
Why the involuntary muscles are also called as unstriated muscles?
Answer:

• Unstriated muscles are also called as smooth muscles.
• They have no striations or alternate light and dark bands.
• The cells are long with pointed ends.
• So, they are called as unstriated muscles.

Question 3.
What is epithelial tissue ? How many types are there?
Answer:

• Epi means outer, thelium means tissue.
• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
• Three types of epithelial tissues are identified. They are :
  a) Squamous epithelium
  b) Cuboidal epithelium
  c) Columnar epithelium
  d) Granular epithelium

Question 4.
What is squamous epithelium? Where it is found?
Answer:

• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining is called squamous epithelium.
• It is found in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli etc.
• The epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers, called stratified squa¬mous epithelium.

Question 5.
What is involuntary movement?
Answer:

• We cannot start or stop the movement of muscles by wanting to do so.
• The movement is called involuntary, the muscles caused for it are called involun-tary muscles.
  Eg : Movements in the alimentary canal, blood vessels etc.

Question 6.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of squamous epithelium. A.
Answer:

Question 7.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of areolar tissue.
Answer:

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of osteocyte.
Answer:

Question 9.
Why the pus formed in our body?
Answer:
1. Some white blood cells sacrify their life to fight against external enemy, i.e., micro-organisms.
2. These dead WBC come out of wound.
3. This is generally called pus.
4. The body excretes the dead cells in that manner.

Question 10.
Write the muscles that are present in the body parts.
Answer:

Body part	Muscle present
1. Oesophagus	Smooth muscles
2. Heart	Cardiac muscles
3. Face	Involuntary muscles
4. Lungs	Smooth muscles
6. Hands	Involuntary muscles

Question 11.
How are proteins present in blood helpful to our body?
Answer:
Blood contains Haemoglobin, which contains Iron in its molecule. It transports Oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body.

Question 12.
Why ‘AB’ blood group is called Universal acceptor?
Answer:
‘AB’ blood group is called universal acceptor. A person with AB’ blood group can take all types of human blood, if Rh factor matches.

Question 13.
What is muscular tissue? What is its function?
Answer:
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscular fibres. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body.

Question 14.
What is the unique feature of cells of nervous tissue as compared to other body cells?
Answer:
All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, the cells of nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. The brain spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.

Question 15.
Give four differences between bone and cartilage.
Answer:

Bone	Cartilage
1. Porous.	1. Non – Porous.
2. Blood vessels present.	2. Blood vessels absent.
3. Hard and flexible.	3. Flexible, not very hard.
4. Matrix made up of protein and mineral salts.	4. Matrix made up of proteins.

Question 16.
Raghu wants to know more about blood. What questions Raghu will ask the teacher?
Answer:
Raghu might ask the following questions.

1. What would happen if blood possesses compact tissue?
2. Do all the organisms are having red coloured blood in their bodies?
3. What will happen if blood platelets are decreased in the blood?
4. What will happen if the percentage of Haemoglobin is decreased in the blood?

Question 17.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:

1. Areolar tissue
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Ligament
5. Tendon
6. Adipose Tissue
7. Blood

Question 18.
What are the constituents of pl& ma?
Answer:
Mainly water and several nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins and hormones, etc. required for the body and excretory products such as lactic acid, urea, salts etc…. plasma also contains factors responsible for blood clotting.

Question 19.
Draw a diagram showing blood cells.
Answer:

Question 20.
Draw a diagram showing cartilage.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on areolar tissue.
Answer:

• Areolar tissue is one type of connective tissue which joins different tissues.
• It helps in packing and helps to keep the organs in place.
• These cells are called fibroblasts.
• These are the major components of areolar tissue.
• These cells secrets fibrous material which holds the other tissue in position.
• They also help in repair of the tissue when they are injured.

Question 2.
Write a note on WBC.
Answer:

• White blood cells or WBC are one type of blood cells.
• They do not have haemoglobin, hence they are colourless.
• They are also called as leucocytes.
• They are less in number when compared to the RBC.
• They are two types :
  1. Granulocytes,
  2. Agranulocytes.
• Granulocytes are three types. They are neutrophils, basophils and esinophils.
• Granulocytes attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
• Agranulocytes are two types. They are lymphocytes and monocytes.
• Lymphocytes secret anti-bodies to guard against foreign material, that enter into blood.
• So, lymphocytes are also called as microscopic policemen.
• Monocytes attack the foreign materials and destroyed them.
• So, they are called “scavengers”.

Question 3.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue connects the organs and muscles. It performs so many functions.

1. Helps in binding the other tissues and organs together.
2. Provides a frame work and support to various organs in the body.
3. Plays a major role in the transport of material from one tissue to another.
4. Helps in the body defence.
5. Helps in the body repairs.
6. Helps in the storage of fat.

Question 4.
Write a note on a nerve cell or neuron with the help of a neat diagram.
Answer:
Nervous tissue is made up of neurons.

It has 3 parts :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites.

Cell body or Cyton :

1. It has a large nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. The cytoplasm contains Nissl’s granules.

Dendrites:

1. Projections arising from cell body are called dendrites.
2. They are sharp, branched and more in number.
3. The dendrite connected to another nerve cell’s axon.

Axon :

1. One projection of the cyton is long, called as axon.
2. In some nerve cells, axon covered with myelin sheath.
3. Nodes on axon are called Ranvier Nodes.
4. Axon of a nerve cell is connected with dendrites of another cell to frame a web like structure throughout body.

Question 5.

Read the table and answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find unstriated muscles in our body?
2) Name the muscles which are present in heart.
Answer:
1) Wall of alimentary canal, Iris of the eye, uterus, bronchi of lungs.
2) Cardiac Muscles.

Question 6.
Draw a neat diagram showing different muscles and lable their parts.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Rajiv used a blood group identification kit to test his blood group. Explain what will he observe if his blood is Rh factor positive.
Answer:
Rajiv observes for
i) Agglutinations in the circles where Anti D serum was tested,
ii) Agglutination in Anti Rh – D circle. „

Question 2.
Kamalakar teacher conducts an experiment to show blood cells under microscope to his students. Name the materials used by the teacher for the experiment.
Answer:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, needle.

Question 3.
Briefly explain epithelial tissue with examples.
Answer:
1) Epithelial tissue is one of the most important tissue of animal tissues.
2) Epithelial tissue is present in the skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules. There are three types of epithelial tissue in our body.
They are

1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium and
3. Columnar epithelium

1) Squamous epithelium :

a) This epithelium is extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
b) We can observe this tissue, in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli where transportation of substances selectively occurs through permeable membrane.
c) As this epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers. This is called as “stratified squamous epithelium”.

2) Cuboidal epithelium :

a) This tissue forms the lining of organs or tubules or other parts.
b) It provides mechanical support.

3) Columnar epithelium :

a) This is present where absorption and secretion occurs.
b) The scales of fishes, feathers of birds our skin, nails and hairs are also modified epithelial cells.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions.

Connective tissues help in binding the other tissues and organs together and provide a frame work and support to various organs in the body. Areolar tissue is a type of connective tissue that helps in packing and also help to keep organs in place. Fat stor¬ing adipose tissue is found below skin and between internal organs. Bone and cartilage form skeletal system, which gives support to the body. Ligament connects bone with bone whereas tendon connects muscle with bone.

i) Which connective tissue is called packing tissue?
ii) Which connective tissue joins muscle with bone?
iii) What are the main components of skeletal system?
iv) Where do you find adipose tissue in the body?
Answer:
i) Areolar tissue
ii) Tendon
iii) Cartilage
iv) Adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 5.
Draw the structure of neuron. Label parts. What is the function of myelin sheath?
Answer:

Function of myelin sheath :

1. Myelin is an insulating layer that forms around nerves. It is made up of proteins and fatty substances.
2. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

Question 6.
Write the names of the following.
a) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
b) Tissue that transports food in animals.
Answer:
a) Adipose tissue
b) Blood

Question 7.
Doctor examine Kshitija’s blood report and said, that she did not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What questions will you put the doctor to know about the effects of low level Haemoglobin?
Answer:

• What changes can we observe in a person who has low percentage of haemoglobin?
• What are the reasons for the low haemoglobin levels?
• Which type of food should we require to improve haemoglobin levels?
• Name the disease that occurs when we have less haemoglobin in our blood.

Question 8.
Observe the given diagram :

a) Identify the name of the diagram.
b) Write the names of the parts A & B.
c) Name the granular structure in the cytoplasm.
Answer:
a) The given diagram is nerve cell.
b) A – Cyton (cell body)
B – Axon
c) Nissl’s granules

Question 9.
A lab technician added a few drops of “Antigen-D” to a blood sample. What is the aim of him by doing so?
Answer:
If agglutination occurs in Anti RhD serum the Rh factor is positive and if it does not the Rh factor is negative.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Plant Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the functions of stomata?
Answer:

• These are essential for exchange of gases with the atmosphere.
• During transpiration loss of water takes place in the form of water vapour through stomata.

Question 2.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue?
Answer:
Xylem tissue consists of four types of elements. They are trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.

Question 3.
What are the constituents of phloem?
Answer:
Phloem is made up of five types of elements. They are sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma.

Question 4.
How can the plants perform all the life processes?
Answer:
Different parts of the plant having specific tissues perform specific function.

Question 5.
Meristematic tissue present at the tips of root and shoot is called as?
Answer:
Apical meristem.

Question 6.
Which portion of the plant is responsible for transport of water, minerals and food materials?
Answer:
Stele

Question 7.
What is the other name for stomata?
Answer:
Airpores

Question 8.
Name the cells which divide continuously.
Answer:
Meristematic cells.

Question 9.
Which tissues makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer:
The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchyma tissue.

Question 10.
What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer:
Cells of epidermis form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. It protects all the parts of the plants.

Question 11.
What are guard cells? What is their function?
Answer:
Each stomata is bound by a pair of specialised epidermal cells called guard cells. They control the opening and closing of the stomata.

Question 12.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Answer:
Xylem is made up of vessels, trachieds, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.

Question 13.
What are the constituents of Phloem?
Answer:
Phloem constitutes the sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.

Question 14.
What is a vascular tissue?
Answer:
Any tissue which contain vessels through which fluids are passed is called a vascular tissue.

Question 15.
Identify the given tissues.
Answer:

Question 16.
Name the branch of science that deals with the study of tissues.
Answer:
Histology

Question 17.
Name the scientist who coined the term ‘Parenchyma’.
Answer:
Nehamiah Grew

Question 18.
Name the plants that are possessed with Arenchyma.
Answer:
Water plants like Pistia, Eichornia.

Question 19.
Name the tissue that protects the trees from strong winds.
Answer:
Collenchyma gives flexibility and tensile strengh to the branches of the trees and protect them from strong winds and make them to bend. So, the branches won’t break up when they are exposed to the strong winds.

Question 20.
Where do you find sieve cells? What is their function?
Answer:
Sieve cells found in phloem helps in the transportation of materials.

Question 21.
What are companion cells and state their function?
Answer:
Companion cells are the parts of phloem aiding in transport of materials.

Question 22.
Where do you find vessels? Write their function.
Answer:
Vessels are found in xylem helps in conduction of nutrients. They also give mechanical support to the plant.

Question 23.
Name the tissue that is present in root tips.
Answer:
Meristematic tissue.

Question 24.
What is meant by differentiation?
Answer:
The process of taking up a permanent shape, size and function is called differentiation.

Question 25.
What happens to the plant if the vascular bundles are destroyed?
Answer:
The transportation of water, nutrients and food in that plant is totally stopped. Hence, the plant will die.

Question 26.
Name the tissue, that brings about overall growth and repair in plants.
Answer:
Meristematic Tissue.

Question 27.
Name the tissue, that form the bulk of the plant body, helping in packing other tissues.
Answer:
Ground Tissue.

Question 28.
Name the parts of the plant that helps in reproduction.
Answer:
Flowers

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the different elements of xylem. Collect information about the uses of the elements of xylem.
Answer:

• Xylem consists of trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
• Trachieds and vessels are tubular structures. This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically.
• The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.
• Fibres are mainly supportive in function give mechanical support to vascular bundles.

Question 2.
What are the differences between the plant tissues and animal tissues?
Answer:

Plant Tissues	Animal Tissues
1. Most of the tissues are dead.	1. Most of the tissues are living.
2. Plants need less maintenance energy.	2. Animals need more maintenance energy.
3. Tissues organisation is to support fix habitat.	3. Tissues organisation help the organism for locomotion.

Question 3.
What are the differences between simple tissue and complex tissue?
Answer:

• Simple tissues are composed of one type of cells which are structurally and functionally similar.
  e.g. : Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
• Complex tissues consists of more than one type of cells which perform a common function.
  e.g.: Xylem and phloem.

Question 4.
What are the characteristic features of cells in meristematic tissue?
Answer:
Cells in the meristematic tissue are

1. Small and having thin cell wall.
2. Living with prominent nucleus and abundant cytoplasm.
3. Compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
4. Continuously dividing cells.

Question 5.
Differentiate between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell walls.
Answer:

Parenchyma	Collenchyma	Sclerenchyma
The cell walls are thin and made of cellulose.	The cell walls are thick due to cellulose and pectin formation in some places on the walls.	Due to lignin deposition cell walls are thick.

Question 6.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:

1. Parenchyma
2. Sclerenchyma
3. Collenchyma
4. Xylem
5. Phloem
6. Chlorenchyma
7. Arenchyma

Question 7.
Write down the arrangement of cells in the given table :
Answer:

Arrangement of the cells (Tissues)	Shoot tip	Root tip
1. At the tip	Apical meristems are present.	Meristems below the root cap are present.
2. At the lateral side	Lateral meristems are present.	Lateral meristems are present.
3. At the point of branching	Intercalary meristems are present.	Meristems are absent

Now answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find meristems in the root tip?
Answer:
Below the root cap.

2) Where do you find intercalary meristems in the shoot tip?
Answer:
At the point of branching

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of stomata.
Answer:

Question 9.
a) Identify the given structures.
b) State the role performed by the two structures.

Answer:
a) A is trachied
B) B is vessel
Both help in transporting water and minerals vertically.

Question 10.
Observe the diagram of location of meristematic tissue in plant body. Identify the types of meristematic tissue found in the labelled regions and write their functions.
Answer:

1. Apical meristems are found in the A region
2. Lateral meristems are found in the B region.
3. Apical meristem increases the length of the stem and the root.
4. Lateral meristem (cambium) increases the growth of the stem and root.

Question 11.
How does the cork act as protective tissue?
Answer:

• Cork has dead cells and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
• They have deposition of suberin on the walls that make them impervious to gases and water.

Question 12.
How do you appreciate the functions of vascular tissue in plants?
Answer:

• Vascular tissues carry water to a great heights in the plant body.
• It is upto nearly 200ft in Eucalyptus plants and upto nearly 330ft in the Redwood trees.
• It is an amazing factor of nature. I appreciate the functions of vascular tissue which carry water up to a greater heights.

Question 13.
Write a note on Arenchyma.
Answer:

• Air spaces are present in this type of Parenchyma.
• This type of Parenchyma is seen in plants which float on water, such plants are called hydrophytes.
  Ex : Pistia, Eichornia, Hydrilla.

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Draw a flow chart for plant tissues.
Answer:

Question 2.
What are meristems? Write the types of meristems.
Answer:
1. Tissues that bring about overall growth and repair are called meristems.

2. Meristems are of three types.

1. Apical meristems
2. Intercalary meristems
3. Lateral meristems.

3. Meristems at the growing tip that bring about growth in length are apical meristems.
e.g. : Stem and Root tips.

4. Meristems present around the edges in a lateral manner and giving rise to growth in diameter or girth of the stem are called lateral meristems.

5. Meristems present at the branching takes place or a leaf or a flower stalk grows are known as intercalary meristems.

Question 3.
Describe the structure of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
1) Structure of Parenchyma :

1. The cells of parenchyma are soft thin walled and loosely packed.
2. The parenchyma which contains chloroplasts is chlorenchyma, parenchyma which contains air spaces is arenchyma and the parenchyma which stores food or water is storage tissue.

2) Structure of Collenchyma :

1. Collenchyma tissues have thicker walled longer cells.
2. They give mechanical support to plant.
3. Intercellular spaces are present.

3) Structure of Sclerenchyma :

1. In the sclerenchyma the cells are thick walled and compactly arranged withtiearly no spaces between them.
2. They give mechanical strength to the plant.

Question 4.
Draw the diagram showing different types of ground tissue in plants.
Answer:

Question 5.
Draw the diagram showing different cells of xylem and phloem.
Answer:

Question 6.
Draw and label the diagram of L.S. of shoot tip.
Answer:

Question 7.
If you want to know more about Xylem and phloem, what questions will you ask?
Answer:
I will ask the following questions to know more about xylem and phloem.

1. What is the economic importance of xylem and phloem?
2. What are the factors that are helpful to vascular tissue in conducting water?
3. How do plants get water in the higher mountains?
4. What is the commercial importance of bast fibres?

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if stomata are absent in the leaves of the plant
Answer:

1. Gaseous exchange will not takes place in leaves.
2. Transpiration does not take place.

Question 2.
What are the different types of ground tissues in plants
Answer:

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

Question 3.
Give reasons.
a) Xylem is a conductive tissue.
b) Adipose tissue acts as an insulator of heat.
c) Cardiac muscle works without rest.
d) Epidermis provides protection to plants.
Answer:
a) Xylem acts as conducting tissue as it transports water and minerals from the roots to the top of tree.

b) Fat in our body is stored in adipose tissue. It is found below the skin and between internal organs. They act as insulators.

c) i) The muscles present in the heart are responsible for pumping of blood.
ii) The cells are long, branched and have nuclei.
iii) Cardiac muscles have striations. Though they have striations, they are involuntary muscles.

d) i) Dermal tissue (Dermis) usually consists of a single layer of tissues showing variations in the types of cells on the basis of their functions and location.
ii) The dermal tissue protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage like breaking and cleaning of branches and invasion of parasites and disease causing organisms.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions :

The cells of the parenchyma are soft, thin walled and loosely packed. The parenchyma which contains chloroplast is called Chlorenchyma. The parenchyma which contains large air spaces are called Aerenchyma and which store water or food is called storage tissue. Collenchyma have thicker walls and longer when compared to Parenchyma. In the sclerenchyma the cells are thick walled and compactly arranged with nearly no spaces between them.

a) What does the paragraph denote?
b) What function does chlorenchyma perform and why?
c) In which plants do you find Aerenchyma abundantly and why?
d) Give some examples of plants where storage tissue is commonly seen.
Answer:
a) Ground tissue in plants.
b) Chlorenchyma has chloroplasts, which are capable of trapping solar energy. Hence, they perform photosynthesis.
c) Aerenchyma is found in water plants [Hydrophytes], Aerenchyma enables the water plant to float on water.
d) Potato, Carrot, Raddish.

Question 5.
a) Kshitija selected a plant and took out a thin section of its stem. She observed it under powerful compound microscope. Draw a diagram of what she observed and label it.
b) Add a note on Vascular bundle.
Answer:
a)

b)

1. Xylem and phloem are collectively called as Vascular bundle.
2. They are called as conducting tissue or vascular tissue.
3. Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and salts.
4. Phloem is responsible for transportation of food materials prepared by photosynthesis in other parts of the plants.

WorkBook Part

1. Take permanent slides of chlorenchyma, arenchyma, storage tissue in your labora-tory. Observe them under microscope and write their characters and differences.
2. Draw and label the diagram of the T.S. of stem.
3. How many basic types of tissues are there in plants? What are they?
4. Write the name of the following picture and write its parts.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Cell its Structure and Functions.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the cell organelles present in a cell?
Answer:
The cell organelles present in a cell are endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids and vacuoles.

Question 2.
What is the role played by cell wall in plant cells?
Answer:

• Cell wall excretes and inward wall pressure to resists the outward directed pres¬sure exerted by cell sap.
• So, the plant cells can withstand much greater changes in surrounding medium than animal cells.

Question 3.
What is cell theory?
Answer:

• Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.
• All living organisms are composed of cells and product of cell.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 4.
Write one precaution while observing nucleus in cheek cells.
Answer:

• Do not scrap the cheek too hard as it may injure the buccal mucosa.
• Excess stain should be drained off.

Question 5.
Name the colourless plastids in plants.
Answer:
Leucoplasts

Question 6.
Write the name of the plastids that are responsible for different colours in flowers and fruits.
Answer:
Chromoplasts

Question 7.
Mention the cell organell that is called “Protein factories”.
Answer:
Ribosomes

Question 8.
Name the cell organell that is known as “suicidal bags of the cell”.
Answer:
Lysosomes.

Question 9.
Write the main function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Answer:
The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules or lipids important for cell function.

Question 10.
What happens if Endoplasmic reticulum is destroyed in the cell?
Answer:
The transportation of substances from one part to another part of the cell will not occur.

Question 11.
What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
Answer:
Ribosomes

Question 12.
Write some examples for prokaryotic cells.
Answer:
Bacterium, Cyanobacteria and Blue green algae are examples for prokaryotic cells.

Question 13.
Write the unique feature seen in plant cells.
Answer:
Presence of cell wall is the unique feature seen in plant cells.

Question 14.
Name the selectively permeable membrane that covers the cell.
Answer:
Plasma membrane

Question 15.
What is an enzyme?
Answer:
An organic catalyst which catalyses a reaction within a cell.

Question 16.
Who coined the term ’Cytoblast’ and why?
Answer:
Schleiden called the nucleus as cytoblast, because he thought that new cells were created from the nucleus.

Question 17.
What is the site of cellular respiration?
Answer:
Mitochondria

Question 18.
What are vacuoles and write their function.
Answer:
Vacuoles are the fluid filled sac like structures present in the cytoplasm. They store solid or liquid contents.

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the difference between protoplasm and cytoplasm?
Answer:

• There is a fluid present inside the cell.
• For a long time it was believed that the essence of life was stored in the fluid.
• Hence the fluid was named as protoplasm, which means life fluid.
• When it became clear that the fluid is basically a medium in which various particles and membranes float, protoplasm was renamed as cytoplasm.

Question 2.
Take one grape fruit and place it in salt solution, Note the observations.
Answer:

• I take one grape fruit and placed it in salt solution.
• After sometime I observed that the fruit shrunk.
• This is because of loss of water inside the fruit, it comes out into salt solution.
• During this, the process of osmosis takes place.

Question 3.
Collect some parts of plants like, orange, beetroot, raddish, drumsticks, lady’s fin-ger, Jasmine, etc. and put a tick mark if you find the listed plastids present in them.
Answer:

Question 4.
Why animals depend upon plants for food?
Answer:

• Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
• Chloroplast trap the energy from sunlight.
• It converts solar energy to chemical energy which takes place during photosynthesis.
• During the process of photosynthesis food materials are formed.
• Due to lack of chloroplasts animals are unable to prepare their own food.
• So, animals depend on plants for food.

Question 5.

Cell organelle	Function
Nucleus	Nucleus regulates and controls all the functions of a cell and determines the characteristics of the organism.
Endoplasmic reticulum	1. It serve as channels for the transport of materials within the cell.
	2. It also functions as a cytoplasmic framework for various biochemical activities.
Golgi Apparatus	It package various substances. Proteins are altered slightly by golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes	It participates in intracellular digestion. It destroys the cell contents.
Mitochondria	It produces energy through cellular respiration.
Plastids	These are responsible for the colour of the plant cell.
A. Chloroplasts	These trap solar energy and convert this to chemical energy during photosynthesis.
B. Chromoplasts	These are responsible for the coloured fruits, flowers.
C. Leucoplasts	These are colourless, stores carbohydrates, oils and proteins.

Study the table and answer the questions.
1) Name the cell structure that helps in photosynthesis.
2) Name the cell organell that participates in intercellular digestion.
Answer:

1. Chloroplasts
2. Lysosomes

Question 6.
What happens if stomata are closed with paraffin wax?
Answer:

• Stomata helps in exchange of gases in leaf.
• If the stomata are closed with paraffin wax gaseous exchange will not takes place.

Question 7.
What questions do you pose to know more details about plasma membrane?
Answer:

1. How can you say that plasma membrane is also known as selectively permeable membrane?
2. Name the substances that can pass through the plasma membrane.
3. Give examples for selectively permeable membrane.

Question 8.
Write the main function of the cell wall.
Answer:

• The cell wall is tough but flexible porous layer that gives a definite shape to the cell.
• It provides protection to the cell from the external shocks.

Question 9.
Venu is asking his teacher about different functions of cell organells of Eukaryotic cell. What questions he would ask to his teacher ?
Answer:

1. Prokaryotic cells devoid of nucleus . Why?
2. Are the cell organells of same size in all the higher animals?
3. Why lysosomes are called suicidal bags of the cell?
4. What happens if cell wall is not present in plant cell?

Question 10.
Write about plastids.
Answer:

• Plastids are present only in plant cells.
• Plastids mainly of two types. 1. Chromoplasts (coloured) and leucoplasts (colourless).
• Chloroplasts are the type of chromoplasts present only in plants.
• The primary function of a chloroplast is to trap the energy of sunlight and transform it to chemical energy thus helping to carryout photosynthesis.
• Chromoplasts are responsible for having various colours of fruits, flowers and leaves.
• Leucoplasts are used to store starch, oil and proteins.

Question 11.
Write differences between plasma membrane and cell wall.
Answer:

Plasma membrane	Cell wall
1. Made up of lipid and proteins.	1. Made up of cellulose.
2. It is Living.	2. It is Dead.
3. Present in both plant and animal cell.	3. Found exclusively in plant cells.

Question 12.
What is the reason for colour change in tomatoes? (green – white – yellow – red)
Answer:
1) Plastids are responsible for colour change in tomatoes.

2) Plastids are of three types :
1. Chromoplasts (coloured)
2. Leucoplasts (colourless)
3. Chloroplasts (green)

3) All the three plastids have the capacity to change from one to another.

4) As the young tomatoes mature we see green, white, yellow and red coloured tomatoes.

Question 13.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of nucleus.
Answer:

Question 14.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing L.S of mitochondria.
Answer:

Question 15.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of chloroplast.
Answer:

Question 16.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum find in electron microscope.
Answer:

Question 17.
What is the function of a nucleus in a cell?
Answer:

• The nucleus plays a vital role in the cell.
• It controls all functions of the cell. It controls cell division.
• Nucleus contains chromosomes. These chromosomes contain DNA and proteins.

Question 18.
“Cell is the structural and functional unit of life” – How?
Answer:
a) A cell is capable of independently carrying out all necessary activities of life,
b) Hence, it is called the structural and functional unit of life.

Question 19.
What is Protoplasm? Who coined this term and when?
Answer:
a) The living fluid substance of the cell is called “Protoplasm”
b) Purkinje in 1839 coined the term protoplasm.

Question 20.
Name the smallest and largest known cells in this world?
Answer:
a) The smallest known cells is pneumonea cell. It is about 0.1 m in diameter.
b) An Ostrich egg cell is the largest known cell. It is 170 x 135 mm approximately.

Question 21.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in such solutions which vary in their concentrations.
a) When placed in Hypotonic solution?
b) When placed in Isotonic solution?
Answer:

• When a cell is placed in Hypotonic solution (dilute solution), water enters into the cell. Hence the cell swells up.
• When a cell is placed in Isotonic solution (same concentration), there is no movement of water. Hence the cell will stay the same size.

Question 22.
“A cell is a building unit of an organism”. Do you agree with this statement? If yes, explain why.
Answer:

• I agree with the above statement.
• A cell is a building unit of an organism because it is responsible for building the entire body of an organism.

Question 23.
What is Osmosis?
Answer:
Osmosis is the passage of water or any solvent from a region of its lower concentration to a higher concentration through a semi permeable membrane.

Question 24.
What are genes? What is their function?
Answer:
Genes are the segments of DNA present on the chromosomes. These are the hereditary units which are transmitted from one generation to another by chromosomes.

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note on the Golgi apparatus.
Answer:

• Camillo Golgi first observed the golgi bodies in 1898.
• This is made up of several membranes.
• These membranes create sac-like structure around which many fluid-filled vesicles abound.
• The proteins and other substances produced in the ribosomes reaches the golgi body through these vesicles.
• This organelle package various substances before Ciste they are transported to other parts of the cell. _
• The number of golgi bodies varies from cell to cell. Golgi apparatus
• They are large in number in those cells that secrete hormones and enzymes.

Question 2.
Write about mitochondria.
Answer:

• Mitochondria are small, spherical or cylindrical in shape.
• They are 2-8 micron long and about 0.5 micron wide.
• It is about 150 times smaller than the nucleus.
• 100 – 150 are present in each cell.
• They are made of a double-membrane
• The inner membrane of the wall protrudes into the interior in folds and forms cristae.
• The space between cristae is known as the matrix.
• They are responsible for cellular respiration.
• Energy generated and stored in mitochondria.
• Hence they are also called as cell’s power house.

Question 3.
Write a note on Cytoskeleton.
Answer:

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is one of the important cell organelle.
• It extends all over the cell, so it is also called as cytoskeleton.
• It is responsible for the transport of substances from one part of the cell to another.

• RER has ribosomes on its surface which are caused for protein manufacture.
• The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules.
• Invertebrate liver cells SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Question 4.
How could you appreaciate the function of nucleus in a cell?
Answer:

• Nucleus is the most prominent one of all cell organelles.
• This is also known as cell’s control room.
• It was named by Robert Brown in 1831.
• All cells have nucleus except a few cells.
• In mammal red blood cells and phloem sieve tube in plants nucleus is absent.
• It regulates and controls all the functions of the cell.
• It determines the characteristics of the organism.
• It is the barrier of all genetic information.
• It involved in the process of cell division.
• If there is no nucleus in the cell, growth of organism not takes place.

Question 5.
Draw the diagram of nucleus and label it.
Answer:

Question 6.
Why the colouring fruits or vegetables changes? Support your answer.
Answer:

• In plants plastids are responsible for the colouring of fruits and vegetables.
• There are 3 types of plastids present in plants.
• Chloroplasts are responsible for green colour.
• Chromoplasts are responsible for different colours, i.e., orange, yellow, red etc.
• Leucoplasts are responsible for white colour.
• These plastids have the capacity to change from one form to another.
• E.g. : Young tomatoes are white in colour as they mature they turn to green and then to red in colour.

Question 7.
In what way different colours in flowers helpful to bio-diversity?
Answer:

• We can easily identify their species at a glance.
• By having different colours plants attracts insects for pollination, for their propagation.
• By having different colours plants appeal to the aesthetic sense of man, immense pleasure and happiness.
• This is useful in the propagation of plants by the human beings.
• Generally butterflies are known as the pollinators, but in fact they are the indicators of the health of an ecosystem.

Question 8.
Describe endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:

• The network or membranes present in the cytoplasm for the transport of substances
  from the one part of the cell to another is known as endoplasmic reticulum.
• Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types.
  i) Rough endoplasmic reticulum and
  ii) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
• Endoplasmic reticulum having ribosomes on their surface is known as rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the sites of protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes are absent in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in lipid synthesis.
• One function of the endoplasmic reticulum is to serve as channels for the transport of materials within the cytoplasm.
• It also function as a cytoplasmic framework providing a surface for some of the biochemical activities of the cell.

Question 9.
Observe the following slides under the microscope and draw their pictures. Write the cell organelles in them.
Answer:

Organelles present in Amoeba :
Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole etc.

Organelles present in Euglena :
Nucleus, chloroplasts, contractile vacuole, reservoir, paraflagellar body, endosome etc.

Cell organelles present in Paramoecium :
Anterior and posterior contractile vacuoles, micronucleus, macronucleus, cytostome, cytopyge, food vacuole etc.

Question 10.
Collect the names and photographs of scientists helped for the development of cell biology. Give brief note on them.
Answer:

• 1632 – 1723 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek constructed simple microscope and draws protozoa, verticella from rain water and bacterium from his mouth.
• 1665 Robert Hooke discover cells in Cork, then in living plant tissues using an early compound microscope.
• In 1831 Robert Brown discovered nucleus. In 1839 Purkinje coined the term protoplasm.
• In 1839 Theodar Schwann and M.J. Schleiden proposed cell theory.
• 1855 – Rudolf Carl Virchow observed cell division.
• 1931 – Earnest Ruska built first transmission electron microscope.
• 1953 – Watson & Crick made their first announcement on the double helix structure of DNA.
• Albert Claude, father of cell biology awarded Nobel prize for Physiology (Medicine) in 1974.
• 1981 – Lynn Margulis published symbiosis in cell evolution detailing the endosymbiotic theory.

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What happens if there are no mitochondria in eukaryotic cell?
Answer:
If Mitochondria are absent in Eukaryotes, the energy required to perform all cellular activities will not be released. Hence, all the biological activities occurring in the cell will be stopped ultimately. This leads to the death of the eukaryotic cell.

Question 2.
What are the differences between protoplasm and cytoplasm?
Answer:

• Protoplasm is the content of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm and the cell nucleus.
• Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance surrounding the nucleus within the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains the cell organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.

Question 3.
a) Identify the figure and write the parts.
b) Write a short note on the above figure.

Answer:
a)

1. Matrix
2. Cristae
3. Inner membrane
4. Outer membrane

b)

1. The above shown cell organelle is mitochondria.
2. It performs cellular respiration and releases energy required for all cellular activities.
3. Mitochondria is also known as “Power house of the cell”.
4. Mitochondria are made up of a double membrane wall. The inner membrane of the wall protrudes into the interior in folds and forms structures called cristae.
5. The space between cristae is filled with a fluid known as the matrix.

Question 4.
Write the functions of the following cell organelles.

Answer:

• Mitochondria performs cellular respiration. They release energy for all biological activities of the cell.
• Chloroplasts trap the solar energy and helpful in photosynthesis through which plants derive their food.

Question 5.
a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a plant cell.
b) Write the functions of endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:
a)

b) Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum :

1. The ER is to serve as channels for the transport of materials between various regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
2. It is the site of many bio – chemical activities in the cell.
3. It helps in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
4. In vertebrate liver cells, SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Question 6.
What does the modern cell theory propose?
Answer:
i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of the cells.
ii) All cells arise from the pre existing cells.

Question 7.
What happens if lysosomes are absent in the cell?
Answer:
The materials that need to be destroyed are sent to lysosomes. They release the enzymes and digest them. If lysosomes are not present, the harmful substances which are dangerous to the cell would not be destroyed. The cell may die.

Question 8.
Name the chemical substance used in cheek cell lab activity.
Answer:
Methylene blue

Question 9.
Describe the nucleus of cell with the help of a well labelled diagram.

Answer:

• The membrane that encloses the nucleus and separates it from contents of cytoplasm is known as nuclear membrane.
• The entire genetic material of the cell is found in the nucleus.
• The nucleus has fluid like substance called nucleoplasm.
• In the centro of the nucleus, we can see a round shaped structure called nucleolus.
• Nucleus controls and regulates all the activities of the cell.
• Nucleus is closely involved in the process of cell division.

WorkBook Part

1. Write an activity to observe the nucleus in cheek cells.
2. Write a brief notes about mitochondria with help of the diagram.
3. Draw the diagram of Nucleus and label its parts.
4. Write name of the following figure and write its parts.
5. Write the name of the following figure and write its parts.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
The structure which controls the entry and exit of the materials through the cell is
A) Cell wall
B) Cell membrane
C) Both
D) None of them
Answer:
Cell membrane.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
a) The smell of flowers reaches us through the process of …………………..
Answer:
Diffusion

b) The MIC gas of Bhopal tragedy was spread throughout the city through the process of …………………
Answer:
Diffusion

c) Water enters the potato osmometer due to a process called ………………
Answer:
Osmosis

d) The fresh grape wrinkles, if kept in salt water because of …………………
Answer:
Osmosis

Question 3.
What do you mean by permeability of membrane? Explain with suitable example.
Answer:
Allowing only certain materials to pass through the membrane is called permeability.

Example :

1. The cell membrane is very much permeable to gases such as carbondioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and fat solvent compounds such as alcohol, ether and chloroform.
2. It is impermeable to polysaccharides, phospholipids and proteins.

Question 4.
If the dried vegetables are kept in water they become fresh. What is the reason?
Answer:

1. The dried vegetables have less water content and high salt concentration in cells.
2. When they are kept in water they absorb water and become fresh.
3. The water enter into the vegetables by a process known as osmosis.

Question 5.
Name the process by which we can get fresh water from sea water.
Answer:
Reverse Osmosis.

Question 6.
What will happen to a marine fish if kept in fresh water aquarium? Support your answer with reasons.
Answer:
The marine fish dies.
Reasons:

1. Usually marine fishes have high concentration of salts in their body.
2. When they are kept in fresh water, the water from the fresh water aquarium enters the body of fishes due to osmosis.
3. More amount of fresh water enters the cells of fish. This results in bursting of cells and fish dies.

Question 7.
Why do the doctors administer saline (salt solution) only, but not the distilled water?
Answer:

• Distilled water causes cells to lyse, so injecting distilled water into a vein will cause some degree of haemolysis.
• Haemolysis is the rupture of red blood cells.
• Large amount of distilled water would cause much more damage not just limited to haemolysis and also cause brain damage or cardiac arrest and death.
• That is why fluids are administered to patients as saline (which include appropriate amount of salt)

Question 8.
What will happen if 50% glucose solution (dextrose) is injected intravenously (into vein)?
Answer:

• 50% glucose solution (dextrose) is used for reduction of increased cerebrospinal pressure and cerebral edema.
• If 50% glucose solution is injected intravenously it may produce allergic reactions in sensitive persons.
• The allergic reactions include nervous excitement infection at the joint site, tissues necrosis, venous thrombosis extending from the site of injection etc.
• Hence concentrated dextrose (glucose) should be administered via central vein only after suitable dilution.

Question 9.
What will happen if cells do not have ability of permeability?
Answer:

1. If the cells do not have ability of permeability they would not be able to carryout any of their fundamental life functions.
2. Oxygen, glucose, fats, proteins and vitamins are needed by cells to perform life process.
3. Mature cells become impermeable to any molecules or atoms it would die of toxicity and it would not be able to remove its wastes.

Question 10.
Draw the flow chart showing different stages in doing the experiment with egg.
Answer:

Question 11.
You have purchased a coconut in the market. By shaking it you found there is less water in coconut. Can you fill the coconut with water without making a hole to the coconut?
Answer:

• No, it is not possible to fill the coconut with water without making a hole.
• The husk of coconut is mostly made up of sclerenchymatous cells which are dead.
• Osmosis do not takes place in dead cells.
• It is not possible to fill the coconut with water without making a hole.

Question 12.
What are your observations in experiments to know about diffusion?
Answer:
Observations in experiments to know about diffusion are :

1. Materials kept in medium (water/air) get dissolves in the medium.
2. These dissolved molecules gradually move randomly in all directions. (from center to periphery)
3. They move from higher concentration to lower concentration.
4. This movement occures till these molecules spread equally throughout the medium.

Question 13.
Discuss with your friends and write the list of incidences where diffusion occurs.
Answer:

• A sugar cube in a glass of milk/water diffuses throughout it and make it sweet.
• The smell of cookies diffuses through the house as they bake.
• Tea leaf pigments diffuse through the tea bag into the water to give it colour and taste.
• Air freshner/deodorent molecules diffuse into the air when put on so we can smell it.
• If the cooking gas is leaked it spreads all over the house through diffusion.
• CO₂ bubbles in soft drink diffuses out of soda leaving the soda flat.
• Robbin Blue drops diffuses in water, making the water blue.
• Agarbatti, mosquito repellents work on the principle of diffusion.

Question 14.
How diffusion is useful in everyday life?
Answer:

• A wilted carrot made firm again by soaking in water.
• Cigarette smoke. It diffuses into air and spreads through the room.
• A sugar cube in a glass of water that is not stirred will dissolve slowly and the sugar molecules will distribute over the water by diffusion.
• The smell of cookies diffuses through the house as they bake.
• Tea leaf pigments diffuse through the tea bag to give the water its colour and taste of tea.
• Air freshner / deodorant molecules diffuse into the air when put on. So we can smell it.
• If the cooking gas is leaked, it spreads all over the house through diffusion.
• CO₂ bubbles in soft drink diffuses out of our soda leaving our soda flat.
• Air freshners, agarbatti, mosquito repellents work on the principle of diffusion.

Question 15.
Give examples of three daily life activities in which osmosis is involved?
Answer:

• Water enters into the roots through osmosis.
• In our body waste materials are filtered from the blood.
• Osmosis helps in the opening and closing of stomata.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Look at the substances in the table identify the (✓) substances that should go into the cell and should go out of the cell?
Answer:

Substance	Should go into the cell	Should go out of the cell
Oxygen	✓
Glucose	✓
Proteins	✓
Fats	✓
Vitamins	✓
Minerals	✓
Carbondioxide		✓
Wastes		✓

Procedure :

• Keep the raw eggs in dil HCl / toilet cleaning acid for 4 to 5 hours.
• Take out the egg with the help of table spoon.
• Wash the eggs under tap water.

• Measure the circumference of each egg with long strip of paper, as its widest place, and mark on the paper with pen or pencil.
• Prepare a concentrated salt solution in a beaker.
• Place one egg in the beaker with tap water and place the other in the salt water.

• Leave the beakers for 2 to 4 hours.
• Take the eggs out, wipe them and measure the circumference with the same strip of paper. Mark on the paper with pen or pencil.

Observation :
The egg placed in salt water shrinks, the egg placed in the tap water swells.

Result:

• Shrinking of egg placed in the salt water is due to exosmosis in which water molecules leave the cell.
• Swelling of egg placed in the tap water is due to endosmosis in which water molecules enter the cell.

Lab Activity – 3

Question 2.
Prepare semi-permeable membranes and conduct an experiment to prove osmosis with it.
Answer:
Preparing semi-permeable membranes.

• Take two raw eggs.
• Keep the two eggs in dil. HCl for 4 to 5 hours.
• The shells which are made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) are dissolved.
• Wash the eggs under tap water.
• Carefully pierce a pencil sized hole in the egg membrane and drain the contents.
• Wash the membrane with fresh water. Now the semi-permeable membrane is ready for use.

Experiment of osmosis with egg membranes :

Aim :
To prove osmosis through semi- permeable membrane of an egg.

Materials required :
Two egg membranes, three beakers, sugar, water, thread, measuring jar, disposable syringe.

Procedure :

1. Take one egg membrane and fill it with 10 ml of saturated sugar solution with a syringe.
2. Tie its mouth with a thread.
3. Measure 100 ml of tap water in a beaker.
4. Keep the egg membrane in fresh water beaker.
5. Leave it for overnight.
6. Take the second egg membrane and fill it with 10 ml of tap water with the syringe.
7. Prepare 100 ml of saturated sugar solution and keep the egg membrane in it.
8. Leave it for overnight.
9. Measure the contents of the egg membranes and beakers.

Observations:

1. Water entered into the egg membrane in which sugar solution is filled. So size of the membrane increased.
2. Water left from the egg membrane in which water is filled. The size of the membrane decreased.
   Result: Water move across membranes from solutions of one concentration to the other through a process called osmosis.

Activity – 4

Question 3.
How do you observe the diffusion of coffee powder in water? Write your findings.
Answer:

1. Take half bowl water.
2. Prepare a small ball of coffee powder.
3. Slowly put in water and observe.

Observations:

1. The ball of coffee powder starts dissolving in water.
2. The water around the coffee powder will appear dark in colour.
3. As time progresses, all the water in the beaker becomes coloured.
4. Initially pale in colour and slowly all the water in the beaker becomes uniformly coloured. Coffee powder molecules diffuse into the water forming uniform colour.

Activity – 5

Question 4.
Observe the diffusion of potassium permanganate in water. Write your findings.
Answer:

• Keep a crystal of KMNO₄ (Potassium permanganate) in the centre of the petridish with the help of a forceps.
• Carefully fill the petridish with water.
• Observe the movement of pink colour in the petridish every minute.
• Also observe the spreading of colour from centre to periphery.

Observations:

1. Potassium permanganate crystal starts dissolving in water.
2. The water around the crystal will appear in pink colour.
3. As time progresses all the water in the beaker becomes coloured.
4. Initially pale in colour and slowly all the water in the beaker become uniformly pink coloured.

Diffusion :
The permanganate molecules moves from higher concentration to lower concentration in water through diffusion.

Activity – 6

Question 5.
How do you observe the diffusion of copper sulphate in water? Write your findings.
Answer:

• Keep a small crystal of copper sulphate in the center of the petridish with the help of a forceps.
• Carefully fill the petridish with water.
• Observe the movement of blue colour in the petridish every minute.
• Also observe the spreading of colour from centre to periphery.

Observations :

1. Copper sulphate crystal starts dissolving in water.
2. The water around the crystal will appear in blue color.
3. As time progresses, all the water in the beaker becomes coloured.
4. Initially pale blue in colour and slowly all the water in the beaker becomes uniformly blue in color.

Diffusion :
The copper sulphate molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration in water through diffusion.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is the importance of different biogeochemical cycles in the nature? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Biogeochemical cycles enables the transformation of matter from one ecosystem to another.
• Biogeochemical cycles enable the transfer of molecules from one locality to another.
• Some elements such as nitrogen are highly concentrated in the atmosphere, but some of the atmospheric nitrogen is transfer it to soil through the nitrogen cycle.
• Biogeochemical cycles facilitates the storage of elements.
• Biogeochemical cycles assists in functioning of ecosystem.
• Biogeochemical cycles link living organisms with living organisms, living organisms with non-living organisms and non-living organisms with non-living organisms.
• Biogeochemicals regulate the flow of substances.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Ozone layer? Write an essay to participate in elocution competition on importance of ozone layer. (AS 6)
Answer:
Ozone is concentrated in a layer in the stratosphere, about 15-30 kilometres above the earth’s surface. Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. It is blue in colour and has a strong odour.

Significance of ozone layer :
Even the small amount of ozone plays a key role in the atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planets.
Most important of all it absorbs the portion of ultra violet light which causes many harmful effects including various types of skin cancer and harm to some crops, certain materials and some forms of marine life.

Ozone depletion :
Certain industrial processes and consumer products results in the emission of ozone depleting substances to the atmosphere. Chlorofluoro carbons used in almost all refrigeration and air conditioning systems destroy ozone layer. The ozone hole is not really a hole, but it was observed that there is less ozone in Antarctica than in arctic region.

Conservation of ozone layer :
The discovery of an ozone hole over Antarctica prompted action to control the use of gases which have a destructive effect on the ozone layer. From this concern emerged the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer signed by 24 countries in 1987.

Question 3.
What emissions from human activities lead to ozone depletion? And what are the principal steps in stratospheric ozone depletion caused by human activities? (AS 1)
(OR)
Which human activities emit gases that lead to Ozone depletion. What measures you suggest to control the emission of these gases?
Answer:

• Certain industrial processes and consumer products result in emission of ozone depletion substances to the atmosphere.
• These gases bring chlorine and flourine atoms to the atmosphere when they destroy ozone in chemical reactions.
• Important emissions from human activities are chlorofluoro carbons used in all most all refrigeration and air conditioning system.
• Most of these gases accumulate in the lower atmosphere because they are unreactive and do not dissolve readily in rain or snow.
• Natural air motions transport these accumulated gases to the stratosphere, where they are converted to make reactive gases.
• Some of these gases then participate in reactions that destroy ozone.

Measures to control these gases :

• We should control and phase out the production and supply of ozone depleting chemicals specifically CFCs and their derivatives.
• We should control and phase out of Halons, which destroy the growing plants in waste lands and starting reforestation works.

Question 4.
Why could we say that biogeochemical cycles are in “balance”? (AS 1)
Answer:

• We can say that biogeochemical cycles are in balance because the composition of various gases present in atmosphere does not change.
• And also even the substances of the biogeochemical cycles change from one ecosystem to the other, their percentage in soil, water and atmosphere remain same.
• By this, we can say that the biogeochemical cycles are in balance.

Question 5.
What role does carbon dioxide play in plant life processes? (AS 7)
Answer:

• The fixing of carbon in biological form takes place within plant and other organisms known as producers – in a process called photosynthesis, by which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical form.
• In photosynthesis, light energy helps to combine carbon dioxide and water to create the simplest of sugars, the carbohydrate molecules known as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
• The carbohydrates then become the source of chemical energy that fuel living cells in all plants and animals.
• In plants, some carbon remains as simple glucose for short term energy use, while some are converted to large complex molecules such as starch for longer term energy storage.

Question 6.
If all the vegetation in the pond died, what effects would it have on the animals? Why? (AS 2)
Answer:

• If all the vegetation in the pond dies, the animals which are herbivores also die due to the lack of food materials.
• So, the herbivores depend on vegetation for their food, dies immediately.

Question 7.
Burning of fossil fuels a concern for scientists and environmentalists. Why? (AS 6)
Answer:

• There are two problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.
• The first problem is that they are non – renewable resources.
• In other words as we use these fuels, their supply gets exhausted.
• It is estimated that the available supply of fossil fuels will get exhausted in another 50 to 100 years.
• The second problem with the use of fossil fuels is pollution.
• When these fuels are burnt various gases are produced.
• These are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide etc.
• Carbon dioxode is responsible for green house effect in the environment.
• As its concentration increases, more heat is retained in the atmosphere and the temperature all over the world increases and this is called global warming.
• Global warming causes floods in some areas and droughts in some areas.
• Sulphur dioxide released by the industries in to the atmosphere mixes with water vapour forming sulphuric acid and sulphurous acids. These are known as acid rains.

Question 8.
How human activities caused an imbalance in biogeochemical cycles? (AS 7)
Answer:

• In recent years human activities have directly or indirectly affected the biogeochemical cycles that determine climatic conditions of earth.
• Use of fertilizers mainly has affected the phosphorous and nitrogen cycles.
• Plants may not be able to utilize all of the phosphate fertilizer as a consequence, much of it lost from the land through the water run off. This result in pollution of water bodies.
• Humans have interfered with carbon cycle where fossil fuels have removed from the earth crust.
• Additionally, clearing of vegetation that serve as carbon sinks has increased the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere.
• Human impact on the sulphur cycle is primarily in the production of sulphur dioxide from industry.
• Sulphur dioxide can precipitate on to surfaces where it can be oxidized to sulphate in the soil, reduced to sulphide in atmosphere, or oxides to sulphate in the atmosphere as sulphuric acid.
• As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes, creation of chemical fertilizers, and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants, human beings have more than doubled the annual transfer of nitrogen in to biologically available form.

Question 9.
List three ways we, as humans, have affected the water cycle. (AS 7)
Answer:

• The earth’s water supply stays the same but humans can alter the cycle. As population increases, and living standards rise this can increase the demand for water.
• Human impact the water cycle by polluting the water in rivers, streams, reservoirs etc.
• We are polluting it with harmful chemicals and disgusting substances. Technically we cannot alter the water cycle, however we can mess it up by dumping waste in to the ocean.

Question 10.
Describe interdependence of biotic and abiotic components by taking Nitrogen cycle as an example. Draw Nitrogen cycle. (AS 5)
Answer:
Interdependence of biotic and abiotic components in nitrogen cycle :

• Atmospheric nitrogen is present in inert form.
• From abiotic atmosphere nitrogen fixing bacteria abiotic component fixes nitrogen and uses it and stores in the body cells.
• Nitrates can also be converted to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.
• From soil plants take up nitrates as well as ammonium ions from the soil to convert them to proteins and nucleic acids.
• When animals and plants die, the nitrogen in the organic matter reenters the soil and water bodies.
• There the decomposing bacteria releases ammonia into soil and water.
• From abiotic soil component nitrogen makes its way back into atmosphere through a process called denitrification in which soil nitrate is converted back to gaseous nitrogen.

Question 11.
Go to a nearby pond observe organisms living in the pond and biodegradable substances mixing in water. How they effect on those organisms? Write your observation. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Biodegradable pollutants could have serious environmental consequences if large quantities are released in a small area.
• For example, dumping of biodegradable waste in to a small pond will deplete the •pond’s oxygen supply.
• Microorganisms in the ponds uses oxygen for degrading biological wastes.
• More amount of oxygen will be utilised by microorganisms for degradation.
• Left with no oxygen the aquatic organisms like fish die.
• Thus biodegradable substances become pollutants.

Question 12.
Prepare an article for newspaper on the item “How human activities effects the environment”. (AS 7)
Answer:
When the human population was smaller, people lived in small communities, so the effects of their activities were small and localised. A rapid increase in the human population and increase in the standard of living have lead to wide spread damage of the environment.

Question 13.
Write an experiment to prove Green house effect on temperature.
Answer:
Aim :
To prove the green house effect on temperature.

Appratus :
Two glass bottles, two corks, two thermometers, vinegar, baking soda, high voltage lamp

Procedure:

1. Take 100ml of vinegar and a table spoon of baking soda in one bottle and close its mouth with cork.
2. Insert the thermometer into the bottle through cork such that the bulb of the thermometer should not touch the material in the bottle.
3. Insert another thermometer into the empty bottle through the cork.
4. Keep these two bottles opposite to a high voltage bulb such that both bottles receives the same amount of temperature.
5. Note down the initial temperatures and record the temperatures for an hour.

Observation:

1. We can observe that the vinegar and baking soda in the first bottle react with each other to produce CO₂.
2. This CO₂ absorbs and retains the more heat from the bulb than the normal air in the second bottle.
   Inference : This proves the green house effect (green house gases such as CO₂) increases the temperature of the earth.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Activities

Lab Activity – 1

Question 1.
Aim :
Test the effect of a green house on temperature.

Materials required :
Plastic bottle, nail, 2 thermometers, notebook and pencil.

Procedure:
1) Make a hole near the top of the plastic bottle with the nail.
2) Insert the first thermometer into the hole.
3) Place the second thermometer next to the bottle.
4) Make sure that the same amount of sunlight reaches both thermometers.
5) After 10 minutes, note temperature values from both thermometers.
6) Record the data in the notebook.
7) Take the temperature records again after another 10 minutes and repeat it for 2 – 3 times more.

Answer the following questions :
1) Do both thermometers record the same temperature?
Answer:
No.

2) If not, which one is higher?
Answer:
The thermometer kept in the plastic bottle shows higher temperature.

3) Can you explain why these two temperature records are not the same?
Answer:
a) The plastic bottle traps the sun’s rays and keeps the heat from escaping.
b) That is why it is warm inside the bottle.
c) The higher temperature in thermometer kept inside the bottle is due to the warmness inside the bottle.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 10th Lesson Soil Pollution

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Define soil pollution. (AS 1)
Answer:
Soil or land pollution can be defined as the buildup in soils of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.

Question 2.
Why are plastic bags a big environmental nuisance? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Plastics are so versatile in use that their impact on environment are extremely wide ranging.
• Careless disposal of plastic bags chokes drains, blocks the porosity of the soil, and causes problems for ground water recharge.
• Plastic disturbs the soil microbe activity, and once ingested can kill animals.
• Plastic bags can also contaminate food stuffs due to leaching of toxic dyes and transfer of pathogens.
• Plastic bags remains strewn on the ground, or in unmanaged garbage dumps.
• Though small percentage lies strewn, it is this portion that is of concern as it causes extensive damage to the environment.

Question 3.
Describe an environmental friendly method to profitably dispose of human waste and cattle waste. (AS 1)
Answer:

• In recent years, an alternate and better method is used to obtain energy from not only from cattle waste but also from human waste.
• This is by anaerobic fermentation of the wastes to produce a gas which can be used as fuel.
• As this gas is produced from biological waste, this is called biogas.
• Biogas is a mixture of several gases : methane, carbondioxide, and small amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulphide.

Question 4.
Chemical fertilizers are useful to crops. In which way they cause environmental pollution? (AS 1)
(OR)
We often read in newspapers that environmentalists often show deep concern of threats posed by chemical fertilisers and pesticides, etc. What are those threats to environment?
Answer:

• Fertilisers contaminate the soil with impurities, which come from the raw materials used for their manufacture.
• Due to excessive use of phosphate fertilizers soil becomes an indestructible poison for crops.
• Excessive use of fertilizers can endup polluting lakes, rivers and streams.
• This leads to promote the growth of algae in water bodies and is called eutropication.
• This abundant uncontrolled growth of plants blocks the flow of water and reduces oxygen content in the water.
• Other organisms living in the water do not get sufficient water, oxygen and ultimately die.
• Nitrogen fertilizer contribute to air pollution when it enters the atmosphere as ammonia and nitrogen oxide.
• This inturn cause acid rain and city smog associated health and environmental problems such as respiratory illness.

Question 5.
What steps can be taken to reduce pollution due to particulate matter from industries?
Answer:

• Industrial wastes can be treated physically, chemically and biologically until they are less hazardous.
• Acidic and alkaline wastes should be first neutralized; the insoluble material if biodegradable should be allowed to degrade under controlled conditions before being disposed.
• Electrostatic precipitators are used to reduce the particulate matter in the factory smoke.

Question 6.
What is a medical waste? Why it is called hazardous waste? What is the safe way to dispose medical waste? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Waste that is produced from hospitals is known as medical waste.
• Medical waste include needles, syringes, saline bottles, instruments used in surgeries, bandages soaked with blood and pus, used medicines, human excreta etc.
• Medical waste is called as hazardous waste because it containing toxic substances.
• Burying the medical waste in locations situated away from residential areas is the simplest method to dispose medical waste.

Question 7.
Prepare a flow chart to describe soil pollution, causes and methods of control. (AS 5)
(OR)
Prepare a pamphlet of your own to create awareness on soil pollution among the people in your area.
Answer:

Question 8.
What soil problems do you find in your area? Prepare a list of those problems and suggest a method for each of them to control those problems. (AS 7)
Answer:
The soil problems identified by me in our area :

Question 9.
What farm practices impact soil? Do they impact soil in a positive or a negative way?
Answer:

• Indiscriminate use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, no-till farming and growing same crop in all seasons are the farm practices impact soil.
• These farm practices may show positive or negative impact on the soil.
• By using chemical fertilizers we can get high yielding for only 20 to 30 years.
• After that soil becomes reluctant to plant growth. These chemicals damage fertility.
• Due to the extensive use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides the salinity of the soil increases and it is not suitable for growing crops.
• Notill farming is a way of growing crops without disturbing the soil through tillage.
• Tillage activity can lead to compaction of soil, loss of organic matter in soil, loss of native vegetation, and death of the organisms in the soil.
• Growing the same crop in all seasons decreases the fertility.

Question 10.
Rank the negative impact practices in your area in the order in which you think they should be eliminated. (AS 1)
Answer:
Negative impact practices in our area :

1. Using chemical fertilizers
2. Using pesticides
3. Using insecticides
4. Using herbicides
5. Till farming
6. Deforestation
7. Using weedicides
8. Growing same crop in all seasons
9. Using locally prepared seeds

Question 11.
Rank the positive impact practices in order in which you think they should be used for the most benefit on your farm. (AS 1)
Answer:

1. Hybridised seeds
2. Organic manures
3. Organic weedicides
4. Predatory insects
5. No-till farming
6. Maintaining suitable pH value
7. Crop rotation
8. Salinity management
9. Soil organisms

Question 12.
Ravi said soil health is important. How can you support him? (AS 7)
Answer:

1. I support Ravi’s statement.
2. Healthy soil is fundamental to the quality of food it produces and to the health of those who eat the food produced from it.
3. When the soil components are present in appropriate percentage, the productivity is high.

Question 13.
How would soil texture affect the nutrients in soil? What would be its impact on crop production? (AS 2)
Answer:

• Soil with loose pores will allow water to collect and roots to expand. Loose soil is better than hard compact soil.
• Finer particles like clay increase surface area of the soil which allow nutrients to stay in the soil.
• Very porous soil, such as sand will allow nutrients to be leached more easily which can make less nutrients available to plants.
• Generally, a loose, airy soil structure is best for most plants.
• This can be accomplished by digging the bed and mixing together coarse and finer textures such as tilling compost into clay soil.

Question 14.
What are the three main physical properties of soil? What effects do this have on the plants? (AS 1)
Answer:

1. Colour texture, structure and porosity are the three main physical properties of soil.
2. These properties regulate and affect air and water movement in the soil and thus, soil ability to function.

Question 15.
What is pH? What is its range? What are the negative impacts if the pH of soil is too low or too high? (AS 1)
Answer:

1. The term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of a soil.
2. The range of pH values of a good soil live from 5.5 to 7.5.
3. Below pH 7 the soils are termed as acidic and above pH 7 alkaline.

Negative impacts of low pH value :

1. The concentration of soluble metals especially aluminium and manganese may be toxic.
2. Calcium may be deficient.
3. Soil organisms responsible to transform N, S and P to plant available forms may be reduced.
4. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume crops is greatly impaired.
5. Soils will be having low organic matter.
6. The availability of mineral elements to plants may be effected.

Negative impacts of high pH value :

1. If the pH is beyond 7, nutrient absorption and microbial activity will be affected which can be poisonous to plants.
2. pH extremes are unhealthy for most plants because they close or open membranes of plant cells too much.
3. This affects plant structure and their ability to uptake nutrients.
4. pH extremes make minerals and nutrients either too available or not available enough.

Question 16.
What is soil fertility? What are the sources of soil fertility? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Fertility of soil is closely associated with the properties of soil and is defined by its capacity to hold water and nutrients and supply them to plants when they need them, independent of direct application of nutrients.
• Soil organisms contribute to buildup soil organic matter, including humus, the soils most important nutrient reservoir.
• A major part of the soil microbial biomass is composed of fungi.
• Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between organic and inorganic forms.
• As plant material and animal wastes decompose they release nutrients to the soil solution.
• Soil pH, its acidity or alkalinity is highly relevant to how readily nutrients become available in the soil.

Question 17.
Name 5 living things that live in soil. What do these things do to affect the soil?
Answer:

1. Viruses, earthworms, rats, ground squirrels, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, dung beetle and different types of worms live in the soil.
2. These organisms feed on plant residues burrow the soil and help in aeration and percolation of water.
3. Soild microbes convert organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms.
4. Soil bacteria also control the forms of ions in which these nutrients occurs.

Question 18.
What is organic matter? Why it is important to plants? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Organic matter is the organic component of soil which includes the residues of dead plants and animals.
• Organic matter consists of nutrients necessary for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
• Soils which contain 30% or more organic matter are considered organic soil, all other soils are identified as mineral soils.
• Organic matter in soil improves water in filteration, decreases evaporation, and increases the water holding capacity.
• And also where there is organic matter, there will be numerous organisms present helping to convert it back to nutrients and these organisms help to create small pieces of nutrients, ideal for cultivation.

Question 19.
What are the factors affecting organic matter levels in soil? How this level of organic matter can be increased? (AS 1)
Answer:
1. Temperature, rainfall, natural vegetation, texture, drainage, cropping and tillage and crop rotation are the factors affecting organic matter levels in soil.

2. Temperature :
The decomposition of organic matter is accelerated in warm climates as compared to cooler climates.

3. For each 10°C decline in mean annual temperature the total organic matter and nutrients increases by two to three times.

4. Rainfall:
There is an increase in organic matter with an increase in rainfall.

5. Natural vegetation :
The total organic matter is higher in soils developed under grasslands than those under forests.

6. Texture :
Fine textured soils are generally higher in organic matter than coarse textured soils.

7. Drainage:
Poorly drained soils because of their high moisture content and relatively poor aeration are much higher in organic matter and nutrients than well drained soils.

8. Cropping and Tillage :
The cropped lands have much low nutrients and organic matter than comparable virgin soils.

9. Crop rotation :
Crop rotation of cereals with legumes results in higher soil organic matter.

Question 20.
What is solid waste? Explain best practices for solid waste management. (AS 1)
Answer:
Solid waste:
Solid waste may be defined as the organic and inorganic waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their value to the first user.

Best practices for solid waste management:

1. By practicising four R’s : Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover we would get less solid waste.
2. Materials such as glass containers, plastic bags, paper, cloth, etc., can be reused at domestic levels rather than being disposed, reducing solid waste pollution.
3. Solid waste management involves activities including collection, transfer, and transport to suitable sites and safe disposal of wastes by methods which are environmentally friendly methods.
4. Burying the waste in locations situated away from residential areas is the simplest and most widely used technique of solid waste management.
5. Solid waste management can also be done by methods such as sanitary landfill, composting and incineration, etc.

Question 21.
What is bioremediation? How it helps in controlling soil pollution? (AS 1)
Answer:

1. Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to reduce or clean up contamination.
2. Microbes are often used to remedy environ¬mental problems found in soil, water and sediments.
3. Plants have also been used to assist bio¬remediation processes. This is called phytoremediation.
4. Biological processes have been used for some inorganic materials, like metals to lower radioactivity and to remediate organic contaminants.

Question 22.
Why soil conservation is important to us? What will happen if no preventive measures would be taken? (AS 2)
Answer:

• Soil conservation is important to us because it forms the basis for habitats and plants, which act as source of food to both humans and animals.
• Soil conservation is also important because with the erosion of the top soil layer, valuable nutrients are lost and crop yield diminish, which means very less food is produced per acre.
• We have to conserve soil because it has organic material that is good for plant growth.
• If no preventive measures are taken for soil conservation, soil erosion takes place.
• And also soil will be over used and it has more chemicals leading to unproductive soil.
• Amount of nutrients present in the soil decreases.

Question 23.
Look at the following symbol, what does it mean?

Answer:
1. It is the symbol of bioremediation.
2. Plants have been used to assist bioremediation.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 155

Question 1.
Today what are the pollutants produced from your school. How many of these are non-degradables?
Answer:
Wastes produced from our school :
Peels of fruits, vegetables, rice, glass materials, pens, polythene bags, biscuit and chocolate covers, icecream sticks, rubber, plastic tea glasses, paper leaves twigs etc.

Non-degradable pollutants :
Glass materials, pens, polythene bags, biscuit and chocolate wrappers, rubber, plastic glasses.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Answer:
1. During interval time Venu was eating a fruit.
2. He was about to throw the peel in corner of verandah.
3. His friend Ramu stopped him.
4. Ramu said you should not throw waste in the verandah. Drop it in the bin/basket given.
5. Prepare a list of waste materials we throw out in a day from morning to evening.
6. Classifying them as wet wastes and dry wastes with the help of the example given in the table.

Wet waste	Dry waste
Vegetable peels	Biscuit wrapper
Banana peels	Polythene covers
Food materials	Used papers
Fruit peels	Plastic materials
Dung	Glass materials
Hay	Card board

7. Weigh the wet wastes, which you have listed in the table for one day.
8. Divide the weight by number of people in your home.
9. The result will be the per capita wet waste we are producing in one day.
10. Suppose if a family containing four members throws 400 gms of wet wastes per day,

Multiply it by 30 = 100 × 30 = 3000 gms per month
Multiply it by 365 = 3000 × 365 = 10,95,000 gms = 1095 kgs per year.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Dumping and decomposing,
Answer:
1. Take a polythene bag / plastic bucket / or any container.
2. Fill half of it with soil.
3. Keep wet wastes and other wastes in it.
4. Wastes should include vegetable peels, rubber, plastic etc.
5. Add some more soil and sprinkle water regularly on it.
6. Dig it and observe in 15 days intervals.
7. Note your observations in the table.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What do you understand by adaptations in organisms and why do they adapt? (AS 1)
Answer:

• The ways and means that organisms adapt or develop over a certain period of time in different conditions for better survival are adaptation of organisms.
• Adaptation is a feature that is common in any population because it provides some improvement for better survival.

Question 2.
With the help of two examples, explain how these organisms have adapted themselves in the ecosystem? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Mangroves grow in a wet and salty place.
• They have evolved to have curious looking projections from their roots called pneu- matophores or knees.
• These pneumatophores develop from the lateral roots that are growing near the surface, and protrude upto 12 inches out of the soil.
• Pneumatophores aid the plants in maintaining adequate root respiration in a watery environment.
• We don’t find such structures in plants growing around us.
• Another example is in kaiabanda, the leaves are reduced to spines so that there is little transpiration loss and water is stored in the tissues of the stem (succulent stems)
• This helps the plant to live in conditions of water scarcity as we come across in deserts.
• With the above two examples, we can say that these organisms have adapted them-selves in the ecosystem.

Question 3.
Collect some aquatic plants- cut the leaves and stems. Observe them under microscope and record your observations like presence air /absence of air spaces etc. and answer the below. (AS 3)
a) Are there any other reasons for their floating?
Answer:
The bodies of aquatic plants are delicate with more than 80% of their weight consisting of water.

b) Draw a diagram of what you have observed under microscope.

Question 4.
What special adaptations can be seen in the following organisms? (AS 1)
a) mangrove trees
b) camel
c) fish
d) dolphins
e) planktons

a) Mangrove trees :
Answer:

1. Mangroves grow in a wet and salty place near the sea shore.
2. From their roots arise pneumatophores or knees.
3. These pneumatophores develop from the lateral roots that are growing near the surface and protrude upto 12 inches out of the soil.
4. Pneumatophores. aid the plants in maintaining adequate root respiration in a watery environment.

b) Camel:
Answer:

1. In camel hump stores fat fordater use.
2. Long eyelashes protects eye from sand.
3. Nostrils closes voluntarily to protect from blowing sand.
4. Long legs keeps the body away from hot ground.

c) Fish :
Answer:’

1. The body is covered by scales.
2. Fishes bear specialised structures to swim like fins.
3. Fishes have floaters in their body (special structures of their digestive canals) to be able to inhabit particu¬lar levels in the water body.
4. Fishes respire with gills.

d) Dolphins:
Answer:
Dolphins have adapted to their environment in the following ways :
Fins shape – A dolphins tail goes up and down to help it dive up to get the air. The shape of their fins also help to propel them through the water.

To help dolphins save oxygen while they dive under water, their heart beat slower during a dive and their blood is diverted from other parts of their body to their heart, lungs and brain. They also save oxygen via muscles, which have a protein called myo-globin which in turn stores oxygen.

They have a blubber or fat which provides insulation helping the dolphin stay warmer under cold water.

They have a body covering of skin. The upper most layer of skin produces an oil which forms a film that cover the dolphin’s body.

Being mammal dolphin breathe with lungs rather than gills. So they breathe from a blow hole which closes before the dolphin goes into the water. The long nose helps the dolphin to fight sharks and their teeth help them to catch fish.

They have well developed echo location by which they locate other animals and also communicate with each other.

e) Planktons:
Answer:
Microscopic photosynthetic organisms like planktons have droplets of oil in their cells that keeps them float.

Question 5.
If an animal of euphotic zone has to survive in abyssal zone, what adaptations are required to survive there? (AS 1)
Answer:
Adaptations required to survive in abyssal zone are :

1. The animals should have wide mouths and huge curved teeth which prevent escape of any prey.
2. Absence of skeleton, flattened bodies are required.
3. Animals should have special structures that produce light on their bellies, around their eyes, and at the sides of their bodies.
4. The animals should show bioluminescence in the dark waters.

Question 6.
Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes. Do you agree? Justify.
Answer:

• Yes, marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes.
• Because several marine fishes have a lower internal salt concentration than that of the water they swim in.
• So they tend to dehydrate as water is lost by osmosis.
• To compensate, they drink large amount of water and excrete the salts both via their kidneys and through highly specialised cells in the gills.

Question 7.
Visit a nearby pond or lake. Record the organisms you have observed and their adaptations. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Nearby pond or lake consists of three zones namely littoral zone, limnetic zone, and profundal zone.
• In the topmost littoral zone, the edge of a water body is home to snails, insects, several crustaceans, fishes and amphibians, and the eggs and larvae of dragonflies.
• Predators present are tortoise, snakes, and ducks.
• Adaptations : Several organisms have well developed sight, usually have dull and greyish bodies, and are fast swimmers.
• Limnetic zones contains fresh water fish, crustaceans like daphnia, cyclops, and small shrimps are present.
• Floating- plants like water hyacinth, wolfia, pistia along with algae are present.
• Adaptations seen in the plants this zone are presence of air space, leaves covered with wax, etc.
• In the profundal zone scavengers and predators for example crustaceans, crabs, fishes like eels and snails, turtles are present.
• They adapt themselves by feeding on dead animals that settle down.

Question 8.
Draw a lake showing different zones. Why are they called so? (AS 5)
Answer:
Zones of Lake :

1) Littoral zone :
The zone close to shore. They reaches all the way. Plants living in this zone perform photosynthesis.

2) Limnetic zone :
Sunlit part of the lake surrounded by the littoral zone. This zone extends at a depth where sunlight penetrates.

3) Profundal zone :
It is much colder and denser than previous zones.

Question 9.
Collect information of one lake from internet and prepare a table of organisms adapted at different zones.
Answer:
Different zones in lakes and types of organisms present:
1) The littoral zone :
a) The topmost and warmest zone at the edge of a water body is home to snails, clams, insects, several crustaceans, fishes and amphibians and eggs and larvae of dragonflies.
b) Plants like mosses, water lily, vallisneria, hydrilla etc. are found along with several types of algae.
c) Predators of this zone are tortoise, snakes and ducks.

2) The limnetic zone :
a) This zone contains variety of fresh water fish with bright shiny scales.
b) Transparent or whitish bodied crustaceans like daphnia, cyclops, small shrimps are also found in this zone.
c) There are different types of floating plants like water hyacinth wolfia, pistia along with a variety of algae.

3) The profundal zone :
a) Mostly heterotrophs are present.
b) Scavengers and predators like crustaceans, crabs, fishes like eels and glossogobius (isika dondu), snails, turtles etc are present.
c) Many kinds of bacteria are also present in this zone that help in decomposition.

Question 10.
Write the effect of temperature on the organisms adapted in a lake and pond in a tabular form. (AS 1)
Answer:

• In deeper lakes during summer only the surface water is heated up while the deeper layer remain cold. During summer the ponds dry up.
• In tropical regions water gets heated up and evaporates in lakes. During average temperatures the water in the pond heated up and evaporates.
• The requirements necessary to the organisms like oxygen and nutrients gets decreased in the lake.
• The salinity of the water increases, concentration of oxygen decreases and availability of food decreases in pond during average temperatures.
• In the cold regions upper layers of the lake gets frozen during winter and lower layers does not.
• The entire pond gets frozen during winter.
• Aquatic animals in tropics undergo aestivation or hybernation to overcome extreme cold or hot seasons.

Question 11.
Amphibians are wonderful creatures on the earth. How do you appreciate their adaptation? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Amphibian body has small waist, no neck. Streamlined body shape helps in swimming.
• Skin is thin and moist allows gaseous exchange in cutaneous respiration.
• Front legs used to keep the front portion of the body off the ground.
• Hind legs able to jump great distances and change direction quickly.
• Eyes are positioned on top of head gives the frog a wide angled visual field.
• Mouth is very large and broad can able to catch and eat large prey.
• Tongue attached at front of mouth enables it stick the prey when caught.
• Frogs start their lives as aquatic tadpoles with gills to breathe. As tadpole grows into frogs lungs replace the gills and allows frog to breathe on land.

Question 12.
Some animals and plants survive only in certain conditions. Nowadays human activities cause damage to these conditions. What do you think about this? (AS 7)
Answer:

• Human activities are causing lot of damage to biodiversity.
• Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, conversion of forest land to agricultural land, hunting and indiscriminate killing of animals for their products, and pollution can endanger the plant and animal species.
• If proper care is not taken plants and animals may disappear totally from the surface of the earth.

Question 13.
In the chapter on ecosystem, we had studied about the mangrove ecosystems. What kind of abiotic conditions did you study in them? (AS 1)
Answer:
Kinds of abiotic conditions in mangrove ecosystems are soil, pH, oxygen, nutrients, winds and currents, light, temperature, humidity, tides, salinity.

Question 15.
Are there any rivers meeting in the Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem? Collect information and make a note on them.
Answer:

• Coringa mangrove is situated South of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km South of Visakhapatnam.
• Coringa is named after the river Coringa.
• Coringa mangroves receive fresh water from Coringa and Gaderu rivers, distributors of Gautami, Godavari rivers, and neritic waters from Kakinada Bay.
• Numerous creeks and canal traverse this coringa ecosystem.

Question 17.
The Murrel (Korramatta) and Rohu are fishes found in rivers. Will they be able to live in the coringa ecosystem ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

• Yes, Murrel and Rohu be able to live in the coringa ecosystem.
• Because coringa ecosystem gets fresh water from rivers coringa, Gaderu and distributories of Gautami, Godavari rivers.
• If the salinity of the water in the coringa ecosystem increases, the water enters the body of fresh water fishes.
• The water can be excreted in the form of urine, but to maintain a suitable salt bal¬ance fresh water fish need to reabsorb salt through the kidneys and salt collecting cells in gills.

Question 18.
How the frogs got protected themselves from cold and heat?
Answer:

• Frogs are cold blooded animals so they can’t tolerate extreme cold or heat conditions.
• They protect themselves from extreme cold conditions by a process called hibernation (winter sleep) and from extreme heat conditions by Aestivation (summer sleep)
• During these processes they burrow deep in the ground and remain motionless until the conditions are favourable.
• During this period the rate of metabolic activities slow down and the animal goes into a nearly unconscious sleepy condition.

Question 19.
How do you appreciate the processing protection pebble plants from the enemies?
Answer:

• Pebble plants are also called living stones.
• They protect themselves from their enemies by adapting themselves to their habitat.
• They survive by living partly underground.
• They avoid being eaten by blending in with surrounding rocks.
• Leaves of these plants are not green as in almost all higher plants, but various shades of cream, grey and brown, patterned with darker windowed areas, dots and red lines.
• The markings on the top surface disguise the plant in its surroundings (camouflage)
• Thus, they adopt wonderfully to their habitats and protect themselves from their enemies.

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 131

Question 1.
What is a habitat?
Answer:
Habitat is the immediate environment occupied by an organism or the living place of an organism.

Question 2.
Is a tree habitat only for a crow?
Answer:’
No. Tree is a habitat for variety of birds and insects.

Question 3.
In what way an ecosystem is different from habitat?
Answer:
In ecosystem biotic and abiotic components are present. Habitat is the place where organisms live in an ecosystem.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 134

Question 4.
You may know animals that live in water. Do you find in them any suitable characters adapted to live in water? Write a note on them in your notebook.
Answer:

• Structural adaptations in the bodies like presence of special air spaces.
• Such air spaces help them to swim and float in water.
• The aquatic organisms bear specialized structures to swim like flippers as in turtles and fins in fishes.
• Fishes, dolphins have floaters in their body to be able to inhabit particular levels in the water body.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 135

Question 5.
In what way flexible stem is useful to the aquatic plants?
Answer:

• In aquatic plants flexible stem contains a parenchymatous tissue known as arenchyma.
• Arenchyma consists of number of air filled spaces.
• These air spaces help the plant to float on water.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 137

Question 6.
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
Answer:

a) How many zones can you see in the figure basis of light penetration? Name them.
Answer:
Three zones are present. They are eu- photic zone, bathyal zone and abyssal zone.

b) What types of abiotic conditions do you find as per the given table?
Answer:
Light, temperature and depth.

c) What will effect adaptation to marine life other than the conditions shown in the table and figure?
Answer:
Salinity, oxygen, rainfall, regular windflow, soil, pH, nutrients, humid-ity, oceanic currents effect adaptation to marine life.

d) What happens to the temperature and pressure as depth increases?
Answer:
As depth increases temperature decreases and pressure increases.

e) Which zone has more animals? Guess why.
Answer:

1. Bathyal zone has more animals. Because the conditions in this zone are suitable for the organisms to grow.
2. Red and brown kelps are the primary producers. They provide food to other organisms in that zone.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 139

Question 7.
Does Pulikat lake of Nellore come under fresh water ecosystem or not? Why?
Answer:

• Pulikat lake of Nellore comes under marine or salt water ecosystem.
• Because the salinity of water in the lake is 3.5%.
• Main salts present in the Pulikat lake are sodium and potassium.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 140

Question 8.
‘Think, how webbed feet helps ducks?
Answer:

1. Webbed feet of birds help them to adapt conditions on land as well as in water.
2. Webbed feet have enabled them to be good swimmers.

Question 9.
Why cranes have long legs and long beaks?
Answer:

1. Cranes have long, thin legs wander through the mud shallows searching for insects.
2. Long beak help them in searching of insects in the mud.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 141

Question 10.
How are marine ecosystems different from fresh water ones?
Answer:

1. The saliny of water in marine ecosystem is 3.5% whereas it is 1.8% in fresh water.
2. Marine ecosystems are huge and they make up about three-fourths of the earths surface.
3. The number of organisms present in marine ecosystems are more when compared to fresh water ecosystem.

Question 11.
Write two types of adaptations you find in marine ecosystems, different from fresh water ecosystems.
Answer:

• Many marine animals have blubber fur insulation from the cold and some fish have an antifreeze like substance in their blood to keep it flowing.
• Marine animals must regulate the interaction of fresh water and salt water in their bodies.
• Specially developed kidneys, gills and body functions help to maintain salt concentrations across members through osmosis.

Question 12.
What are the similarities in adaptation on the basis of light penetration in the two aquatic ecosystems?
Answer:

• In both the aquatic ecosystems, light penetrates upto a depth of zoom only.
• The light intensity is sufficient to perform photosynthesis.
• In the low light intensities below 200 mts depth is sufficent to perform photosynthesis by some kelps.
• Due to the lack of light in abyssal and profundal zones, usually scavengers and predators exists.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 142

Question 13.
Which zone do you think, when compared to marine ecosystems, is absent in fresh water ecosystem?
Answer:
Benthic zone is absent in fresh water ecosystem when compared to marine ecosystem.

Question 14.
What would be a major factor leading to different types of adaptations in marine, fresh water ecosystems?
Answer:
Light would be a major factor leading to different types of adaptation in marine, fresh water ecosystems.

Question 15.
Do all plants shed their leaves at same time in a year throughout the world?
Answer:

1. No. Some plants in temperate regions shed their leaves before the winter starts.
2. In tropical regions some plants shed their leaves before the start of summer.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 143

Question 16.
Are thorny leaves also an adaptation to temperature?
Answer:

1. No. They are not adaptation to temperature.
2. They are adaptation to protect themselves from the animals who eat them.

Question 17.
If the trees have broad leaves at the time of snow fall season what will happen?
Answer:
If the trees have broad leaves at the time of snow fall season, the branches of tree can break due to the weight of snow gathered on each leaf and branch during snow fall.

Question 18.
Why polar bear has thick fur on its body?
Answer:

1. Polar bear has thick fur coat or hair covering on their bodies.
2. The fur act as insulator preventing heat loss from its body.

Question 19.
In what way thick skin helps the seal to protect from cold weather?
Answer:

1. In the thick layer of skin, fat is deposited in seals.
2. The thick layer of fat deposited under their act as insulators preventing heat loss from its body.
3. The fat not only insulates the body but helps in producing heat and energy.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 132

Question 20.
Can you give some examples of fleshy leaf plants?
Answer:
Yes. Bryophyllum, Aloe, and Agave are the examples for fleshy leaved plants.

Question 21.
Why xerophytic plants do not have broad leaves?
Answer:
To prevent the excessive loss of water through respiration xerophytic plants do not have broad leaves.

Question 22.
You may see Kittanara, a xeric plant, grown as fence around crop fields in some areas in our state. Actually those places are not desert. How can they grow there?
Answer:
They grow there because this plant shows adaptations in that places.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 133

Question 23.
Do all animals living in desert conditions show adaptations?
Answer:
Yes, all animals living in desert conditions show adaptations.

Question 24.
Why some animals have scales on their body?
Answer:

1. Scales mainly protect the animals from environment.
2. In desert animals scales allow them to retain moisture by preventing the evaporation of water through the skin.
3. This allows the animal to become dehydrated and animal requires small amount of water to survive.

Question 25.
Why the animals that lives in burrows usually comeout during night time only?
Answer:
To protect themselves from extreme hot conditions, animals that live in burrows usually comeout during night time only.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 139

Question 26.
Which organism among jelly fishes and decomposers present in euphotic zone?
Answer:
Jelly fishes are present in euphotic zone.

Question 27.
What kinds of adaptations can be seen in the organisms of the euphotic zone?
Answer:

1. The organisms living in this zone are mostly floaten and swimmen.
2. Animals in this zone usually have shiny bodies reflecting light away to merge with shiny water surface are transparent.
3. These usually have sharp vision.

Question 28.
What kind of adaptations can be seen in the organisms of abyssal zone?
Answer:

• The larger animals in abyssal zone have wide mouths and huge curved teeth which prevent escape of any prey.
• Absence of skeleton, flattened bodies are some other characteristics observed.
• Some animals also have special structures that produce light on their bellies, around their eyes and at the sides of their bodies.
• Some animals shows bioluminiscence in the dark waters.

Question 29.
What differences can you find in the animals of bathyal zone when compared to animals of euphotic and abyssal zones?
Answer:

• Most of the plants found in this zone are the red and brown kelps, sponges, corals even animals with tubular bodies like squids and large animals like whales, etc.
• Some of the animals in the bathyal zone have a flat body like the ray fishes.
• Big eyes sensitive to very dimlight may present in bathyal zone animals.

Question 30.
How organisms of different zones of marine ecosystem are adapted?
Answer:

• The animals of euphotic zone are mostly floaters and swimmers.
• Animals in this zone usually have shiny bodies reflecting light away to merge with shiny water surface.
• Animals of euphotic zone have very sharp vision.
• Some of the animals in bathyal zone have a flat body like the ray fishes.
• The animals may have big eyes sensitive to very dim light in bathyal zone.
• Absence of skeleton, flattened bodies are some adaptations found in animals of abyssal zone.
• Some animals in abyssal zone may have special structures that produce light on – their bellies, around their eyes and at the sides of their bodies.
• Some animals in abyssal zone shows bioluminiscence in the dark waters.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 141

Question 31.
Organisms of the oceans have a lesser salt content in their bodies than the seawater around 3.5%. The fluid could drain out of the body of the organisms into the sea. This could be dangerous and fatal to the organism. How do they survive under such conditions?
Answer:

• Several marine species have a lower internal salt concentration than that of the water they swim in. So they tend to dehydrate as water is lost by osmosis.
• To compensate, they drink large amounts of water and excrete the salts both via their kidneys and through highly specialised cells in the gills.

Question 32.
Can fish in estuarine ecosystem survive in river as well as in sea?
Answer:

• Yes, fish in estuarine ecosystem survive in river as well as in sea.
• Two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation.
• Many species of fish living in estuarine have various methods of control to the salt shifts.
• They regulate the salt concentrations using osmoregulaters.

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
i) Take a Kalabanda (Aloevera) and a Balsam plant in two separate pots.
ii) Water each of them with two tablespoons of water.
iii) Do not water them for a week.
iv) Observe the condition of the plants after a week.

Observations :
a) Which plant showed growth?
Answer:
Kalabanda plant showed growth.

b) Which plant dried first? Why?
Answer:
Balsam plant dried first. Because Balsam plants are not watered regularly. They need water to grow.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
i) Collect an aquatic plant out of a water body (e.g. Duck weed, Hydrilla, Vallisneria etc.) ii) Carry it back home and plant it in a pot and water it.
Observations :
a) From the above activity we see that some plants dry up without water very quickly, while other can grow even with very little water.
b) Each of these plants are adapted to the conditions in their surroundings on the basis of need of water.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
You know some of the animals that reside in and around lake or pond. Make a list of those animals and the characteristics of their body.
List of animals and reside in and around lake or pond :
Insects : Dragonfly, Damsefly, Mayfix, Stonefly, Dobsofly, Caddisfly, Cranefly, Water bugs, Beetles, etc.

Crustaceans	Cray fish, Scuds, Shrimps
Molluscs	Snails
Annelids	Leeches
Fish	Blugill, Bass, Catfish, Sculpin, Minnow
Reptiles	Snakes, turtles
Amphibia	Frogs

Characteristics of the body of animais living in and around lake:

Animals	Characteristics
1) Mosquito	The body is segmented and it is a carrier of diseases.
2) Shrimps	‘ These are small, bottom dwelling crustaceans with a trans­lucent exoskeleton.
3) Snails	A soft bodied animal with a hard protective shell.
4) Swan	Swans are long necked water birds, webbed feet are present.
5) Crayfish	Fresh water crustaceans with four pairs of walking legs. Body is segmented with head and thorax united.
6) Dragonfly	it is a flying insect with a long abdomen. Body is elongated with two pairs of transparent wings.
7) Earthworm	It is a little animal with a long, soft body and no legs.
8) Fish	It lives in the water and breathe with gills.
9) Goldfish	It is a type of crap that makes a nice pet, kept in aquariums and swims with fins.
10) Toads	The skin is dry and leathery. Toads are amphibians with poison glands, short legs and snout like parotid glands. Drier skin. Webbed feet helps in walking and swimming.
11) Leech	The body is segmented. It sucks blood of other animals.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Suggest some ways through which our country could increase the production of rice to meet at least global limits. (AS 1)
(OR)
Day by day population is increasing. But the cultivated land is very limited. To produce required quantity of food for the growing population, what are the poible solutions in your view?
Answer:

• Increasing area of cultivated land.
• Increasing production in the existing land.
• Developing high yielding rice varieties.
• Conserving the genetic diversity of rice so it can be used in the development of new varieties suited to different growing conditions.
• Developing rice crop management strategies that improve nutrient use efficiency.
• Management of crop protection and suitable irrigation methods.
• Organic manure to be used for rice crop.
• Alternating crops and mixed crop system to be followed.

Question 2.
How are biofertilizers more beneficial as compared to chemical fertilizers? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Biofertilizers add natural nutrients to soil.
• They increases soil organic matter and improves soil structures.
• Biofertilizers improves water holding capacity of the soil and reduces soil crusting problems.
• They reduces soil erosion from wind and water.
• Biofertilizers increases crop yield.
• Biofertilizers improves the percentage of humus and remained long time in the soil.

Question 3.
a) Find out the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers need for growing the high yielding varieties of crops. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Chemical fertilizers pollute lakes, rivers and streams.
• They destroy beneficial soil life including earthworms.
• By using chemical fertilizers, we can get high yielding for only 20 to 30 years.
• After that soil becomes reluctant to plant growth.
• Chemical fertilizers damage soil fertility.
• Make certain crops vulnerable to diseases.
• Prevent some plants from absorbing needed minerals.
• Food produced by using chemical fertilizers do not taste as good.

b) Can high yielding varieties be grown without them (Chemical Fertilizers) as well? How? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Yes, high yielding varieties be grown without chemical fertilizers.
• By using biofertilizers, instead of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pyrethroids we get higher yielding.

Question 4.
What threats to nature do chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbi-cides pose? (AS 6)
Answer:

• When we use insecticides to kill pests or weedicides/herbicides to destroy weeds, a large percentages of herbicides, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides remain in the soil.
• From the soil, these chemicals find their way into water sources.
• People spray these chemicals in fields are exposed to them and some of the chemi-cals enter their body.
• Insecticides destroy all insects in which some of them are useful in pollination.
• Extensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and weedicides makes the soil unsuitable to grow crops after sometime.

Question 5.
What are the adverse effects of using high yielding varieties of seeds? (AS 1)
Answer:
The adverse effect of using high yielding seeds is – they use more nutrients from the soil. Thus the soil can lose its fertility if they are used continuously.

Question 6.
What are the essential measures that a farmer needs to take before sowing the seeds of a crop? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Preparation of soil is done before sowing the seeds.
• The soil is ploughed to loosen and break the solid pieces of soil.
• The field is watered before sowing.
• Seed treatments against/soil-borne diseases to reduce the incidence of diseases.

Question 7.
Suppose you had a farm in a drought striken area of your state, what crops would you grow and how? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Sorghum, Pearlmillet, Red gram, Green gram, Horse gram can be grown in drought striken area.
• We can grow these crops by rain water harvesting building check dams, drip irrigation methods, watershed management and soil and water conservation methods.

Question 8.
What measures will you take to save your field from seasonal outburst of insects? (AS 1)
Answer:
Nowadays farmers use insecticides and other chemicals to save their crop field.

• I prefer catching the insects manually and removed from the field.
• I also use predatory insects to remove insects from the field.
• I place lighted bulb (Deepapu Teralu) so that insects could cluster around it.
• Insecticides are sprayed at regular intervals.

Question 9.
What basis would you adopt to explain to a farmer using chemical fertilizers switch over to organic fertilizers? (AS 4)
Answer:

• Organic fertilizers replenish the soil, keeps soil easily broken up into small pieces.
• Organic fertilizers promotes beneficial soil life.
• Organic fertilizers increase crop yield.
• They maintain a natural balance in the soil.
• They protect certain crops from diseases.
• Benefit the environment by recycling agricultural wastes into energy for local community.

Question 10.
A farmer had been using a particular insecticide for a long time. What consequences will it have on – a) insect population b) soil ecosystem? (AS 1)
Answer:
a) Insect population :

1. Insect develop immunity to the insecticide used.
2. And it has any effect on the insect it targets. Hence the number of insects increases,

b) Soil ecosystem :

1. A large percentage of insecticide chemicals remain in the soil.
2. These chemicals kill the worms in the soil which are useful to soil.
3. Hence soil ecosystem destroys by increasing the concentration of salts in the soil.

Question 11.
Venkatapuram village is in drought prone area. Somaiah wants to cultivate sugar-cane in his fields. Is it beneficial or not? What questions will you ask him to convey your belief? (AS 7)
Answer:

• It is not beneficial for Somaiah to cultivate sugarcane crop.
• Sugarcane grown in places where rich water resources are present.
• “Where do you get water to cultivate sugarcane crop?” I ask this question to Somaiah.
• I advise him to grow crops which needs less water (Aruthadi Pantalu) in drought prone area.

Question 12.
Draw a block diagram of water resources in your village. (AS 5)
Answer:

Question 13.
Ramaiah has soil testing done in his field. The percentages of nutrients are 34-20-45. Is it suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop ? Which crops can be cultivate without using pesticides in Ramaiah’s field? (AS 2)
Answer:

• Ramaiah’s field is not suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop.
• Because sugarcane needs 90% of nitrogen in the soil but Ramaiah’s field has only 34% of nitrogen.
• Maize and groundnut can be cultivated in Ramaiah’s field.

Question 14.
Organic manure is helpful to biodiversity. How do you support this statement? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Biological research on soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to the system of organic farming.
• Varieties of bacteria and fungi breakdown chemicals, plant matter and animal waste into productive soil nutrients.
• In turn the producer benefits by heal their yields and more suitable soil for future crops.

Question 15.
Make a list of major weeds in your area (You have already conducted the project) Find out the different weeds that grow along with different crops in your area. (AS 4)

Answer:
Cynodondacylon, Digitaria longifolia, Dacty loctenium colonum, Setaria glauca, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Eichornia crassipes, Salvinia mollusta, Alternathera sps. Celosia argentea, Leucas aspera, Portulaca oleracea, cleome sps. Solanum nigum, Argemone mexicana, Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia sps. Vernonia Cinnera, Eichnochloa colonum, Commelina bengalensis, Avenafatua, Eichnochloa Crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia hirta, Achyranthus, despera, Eclipta prostrata.

Name of the Crop	Weeds that grown on crop
Paddy	Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria longi folia, Cyperus rotundus, Eichornia.
Groundnut	Leucas aspera, portulaca oleracea, Cleome sps, Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia cynodon dactylon, Commelina bengalensis, Cyperus roturdus.
Black gram	Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Abutilon indicum, Commalina bengalensis, Euphorbia hirta.
Maize	Euphorbia hirta, solanum nigrum, cyperus rofundus, cynodon dactylon.
Green gram	Eichnochloa colonum, cyperus rotundus cynodon dactylon, Argemone mexicana, Portulaca oleracea.

Question 16.
Spraying high dose of pesticides is hazardous to biodiversity and crop yielding. How can you support this statement?
Answer:

• When we use pesticides large percentage of it will remain in the soil. These kill the germs in the soil.
• From the soil pesticides find their way into water bodies affecting the aquatic animals.
• People who spray these pesticides in the fields are exposed to them and some of the chemicals enter their bodies causing health problems or some times the person dies.
• Pesticides destroy all the insects which are useful to the plants causing hazardous to biodiversity.

Question 17.
Natural pest controlling methods are useful to biodiversity. Comment it.
Answer:

• Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects.
  E.g.: Spiders, Dragonfly, Krisopa etc.
• Trachoderma bacterium lives in the eggs of stemborer, tobacco caterpillar destroy the pests at the egg stage.
• Some bacteria like Bacillus Turengenisis destroy some pests.
• Mixed crops also control some pests and diseases.
• Hence natural pest control methods are useful to biodiversity because these methods destroys only the selected pests.

Question 18.
Observe the fields in your surroundings and collect the information from farmers about the process to remove weeds.
Answer:
Farmers use different methods to remove weeds. Some of them are
1) Manual method:
Many farmers still remove weeds by manually pulling them out of the field, making sure to include the roots that would otherwise allow them to resprout.

2) Stale seed bed method :
This method involves cultivating the soil, then leaving it follow for a week or so when the initial weeds sprout, the farmer lightly hoes them away before planting the desired crop.

3) Using Herbicides :
Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the de¬sired crop relatively unharmed.

4) Biological control:
Vinegar kills the visible part of the weed. They will wrinkle and die next day.

5) Ploughing & Tilling :
Ploughing includes filling of soil, inter-cultural ploughing and summer ploughing. Ploughing up roots weeds causing them to die. Mechanical tilling can remove weeds around crop plants at various points in the growing process.
Crop rotation method also helps in controlling weeds.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 1.
Rate of growth of population and food grain production.

1. In which decade population growth is higher?
Answer:
Population growth is higher in 1961-1971.

2. In which decade food grain production is higher?
Answer:
Food grain production is higher in 1981-1991.

3. What major differences did you find in the table?
Answer:
The major differences find in the table are :
i) Foodgrain production is not increasing according to population growth.
ii) Ratio of FP/PG is in irregular order.

4. Is food grain production increasing according to population growth?
Answer:
No, last two decades food grain production is not increasing according to population growth.

5. In which decades production of food grains didn’t satisfy the needs of population? What will happen if the production is not sufficient?
Answer:
In 1991-2001 production of food grains didn’t satisfy the needs of population. If the food production is not sufficient then it leads to food crisis.

6. The decade 1991-2001 shows that rate of food production was nearly half as compared to population. What can you infer from the decade when population growth was highest?
Answer:
The reasons for the highest population growth :
i) Wide spread diseases are controlled.
ii) Health care programmes were made available in rural areas.
iii) So death rate declined.
iv) Therefore population growth become inevitable.

Question 2.

1. Find out from the graph the months in which the most water evaporates from plants.
Answer:
The months in which the most water evaporates from plants are May and June.

2. Are these the same months in monsoon season when the rainfall is heavy?
Answer:
No, these are not same.

3. So how does the availability of more water effect the plant?
Answer:
The availability of more water effects the plant with more evaporation.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 3.
When the weather is hot and the stomata dose, what effect would this have on the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant?
Answer:
If the stomata closed, then the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less.

Question 4.
What effect would a change in the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed have on the growth of the plant?
Answer:
If the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less then the growth of the plant decreases.

Question 5.
If the plant does not get water at this time, what effect would this have on its growth? Discuss in your class and find out reasons.
Answer:
If the plant does not get water at this time then the growth of the plant will stopped.

Question 6.
What are the main water sources in your village for agriculture? How farmers utilise them?
Answer:

• Canals, Bore wells, ponds are the main water sources in our villages.
• Farmers utilise water from these sources to cultivate crops.

Question 7.
Make a list of crops which require less amount of water.
Answer:
Cotton, Jute, Bajra, Maize, Coconut, Black gram, Green gram etc.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 111

Question 8.
If a field is cultivated for many years, what would happen to the nutrient content of the soil?
Answer:
If a field is cultivated for many years, then the nutrient content of the soil is decreased.

Question 9.
How does the soil get back or replenish these nutrients?
Answer:
The soil get back or replenish of these nurients by adding organic manure or chemical fertilizers.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 112

Question 10.
A farmer cultivated sugar cane in his land for the last five years. Another farmer culti¬vated sugarcane in the first year and soya bean in the second year and sugarcane in third year.
– In which case do you think has the land lost most of its nutrients?
Answer:
The land lost most of its nutrients in the case of first farmer.

Question 11.
Have you ever seen two types of crops in the same field?
Answer:
Yes, I have seen two types of crops in the same field.

Question 12.
Which crops are grown in this way?
Answer:
In the fruit growing fields like Lemon, Pomegranate, Papaya, etc. pulses like Red gram, Black gram, Green gram, etc. are grown in this way.

Question 13.
What are the uses of cultivating mixed crops?
Answer:
The uses of cultivating mixed crops are :
1) The soil becomes fertile.
2) The nutrients which are used by one crop will be regained by cultivating another crop.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 113

Question 14.
Is betel (Tamalapaku) a mixed crop? How can you justify your answer?
Answer:
Yes. Betel is mixed crop. Sorghum grown along with betel.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 121

Question 15.
If we don’t use these chemicals, how can we get a good crop? How can we increase production? Is there an answer to this question? What coidd it be?
Answer:
Suppose we can use some other methods that do not give rise to these problems. For example, they say we can make use of the natural food chains to control pests. There are many insects that eat other insects. They are called predatory insects. We can make use of these insects. There are also birds that eat insects. We can use these birds to get rid of insects.

Question 16.
If insects that pollinate crops are killed, what effect will this have on crop production?
Answer:
If insects that pollinate crops are killed, the crop production will decrease.

Question 17.
In recent times, why farmers touch the flowers with handkerchiefs in sunflower fields?
Answer:
Farmers touch the flowers with handkerchiefs in sunflower fields to control the insects.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 122

Question 18.
Do you know why Jatropa in cotton fields and marigold in mirchi fields are cultivated?
Answer:
Some mixed crops controls some diseases and pests. That’s why Jatropa in cotton field, marigold in mirchi fields are cultivated.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 19.
In what way this kind of water supply is useful to the crop as well as the farmer?
Answer:
To prevent water wastage and economically helpful to the farmer.

Question 20.
Water Shed is a process to improve ground water level. In what way it is related to irrigation? Support with your answer.
Answer:
If ground water level will be increased then it will help to irrigation.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 117

Question 21.
In what way vermi compost is better than chemical fertilisers?
Answer:
After using vermi compost, investment on chemical fertilizers and other pesticides became reduced and the quantity of their agricultural products increased.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Activities

Activity -1

Question 1.
Observe the Transpiration :

1. Take a polythene bag. Cover the bag on leaves and tie it.
2. Do this experiment during day time and night time separately.
3. Note the difference in your notebook.

Observations :

1. If we tie a plastic bag over a leaf, we will be able to see how much water a plant releases in the air.
2. It is estimated that a plant use only 0.1 percent of the water it absorbs to form carbohydrate.
3. The rate of transpiration is high during day time when compared to night time.

Question 2.
b) Draw the route map of Jawahar and Lai Bahadoor canals of Nagarjuna sagar in Andhra Pradesh & Telangana map.
Answer:

I. 1) Take one example from each of millets, cereals, vegetables, and fruits.
2) First you have to list out the known characters of the above and then list out the characters that you want to change or modify in them.
3) But you need to give your own reasons – why do you want to make such changes in them?

II. Red and yellow equal to rellow.

1) If you want to make your own hybrid flower you need to do the following. But it is time consuming process and patience job too.
2) For this you need red and yellow colour chandrakantha plants.
3) Select 5 or 6 red flowers on a plant.
4) Remove all the other flowers of that plant.
5) Take each flower, remove stamens carefully.
6) Take yellow flower and rub with that flower gently on the stigma of selected red flower for pollination. Do this process in the evening only.
7) Tie a tag with a thread loosely to the pollinated flower to avoid confusion in iden¬tifying these flowers for seeds in the next few days.
8) Within a week days you will get black seeds.
9) Keep them another two weeks to dry and sow them in a pot.
10) Take care to grow the plants until they flower.

Observations:
1) The colour of the flowers will be orange.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is the advantage of reflex action? (AS 1)
(a) It has to be learned
(b) It happens differently each time
(c) It does not have to be learned
(d) None of them
Answer:
(c) It does not have to be learned.

Question 2.
If a rat is given a mild electric shock when it goes to a certain part of its cage, it eventually avoids going there. This is because of- (AS 1)
(a) Imitation
(b) Conditioning
(c) Instinct
(d) Imprinting
Answer:
(b) Conditioning

Question 3.
Describe all types of behaviour discussed in the lesson with appropriate examples. (AS 1)
(OR)
Describe different types of animal behaviours discussed in the classroom with suitable examples.
Answer:
Scientists categorize animal behaviour into different categories like instinct, imprinting, conditioning, imitation.
1) Instinct:
A) Instinctual behaviours are behaviours that need not be learned.
B) They are inborn behaviours and can be complex like making nest by birds, choose mates and forming into groups for protection.
C) Reflexes are also a type of instinct behaviour.

2. Imprinting:
A) Chickens and ducklings are able to walk almost immediately after hatching from the egg.
B) Duckling can even swim after a few days.
C) They recognise their mother because of a behaviour type called imprinting.
D) Imprinting lets young animals recognise their mother from a young age. They can follow her for food and protection.

3. Conditioning:
A) Conditioning is a type of behaviour involving a response to a stimulus that is different from the natural one.
B) It is a type of learned behaviour.
C) If we take ringing of school bell as an example, student shows different types of conditioning to a school bell as per the time.

4. Imitation:
A) It is a type of behaviour where one animal copies another animal.
B) Kohler conducted experiments on imitation in chimpanzees.
C) One chimpanzee tried to take a fruit from a tree. But it failed in reaching the fruit.
D) Later chimpanzee used sticks to reach the fruit. This time it succeded in reaching the fruit.
E) Chimpanzee used sticks to spear juicy grubs to eat.
F) Other chimpanzees copy this behaviour.

Question 4.
Differentiate between (AS 1)
Answer:
a) Imitation and Imprinting.

Question 5.
How human behaviour is different from behaviour of other animals? Explain with an example. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Humans show many of the same types of behaviour as other animals.
• But human behaviour is often more complex because we are more intelligent and aware of ourselves.
• For example, hungry persons might want to start eating immediately when they sit down at the dining table.
• But the humans have learned that good manners mean they should wait until everyone is seated and ready to eat.
• But animals eat food whenever they find it.

Question 6.
Observe ants going on a line. Ask your teacher how they communicate and write a note on this. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Ants talk to each other using chemical signals called pheromones that they detect with antennae.
• Ants use their antennas to pick up smells.
• For example, when ants find food they have a pheromone trail from the food soure to the colony.
• Other ants follow this trial. As the other ants follow the trial, the pheromone scent becomes stronger.
• The paired antennas of ants provide information about the direction and intensity of scents.
• Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromene trail that may be followed by other ants.
• Some ants produce sounds using gaster segments and their mandibles.
• Sounds may be used to communicate with colony members or with other species.

Question 7.
“Understanding of animal behaviour creates positive attitude towards animals”. How do you support this statement? Explain with suitable examples. (AS 6)
Answer:

• I support the above statement that understanding of animal behaviour creates positive attitude towards animals.
• Animals usually make sounds depending upon their needs. They show different facial expressions.
• For example, cattle make sounds whenever they need food and water.
• After giving food and water by the master they calmdown.
• When a crow dies, all the other crows come around making sounds ‘kaww, kaww’ shows their sadness, we have to understand nature of the crows in this situation.
• We have to identify the unity and integrity among the ants when they go in line in search of food.
• When dogs bark during nights, we should understand that they are doing that for our safe.
• We have to show positive attitude towards animals who are useful in our daily life. Live and let live should be our motto.

Question 8.
Look at this picture. How do you feel about sibbiling care nature of animals. Have you ever seen such kind of situations in your surroundings? Explain in your own words. (AS 7)

Answer:

• Sibbiling care nature of animals are animals with instinct behaviour.
• Every animal take care of their young ones until they are grown adults.
• I observed sibbiling care situations in my surroundings.
• The newly hatched chickens are taken by their mother to surrounding places to feed them.
• Whenever the chicks faces danger mother brings them under her wings.
• When the eagle tries to take away the chicks the mother attacks the eagle to save its chickens.
• Chicken feeds and protect young ones until they are able to collect their own food.
• A new born kitten is born blind. Its eyes normally do not open until it is 10 to 12 days.
• Finding the milk source is accomplished with help from mom, who encourages young kittens to feed a few minutes after birth.
• Cat often changes its living place by transfering young kitten. It does so to protect kittens from enemies.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Activities

Lab Activity

Question 1.
Behaviour of Cockroach : For this we need a choice box and calcium chloride.
Answer:
Making of Choice box :

• Take a box, and divide it into four chambers with the help of a card board.
• Make tiny holes in any two chambers of one side so that light can pass through these holes into the chambers.
• Let other two chambers as it is (dark).
• Now create humid environment with help of moist cotton wool in one of the lightened and one of the dark chambers.
• Create dry atmosphere with help of calcium chloride in one of the lightened and one of the dark chambers.

• So, the box has been divided into four chambers with different conditions i.e., light and dry, light and humid, dark and dry, dark and humid.
• Make four groups in class. Each group will put several cockroaches into a choice of chamber with four different conditions.
• Cover the box and leave the setup for 15-20 minutes.
• Count the number of cockroaches in each chamber.

Observations :

1. Cockroaches prefer dark and damp conditions.
2. The quarter of the choice chamber with these conditions contains most or all of the cockroaches.

Activity – 1

Question 2.
Observe the following behaviours of different animals. Identify their instinct, imprinting, conditioning or imitation.
a) Our pet dog barks only on strangers. If is not stopped, how would it behave?
Answer:
Conditioning.

b) Ants which usually go in a line reach sweet kept in tin. How do they know the way to reach the tin?
Answer:
Conditioning.

c) Mosquitoes, cockroaches come out of their places only when it is dark. How do they know the difference between light and dark?
Answer:
Instinct.

d) Bats and owl move and search for food during night only. How could they know what is a day what is a night?
Answer:
Instinct.

e) When you untie the neck of your bull at the time of ploughing, it moves towards plough without any instructions. In the same way, it moves towards tub at the time of feeding. How does the bull respond differently?
Answer:
Conditioning.

f) Birds collect material which is soft, strong to build its nest. How do they know the quality of material?
Answer:
Instinct.

g) Puppies, kitten fight each other when they saw a piece of cloth. They try to tare it off why?
Answer:
Imitation.

h) In a particular season some birds in our surroundings migrate from long distances. . How do they know their way?
Answer:
Instinct.

Activity – 2

Question 3.
Select any one of the animals in your surroundings. Observe it how it behaves in the following situation.
Answer:
1) Name of the animal:
Crow (corvus species)

2) Place where it lives :
They live in nests build on trees. Usually, they build nest where they feel safe from predators.

3) How it builds its place :
Crow builds its nest using tree branches, small sticks, hay etc.

4) Way of collecting food/prey:
Crows go around places where food is available. Crows are omnivorous and they eat almost everything.

5) External characters :
Crows are usually black in colour or black with little white plumage.

6) Expressions :
A) Crows make a wide variety of calls or vocalizations.
B) In many species the pattern and number of numerical vocalizations have been observed in response to events in the surroundings like arrival or departure of crows.
C) Crows show their happiness, Jadness, fear, threat by making sounds like ‘KOWWS’.

7) Group behaviour:
A) If one crow finds food it call others to join.
B) If one crow dies, all the other crows make ‘KOWWS’ continuously without interference.