AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Maths Solutions 1st Lesson Real Numbers Exercise 1.1

Question 1.
a) Write any three rational numbers.
Solution:
\(\frac{3}{4}, \frac{5}{9}, \frac{2}{7}\)

b) Explain rational number is in your own words.
Solution:
A number which can be expressed in algebraic form i.e., in \(\frac { p }{ q }\) form is called a rational number.
E.g.: \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\), \(\frac { -4 }{ 9 }\) etc.

AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1

Question 2.
Give one example each to the following statements.
i) A number which is rational but not an integer.
Solution:
7/11

ii) A whole number which is not a natural number.
Solution:
‘0’ (Zero)

iii) An integer which is not a whole number.
Solution:
-8

iv) A number which is natural number, whole number, integer and rational number.
Solution:
5

v) A number which is an integer but not a natural number.
Solution:
-4

Question 3.
Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
Solution:
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 1
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 2

AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1

Question 4.
Five rational numbers between \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) and \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\)
Solution:
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 3

Question 5.
Represent \(\frac { 8 }{ 5 }\) and \(\frac { -8 }{ 5 }\) on a number line.
Solution:
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 4
Step – 1 : Draw a number line.
Step – 2 : Divide each unit into 5 equal parts.
Step – 3 : Take 8 – equal parts from ‘0’ on its right side and mark it as \(\frac { 8 }{ 5 }\) (similarly) on left side \(\frac { -8 }{ 5 }\) .

Question 6.
Express the following rational numbers as decimal numbers.
Solution:
I. i) \(\frac { 242 }{ 1000 }\) .
ii) \(\frac { 354 }{ 500 }\) .
iii) \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) .
iv) \(\frac{115}{4}\)
Solution:
i) \(\frac { 242 }{ 1000 }\) = 0.242
ii) \(\frac{354}{500}\)
\(=\frac{354 \times 2}{500 \times 2}\)
\(=\frac{708}{1000}\)
\(=0.708\)
iii) \(\frac{2}{5}\)
\(=\frac{2 \times 2}{5 \times 2}\)
\(=\frac{4}{10}\)
\(=0.4\)
iv)
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 5

AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1

II. i) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
Solution:
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 6

ii) \(\frac{-25}{36}\)
Solution:
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 7

iii) \(\frac{22}{7}\)
Solution:
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 8

iv) \(\frac{11}{9}\)
Solution:
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 9

AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1

Question 7.
Express each of the following decimals in \(\frac{p}{q}\) form where q ≠ 0 and p, q are integers.
i) 0.36
Solution:
0.36 = \(\frac{36}{100}=\frac{9}{25}\)

ii) 15.4
Solution:
15.4 = \(\frac{154}{10}=\frac{77}{5}\)

iii) 10.25
Solution:
10.25 = \(\frac{1025}{100}=\frac{41}{4}\)

iv) 3.25
Solution:
3.25 = \(\frac{325}{100}=\frac{13}{4}\)

Question 8.
Express each of the following decimal number in the \(\frac { p }{ q }\) form.
i) \(0 . \overline{5}\)
Solution:
Let x = \(0 . \overline{5}\) = 0.5555
Multiplying both sides by 10
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 10

ii) \(3 . \overline{8}\)
Solution:
Let x = \(3 . \overline{8}\)
(i.e) x = 3.888 ………..
Multiplying both sides by 10
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 11

AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1

iii) \(0 . \overline{36}\)
Solution:
Let x \(0 . \overline{36}\)
(i.e) x = 0.363636 ………..
Multiplying by 100 on both sides
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 12

iv) \(3.12 \overline{7}\)
Solution:
Let x = \(3.12 \overline{7}\)
x = 0.12777
Multiplying by 10 on both sides
AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 13

Question 9.
Without actually dividing find which of the following are terminating
decimals.
i) \(\frac { 3 }{ 25 }\)
Solution:
Check the denominator, if it consists of 2’s or 5’s or combination of both then only it reduces to a terminating decimal.
25 = 5 x 5
Hence \(\frac { 3 }{ 25 }\) is a terminating decimal.

ii) \(\frac { 11 }{ 18 }\)
Solution:
Denominator 18 = 2 × 3 × 3,
hence \(\frac { 11 }{ 18 }\) is a non-terminating decimal 13

iii) \(\frac { 13 }{ 20 }\)
Denominator 20 = 2 × 2 × 5,
hence \(\frac { 13 }{ 20 }\) is a terminating decimal.

iv) \(\frac { 41 }{ 42 }\)
Solution:
Denominator 42 = 2 × 3 × 7,
hence \(\frac { 41 }{ 42 }\) is a non-terminating decimal.

AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How are living things classified?
Answer:

  • Living things are classified on the basis of their body designs.
  • Living things are classified on the basis of dissimilarities and similarities.

Question 2.
What are the uses of Arthropod animals?
Answer:
Arthropods help in pollination, honey collection, silk industry, and in preparation of Lac.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 3.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
The variety of animals and plants living in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that geographical area.

Question 4.
Who coined the term bio-diversity?
Answer:
Walter. G. Rosen

Question 5.
What is the need for system of classification?
Answer:
To make the study of plants and animals easier.

Question 6.
What are variations?
Answer:
Differences exhibited by organisms of the same species.

Question 7.
What is fauna?
Answer:
A collection of various animal groups in a particular geographical area is called fauna.

Question 8.
What is flora?
Answer:
A collection of various plant groups in a particular geographical area is called flora.

Question 9.
What are viviparous animals?
Answer:
Animals giving birth to young ones are called viviparous animals.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 10.
What is a notochord?
Answer:
A long flexible shaped supporting structure that runs along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut.

Question 11.
What is species?
Answer:
Species is defined as a dynamic group of organisms, which resemble each other in all essential aspects, i.e structure and function, and interbreed to produce fertile young ones of their own kind.

Question 12.
What are cotyledons?
Answer:
Plant embryos in seeds are called cotyledons.

Question 13.
Name two mammals that lay eggs.
Answer:
Platypus, Echidna.

Question 14.
Who wrote the book “The origin of species”?
Answer:
Charles Darwin.

Question 15.
Which division is called the amphibian of plant kingdom?
Answer:
Bryophyte.

Question 16.
What is evolution?
Answer:
The life forms that exist today have raisen because of changes in their body design over a course of time to adapt themselves in the changing conditions. This is called evolution.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 17.
Name two animals that live in water.
Answer:
Whale, Platypus, Dolphins, etc.

Question 18.
Which type of leaf venation do you find in monocots?
Answer:
Parallel leaf venation

Question 19.
How many cotyledons are present in the embryo of groundnut?
Answer:
Two cotyledons.

Question 20.
Which type of root system do you find in monocot plants?
Answer:
Fibrous Root system.

Question 21.
Define classification.
Answer:
Classification is the systematic study of organisms present in nature with respect to their evolution.

Question 22.
Who wrote the book “Vrikshayurveda”?
Answer:
Parasara

Question 23.
According to 5 kingdom classification, to which kingdom ‘Paramecium’ belongs?
Answer:
Protista.

Question 24.
Organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus are called?
Answer:
Prokaryotes

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 25.
Cell wall of bacteria is made of?
Answer:
Peptidoglycon

Question 26.
Give two examples of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
Cycas, Pine

Question 27.
To which phylum octopus belong?
Answer:
Mollusca

Question 28.
Name the phylum that Tapeworm belongs to.
Answer:
Platyhelminthes

Question 29.
Name the phylum that spider belongs to.
Answer:
Arthropoda

Question 30.
Name the phylum that Hydra belongs to.
Answer:
Cnidaria

Question 31.
Name the phylum StarFish belongs to.
Answer:
Echinodermata

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 32.
Which plants have flowers as their reproductive organs?
Answer:
Angiosperms

Question 33.
In which phylum, exoskeleton of feathers, lay eggs outside the water is seen and flight is possible is seen in?
Answer:
In Aves

Question 34.
Who proposed 5 kingdom classification?
Answer:
Whittaker

Question 35.
Name two bryophytes of Plantae.
Answer:
Moss and Riccia

Question 36.
Phanerogams bearing naked seeds are called?
Answer:
Gymnos perms

Question 37.
Give two examples of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
Pines, cycas and deodar.

Question 38.
Which root system present in dicots?
Answer:
Tap root system.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 39.
Scorpions, spiders belongs to which phylum?
Answer:
Arthropoda

Question 40.
What is genus?
Answer:
A genus is a group of related species.

Question 41.
Canal system can be seen in?
Answer:
Sponges

Question 42.
In which phylum water vascular system can be seen?
Answer:
Echinodermata

Question 43.
Name the phylum of the following organisms whose exclusive characteristics are given below (a) Hallow bones (b) Soft body, Muscular marine animal.
Answer:
a) Aves
b) Mollusca

Question 44.
Name the respiratory organs present in Pisces.
Answer:
Gills

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 45.
Warm blooded, external ear, heart is four Chambered. In which phylum these characters are exclusively present?
Answer:
Mammals

Question 46.
Name the phylum that sponges belongs to.
Answer:
Porifera

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the contributions of Indian scientists towards classification in ancient India?
Answer:

  • In India classification had been the basis of studies in Medicines and dates back to first and second century A.D.
  • Charaka and Sushrut had classified plants on the basis of their medical importance.
  • Parasara in his book ‘Vrikshayurveda’ documented the classification system for several land plants for the first time.
  • This classification mainly deals with the structure of the flowers.

Question 2.
Name the five kingdoms of living organisms classified by Whittaker.
Answer:
The five kingdoms are :

  1. Kingdom Monera
  2. Kingdom Protista
  3. Kingdom Plantae
  4. Kingdom Fungi
  5. Kingdom Animalia

Question 3.
What are the major groups of moneran organisms?
Answer:
Three major groups of organisms come under this group. They are :
1. Archaebacteria :
Ancient bacteria, some species found in hot springs.

2. Eubacteria :
eg : Streptococcus, Rhizobium, e.coli.

3. Cyanobacteria :
Green bacteria.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 4.
What are the characteristic features of plants?
Answer:

  • Plants are diverse in nature.
  • Plant body is divided into root, stem, leaves.
  • They are multicellular, eukaryotic with cell walls.
  • They are usually autotrophs and use mainly chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Question 5.
What is nomen Clature? Who proposed it?
Answer:

  • Naming of oranisms with a distinctive scientific name is called nomenclature.
  • Nomen clature rovides a uniform way of identification of the vast diversity of life around us.
  • Carl Linneaus introduced Binomial nomenclature by which an organism is named by two words a generic name and a specific name.

Question 6.
What are the salient features of Phylum Coelenterata? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

  • These are aquatic forms.
  • Cavity is present inside the body.
  • The body is made up of two layers (diploblastic).
  • Some live in colonies like the corals that are tiny, while others like hydra, jellyfish, and sea anemons are common examples.

Question 7.
What are the characteristic features of Phylum Nematoda? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

  • The body of nematoda is cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical, and triploblastic.
  • There are tissues but no real organs.
  • Pseudocoelom is present.
  • These are parasitic worms causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the worms in the intestines (roundworm).

Question 8.
What are the salient features of Mollusca? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

  • Animals are bilaterally symmetrical, body cavity or coelomic cavity is reduced.
  • There is little segmentation.
  • They have open circulatory system and kidney like organs for excretion.
  • There is a foot for moving around. Examples are snails and mussels.

Question 9.
What are the differences between spores and seeds?
Answer:

Spores Seeds
1. Spores contain very little food. 1. Seeds store lot of food.
2. Spores are produced from sporangium. 2. Seeds are produced from ovules of flowers.

Question 10.
What are the differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperins?
Answer:

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
1. Seeds are not enclosed in fruits. 1. Seeds are enclosed in fruits.
2. The ovules are not contained within an ovary.
Eg. : Pinus, Cycas
2. Ovules are enclosed within an ovary.
Eg. : Mango. Apple etc.

Question 11.
What are the differences between Poriferan animals and Coelenterate animals?
Answer:

Porifera animals Coelenterate animals
1. Cellular level of organisation. 1. Tissue level of organisation.
2. Body design shows minimal differentiation. 2. Body design shows some body differentiation.

Question 12.
Give two points of differentiation of Phylum Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca.
Answer:

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca
1. Segmented with paired appendages. Segmented with jointed legs. Little segmentation without appendages.
2. Excretion by nephridia. Excretion by Coelomoducts, malphigian tubules. Excretion by metanephridium or kidney.

Question 13.
What are the salient features of Aves? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 1

  • The body is covered with feathers.
  • They are warm blooded animals.
  • Heart is four chambered.
  • They lay eggs. Claws on their toes are present.
    Eg : Birds.

Question 14.
What are the characteristics that possessed by Chordates?
Answer:
All chordates possess the following features :

  1. Have a notochord
  2. Have a dorsal nerve cord
  3. Are triploblastic
  4. Have paired gill pouches
  5. Are coelomate.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 15.
Write briefly about the vertebrates.
Answer:

  • Vertebrates have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton.
  • Skeleton allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
  • Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic coelomic, and segmented.
  • Vertebrates have complex differentiation of body tissue and organs.

Question 16.
Wrrite briefly about the division of phylum chordate.
Answer:

  • Some biologists divide phylum chordata into three subphyla viz.,
    1. Urochordata
    2. Cephalochordata
    3. Vertebrata.
  • Subphylum Hemichordata is now treated as phylum Hemichordata.
  • But the International Biological Society (IBS) is given approval to most recent classification of Cavallier and Smith in the year 2004.

Question 17.
What are the three criteria on which Whittaker based his system of classification?
Answer:
a) Complexity of cell structure
b) Body organisation
c ) Modes of nutrition

Question 18.
Give the characteristics of ’Aves’.
Answer:
a) Body i.e., covered with feathers.
b) Beak is present, teeth absent
c) Forelimbs modified for flying
d) Hollow bones for flying and streamlined body.

Question 19.
Give any two characters of Echinodermata.
Answer:
a) These are spiny skinned organisms.
b) Exclusively marine animals.
c) Water vascular system is present.
d) They have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton.

Question 20.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 2
Now answer the following questions.
a) In which group plants having false roots and leaves?
b) In which group naked seeds bearing plants are included?
Answer:
a) Bryophyta
b) Gymnosperms

Read the above flow chart and answer the following questions.
i) What are the two major branches of plant kingdom?
ii) Name the group of plants that have false roots and leaves.
iii) What do you mean by angiosperms?
iv) What is the difference between the monocots and dicots?
Answer:
i) Cryptogams and phanerogams
ii) Bryophyta
iii) Plants with seed coat or embeded in fruit.
iv) Monocots have single Cotyledon where dicots with two Cotyledon

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 21.
What are the conventions followed for writing the scientific names?
Answer:

  • The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
  • The name of the species begins with a small letter.
    Example : Naja naja, Pila globosa

Question 22.
What are the major divisions in the plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?
Answer:

Division Basis for classification
1) Algae Thallus like body
2) Bryophyta Body divided into leaf and stem
3) Pteridophyta Body is divided into root, stem, and leaf
4) Gymnosperm Seed bearing naked seeds
5) Angio sperm Seed covered

Question 23.
Write similarities between plants and animals.
Answer:

  • Both are made up of cells and tissues.
  • Both contain protoplasm and the genetic material DNA
  • Both plants and animals show growth.
  • Both show response to external stimuli.
  • Both plants and animals reproduce and pass their characters to the off-spring by the same mechanism.

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is biological diversity, classification, taxonomy, and variation?
Answer:
Biological diversity :
Bio-diversity is the diversity within the species, between the species, and of ecosystems.

Classification :
Classification in biology is the systematic study of organism present in nature with respect to their evolution.

Taxonomy :
The process of organizing plants and animals into different groups that * show their natural relationships.

Variation :
The presence of differences between organisms of the same species.

Question 2.
What is the relationship between classification and evolution?
Answer:

  • All living things are identified and categorized on the basis of their structure and function.
  • Some characteristics are likely to make more wide ranging changes in the body design than others.
  • Characteristics that came into existence earlier are likely to be more basic than characteristics that have came into existence later.
  • This means classification of life forms are closely related to their evolution.
  • Evolution is the process of acquiring change.
  • Charles Darwin first wrote about evolution in his book “The origin of species” in 1859.
  • We many say that older organisms are simpler as compared to the younger.
  • That is why evolution and classification has close relationship.

Question 3.
Write about classification of Carl Linneaus.
Answer:

  • In 1758, Carl Linneaus proposed a system that has dominated classification for centuries.
  • Linneaus gave each organism two names denoting genus and species.
  • He grouped genera into families, families into orders, orders into classes, classes into Phyla, and Phyla into kingdoms.
  • Linneaus identified two kingdoms. Animalia (animals) and Plantae (plants).
  • Linneaus classified organisms on the basis of the similarities and differences.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

Question 4.
What is the classification suggested by Woese et al?
Answer:

  • Woese et al classified organisms into three groups namely Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya.
  • Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
  • The cell walls of Bacteria contain a fat like chemical peptidoglycan.
  • Eukarya have Eukaryotic cells.
  • All cells came from a common ancester cell called Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA).
  • These LUCA eventually evolved into three domains namely Archaea, Bacteria, and – Eukarya.

Question 5.
What is the Hierarchy of classification?
Answer:

  • Ernest Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1959) and Carl Woese (1977) have tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories called kingdoms.
  • The classification of Whittaker proposed five kingdoms.
  • These five kingdoms are formed on the basis of their cell structure, mode and source of nutrition and body organisation.
  • Further classification is done by naming the sub groups at various levels as given in the following scheme.
    AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 3
  • Thus, by separating organisms on the basis of hierarchy of characteristics into smaller and smaller groups. We arrive at the basic unit of classification on which is a species.
  • A species includes all organisms that are similar in structure enough to breed and perpetuate.

Question 6.
What are the characteristic features of Monera? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 4

  • Organisms are unicellular; Prokaryotic.
  • Reproduce by splitting into two.
  • Absorb nutrients from outside their bodies.
  • They move with the help of locomotory organs like Flagella, Cilia or hair like struc¬tures present on them.
  • Some monerans cause diseases, but others are helpful to people Ex : Bacteria.

Question 7.
What are the salient features of protista?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 5

  • Most of them are unicellular, some may have many cells.
  • Cells have a membrane around the nucleus.
  • Some get nutrients and energy by eating other organisms and some get energy from Sun and water around them.
  • They live either solitary or in a colony and some have cell organells present inside the cell.
  • Most of the protists reproduce by splitting in two examples are paramecium, amoeba, algae, kelp etc.

Question 8.
What are the characteristic features of Fungi?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 6

  • Most of fungi are multicellular and some are unicellular.
  • Eukaryotes with well defined prominent head.
  • Get nutrients and energy by absorbing/ digesting the surface they live on through root like structures.
  • Fungi reproduce by spore. Ex : Yeast, Mushrooms, Breadmoulds, and Lichens.

Question 9.
What are the characteristic features of porifera?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 7

  • The word porifera means organisms with holes.
  • These are non motile animals attached to some solid support.
  • There are holes or pores all over the body.
  • Pores lead to a canal system which circulate water throughout the body.
  • These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton.
  • They are commonly called sponges and found in marine habitats.
    Examples : Euplectelea, Sycon, Spongilla.

Question 10.
Write a flow chart for plant kingdom.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 8

Question 11.
What are the characteristic features of Platyhelminthes?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

  • The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
  • There is some degree of tissue formation.
  • There is no true internal body cavity or coelom.
  • The body is flattend dorsiventrally, that is why these animals are called flat worms.
  • They are either free living or parasitic.
  • Examples of free living are planarians and parasitic animals like liver flukes and tape worms.

Question 12.
What are the salient features of Phylum Annelida. Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

  • Annelid animals are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, triploblastic and coelomate.
  • There is extensive organ differentiation in a segmental fashion with the segments lined up one after the other from head to tail.
  • These animals are found in fresh water, marine water as well as land.
    Examples : Earthworms and Leeches.

Question 13.
What are the characteristic features of Arthropods? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 9

  • Arthropoda is the largest group of animals.
  • These animals are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented.
  • Open type of circulatory system is present. The coelomic cavity is filled with blood.
  • They have jointed legs.
  • Examples are prawns, butterflies, cockroaches houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs.

Question 14.
What are the characteristic features of Echinodermata? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

  • Echinoderms are spiny skinned organisms.
  • They are exclusively free living marine animals.
  • They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity.
  • They also have a peculiar water driven tube system for moving around.
  • Echinoderms have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton. Examples are starfish and sea urchines.

Question 15.
What are the salient features of protochordata?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 10

  • Protochordates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have a coelom.
  • Notochord present at some stages during their lives.
  • The notochord is a long rod like support struc¬ture that runs along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut.
  • Notochord provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of movement.
  • Protochordates are marine animals.
    Examples : Balanoglossus, Herdmania and Amphioxus.

Question 16.
What are the characteristic features of fishes?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism

  • Fishes have fins and tails. Aquatic vertebrates.
  • Skin is generally covered with scales.
  • They are cold blooded animals.
  • Fishes breath with gills.
  • They lay eggs in the water.
  • Two chambered heart is present.
  • First vertebrates to have vertebral column.

Question 17.
What are the characteristic features of Amphibians?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 11

  • Young live in water but adults live on land.
  • Skin lacks scales and is smooth and slimy.
  • They lay eggs in water and cold blooded animals.
  • First vertebrates can live both in water and land.
  • They have three chambered heart.
  • They lack claws on their toes.
  • Hibernate during winter and aestivate during summer.
    Eg : Frogs, Toads, Salamanders.

Question 18.
What are the characteristic features of reptiles? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 12

  • The skin is dry and covered with scales.
  • They are cold blooded animals.
  • Most of them have three chambered heart but crocodile have four heart chambers.
  • They are egg laying animals.
  • Crocodiles have claws on their toes.
    Eg. : Crocodiles, Aligators, Snakes. Lizards.

Question 19.
What are the characteristic features of mammals? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 13

  • Skin covered by hair/fur.
  • Feed babies with milk.
  • Most of them have sweat glands and mammary glands.
  • Different types of teeth are present.
  • They give birth to fully formed young ones.
    Eg : Bats, Monkeys, Humans, Kangaroos etc.

Question 20.
Write the differences between non-chordata and chordata.
Answer:

Non – chordata Chordata
1) Vertebral column is absent. 1) Vertebral column is present.
2) Central nervous system is solid and ventral. 2) It is hollow and dorsal.
3) If heart is present, it is dorsal. 3) Heart is ventral.
4) Haemoglobin, if present is dissolvedin plasma. 4) Haemoglobin is present in the red bloodcorpuscles.
5) The Anus is posterior so no post analtail.
Eg : Annelida, Arthropoda
5) A post anal tail is present.
Eg : Aves, Reptilia

Question 21.
Draw a labelled diagram of bacteria. Add a note on its characteristics.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 4
Characteristics of bacteria :
a) One celled organism
b) No membrane bound nucleus
c) Reproduce by binary fission
d) Locomotion is by Flagella
e) Nutrition is by absorption

Question 22.
Identify the phylum for the following characteristics given.
a) Organisms with joint appendages
b) Hollow bones and stream lined body
c) Gills in larva, lungs in most adults, slimy skin
d) Exoskeleton of hair, external ears, mostly giving birth to live young.
Answer:
a) Arthropoda
b) Aves
c) Amphibian
d) Mammals

Question 23.
Fill up the flow chart.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 14
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 15

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why there is a need for classification of organisms?
Answer:

  • Classification gives a better knowledge and understanding of organisms under study.
  • It helps to study the organisms in a proper and systematic manner.
  • It helps to make comparison in an easier way.
  • It helps in understanding the relationship among the organisms and their interdependence.
  • Classification makes our study more focussed and helps us to handle huge population of organisms.
  • It gives us an idea about evolution.

Question 2.
Hasith went for an educational trip and collected some plants and animals. He is preparing a report on “Different organisms an** their Habitat’. Help him in the grouping of organisms by completing the table below.

Plant/animal Group/order
Earthworm
Star fish
Scorpion
Snail
Moss
Mango
Paddy
Coconut

Answer:

Plant/animal Group/order
Earthworm Annelida
Star fish Echinodermata
Scorpion Arthropoda
Snail Mollusca
Moss Bryophyta
Mango Angiosperm – dicot plant
Paddy Angiosperm – monocot plant
Coconut Angiosperm – monocot plant

Question 3.
Complete the following flow chart and answer the questions.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 16
i) In which group of non-flowering plants, true roots and leaves are present?
ii) In which groups of plants seeds are enclosed in fruit?
Answer:
i) A – Flowering plants
B – Pteredophyta
C – Gymnosperms
D – Dicot plants

ii) a) Pteredophyta
b) Angiosperm

Question 4.
Write any four doubts in the classification of organisms.
Answer:

  • What is the basis of classification?
  • Why should we consider evolution in classification of animals and plants?
  • How should we classify the organisms of the same species basing on their variations?
  • How should we classify the organisms scientifically?

Question 5.
Draw a dicot plant and label it.
Answer:
Parts :
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 17

  1. Tap root system (Root)
  2. Two cotyledons (Fruit)
  3. Reticulate venation (Leaf)

Question 6.
To which kingdom do Amoeba, Euglena, Paramoecium belongs to? Why?
Answer:
Amoeba, Euglena and Paramoecium belong to Protista kingdom.
Characters :

  1. Mostly they are unicellular organisms.
  2. Cells have a membrane around the nucleus.
  3. They live either solitary or in a colony.
  4. Most reproduce by splitting in two (binary fission).

Question 7.
Observe the table and answer the following characteristics of vertebrates.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 18
1) Which animals respire through lungs? Give examples.
2) Distinguish between warm blooded and cold blooded animals.
3) Where do we find first limbs in the animals?
4) Write the characteristic features of reptiles.
Answer:
1) Frog, Snake, Pigeon

2) Cold blooded animals change their body temperature according to their surroundings.
Ex : Fish, Frog, Snake. Warm blooded animals do not change their body temperature according to their surroundings.
Ex : Birds and mammals.

3) Amphibians

4) a) Ail are warm blooded animals.
b) They have 4 chambered heart.
c) They respire through lungs.
d) They give birth to fully developed young ones. They feed their babies with milk.

Question 8.
According to the following information answer the following questions.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 19

1) On what basis the plants are classified?
2) How do we call the plants that seeds are in fruits?
3) To which plants early root system were formed.
4) Give some examples to monocots.
Answer:

  1. Basing on flowering/non-flowering and seed bearing/non-seed bearing.
  2. Angiosperm plants
  3. Pteredophyta
  4. Paddy, Wheat

Question 9.
You have observed various characteristics of plants in your school, such as venation, root system and cotyledons, tabulate the details based in observations.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 20
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 21

Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given question.
Classification helps us in exploring the diversity of life forms. It is the systematic study of organisms present in nature. Initially the living organisms were classified into two kingdoms, then three kingdoms and then overtime into 5 and 6 kingdoms by different biologists as shown in the table below.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 22
i) What is classification?
ii) What is the use of classification?
iii) Who divided living organisms into five kingdoms?
vi) What are the first two divisions of Cavalier Smith classification?
Answer:
i) Classification is the division of organisms in groups basing on their similarities and diversities.
ii) Classification enables study of organisms in a systematic and easy manner and to understand the concept of evolution
iii) Whittekar
iv) Bacteria and protozoa.

Question 11.
Observe the above pictures and answer the questions.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living OrganismAP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Diversity in Living Organism 5
i) Shown here is a mango. What type of plant is a mango tree depending upon the number of cotyledons?
ii) To which phylum does the star fish belong?
iii) Name the unicellular organisms in the above picture.
iv) What are structures at the lower surface of the fern leaves?
Answer:
i) Dicotyledons
ii) Echinodermata
iii) Amoeba, Paramoecium, Euglena are Unicellular organisms in the above pictures.
iv) Sori

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the names of fresh water reservoirs and lakes in our state.
Answer:
Kolleru Lake of Krishna District is fresh water lake in our state.

Question 2.
What is adaptation?
Answer:
Way and means that organisms adapt or develop over a certain period of time in different conditions for better survival are adaptations of organisms.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 3.
What is transpiration?
Answer:
The loss of water vapour from plants, especially through stomata is called transpiration.

Question 4.
Name the oceanic zone that is most productive.
Answer:
Euphotic zone.

Question 5.
Give some examples of aquatic habitats.
Answer:
Rivers, ponds, lakes, oceans, seas and swamps.

Question 6.
Give some examples of terrestrial habitats.
Answer:
Grasslands, forests, deserts, mountain regions and coastal regions.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 7.
What are nocturnal animals?
Answer:
Animals which are active during night and sle^p during the day are called nocturnal animals.

Question 8.
What are xerophytes?
Answer:
Plants which live in deserts are called xerophytes.

Question 9.
What are the three zones of marine ecosystem?
Answer:
a) Euphotic zone
b) Bathyl zone
c) Abyssal zone

Question 10.
What will affect adaptations to marine life other than the conditions mentioned above?
Answer:
Temperature, pressure, salinity, etc. effect adaptations to marine life.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 11.
What happens to the temperature and pressure as depth increases?
Answer:
When the depth increases, the pressure increases and temperature decreases.

Question 12.
Which zone has more animals?
Answer:
Euphotic zone has more animals. This is because here light is available. So, planktons and plants are available here. Animals can survive here by getting food and other basic needs.

Question 13.
What are the factors which effect the availability of organisms?
Answer:
The factors like light, salt content, food, oxygen effect the organisms and their populations in different ways.

Question 14.
What are the types of aquatic ecosystems? Give examples.
Answer:
Fresh water ecosystem and marine water ecosystem.

Question 15.
What is the use of adaptations?
Answer:
Adaptations provide some improvement for better survival.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 16.
Do all animals living in desert conditions show adaptations?
Answer:
Yes, all animals living in deserts show adaptations.

Question 17.
Which zone do you think when compared to marine ecosystem is absent in fresh water ecosystem?
Answer:
Abyssal zone is absent in fresh water ecosystem.

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the different types of aquatic ecosystem? Give examples.
Answer:

  • Aquatic ecosystems are mainly classified into two different types as fresh water and marine ecosystems.
  • Ponds, lakes, rivers are the examples of fresh water ecosystem.
  • Seas, Oceans are the examples of marine ecosystem.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on nocturnal animals.
Answer:

  • Animals which are active during night and sleep during the day are called nocturnals.
  • These creatures generally have highly developed senses of hearing and smell.
  • They have specially adapted eye sight to see well in dark.
  • Animals like bats, emit a high pitched sound which bounses off objects to find prey or protect from predators. E.g.: Cats, rats, bats, owls, insects like crickets, firefly and cattle fish.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 3.
Write a short note on electric eel.
Answer:

  • Electric eel is an electric fish.
  • It is capable of generating power electric shocks of upto 600 volts, when it uses for hunting self defence.
  • It is an apex predator.
  • Despite its name, it is not an eel, but rather a knife fish.

Question 4.
The aquatic ecosystem of coringa mangrove region would be less saltier than the bay. Do you agree to this? Why, why not?
Answer:

  • Yes, I agree that the aquatic ecosystem of coringa mangrove region would be less saltier than the bay.
  • Because aquatic ecosystem of coringa mangrove region receive fresh water from Coringa and Gaderu rivers.
  • Distributories of Gautami, Godavari river and number of small rivers and canal transverse this mangrove ecosystem.
  • Hence Coringa mangrove region would be less saltier than bay.

Question 5.
What is symbiosis? Give one example.
Answer:
Symbiosis is close and often long term interaction between two or more different biological species. Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ecosymbiosis) and where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis)

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 6.
What is hibernation?
Answer:
Hybernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms. Hibernation refers to a season of heterothermy that is characterized by low body temperature, slow breathing and heart rate and low metabolic rate.

Question 7.
What is bioluminescence?
Answer:
Emission of visible light by living organisms such as the firefly and various fish, fungi, and bacteria.

Question 8.
What is ecosystem?
Answer:
The term ecosystem refers to the combined physical and biological components of an environment.

Question 9.
To know more information about ecosystem, what questions do you ask to you teacher?
Answer:

  • What are the biotic and abiotic factors of the ecosystem?
  • List out different ecosystems related to man in this biosphere.
  • Can we conserve this biosphere by saving ecosystems?
  • What is the relationship between man and ecosystem?

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the general aquatic adaptation in animals and plants?
Answer:

  • General aquatic adaptations are presence of some special air spaces inside bodies or presence of such substances that help organisms to swim and float in water.
  • Organisms bear specialized structures to swim like flippers as in turtles and fins in fishes.
  • Fishes, dolphins etc. have floaters in their body to be able to inhabit particular levels in the water body.
  • Microscopic photosynthetic organisms like planktons have droplets of oil in their cells that keeps them float.
  • Larger plants have tough leaves and flexible stems.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 2.
Write some of the adaptations seen in marine animals.
Answer:

  • Specially developed kidneys, gills and body functions help to maintain salt concentrations across membranes through osmosis.
  • Simple animals such as anemones or worms absorb the gases through their skin.
  • Mobile animals use gills, or even lungs to absorb oxygen from the water and air.
  • Many marine mammals have blubber for insulation from the cold and some fish have an antifreeze-like substance in their blood to keep it flowing.
  • Marine adaptations also include symbiosis, camouflage, defensive behaviour, re-productive strategies, contact and communication like most other ecosystems on the earth.
  • Marine organisms show adaptations to environmental conditions like pressure, temperature, light and salinity.

Question 3.
Write different zones in marine ecosystem, abiotic characteristics and type of organisms present.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 1

Question 4.
Write adaptations in some aquatic plants.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 2 AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 3

  • Partially submerged plants have numerous air spaces inside the stems, leaves, roots that aid in gaseous exchange and buoyancy.
  • Leaf bases of water hyacinth (eichhornia crossipes) form air filled structures to keep them afloat.
  • In water lilies leaves are flat, have an oily surface with stomata present on the up¬per surface of the leaf.
  • While incompletely submerged plants like hydrilla, stomata are absent, leaves are thin, stems are highly flexible.

Question 5.
What are the adaptations seen in hydrilla plant?
Answer:

  • In hydrilla stomata are absent, leaves are thin, stems are highly flexible.
  • It can grow at low light intensities.
  • It is better at absorbing carbon dioxide from the water.
  • It is able to store nutrients for later use.
  • It can tolerate a wide range of water quality conditions, for example, salinity.
  • Hydrilla can propagate sexually and asexually.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on lichens.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 4

  • The figure shows the successful adaptation of algae and fungi colonies.
  • The more adaptive fb’rms live on to form symbiotic relationship with the fungi in colo-nies called lichens.
  • The fungus provides water and minerals to the algae, while the algae performs photo-synthesis and supplies food in the form of sugars to the fungus.
  • Due to such symbiotic adaptations lichens are able to survive even in extreme cold conditions.

Question 7.
Write about the research done by Charles Darwin on finches in Galapagos islands.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 5

  • Charles Darwin in the year 1885 landed from the famous ship H.M.S. Beagle on one of the islands of around 120 small islands of the group of Galapagos islands.
  • He studied about different organisms of the islands.
  • His most remarkable observation had been about finches (our state bird is also a finch).
  • He was amazed to see that 13 types of finches that differed with respect to beaks and the colour of feather.
  • He noted that some finches eat seeds, while some eat fruits and the others eat insects.
  • Darwin observed that these birds had adapted to their immediate surrounding for food and shelter and showed a lot of variation with respect to the form of beaks.
  • Charles Darwin concluded that adaptation was something that an organism is undergoing continuously, even within very close by related forms in a particularly geographically separated area.

Question 8.
What are the adaptations seen in animals living in polar regions?
Answer:

  • Animals living in polar regions adapt themselves in different ways.
  • They have a thick layer of fat deposited under their skin, or thick fur coat or hair covering their bodies.
  • These act as insulators preventing heat loss from their bodies.
  • The fat not only insulates the body but helps in producing heat and energy.
  • Such adaptations can be seen in whales, seals, bears etc.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 9.
Write about symbiosis and camouflage.
Answer:
Symbiosis:

  1. When two organisms live together, exchange nutrients and are benefited mutually, the nutrition is called symbiotic nutrition.
  2. One of the organisms provide nutrients required for the other organism while the other provides shelter or nutrients or both.
  3. Symbiotic mode of nutrition is seen both plants and animals.
  4. Nitrogen fixing bacteria living in the root nodules of leguminous plants is a typical example for symbiotic nutrition.
  5. Plants provide shelter and nutrients to the bacteria while bacteria provide nitrogen compounds to the plant.
  6. In animals brightly coloured clownfish have adapted symbiotic relationship with anemones to protect both the clownfish and the anemones from predators.

Camouflage :

  1. A colour or shape in an animals body covering that helps it bend to its environment.
  2. Usually, animals adapt camouflage to escape from the predator.
  3. It also help the animal in better survival.

Question 10.
How is the coringa ecosystem different from the marine ecosystem you studied?
Answer:

  • Coringa ecosystem is the second largest in the country after sunderbans in West Bengal.
  • The coringa mangrove situated at a distance of 20 km from Kakinada is famous for its flora and fauna.
  • The mangrove plants have adapted themselves to the environment in which it grows.
  • The mangrove ecosystem also has a heavy growth of shrubs and herbs.
  • Numerous species of salt-tolerant species constitutes its flora which includes tropi¬cal and subtropical species such as Rhizoporo, Avicinia, Sonnerata Aegiceros and others.
  • Whenever conditions favour, the mangroves may form extensive and productive forests in the sheltered coastal lines.
  • The mangroves contain a highly specialised community of plants associated with animal species which are not capable of surviving in any other situations.
  • Mangroves are salt-tolerant forest ecosystems of tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 11.
Crocodile, alligator are both the same. Actually, they are not similar. Do you find any differences between them? What are they?
Answer:
Differences between Crocodile and Alligator :

Crocodiles Alligators
1) They live in both fresh water and salt water due to functional salt gland on its tongue allowing it to excrete excess salt. 1) They live in fresh water only.
2) Usually they are grayish green/olive brown in colour. 2) They are grayish black or nearly black in colour.
3) Usually they can grow upto 19 feet. 3) They can grow upto 14 feet.
4) Crocodiles weigh nearly 1200 kgs. 4) Alligator weigh upto 360 to 450 kgs.
5) The upper jaw covers lower jaw hiding the lower teeth. 5) Both lower and upper teeth are visible when the mouth is closed.
6) ‘V’ shaped snout, very long and narrow in front. 6) ‘U’ shaped snout (nose) in present.

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the passage to answer the questions given below.

The Side-winder adder snake crawls sideways with only a small amount of its body pressed against the hot sand. This technique helps it to keep itself cool. The Golden Mole escapes the heat of the sun by swimming through the sand just below the surface. It rarely emerges out as it finds all the needs below the ground.

Some animals show extraordinary ability to survive in the desert. The Kangaroo Rat of western North American desert can live without drinking water throughout its life. Because its body synthesizes little water in the process of digestion. The desert bird the Sand grouse flies long distances to an oasis in search of water, which it carries back in its feathers for its chicks.

A) Which desert organism never drinks water?
B) How Golden Mole escapes the heat of sun?
C) From where does Sand grouse get water?
D) Why Side Winder adder snake crawls sideways?
Answer:
A) The Kangaroo rat.
B) The Golden mole escapes the heat of the sun by swimming through the sand just below the surface.
C) Oasis.
D) The Side – Winder snake make crawls sideways with only a small amount of its body pressed against the hot sand. This technique helps it to keep itself cool.

Question 2.
Observe the table and answer the questions given below.

Name of the animal Habitation Adaptation
Kangaroo Rat North America Doesn’t drink water for lifetime, uses water formed in digestion.
Sand grouse Deserts Stores water in a special organ called crop present in the abdomen.

Write adaptation seen in the above animals.
Answer:

  • Kangaroo rat can live without drinking water throughout its life. Because its body synthesizes little water in the process of digestion.
  • Sand grouse flies long distances to an Oasis in search of water which it carries back in its crop for its nestlings.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

Question 3.
Explain the difficult types of modifications in plants that grow in Deserts?
Answer:
Adaptations in desert plants.

  1. Leaves are reduced to spines so that there is little transpiration loss and water is stored in the tissues of the stem.
  2. They have deep root system.
  3. They store water in stems, (succulent stems)
  4. Xerophytes have thick cuticle to prevent water loss.
  5. They have high salt content to increase osmosis.
  6. Stomata are reduced in number to prevent water loss.

Question 4.
Read the table and answer the following questions.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems 1
a) Basing upon what does this ecosystem divided into?
b) What is the range of depth in Euphotic zone?
c) Name the zone that lies between the depths of 200 m – 2000 m.
d) What adaptations do the organisms in abyssal zone contain?
Answer:
a) Basing on the availability of light in different zones of ocean.
b) 0 – 200 mts.
c) Bathyal zone.
d) They are mostly predators and scavengers. They have some special structures to produce light on their bellies and around their eyes, which are non-functional.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the three types of methods to get high yield?
Answer:

  • Improving high yielding varieties.
  • Using high yield management methods.
  • Crop protection management.

Question 2.
What are macro nutrients? Give examples.
Answer:
Minerals that required by plants in larger quantities are called macronutrients.
E.g.: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 3.
What are micronutrients? Give examples.
Answer:
Minerals required in small quantities are called micro nutrients.
E.g.: Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine, etc.

Question 4.
What is the major difference between short term varieties and long term varieties?
Answer:
Short term varieties produce grains more than long term varieties.

Question 5.
Give Examples of chemical fertilizers.
Answer:
NPK, Urea and Superphosphate are the examples of chemical fertilizers.

Question 6.
What is a vermi compost?
Answer:
It is the product or process of composting using worms usually earthworms is called vermi compost.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 7.
What is Kharif crop? Give two examples.
Answer:
Cultivation and harvesting of any domesticated plant sown in the rainy season.
Ex : Paddy, sugarcane, maize, etc.

Question 8.
What is Rabi crop? Give two examples.
Answer:
Agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season.
Ex : Wheat, barley, sesame, etc.

Question 9.
What are mixed crops? What is the advantage of growing mixed crops?
Answer:
If more than one crop is cultivated in the same field then it is called mixed crop. Because of mixed crop cultivation, the soil becomes fertile.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 10.
Give a list of green manure crops.
Answer:
Crops which are grown in field and can be ploughed back into the soil for soil fertility are called green manure crops.
Ex : Sanhemp, Lobia, Green gram, Kulthi, Berseem.

Question 11.
Write two uses of biofertilizers?
Answer:

  • Biofertilizers are useful to maintain soil health and productivity.
  • They synthesize nutrients from environment and soil.

Question 12.
What is the benefit of crop rotation?
Answer:
Crop rotation help the farmer by adding nutrients in the place of lost nutrients.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 13.
What is hybridization?
Answer:
Hybridization is a process to yield high yielding variety of crops.

Question 14.
What is GMS?
Answer:
Genetically Modified Seeds are called GMS.

Question 15.
What is NPK?
Answer:
NPK is the chemical proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash. These are partially or completely synthetic in origin.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 16.
What are weeds?
Answer:
Unwanted plants which are grown in the crop field along with cultivated crop.

Question 17.
What are insecticides? Give one example.
Answer:
These are the poisonous chemical substances which destroy the insects in the crop field. These are sprayed on the insect affected crops.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the factors that cause increase in production of crop?
Answer:

  • Production of crop depends on several factors.
  • Only when there is a proper combination of several factors, the production can increase.
  • Some of these factors include the kind of seeds planted, the properties of the soil, the availability and proper application of irrigation and fertilisers, the weather, con¬trolling insect attacks, the growth of seeds, and soon.

Question 2.
How to increase the food production?
Answer:

  • Increasing the area of cultivated land.
  • Increasing production in the existing land.
  • Developing high yielding varieties.
  • Alternative crops.
  • Mixed crops.
  • Cultivating short term crops like Rabi.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 3.
What is drip irrigation? What is its use?
Answer:

  • Drip irrigation is a good practise in agriculture to prevent water wastage.
  • In drip irrigation, water is supplied through small pipes.
  • These pipes have small holes through which water passes drop by drop.
  • Drip irrigation prevents wastage of water.

Question 4.
What is crop rotation? What is the benefit of crop rotation?
Answer:

  • Crop rotation is the process in which one crop is followed by another crop on an agricultural field.
  • When cereals are cultivated, more nutrients are utilised.
  • If legumes are grown in the soil, less nutrients are utilised.
  • Not only this, they synthesize some nutrients in the soil.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 5.
What is mixed crop? What are its uses?
Answer:
If more than one crop is cultivated in the same field then it is called mixed crop.
Uses:

  1. Because of mixed crop cultivation the soil becomes fertile.
  2. The nutrients which are used by one crop will be regained by cultivating another crop.
    E.g.: Soya grown along with Pea.
    Pea grown along with Green gram.
    Cotton grown along with Groundnut.

Question 6.
What are Green Manure Crops? Give examples.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 1

  • Some crops are grown so that they can be ploughed back into the soil. They are known as Green manure crops.
  • Some examples are berseem, kutthi, sunhemp, lobia, green gram, etc.

Question 7.
What are the functions of soil testing centre?
Answer:

  • At these centres the soil technologist collects soil samples from fields and tests the fertility levels of soil.
  • They give us knowledge about the soil.
  • The testing centres are situated in division and district levels.

Question 8.
What is organic farming? What are its uses?
Answer:

  • To maintain soil productivity organic farming came into existence.
  • In this type of farming, farmers use natural manures and natural pest controlling methods and they also practise crop rotation and mixed crop systems.

Question 9.
What are the advantages of water shed management?
Answer:

  • The water shed increases the moisture in the soil and prevents soil erosion as tree roots hold the soil firmly.
  • When there are many trees close by as in a forest, all of them together hold large quantities of water.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 10.
Write briefly about hybridization.
Answer:

  • By using hybridization methods the seeds with desired characters are developed.
  • Biotechnologists develop hybrid varieties by crossing between two plants which have genetically different characters and they developing new variety with useful characters.
  • The hybrid varieties that are produced by hybridization techniques are high yielding, disease-resistant can thrive on less rainfall, and will grow in acidic soils also.

Question 11.

Nutrient Uses
Nitrogen New leaves, flowers arise fast.
Phosphorous Penetrates roots deep into the soil to absorb nutrients quickly.
Potassium Resistance towards pests, increases the quality of smell, colour and taste of fruits.

Now answer the following questions.
1) Name the nutrient that is responsible for formation of new fruits and leaves.
2) Name the nutrient that is responsible for increase in the quality of smell, colour, and taste of fruits.
Answer:

  1. Nitrogen
  2. Potassium

Question 12.
Write the differences between mixed cropping and intercropping.
Answer:

Mixed cropping Inter cropping
1. Seeds : Seeds of different crops are mixed before sowing. 1. Seeds of different crops are not mixed.
2. Pattern : There is no pattern of sowing. 2. The different crops are sown in sepa­rate rows and strips.
3. Inputs : Lesser inputs of irrigation and nutrients are required. 3. Requirement of inputs is compariti- vely more.

Question 13.
What are the advantages of hybridisation?
Answer:

  • Due to this, high yielding plants are produced.
  • It makes varieties in disease resistant plants.

Question 14.
Write the differences between manure and Fertilizer.
Answer:

Manure Fertilizer
1. It consists of organic matter. 1. It consists of inorganic matter.
2. It is eco-friendly in nature. 2. It is not eco-friendly in nature.
3. It is prepared by animal excreta and plant wastes. 3. It is prepared commercially from chemicals.

Question 15.
Write the uses of manures.
Answer:
Manures helps in

  1. improvement of soil structure
  2. increase in water holding capacity
  3. soil enrichment with nutrients

Question 16.
Why is soil replenishment essential? State one natural method of soil replefiishment.
Answer:
By growing same crop year after year in the same soil, the soil shows depletion in certain nutrients. Cropping in this field year after year leads to drop in production of crops. Crop rotation and mixed cropping are very useful in soil replenishment.

Question 17.
What are the major group activities involved for improving of crop yields?
Answer:

  •  Crop variety improvement programme
  • Crop production improvement
  • Crop protection improvement

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 18.
How do deficiency of nutrients affect the crop?
Answer:
Deficiency of any nutrient affects physiological process in plants including reproduction, growth, and disease resistance.

Question 19.
What are the uses of crop rotation?
Answer:

  • Improves fertility of the soil.
  • It minimises the pest diseases.
  • It controls weeds.
  • It avoids depletion of a particular nutrient from soil.

Question 20.
The fields, in which legumes are grown, get enriched with nitrogen why?
Answer:
The roots of legumes have nodules on their roots which fix the atmospheric nitrogen due to which the land gets enriched with Nitrogen. Therefore, legumes are grown in a season alternating between cereal crops such as wheat and millet.

Question 21.
What is drip irrigation?
Answer:
Drip irrigation is a practice in agriculture to prevent water wastage. In this method, water is supplied through small pipes. These pipes have small holes where water pass through drop by drop.

Question 22.
Write some suggestions to improve food production.
Answer:
We should use

  1. High yielding seed
  2. Suitable irrigation system
  3. By using fertilizers and pesticides in a prescribed way
  4. Right time of sowing seeds.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note on organic manure.
Answer:

  • The organic manure is produced by decaying the plant and animal wastes.
  • The manure produced from decomposed plants and animal products has more organic material.
  • This gives good nutrients to the soil. It makes the soil fertile.
  • Because of humus, the natural manure, water holding capacity of soil is increased.
  • Natural organic manures are generally divided into two types. One is concentrated organic manure and the other is macro organic manure.
  • Groundnut, gingilli, castor, coconut, neem, jatropa seed powders are the examples of concentrated organic manures.
  • Animal excreta, compost, deep hitter are the examples of macro organic manure.
  • Nutrients are rich in the concentrated manures than in macro organic manures.
  • Plant and animal residues in the field such as stalks and roots, cow dung, urine, etc as organic manure.

Question 2.
How is the natural manure Panchagavya is prepared?
(OR)
An Agricultural Officer who encourages Organic farming wants to demonstrate preparation of natural manure by using five main ingredients of cow products. Prepare a note on it as a lab record.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 2

  • The main ingredients of Panchagavya are milk, curd, ghee, dung, and urine of cow.
  • Mix cow dung and cow ghee.
  • Settle it for four days. On the fifth day, add urine, milk, and curd of cow.
  • Also add kallu, coconut water, and sugarcane juice to the mixture and then add banana paste.
  • Settle it for ten days. Stir the material morning and evening.
  • Then we will get panchagavya the only sprayer type of manure.
  • 3% of panchagavya is helpful to grow crop with higher yielding.
  • It is also used as food for hens and fish in ponds.

Question 3.
What are the uses of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium?
Answer:
Uses of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium :

Nutrient Uses
Nitrogen New leaves, flowers arise fast.
Phosphorous Penetrates roots deep into the soil to absorb nutrients quickly.
Potassium Resistance towards pests, increases the quality of smell, colour and taste of fruits.

Question 4.
What are bio-fertilizers? Give examples.
Answer:
Some microorganisms which are useful to synthesise nutrients from the environment or from soil to plants. These are called microbial cultures or bio-fertilizers.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 3
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 4

Question 5.
How vermi compost is prepared?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 5

  • Construct 10 × 1 × ½ metres vermi compost beds in sheds which protect these beds from direct sunlight and rain.
  • Collect coconut, banana, and sugarcane leaves, coconut coir, and dry black gram plants.
  • Made them into 3 to 4 inches layer. This layer was wet with water.
  • Collect house hold waste of dry cattle dung from the village to fill the bed.
  • After two weeks of making bed, they kept thousand earth worms per square meter and covered the bed with gunny bags to maintain 30/6 to 40/6 of moisture.
  • After 60 days we can collect our first manure.
  • Second time, we will get the manure within 40 to 45 days.
  • Every year we get the manure 6 times from these beds.
  • Thus, vermi compost is prepared.

Question 6.
How Green revolution has changed the life style of farmers in India?
Answer:

  • By Green revolution, the production of crops has been increased tremendously.
  • Agriculture has become an industry and provides new avenues for work and fulfilment. Ecological balance may occur by the product of the green revolution.
  • The soil may become fertilizer dependent. Plants are more dependent on pesticides which affect soil fertility man and animal health.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Absorption of salts by different crops (Units: Kg/Hectares/Season)
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 6

Nutrient Uses
Nitrogen New leaves, flowers arise fast.
Phosphorous Helps roots to penetrates deep into the soil to absorb nutrients quickly.
Potassium Resistance towards pests, increases the quality of smell, colour and taste of fruits.

a) In which crop new leaves arise fast? Why?
b) In which crop roots do not penetrate deep into soil?
c) Which crop show more resistance to pests? Why?
d) From the above table, cultivation of which crop yields more to farmer?
Answer:

  1. Sugarcane crop. Because it utilise nearly 90% of Nitrogen. Nitrogen is responsible for formation of new leaves.
  2. Millet crops.
  3. Sugarcane
  4. Sugarcane

Question 2.
How do you appreciate the role of earthworms in helping farmers?
Answer:

  • Earthworms are known as “friends of farmers”.
  • Earthworms make the soil loose and enables it to aerate.
  • They make the soil rich with organic fertilizers and reduce the farmer’s investment on chemical fertilizers.
  • They also help the farmer in improving the crop productivity and soil quality.

Question 3.
If a farmer cultivating one type of crop then what happend?
Answer:

  1. The crop productivity decreases.
  2. Soil fertility gradually decreases.
  3. Attack of pests on crops will increase.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

Question 4.
Read the paragraph carefully and answer the questions given below.
Generally farmers use synthetic pyrethroids like pesticides, insecticides to control pests on crops. Farmers are also using so many natural pest controlling techniques.
1. Which concept in agriculture explains the above information?
2. Name some synthetic pesticides and insecticides.
3. Distinguish between synthetic insecticides and natural insecticides.
4. Write about any two natural insect control methods.
Answer:

  1. Crop protective methods.
  2. D.A.P. super phosphate, D.D.T, Heptachlore.
  3. Artificial pesticides are nothing but poisonous chemicals. They harm and kill the pests but also the useful friendly insects which are useful in pollination. Natural pesticides are the insects which feed on pests that destroy crops.
    Ex : Dragon fly, spiders, mirids, lady bird beetle.
  4. a) By introducing “Bacillus thuringiensis” we can protect our crops,
    b) By adapting mixed crop cultivation we can reduce pests naturally.

Question 5.
The fields of Ramaiah and Somaiah are in the same area. Both cultivated the cotton crop. Ramaiah got good crop yield than Somaiah. Guess the reasons for low crop yield of Somaiah.
Answer:

  • He selected high crop yield variety of cotton.
  • He used better crop management methods for high yielding.
  • He used better pest controlling method to get high crop yield.
  • He used soil friendly fertilizers to get high yield of crop.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is exosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules leave the cell is called exosmosis.

Question 2.
What is endosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules enter the cell is called endosmosis.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 3.
Who are the scientists that removed salt from sea water and how?
Answer:
Freddie Mercury and David Bowie removed salt from sea water by using a semi permeable membrane by a process called desalination.

Question 4.
What happens if red blood cells are placed in distilled water?
Answer:
The red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution like distilled water the cells swell and burst.

Question 5.
What is the better food during a journey?
Answer:
The natural fruits with 80% to 90% water in them, not only quench our thirst but also reduce our hunger.

Question 6.
What is a saturated solution?
Answer:
The solution that cannot takeup more solute to dissolve is called a saturated solution.

Question 7.
Name the principle involved in dialysis and reverse osmosis.
Answer:
Osmosis

Question 8.
Name the principle involved in air freshners, mosquito repellents that are used in our daily life.
Answer:
Diffusion.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 9.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium surrounding the cells has a higher water concentration than the cell, the cell will gain water by osmosis. Such type of solution is called hypotonic solution.

Question 10.
What is isotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has exactly the same concentration as the cell there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. Such solution is called isotonic solution.

Question 11.
What is hypertonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has a lower water concentration, then the cell will loose water by osmosis. Such a solution is called hypertonic solution.

Question 12.
What is plasmolysis?
Answer:
When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.

Question 13.
How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell?
Answer:
CO2 moves by diffusion and water moves by osmosis through cell membrane.

Question 14.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypotonic solution?
Answer:
When the cell is placed in hypotonic solution, water enters into the cell. Hence, the cell swell up.

Question 15.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypertonic solution?
Answer:
Water leaves from the cell when we keep the cell in the hypertonic solution. Hence the swell will shrink.

Question 16.
Why does the skin of your finger shrinks when you wash your clothes for a long time?
Answer:
A soap solution is a hypertonic solution. So, water moves out of your fingers by osmosis.

Question 17.
A person takes concentrated solution of salt. After sometime, he starts vomiting. What is the phenomenon responsible for such solution?
Answer:
Exosmosis in intestine causes dehydration.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 18.
When you are cooking vegetables generally you add salt to vegetables during cooking. After adding salt, vegetables release water. What mechanism is responsible for this?
Answer:
Exosmosis is responsible for the above mechanism.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is reverse osmosis ? What are its applications?
Answer:
1) When heavy pressure is applied on salt solution which is separated from fresh water with semipermeable membrane, the water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind.
2) This process is known as reverse osmosis.

Application :
Home reverse osmosis machines are available in the market, which filter salt water through three membranes.

Question 2.
What is diffusion? Give example.
Answer:
The process by which some materials when kept in a medium like air and water spread equally throughout it, it is called diffusion.

Example :
If a bottle of scent is opened in one corner of a room, the smell spreads in the entire room due to the diffusion of scent molecules.

Question 3.
What is Graham’s law?
Answer:

  • Thomas Graham, Scottish physical chemist, worked on diffusion of gases.
  • He had infered that a more soluble substance in a medium diffuse faster than a less soluble substance.
  • This is popularly known as Graham’s law.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 4.
What is dialysis? Who constructed dialysis machine? The machine works on which principle?
Answer:

  • Dialysis is the artificial method of removal of wastes from the blood.
  • Dr. William Kolff a Dutch physician in the year 1947 constructed dialysis machine.
  • Dialysis machine works on principle of diffusion and filtration across a semi permeable membrane.

Question 5.
Why did we feel thirstier, after eating 50 gms of potato chips in journey?
Answer:

  • After eating foods preserved like potato chips we feel thirstier because water is drawn from the body into the digestive system to maintain water balance.
  • So we have to drink more water after eating salty food.

Question 6.
Why does CO2 can not enter the cell?
Answer:

  • This is due to diffusion of CO2 from the cell into the blood through semipermeable membrane or cell membrane.
  • Due to respiration concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> increases in the cell than outside.
  • Hence CO2 diffuses out.

Question 7.
Water enters the root cells from the soil, why? Name the process involved in this.
Answer:
Water enters the plant through root hairs, because the concentration of water in the soil arounds the roots is higher than that inside the root epidermis. This process is called osmosis.

Question 8.
Why do dry apricots placed in salt solution do not swell while they do so when kept in water?
Answer:
Dry apricots swell up in water because their cells have a high osmotic concentration which causes passage of water into them. They do not swell up when placed in salt solution because the external solution is hypertonic.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 9.
What happens if plasma membrane ruptures or breaks?
Answer:
If the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, the following may happen.
a) The cell will lose its shape.

b) Since plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
If it breaks all the useful substances also move out of the cell, all the metabolic activities of the cell will get effected and the cell may die.

Question 10.
What happens to the dry raisins when we put them in plain water for sometime? What happens if these raisins are now placed in concentrated solution?
Answer:
i) When we put dry raisins in plain water, they gain water and the size of dry raisins will increase.
ii) When these swollen raisins are placed in concentrated salt solution, these loose water and shrink.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 1

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the differences between diffusion and osmosis?
Answer:

Diffusion Osmosis
1. Substance move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. Water moves from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration.
2. Semipermeable membrane is not necessary. Semipermeable membrane is necessary.
3. Diffusion can takes place in solids, liquids and gases. Osmosis occurs in liquid medium.
4. It is a physical process. It is a physical, physiological process.

Question 2.
What is osmosis? Explain with example.
Answer:
The flow of water from a region of dilute solution to a more concentrated one through a semipermeable membrane.
Eg : Osmosis with kishmish / raisin.

  1. Dried kishmish are put in pure water and left for some time. Then these kishmish are placed in concentrated solution of sugar or salt.
  2. It is proved experimentally that kishmish gains water and swells and when placed in concentrated solution the kishmish loose water and shrink.
  3. In the above two situations water moved from low concentration to higher concen-tration due to osmosis.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 3.
What is cell membrane? What are its functions?
Answer:
The outermost, extremely delicate elastic membranous covering of the cell that separate its contents from the external environment is called plasma membrane.
Functions of plasma membrane :
1. Shape :
Plasma membrane provides a definite shape to semi-fluid contents of the cell.

2. Mechanical barrier :
It functions as mechanical barrier that protects the internal contents of the cell,

3. Selectively permeable :
Plasma membrane determines what substances are to be allowed entry or exit from the cell.

4. Endocytosis :
It helps the cell to engulf food and other substances from its external environment by endocytosis.

5. Recognition :
The recognition centres of plasma membrane help in tissue formation, distinction of foreign substances and defense against microbes.

6. Flow of information :
Plasma membrane provides flow of information amongst different cells of the same organism.

7. Osmosis :
Osmosis occurs due to presence of tiny water channels in the plasma membrane.

8. Cell continuity :
At places plasma membrane of adjacent cells become continuous to form plasmodesmata and cell junctions.

9. Specialization :
Plasma membrane gets modified to perform different functions.
E.g. : absorption in microvilli.

Question 4.
Importance of osmosis to living organisms.
Answer:

  • Water enters into roots through osmosis.
  • Water moves between the cells through osmosis.
  • Osmosis helps in opening and closing of stomata.
  • It bring about movement of water and minerals in certain plants.
  • In our body waste materials are filtered from blood.
  • In our body useful materials are absorbed along with water through osmosis.

Question 5.
Explain the process of reverse osmosis with a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
When salt water is separated from fresh water through a semi-permeable membrane, the filteration can be achieved by applying high pressure on salt water. Due to this pressure water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind. This phenomenon is widely used nowadays in water purifiers to filter salt water.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 2

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if we keep deshelled raw egg in salt water?
Answer:
i) Salt water is more concentrated than egg Yolk.
ii) When raw de-shelled egg placed in salt water, water from egg comes out through egg membrane. This called exosmosis.
iii) Due to exosmosis, the size of the egg decreases.

Question 2.
i) Pour sugar solution in the potato cup upto a level as shown by the pin in the figure.
ii) Keep the potato cup in the bowl filled with water upto half the height of the potato cup.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 3
Answer the following questions based on the above experiment
i) What is the aim of the experiment?
ii) What will be the observation in this experiment?
iii) If the potato cup is filled with water and the beaker is filled with sugar solution, what will be the observation?
iv) What is the difference between this experiment when compared with dried grapes (kishmish) kept in water?
Answer:
i) To prove osmosis in potato living cells.
ii) Sugar solution level rises in potato cup beyond the point where needle placed.
iii) Sugar solution level falls down in potato cup.
iv) In both experiments endosmosis is observed in the cells.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 3.
Latha dropped some crystals of KMnO<sub>4</sub> in a beaker of water and observing to know what happens. What is the phenomenon that occurs in the experiment?
Answer:
Diffusion

Question 4.
Read and complete the following table according to the given information.

Process / Function Name of the Phenomenon
1. Plasma membrane determines what substances are to be allowed entry or exit from the cell.
2. The flexibility of membrane to engulf food and other substances.
3. Movements of water through tiny channels of plasma membrane (from lower concentration to higher concentration.)
4. Movement of molecules / substances from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Answer:

  1. Selective permeability
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Osmosis
  4. Diffusion

Question 5.
Observe the following substances and answer the following questions.

Substance Should go into the cell Should go out of the cell
Oxygen
Glucose
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbondioxide
Wastes

a) Which substances should go into the cell?
b) Which substances should go out the cell?
c) Which is useful to transport the substances into the cell?
d) What is use of osmosis?
Answer:
a) Oxygen, Glucose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins.
b) Carbondioxide, Waste materials.
c) Plasma membrane.
d) Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane. It allows entry of useful certain materials exit of some unuseful substances while preventing passage to remaining substances.
It helps in keeping the ceil alive.

Question 6.
Observe the diagram answer the following questions.
a) Which chemical material is used to made a semi permeable membrane from an egg?
b) Which precautions do you take to make a semipermeable membrane?
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 4
Answer:
a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid.
b) 1) Keep the raw eggs in dil HCl for 4 to 5 hours.
2) Wash the eggs under tap water.
3) Carefully pierce a pencil sized hole in the egg membrane and drain the contents.
4) Again wash the membrane with fresh water.

Question 7.
Two beakers, funnel, filter paper, retort stand, sugar, dye and wheat or rice flour and plastic bottle would be given to you. What experiment will you do with this? Write the procedure and precautions of that experiment.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 5

  1. Arrange the filtering apparatus as shown in the figure.
  2. Prepare wheat or rice powder solution in a beaker by adding one tea spoon of powder in 100 ml of water.
  3. Add a drop of tincture iodine to the solution.
  4. Now pour the solution into the funnel.
  5. Filter paper allows water and dissolved rice powder to pass through it.
  6. Filter paper does not allow the undissolved powder precipitate through it.

Precautions :

  1. Ensure that the using filter paper should not have any damage or holes.
  2. Stir the powder solution continuously, while pouring it slowly through filter paper.

Question 8.
What happens if cells are not permeable
Answer:
If cells are not permeable, they will not get the useful substances like minerals, water, nutrients and oxygen. Like this way, the waste products released during cellular activities will not be sent out. As a result the cell may die.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

Question 9.
Rajesh conducted an experiment to know the movement of substances using potato and sugar solution.
a) What is the objective of Rajesh’s experiment?
b) Write the materials required by Rajesh to conduct this experiment.
c) Where does the level of solution increase?
d) What is your observation in this experiment?
Answer:
a) To observe osmosis
b) One raw potato, one boiled potato, two beakers, bowls, two pins, water, sharp knife.
c) Increase in the level of sugar solution in potato.
d) Water always moves towards the sugar solution the movement of water from less concentration to high concentration through a membrane is called osmosis.

Question 10.
Give some examples for process that occurs through permeable membrane that you observed in your daily life.
Answer:
Ex : 1. Water moves from one cell to another through osmosis.
Ex : 2. Movement of water from soil to roots.
Ex : 3. Waste materials in our blood are filtered.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the expressions of animals to protect themselves from predators?
Answer:
Hissing of snakes, barking of dogs, stiffing of nailed hair of hedgehog (mullapandi), bad flavour from skin of tasmanian devil etc., are all the expressions to protect them¬selves from predators.

Question 2.
Why fish do not need to learn how to swim?
Answer:
Swimming is an instinct behaviour to fish. Hence they don’t need to learn how to swim.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 3.
How can butterfly get to know about nectar?
Answer:
Butterfly gets to know about the nectar instinctively.

Question 4.
Who does teach a bird to make a nest?
Answer:
There is no need to teach the bird to make it’s nest, because it is an instinct behaviour.

Question 5.
Give two examples of reflexes.
Answer:

  • Kicking out when the doctor taps your knee with a small hammer.
  • Sudden closing of eyes when a bright light is flashed on your face.

Question 6.
Give one example of imprinting from your surroundings.
Answer:
Salmon bird goes back to its home stream to spawn.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 7.
Give one example for conditioning.
Answer:
A tiger in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hop to receive a food treat.

Question 8.
Name the branch of zoology that deals with scientific and objective study of animal behaviour.
Answer:
Ethology.

Question 9.
Give one example for imprinting behaviour.
Answer:
Ducklings follow the first moving object they meet after hatching and treat it as their mother.

Question 10.
Give one example of instinctive behaviour.
Answer:
Building a nest by birds/climbing trees by monkeys/swimming of fish in a lake.

Question 11.
Name the scientist who studied animal behaviour – imprinting.
Answer:
Konard Lorenz.

Question 12.
What are the other behaviours we find in animals and give examples?
Answer:
Animals show the feelings like happiness, threat, fear, anger, sadness etc…..
Eg: After returning from fields in the evening cow licks its calf. It reflects it’s affection towards its body.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 13.
How Tasmanian Devil protects itself from enemies?
Answer:
By spraying bad odour through it’s body.

Question 14.
What is imitation?
Answer:
People often imitate each other. This can help them to learn new and useful skills. It may also lead them to certain unwanted behaviours like drinking, smoking etc…

Question 15.
How do cockroaches differentiate light and dark?
Answer:
Cockroaches have eyes that are adapted to sense the difference between daylight and dark. Their eyes have cells that perceive light.

Question 16.
What is a pheramone?
Answer:
It is secreted or excreted chemical that triggers a social response in the members of same species.
Eg : ants, honey bees…

Question 17.
What are primates?
Answer:
The group of mammals that includes humans and monkeys.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 18.
Name the animal on which Ivan Pavlov done his experiments.
Answer:
Dog.

Question 19.
Give two examples of conditioning.
Answer:

  1. Electronic fence stop grazing animals straying.
  2. Children come out of the classroom after hearing the school bell.

Question 20.
What is special about Beaver?
Answer:
Beaver is a mammal which lives in South America, builds dams across water streams. Stagnated water is the living home for Beavers family.

Question 21.
Give names of scientists of Ethology.
Answer:

  1. Nikolas Tinbergen
  2. Konard Lorenz
  3. Karlvon Frisch

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by animal behaviour? What it indicates?
Answer:

  • Animal behaviour is the scientific study of the wild and wonderful ways in which animals interact with either, with other living beings and with the environment.
  • It explores how animals relate to their physical environment as well as to other organisms.
  • It also includes topics such as how animals find and defend resources, avoid predators, choose mates, reproduce and care for their young.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 2.
What are the uses and loses of imitation in human behaviour?
Answer:

  • Imitation can help us learn something new and useful, such as new skill in lessons, sports or at work.
  • Imitation also leads us to show less useful or harmful behaviour.
  • For example, young people may start smoking, drinking alcohol or taking drugs as a result of copying each other to fit in.
  • But it is very dangerous for our health.

Question 3.
How conditioning can be used to change the behaviour of people by advertisers?
Answer:

  • Advertisers are very skilled in changing the behaviour of people.
  • They use pictures of their products which make them look glamorous or exciting, often by using famous actors or sportspeople.
  • By associating the product with attractive images the advertisers are trying to set up a conditioned response to their product.
  • People will respond positively and buy the product.

Question 4.
Explain about tagging.
Answer:

  • Like birds some other animals also migrate over large distances to find food or nesting sites.
  • Animals can be tagged by attaching tracking devices to them.
  • Tagging lets the scientists follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 5.
Write the process of hiding food by Scrubjay bird.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour 1

  • A bird called scrubjay hides its food.
  • An experiment proved that a scrubjay had hidden its food in presence of another bird.
  • After some time it was found that the other bird had stolen it by fixing a plan.

Question 6.
Write about a mammal Beaver, which lives in North America.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour 2

  • Beaver a mammal which lives in North America builds dams across water streams.
  • Beaver cut big trees by its sharp teeth to fell the trees across the stream.
  • Then the beaver constructed nearly four feet wall by using twigs, stones and mud.
  • Stagnated water is the living home for beavers family.

Question 7.
Give two examples for reflexes.
Answer:

  • Closing of the eyes when there is anything threatening the eye.
  • The contraction of pupil when bright light enters eye.
  • Withdrawing our hand when we touch hot objects.
  • We sneeze when something enter our nose.
  • We cough when we inhale dust etc.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 8.
How squirrels cheat others?
Answer:
Squirrels hide their food in an interesting way. They always behave in such a manner that somebody is trying to steal their food. In order to misguide others they dig holes in many places and heap leaves to cover them. Most of the holes do not contain food. In this way they cheat others by making believe that these holes contain food.

Question 9.
How beetle protects itself from enemies?
Answer:
Beetle (or) Bombardie Beetle has two chemicals hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide stored in it’s body. Whenever the beetle feels threatened these chemicals mix with some special enzymes and that heat up the liquids which gives bad smell from it’s body.

Question 10.
What are the amazing features of intelligence of Dolphins?
Answer:
Dolphins have great logical thinking power they could understand a code language if they are trained by practice. The trained dolphins bring ball from the tub and throw it again into the same tub. They remember the names by short whistle.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the experiment conducted by Ivan Pavlov on conditioning.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour 3

  • Ivan Pavlov (1849 to 1936) was a Russian Scientist who has investigated conditioning.
  • He discovered that dogs produced extra saliva when they were offered food.
  • Pavlov noticed that they also did the same when the person who fed them came into the room, even if the person had not brought any food.
  • Pavlov went on to ring a bell at the start of feeding time, and eventually, the dogs produced extra saliva when they heard the bell, before any food was brought.
  • A dog salivating when it hears a bell is not a natural response.
  • They would not do this without being conditioned to do so.
  • The behaviour has been learned. It is called a conditioned response.

Question 2.
Describe the process of hiding food by squirrel.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour 4

  • Squirrels hide their food in a fascinating way.
  • They always behave in such a man¬ner that somebody is trying to steal their food.
  • In order to misguide others they dig holes in many places and heap leaves, starch etc., to cover them.
  • Sometimes most of the holes does not contain any food.
  • In this way they cheat others to make believe that these holes contain food.

Question 3.
How wasp (bee) construct hive and how it collects food?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour 5

  • Wasp is an intelligent bee which builds its home keeping in view its future needs.
  • Wasp builds its hive on the walls by using mud.
  • They select suitable mud for constructing its hive.
  • After constructing its hive they search for food.
  • They collect food material by injecting its venom (usually other larva) and kept in it its hive.
  • Wasp lay its eggs on the food material, which it used as food for larva of wasps.

Question 4.
Who experimentally proved that Dolphins have logical thinking power? Write about the experiments.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour 6

  • Hermon proved that Dolphins have great logical thinking power.
  • Hermon studied four bottle nose Dolphins at Kavalo Basin mammal Laboratory of Hawai Islands.
  • He named four Dolphins as Akkikomoi, Phoenix, Allen and Hippo.
  • Hermon could understand by his study that Dolphins can remember their names and understand a code language if they are trained by practice.
  • For example, the closed fist shows a tub, raised arms show a ball and one hand raised tells ‘bring here’.
  • If we show the above actions in a sequence, the Dolphins would bring the ball from the tub, if we reverse the actions they throw the ball into the tub.
  • If a Dolphin of particular whistle is called all the Dolphins stare at, while the par¬ticular one comes to us.

Question 5.
Describe the wonder behaviour of an African parrot Alex.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour 7

  • In 1977, Ervin Pepperberg brought a parrot and trained it.
  • Slowly he made it learn more than 100 words.
  • He then arranged the words in a such a way that Alex can frame its own sentences.
  • After some days, he showed Alex one yellow bowl and another yellow dish and it recognised similarities and differences between them.
  • Alex even tried to teach other parrots of its group.
  • Alex called apple as ‘Bannery’ because it tastes like a banana and look like a big cherry. Naming in this way is a sign of creativity in language.
  • Before Alex’s death, it could even learnt up to 7th table.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain behavioural adaptations of animals using two examples.
Answer:

  • Nesting of birds, selecting mates, forming flocks for protection from enemies are some examples for behavioural adaptations in animals.
  • Beaver, a mammal which lives in North America builds dams across water streams and catch the fish and feeds it’s family.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 2.
What are the ways to observe the behaviour of animals? Explain any one of them with suitable examples.
Answer:

  • Scientists observe the animal behaviour either directly or indirectly.
  • Behaviour can be investigated in the field or in the laboratory.
  • Scientists spend many hours watching and studying the behaviour of animals. Animals can signal to each other. For example, they may call each other to warn danger. Some of the scientists record and study them to work out what the signals mean.
  • Scientists use tagging method to observe bird and animal migration. Animals can be ‘tagged’ by attaching tracking devices to them. This lets scientists follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 3.
What is Tagging? How it is useful to scientists?
Answer:

  • Scientists use tagging method to observe bird and animal migration.
  • Animals can be “tagged” by attaching tracking devices to them.
  • This lets the scientists to follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 4.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.
1) In which chamber more cockroaches are there?
2) In which chamber less cockroaches are there?
3) What are the conditions of chamber that live more cockroaches?
4) How the behaviour of cockroaches?
Answer:

  • Dark and damp conditions.
  • Light and dry chamber.
  • Damp and dark condition.
  • Cockroaches searched for their favourite conditions and reached the dark damp chamber.

Question 5.
Observe the picture and answer the following.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour
a) What is the aim of the experiment?
b) Write about the behaviour of cockroaches.
c) Write down the differences of situation provided between two chambers having less and more cockroaches.
d) What will happen if you put rats instead of cockroaches in the above room?
Answer:
a) To study the behaviour of cockroaches.

b) Cockroaches selected their favourite conditioned chamber – dark and damp. In these conditions only cockroaches can survive.

c) The experimental box is divided into a choice of chamber with four different conditions. They are
a) light and dry
(b) light and humid
(c) dark and dry
(d) dark and humid.
Finally the cockroaches reached dark and humid chamber.

d) Rats also choose dark and damp chamber. Because darkness enable them to escape from predators and damp conditions make favour to maintain body temperature.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour

Question 6.
Suppose you were a quiz master for biology round in an event. Prepare some questions to ask about “Instinct” and “Imitation” in that event.
Answer:

  • Birds fly in the sky – which type of animal behaviour is this?
  • Ramu saw some ducklings following a hen. He was amazed to see this. Which type of animal behaviour is this?

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the parts of a nerve cell?
Answer:
We can identify 3 distinct parts in nerve cell. They are :

  1. Cell body or cyton
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrites

Question 2.
How the bone is made up of?
Answer:

  • Bone is made up of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
  • These salts are secreted by osteocytes.
  • Osteocytes are present in the bone marrow.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 3.
What is granular epithelium?
Answer:
Sometimes a portion of epithelial tissue folds inward and formed a multicellular gland. Hence, it is called as granular epithelium.

Question 4.
Where do we found columnar epithelium?
Answer:
Columnar epithelium present where absorption and secretion occurs.
Eg : Intestine.

Question 5.
Why the ‘AB’ group human beings are called as universal recipients?
Answer:

  • ‘AB’group human beings can receive the blood from any other groups.
  • Hence, they are called as universal recipients.

Question 6.
Why the ‘O’ group people are called as universal donors?
Answer:

  • ‘0’group human beings can donate the blood to any other group.
  • So, these people are known as universal donors.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 7.
Name some modified epithelial cells.
Answer:

  • Skin is a kind of epithelial tissue.
  • Nails and hair grow from it.
  • The scales of fishes and reptiles and feathers of birds etc., are the modified epithe-lial cells.

Question 8.
What is tendon? What is its use?
Answer:

  • Tendon is a type of connective tissue, which is also made of fibres.
  • The tendon joins the muscle to the bone. It is also made of collagen.

Question 9.
Where do we found cuboidal epithelium? Why?
Answer:
Cuboidal epithelium can be found in the lining of kidney tubules, the ducts of salivary glands. They provide mechanical support.

Question 10.
What is the main function of WBC?
Answer:
WBC provides immunity to the body by providing the body against infections.

Question 11.
Give two examples of cartilage.
Answer:
Tip of the nose and external ear are two examples of cartilage.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 12.
Name the muscle tissue that connects muscle to a bone.
Answer:
Tendon

Question 13.
What is the yellow fibres that are connecting bones known as?
Answer:
Ligament.

Question 14.
What are the involuntary muscles?
Answer:
The muscles whose contraction is not under the control of will power.
Eg : Cardiac muscles.

Question 15.
Write the functions of cartilage.
Answer:

  • Provides flexibility and support to the body parts.
  • It smoothens the surface at the joints.

Question 16.
Name the tissue that is present in the hump of a camel or blubber of whale.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 17.
Name the fat storage tissue and state its location in our body.
Answer:
Adipose tissue stores fat in our body. It is present just below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 18.
Name the types of Rh factors of human body.
Answer:
Positive and Negative (A+, A-)

Question 19.
Name the tissue that is present in brain.
Answer:
Nervous tissue formed with neurons is present in the brain.

Question 20.
What is called action potential?
Answer:
Whenever a nerve is stimulated, it produces a small electrical current (0.055V) called action potential.

Question 21.
What is the other name for Areolar tissue?
Answer:
Fibroblasts.

Question 22.
Name the tissue that acts as insulator.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 23.
What is bone made of?
Answer:
Bone is made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Question 24.
Where do you find Osteocytes?
Answer:
In the central hollow portion of the bone called bone marrow.

Question 25.
Where you can see Haversian canal?
Answer:’
In Osteocytes (or Bone cells)

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 26.
Name the tissue that is present in embryos of several vertebrae.
Answer:
Cartilage

Question 27.
Where do you find contractile proteins?
Answer:
In muscle fibres.

Question 28.
What are the 3 major portions of a nerve cell?
Answer:
1) Cell body
2) Axon
3) Dendrite (or) cyton

Question 29.
Name the only cells in our body, which do not have the ability of regenaration.
Answer:
Nerve cells.

Question 30.
Where do you see Nissl’s granules?
A. Nerve cells

Question 31.
Which nodes present at regular intervals on the nerve cells?
Answer:
Ranvier Nodes.

Question 32.
What is a nerve?
Answer:
Axons of several nerve cells form bundles called nerve.

Question 33.
Nerve tissue has neurons and supporting cells. Name the supporting cells of the nerve tissue.
Answer:
Glial cells.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 34.
How do Monocytes destroy the foreign materials?
Answer:
Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes they attack the foreign materials and engulf them. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells.

Question 35.
What are corpuscles?
Answer:
Cells present in blood are called corpuscles.

Question 36.
What is the “grave yard of RBC”?
Answer:
Spleen

Question 37.
What are granulocytes?
Answer:
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

Question 38.
What are agranulocytes?
Answer:
Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 39.
How many RBC are present in 1 ml of blood?
Answer:
5 million of RBC 1 ml of blood (in human adults).

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:

  • There is a difference between skin cells and muscle cells.
  • Skin cells are arranged in the form of layers. This is called stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Muscle cells are elongated ones and responsible for movement in the body.

Question 2.
Why the involuntary muscles are also called as unstriated muscles?
Answer:

  • Unstriated muscles are also called as smooth muscles.
  • They have no striations or alternate light and dark bands.
  • The cells are long with pointed ends.
  • So, they are called as unstriated muscles.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 3.
What is epithelial tissue ? How many types are there?
Answer:

  • Epi means outer, thelium means tissue.
  • The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
  • Three types of epithelial tissues are identified. They are :
    a) Squamous epithelium
    b) Cuboidal epithelium
    c) Columnar epithelium
    d) Granular epithelium

Question 4.
What is squamous epithelium? Where it is found?
Answer:

  • The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining is called squamous epithelium.
  • It is found in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli etc.
  • The epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers, called stratified squa¬mous epithelium.

Question 5.
What is involuntary movement?
Answer:

  • We cannot start or stop the movement of muscles by wanting to do so.
  • The movement is called involuntary, the muscles caused for it are called involun-tary muscles.
    Eg : Movements in the alimentary canal, blood vessels etc.

Question 6.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of squamous epithelium. A.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Animal Tissues

Question 7.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of areolar tissue.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Animal Tissues 1

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of osteocyte.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Animal Tissues 2

Question 9.
Why the pus formed in our body?
Answer:
1. Some white blood cells sacrify their life to fight against external enemy, i.e., micro-organisms.
2. These dead WBC come out of wound.
3. This is generally called pus.
4. The body excretes the dead cells in that manner.

Question 10.
Write the muscles that are present in the body parts.
Answer:

Body part Muscle present
1. Oesophagus Smooth muscles
2. Heart Cardiac muscles
3. Face Involuntary muscles
4. Lungs Smooth muscles
6. Hands Involuntary muscles

Question 11.
How are proteins present in blood helpful to our body?
Answer:
Blood contains Haemoglobin, which contains Iron in its molecule. It transports Oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body.

Question 12.
Why ‘AB’ blood group is called Universal acceptor?
Answer:
‘AB’ blood group is called universal acceptor. A person with AB’ blood group can take all types of human blood, if Rh factor matches.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 13.
What is muscular tissue? What is its function?
Answer:
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscular fibres. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body.

Question 14.
What is the unique feature of cells of nervous tissue as compared to other body cells?
Answer:
All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, the cells of nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. The brain spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.

Question 15.
Give four differences between bone and cartilage.
Answer:

Bone Cartilage
1. Porous. 1. Non – Porous.
2. Blood vessels present. 2. Blood vessels absent.
3. Hard and flexible. 3. Flexible, not very hard.
4. Matrix made up of protein and mineral salts. 4. Matrix made up of proteins.

Question 16.
Raghu wants to know more about blood. What questions Raghu will ask the teacher?
Answer:
Raghu might ask the following questions.

  1. What would happen if blood possesses compact tissue?
  2. Do all the organisms are having red coloured blood in their bodies?
  3. What will happen if blood platelets are decreased in the blood?
  4. What will happen if the percentage of Haemoglobin is decreased in the blood?

Question 17.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Animal Tissues 3

  1. Areolar tissue
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Ligament
  5. Tendon
  6. Adipose Tissue
  7. Blood

Question 18.
What are the constituents of pl& ma?
Answer:
Mainly water and several nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins and hormones, etc. required for the body and excretory products such as lactic acid, urea, salts etc…. plasma also contains factors responsible for blood clotting.

Question 19.
Draw a diagram showing blood cells.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 20.
Draw a diagram showing cartilage.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on areolar tissue.
Answer:

  • Areolar tissue is one type of connective tissue which joins different tissues.
  • It helps in packing and helps to keep the organs in place.
  • These cells are called fibroblasts.
  • These are the major components of areolar tissue.
  • These cells secrets fibrous material which holds the other tissue in position.
  • They also help in repair of the tissue when they are injured.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 2.
Write a note on WBC.
Answer:

  • White blood cells or WBC are one type of blood cells.
  • They do not have haemoglobin, hence they are colourless.
  • They are also called as leucocytes.
  • They are less in number when compared to the RBC.
  • They are two types :
    1. Granulocytes,
    2. Agranulocytes.
  • Granulocytes are three types. They are neutrophils, basophils and esinophils.
  • Granulocytes attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
  • Agranulocytes are two types. They are lymphocytes and monocytes.
  • Lymphocytes secret anti-bodies to guard against foreign material, that enter into blood.
  • So, lymphocytes are also called as microscopic policemen.
  • Monocytes attack the foreign materials and destroyed them.
  • So, they are called “scavengers”.

Question 3.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue connects the organs and muscles. It performs so many functions.

  1. Helps in binding the other tissues and organs together.
  2. Provides a frame work and support to various organs in the body.
  3. Plays a major role in the transport of material from one tissue to another.
  4. Helps in the body defence.
  5. Helps in the body repairs.
  6. Helps in the storage of fat.

Question 4.
Write a note on a nerve cell or neuron with the help of a neat diagram.
Answer:
Nervous tissue is made up of neurons.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 5
It has 3 parts :

  1. Cell body or cyton
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrites.

Cell body or Cyton :

  1. It has a large nucleus and cytoplasm.
  2. The cytoplasm contains Nissl’s granules.

Dendrites:

  1. Projections arising from cell body are called dendrites.
  2. They are sharp, branched and more in number.
  3. The dendrite connected to another nerve cell’s axon.

Axon :

  1. One projection of the cyton is long, called as axon.
  2. In some nerve cells, axon covered with myelin sheath.
  3. Nodes on axon are called Ranvier Nodes.
  4. Axon of a nerve cell is connected with dendrites of another cell to frame a web like structure throughout body.

Question 5.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 6
Read the table and answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find unstriated muscles in our body?
2) Name the muscles which are present in heart.
Answer:
1) Wall of alimentary canal, Iris of the eye, uterus, bronchi of lungs.
2) Cardiac Muscles.

Question 6.
Draw a neat diagram showing different muscles and lable their parts.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 7

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Rajiv used a blood group identification kit to test his blood group. Explain what will he observe if his blood is Rh factor positive.
Answer:
Rajiv observes for
i) Agglutinations in the circles where Anti D serum was tested,
ii) Agglutination in Anti Rh – D circle. „

Question 2.
Kamalakar teacher conducts an experiment to show blood cells under microscope to his students. Name the materials used by the teacher for the experiment.
Answer:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, needle.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 3.
Briefly explain epithelial tissue with examples.
Answer:
1) Epithelial tissue is one of the most important tissue of animal tissues.
2) Epithelial tissue is present in the skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules. There are three types of epithelial tissue in our body.
They are

  1. Squamous epithelium
  2. Cuboidal epithelium and
  3. Columnar epithelium

1) Squamous epithelium :
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 5
a) This epithelium is extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
b) We can observe this tissue, in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli where transportation of substances selectively occurs through permeable membrane.
c) As this epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers. This is called as “stratified squamous epithelium”.

2) Cuboidal epithelium :
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 6
a) This tissue forms the lining of organs or tubules or other parts.
b) It provides mechanical support.

3) Columnar epithelium :
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 7
a) This is present where absorption and secretion occurs.
b) The scales of fishes, feathers of birds our skin, nails and hairs are also modified epithelial cells.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions.

Connective tissues help in binding the other tissues and organs together and provide a frame work and support to various organs in the body. Areolar tissue is a type of connective tissue that helps in packing and also help to keep organs in place. Fat stor¬ing adipose tissue is found below skin and between internal organs. Bone and cartilage form skeletal system, which gives support to the body. Ligament connects bone with bone whereas tendon connects muscle with bone.

i) Which connective tissue is called packing tissue?
ii) Which connective tissue joins muscle with bone?
iii) What are the main components of skeletal system?
iv) Where do you find adipose tissue in the body?
Answer:
i) Areolar tissue
ii) Tendon
iii) Cartilage
iv) Adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 5.
Draw the structure of neuron. Label parts. What is the function of myelin sheath?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 5
Function of myelin sheath :

  1. Myelin is an insulating layer that forms around nerves. It is made up of proteins and fatty substances.
  2. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

Question 6.
Write the names of the following.
a) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
b) Tissue that transports food in animals.
Answer:
a) Adipose tissue
b) Blood

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 7.
Doctor examine Kshitija’s blood report and said, that she did not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What questions will you put the doctor to know about the effects of low level Haemoglobin?
Answer:

  • What changes can we observe in a person who has low percentage of haemoglobin?
  • What are the reasons for the low haemoglobin levels?
  • Which type of food should we require to improve haemoglobin levels?
  • Name the disease that occurs when we have less haemoglobin in our blood.

Question 8.
Observe the given diagram :
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 8
a) Identify the name of the diagram.
b) Write the names of the parts A & B.
c) Name the granular structure in the cytoplasm.
Answer:
a) The given diagram is nerve cell.
b) A – Cyton (cell body)
B – Axon
c) Nissl’s granules

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 9.
A lab technician added a few drops of “Antigen-D” to a blood sample. What is the aim of him by doing so?
Answer:
If agglutination occurs in Anti RhD serum the Rh factor is positive and if it does not the Rh factor is negative.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 6th Lesson Sense Organs

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How many sense organs are present in human beings? What are they?
Answer:
We have five sense organs.
They are :
1. Eye
2. Ear
3. Nose
4. Tongue
5. Skin.

Question 2.
What are the main parts of an eye?
Answer:
Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 3.
What are the three layers that covers an eye?
Answer:
Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.

Question 4.
How eye is different from other sense organs?
Answer:
The unique characteristic of the eye that makes it different from other sense organs, lies in its ability to take the information from light waves then transforms the characteristics of light into neutral signals that the brain can process.

Question 5.
What are the recent findings regarding the structure of eye?
Answer:
Presence of some other receptor cells sensitive to edges and boundaries of objects and those that respond to light and shadow and motion in the retina have been reported recently.

Question 6.
How iris patterns are useful to issue ‘AADHAR’?
Answer:
Iris patterns are individual specific and can be used for identification as our finger prints.

Question 7.
Write about the diseases and defects of the eye.
Answer:
The main diseases and defects of the eye are night blindness, Xeropthalmia, myopia (Near sightedness, hypermetropia (far sightedness), glaucoma, cataract and colour blindness.

Question 8.
What are the functions of ear?
Answer:

  • To collect and transform vibrations produced by sound to nerve impulses to be carried to the brain.
  • To maintain balance or equilibrium.

Question 9.
What are the uses of hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity?
Answer:
The hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity kept dust, germs and other unwanted materials away from gaining entry into our bodies through the nose.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 10.
How do we see movies?
Answer:
The impression of an image stay in the retina for about 1/16th of a second. If the still images of an object are flashed at the rate faster than 16 per second, the eye receive it as moving. In this way we see movies.

Question 11.
How do we take care of our skin?
Answer:

  • Taking bath regularly
  • Use soap to clean the body
  • In any redness, itching, discoloration and rashes appear we consult the dermatologist,

Question 12.
Write two diseases of skin.
Answer:
Leprosy, chicken pox, measles, leucoderma, pellagra etc.

Question 13.
You entered into a darkroom from outside which is very bright. What happens?
Answer:
We can not see anything in the dark room for sometime because Iris size is very small.

Question 14.
Why coffee tastes less sweet if it is taken after eating sweet?
Answer:
Because a higher level of the same stimulus masks that of the lower level.

Question 15.
What changes the focal length of the eye lens?
Answer:
Ciliary muscles and suspensor ligaments adjust the focal length of the eye lens.

Question 16.
What is the main function of the cornea?
Answer:
Cornea protects the eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 17.
What are the main function of melanin?
Answer:

  • The colour of the skin is due to the presence of ’Melanin”.
  • Due to this, the skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 18.
What are the important functions of our ear?
Answer:
a) Hearing
b) Maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Question 19.
What is MSG?
Answer:
Monosodium Glutamate (Huching) often used in Asian cuisine

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is stimulus? How the information from surroundings reaches the brain?
Answer:

  • Something external that influences an activity is called stimulus.
  • Information carried by these stimuli are picked up by the certain organs called as receptors.
  • The receptors present in sense organs convert the information into nerve signals.
  • Nerve signals are carried by sensory nerves to the brain and processed to create a sensation.

Question 2.
What are photoreceptors? How they sense light?
Answer:

  • The real work in the retina is performed by light sensitive cells known as photore-ceptors.
  • These receptors consists of two different types of specialised cells the rods and cones that absorb light energy and respond by creating nerve impulse.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 3.
Write a short note on rods of retina.
Answer:

  • Nearly 125 million tiny rods are present in the retina.
  • Rods contain the pigment rhodopsin. which defect low intensities of light at night.
  • Rods cannot make the fine distinctions that give rise to our sensations.

Question 4.
Write briefly about cones of retina.
Answer:

  • Cones contain a pigment called idopsin which helps in identifying colours in bright light.
  • Cones are about 7 million in number and concentrate most in the very centre of the retina in a small region called fovea, which gives us sharp vision.

Question 5.
How eyes are protected?
Answer:

  • Eye is protected by eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal or tear glands.
  • The protective cover conjunctiva covers the front part of the eye.
  • Lachrymal glands wash the unwanted substances out of the eye.
  • The fluids present in the eyeball protect the lens and other part of the eye from mechanical shocks.
  • Cornea protects eye from direct exposure to light.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 6.
Write briefly about middle ear.
Answer:

  • Middle ear plays an important role in amplifying the vibrations received on the tympanum membrane.
  • The chain of three bones malleus, incus and stapes helps to the same.
  • Oval window is a membrane, covered ending of the middle ear, it opens into the inner ear through round window.

Question 7.
What is the sensory nature of skin?
Answer:

  • Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.
  • It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure, nocireceptors for temperature etc.

Question 8.
What is melanin? What is its function?
Answer:

  • Melanin is the pigment present in skin.
  • This pigment gets stimulation, when exposed to sunlight.
  • The skin becomes dark to protect other layers of the skin from harmful effects of light.

Question 9.
What illusions tells us about sensation?
Answer:

  • When our mind deceives us by interpreting a stimulus pattern incorrectly, we are experiencing an illusion.
  • Such illusions can help us to understand some fundamental properties of sensation and particularly the descripancy between what we see and external reality.

Question 10.
Identify the iabelled parts of the tongue.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 1
1) Foliate papillae
2) Vallate papillae
3) Fungi form papillae

Question 11.
What are the different receptors present in the skin?
Answer:
a) Tactile receptors for skin
b) Pacinian corpuscles for pressure
c) Nociceptors for temperature etc.

Question 12.
What happens when light is thrown on the face of your friend?
Answer:
My friend immediately closes his/her eyes because of the light. This is because the eye gets damaged if more light enters inside at a time.

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the centre for ail the sensitive activities? How it interpret the information? Give example.
Answer:

  • Brain is the centre for all the sensitive activities.
  • It receive information in the form of nerve signals through sensory nerves.
  • It interpret the information sends off signals through another type of nerves called as motor nerves.
  • Motor nerves take the signals to parts that show response.
  • For example, when a mosquito bits you on your leg the sensation is carried to the spinal cord through sensory nerves.
  • The spinal cord sense the message to the hand to kill the mosquito through motor nerves. Then we kill it.

Question 2.
Describe the structure of an eye with a neat diagram.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 2

  • Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.
  • A thin layer called conjunctiva covers the front portion of the eye.
  • The eyeball is located in the eye socket only 1/6 portion of the eyeball is invisible to us.
  • Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.
  • The sclera bulges to form cornea.
  • The end of sclera connects to the optic nerve.
  • The choroid layer is black in colour and contains lot of blood vessels.
  • Choroid layer encloses the eye except the part pupil.
  • The part formed by the choroid layer around the pupil is iris.
  • Biconvex lens is present behind the pupil.
  • The lens divides the inner eyeball as aqueous chamber and vitreous chamber.
  • Retina contains the cells called rods and cones.
  • The area of no vision called blind spot and the area of the best vision called yellow spot are present in the retina.
  • The yellow spot is also called macula or fovea.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 3.
Write about the functioning of an eye.
Answer:

  • The eye gathers light through convex lens, focusses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
  • The lens turns the image left to right and upside down.
  • Brain tends to maintain this reversal in its sensory processing regions.
  • Most information from the sense organs crosses over to the opposite side of the brain.
  • In the brain’s sensory areas are typically reversed and inverted.
  • The eye forms an image that gets extensive further processing in the brain.

Question 4.
Write a short note on external ear.
Answer:

  • External ear is a flap like structure, called the pinna.
  • Pinna has wax producing ceruminous glands and oil producing sebaceous glands.
  • These help to keep the ear canal lubricated prevent the dust and other particles from entering into the ear canal.
  • The ear canal is also called auditory meatus.
  • A thin layer called tympanum or ear drum is present at the end of the auditory meatus.
  • Ear drum is present in between external and middle ear. It is in the shape of a cone.
  • Its narrow area connects to the first bone malleus of the middle ear.

Question 5.
Write briefly about inner ear.
Answer:

  • Internal or inner ear consists of bony labyrinth enclosing the membranous labyrinth.
  • The membranous labyrinth consists of vestibule, three semicircular canals and cochlea.
  • The anterior part of the vestibule is sacculus and the posterior part is utriculus.
  • Nerve fibres from them form vestibular nerve.
  • Vestibule and semicircular or semilunar circles together form vestibular apparatus.
  • Vestibular apparatus maintains the equilibrium of the body, pertaining to the posture and balance of the body.
  • Cochlea is a spiral shaped structure. It has three parallel tubes called scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani.
  • Cochlear nerve fibres form cochlear nerve.
  • The vestibular and cochlear nerves join together to form auditory nerve.

Question 6.
How the hearing or auditory sensation occurs?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

  • External ear collect the sound waves. They enter into the auditory meatus.
  • Then they strike tympanum. The vibrations from tympanum reach the malleus, incus and stapes.
  • They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations.
  • The stapes transmits the vibrations to the membrane of oval window.
  • Then they transmit to the cochlea.
  • The basillar membrane is moved then the vibrations reach to the organ of corti.
  • The impulses are sent to the brain through auditory nerve.
  • The hearing can be done according to the responses given by the brain.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the structure of nose.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 3

  1. Our external nose has two nostrils. They lead to nasal cavity.
  2. Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves.
  3. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane and small hairs.
  4. Olfactory receptors are present in the mucous membrane.

Question 8.
What are the different kinds of structures that are seen on our tongue?
Answer:

  • We can clearly see flake like structures called the filiform papillae.
  • The roundish structures on the tongue are fungiform papillae.
  • There are large roundish ones at the back of the tongue are circumvallate papillae.
  • On the sides of the tongue are the bump like structures are foliate papillae.
  • Taste buds are present on all of these except the fili form papillae that are not the sites of taste sensation.

Question 9.
Write a short note on skin.
Answer:

  • Skin is the outermost covering of our body.
  • It regulates the body temperature and eliminates certain waste material through sweat.
  • It is the sense organ of touch.
  • The sense of touch is done by the cutaneous receptors.
  • It is the largest organ of all.
  • It provides the first level of protection to the body.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 10.
What are the diseases effecting the skin?
Answer:
Some of the diseases effecting the skin are

  1. Viral diseases such as measles, chicken pox etc.
  2. Bacterial diseases such as leprosy.
  3. Leucoderma, the disease due to the deficiency of melanin.
  4. Pellagra the disease due to deficiency of vitamins.
  5. Fungal diseases such as ringworm.

Question 11.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of the skin.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 4

  1. hair
  2. oil gland
  3. blood vessel
  4. sweat gland
  5. nerve
  6. fat lobules
  7. endodermis
  8. epidermis
  9. pore

Question 12.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of nose.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 3

Question 13.
Draw a neat and labelled diagrams showing Rods and Cones of the eye.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 5

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the following picture. Label the parts 1, 2, 3, 4 and answer the following questions.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 6
1) Ear is broadly divided into how many parts?
2) Name the bones of middle ear in correct order.
3) Which part of ear vibrates on receiving sound waves?
4) Name the part of ear that is associated with balancing.
Answer:

  1. 3 parts. They are
    a) External ear
    b) Middle ear and
    c) Internal ear
  2. Malleus, incus, stapes
  3. Ear drum
  4. Vestibular apparatus.

Question 2.
What happens if our tympanum ruptured?
Answer:

  • If tympanum (or) ear drum is damaged, the sound vibration will not reach the auditory nerve. Hence, it will not carry the hearing impulses to the brain.
  • Deafness will occur.

Question 3.
Draw a labelled diagram of eye. What happens if there are no cones in eye?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 2

  • Cones are very useful in identifying different colours. They are responsible for bright light vision.
  • If cones are absent, we can’t identify the array of colours and see in bright light.

Question 4.
Explain how skin works as a sense organ.
Answer:

  • Skin is the largest sense organ in our body.
  • It gives us the sense of touch which has supreme importance in the sphere of senses.
  • It provides the first level of protection to the body.
  • Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure. It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure nociceptors for temperature, etc.
  • By the above reasons, we can say that skin is a sense organ.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs

Question 5.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 7
1. Label A, B and C.
2. What is the function of lens?
3. Name the cells present in Retina.
4. Give examples of two defects of eye.
Answer:

  1. A) Sclera
    B) Choroid
    C) Retina
  2. The eye gathers light through a convex lens, focuses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
  3. Rods and cones are the specialised cells present in Retina.
  4. Night blindness, glaucoma, cataract, dry eye, etc.

Question 6.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs 8
a) Correct the wrongly labelled ones.
b) What is the function of X?
c) There are two types of photo receptors in the Retina of human eye. What are they?
Answer:
a) Retina
b) The denoted part x’ is optic nerve. Optic nerve carries the information of the object seen to brain.
c) Rods and cones are the two types of photo receptors present in human eye.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are biogeochemical cycles?
Answer:
The cycles that involve the flow of nutrients in on earth from environment to organisms and back through certain pathways are known as biogeochemical cycles.

Question 2.
Write briefly about assimilation.
Answer:
Nitrogen compounds mainly as nitrates or ammonium ions (NH4+) are taken up from soils by plants which are then used in the formation of plant proteins and as animals eat these plants, animal proteins are synthesised.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 3.
What is bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
A constant interaction between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere makes a system and this flow of components form a cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of nitrogen and oxygen in the air?
Answer:
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen-21%

Question 5.
Name few green house gases.
Answer:
Methane (CH4), Carbondioxide (CO2), and Carbon monoxide(CO).

Question 6.
What is denitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of nitrates into free Nitrogen is called denitrification.
Nitrates → Nitrogen(N2)

Question 7.
What is nitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of free nitrogen present in the atmosphere into compounds of nitrogen is called nitrification.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 8.
Name the three processes by which oxygen is lost from the atmosphere.
Answer:
By combustion, respiration, and formation of oxides of nitrogen are the main processes by which oxygen is lost.

Question 9.
Why are root nodules useful for plants?
Answer:
In root nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium’ is present which fixes the atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the plant for its growth.

Question 10.
What is acid rain?
Answer:
The gases released due to combustion of fossil fuels are SO2, NO2, CO2. These gases remain suspended in the air. When it rains, the rain water mixes with these gases to form sulphuric acid, nitrous acid, carbonic acid and comes down on the surface of the earth in the form of acid rain.

Question 11.
Give the names of few organisms that help in nitrogen fixation?
Answer:

  • Rhizobium helps in the fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen into Ammonia.
  • Nitrosomonas converts ammonia to Nitrates
  • Nitrobactor converts nitrites into nitrates.

Question 12.
List any three activities which would lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide content of air.
Answer:

  1. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum
  2. Industrialisation
  3. Deforestation

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 13.
Which gas is added to the atmosphere by decay of organic matter?
Answer:
CO2 (Carbondioxide)

Question 14.
List out three recently organized problems of environment.
Answer:
Ozone layer depletion, Green house effect, and Global warming.

Question 15.
What would happen if ail oxygen present in the environment is converted to ozone?
Answer:
Ozone is a poisonous gas and is present in a thin layer in the stratosphere. If all the oxygen is converted to ozone (O3) the environment becomes poisonous and kills all living things.

Question 16.
Expand CFC’s.
Answer:
Chloro Fluoro Carbons

Question 17.
Expand B.O.D.
Answer:
Biological Oxygen Demand

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 18.
What is the main concern of montreal protocol?
Answer:
To control the use of gases which have destructive effect on ozone layer.

Question 19.
Define Eutrophication.
Answer:
Increase growth of algae in lakes and ponds is called Eutrophication.

Question 20.
Which ’forms’ of nitrogen are taken up by plants from the soil?
Answer:
Nitrates and Ammonium ions.

Question 21.
What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Nitrogen.

Question 22.
What is called as ’Universal Solvent’?
Answer:
Water (H2O).

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 23.
How much percentage of water on the earth is present in the ocean?
Answer:
97%

Question 24.
What is the other name for water cycle?
Answer:
Hydrological cycle.

Question 25.
How many oxygen atoms are present in Ozone?
Answer:
Three – (O3).

Question 26.
What is the chemical formula of ammonium ion?
Answer:
NH4+

Question 27.
What are the affects of ‘Global warming’?
Answer:
1) Global warming affects the weather patterns on Earth and causes climatic change.
2) Climatic changes results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, severe droughts and floods.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the uses of water?
Answer:

  • Water participates in many biochemical mechanisms, including photosynthesis, digestion, and cellular respiration.
  • Living organisms drink water.
  • Water is also used by terrestrial animals and plants for various life processes.
  • Water provides hydrogen and oxygen that form integral part of basic organic compounds of life.

Question 2.
What is nitrification? What are the bacteria that participate in nitrification?
Answer:

  • Nitrates can also be converted to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.
  • The nitrifying bacteria may then use this ammonia to synthesize compounds for their own cell and eventually convert to proteins, nucleic acids, nitrites, and nitrates.
  • Nitrites are produced mainly by nitrosomonas, while nitrates by nitrobacters that are also capable of utilizing nitrites and converting them to nitrates.
  • Death of these organisms add the nitrogenous compounds to the soil.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 3.
What is ammonification? Under which conditions ammonification occurs?
Answer:

  • Production of ammonia (NH3) from nitrates and other nitrogenous compounds is called ammonification.
  • Ammonification also occurs when plants and animals die, or when animals emit wastes, the nitrogen in the organic matter reenters the soil and water bodies where it is broken down by other organisms, known as decomposers.

Question 4.
What is denitrification? Explain the process of denitrification.
Answer:

  • Denitrification is the conversion, principally by bacteria, of compounds of nitrogen in solid and aquatic systems to the gases, nitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and eventual release of these into the atmosphere.
  • Denitrification occurs primarily in wet soils where water makes it difficult for microorganisms to get oxygen.
  • Under these conditions, certain organisms – known as denitrifying bacteria – will process nitrate to gain oxygen, leaving free nitrogen gas as by-product.

Question 5.
Explain briefly about green house effect.
Answer:

  • Some gases present in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water vapour trap heat from radiating back to the space.
  • The natural green house gases act like a big blanket around the earth, keeping it warm and making life possible without which temperatures would have fallen to sub zero values.
  • This phenomenon of naturally warming up is called ‘Green house effect’.

Question 6.
What are the uses of oxygen?
Answer:

  • Oxygen helps in burning things.
  • Oxygen is required for survival of living organisms.
  • Respiration utilizes oxygen releasing carbon dioxide to atmospheric pool maintaining a balance in nature.
  • Dissolved oxygen supports aquatic life.
  • Oxygen is needed for the decomposition of organic waste.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 7.
What is biological oxygen demand? Explain briefly.
Answer:

  • The content of biodegradable substances in water is expressed by a special index called “biological oxygen demand” (BOD).
  • BOD represents the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria to decompose the waste.
  • As the wastes get degraded and the dissolved oxygen is used up proportionately, the need or demand for oxygen increases i.e. the BOD increases.
  • Thus BOD is a good indicator for amount of biodegradable waste.

Question 8.
What are the differences between oxygen and ozone?
Answer:

  • Oxygen has two atoms and it is colorless and odourless.
  • Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. It is blue in colour and has a strong odour.

Question 9.
Complete the following flow chart.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 1
Answer:

  1. Ammonia
  2. Nitrate
  3. Denitrifying bacteria
  4. Nitrosomonas
  5. Nitrobactor

Question 10.
How is a balance maintained in the environment?
Answer:
The living or biotic components (plants and animals) and the non – living or physial components (air, water, soil, light and temperature) interact and affect each other resulting in the establishment of a complex and complete balance in the environment. There is a continuous cycle of nutrients among the biotic and abiotic components.

Question 11.
Write the two harmful effects of ozone hole.
Answer:

  • Ozone hole allows harmful U.V radiation to reach the earth’s surface that may cause skin cancer, cataract, etc
  • Ultraviolet rays also ionize the cells, change the gene structure in animals and plants.

Question 12.
What are the harmful effects of acid rain?
Answer:

  • It makes the soil acidic.
  • It damages the crops and plantations.
  • It corrodes statues, monuments of marble buildings, etc…

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 13.
What is the difference in fog and smog? Give two harmful effects of smog.
Answer:
The water vapour present in air when condenses due to very low temperature is called fog. The smoke released in the air due to burning of fuels mixes with the fog and forms smog.
Smoke + Fog = Smog
a) Smog reduces visibility
b) Smog creates respiratory diseases like asthma etc.

Question 14.
What is bad ozone and good ozone?
Answer:
Ozone when present in the earth’s surface is very poisonous gas hence called bad ozone. When ozone present in stratosphere is very protective in nature as it does not allow the harmful U.V radiation to enter the earth’s atmosphere and hence is called good ozone.

Question 15.
Consider that there is a mass mortality of Ashes in a pond. Guess, what may be the reason for that.
Answer:

  • Addition of hot water to the fish tank may leads to their death.
  • Addition of poisonous mercury compounds in water may leads to their death.
  • Blockage of gills of fishes with any pollutant may be .a cause for their mass death.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 16.
Why is it said that nitrogen is important for us?
Answer:

  • Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere (78%)
  • Nitrogen is a part of many molecules essential to our life like proteins, nucleic acids, (DNA and RNA), and some vitamins.
  • It is found in other biologically important compounds also such as alkaloids and urea.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the expansion of water on earth.
Answer:

  • Nearly 97% of all the water on the earth is in the oceans, and so only about 3% is freshwater.
  • About 2% of this fresh water is permanently frozen in glaciers and at the polar ice caps.
  • Thus only about 1% is available fresh water.
  • Again about 1/4 of this 1% is present as underground water.
  • Only about 0.009% of water on earth is in the rivers and lakes.
  • Rest is present in the bodies of living organisms, as soil moisture, as humidity of atmosphere, etc.
  • Water is the most essential, abundant substance in living things.
  • The human body, for example, is composed of about 70% of water.

Question 2.
What is water cycle? Explain it briefly.
Answer:

  • The whole process in which water evaporates and falls back on the surface of the earth as rain and other forms of precipitation including its flow from land into the sea/oceans via several routes like rivers, ground water channels, etc., is known as the water – cycle.
  • All of the water that falls on the land does not immediately flow back into the sea.
  • Some of it seeps into the soil and becomes part of the underground reservoir of fresh water.
  • Some of this underground water finds its way to the surface through springs.
  • We bring it to the surface for our use through wells or tube wells.
  • Water is continuously exchanged between sea, land and atmosphere.

Question 3.
What is nitrogen fixation? How it occurs?
Answer:

  • Atmospheric nitrogen occurs primarily in inert form (N2) or non-reactive form that few organisms can use; therefore it must be converted into a compound (or) fixed form in a process called nitrogen fixation.
  • Most atmospheric nitrogen is ‘fixed’ through biological processes.
  • A number of bacteria and blue green algae are known to be able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into compounds in their own body.
  • These may be symbiotic e.g.: Rhizobium or free living, e.g.: Nitrosomonas respectively.
  • These organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into the organic nitrogen for their own cells.
  • In leguminous plants like pea, beans, etc., there is a symbiotic relationship of the nitrogen fixing bacteria with the plant, thus nitrogenous compounds are added to the soil after a leguminous crop is grown.
  • Nitrogen can also be fixed as nitrates by lightning.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 4.
In which forms carbon found on earth?
Answer:

  • Carbon is found in various forms on the earth.
  • It occurs in the elemental form as say soot, diamond, and graphite.
  • In the combined state, it is found as gases, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, as carbonate it is found in various salts and minerals.
  • While all life – forms are composed of carbon containing molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and vitamins.
  • The endoskeletons and exoskeletons of various animals are also formed from carbonate salts.

Question 5.
What is Global warming? What are its effects?
Answer:

  • Due to human activities, an excessive amounts of carbon dioxide and other green house gases has been emitted to the environment.
  • As a result, more heat gets trapped.
  • This causes the temperature of the earth to rise, which results in global warming.
  • Global warming is the recorded increase in the average temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans.
  • Global warming affects the weather patterns on earth and cause climate change.
  • Climate change results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, and severe droughts and floods.

Question 6.
Describe carbon cycle briefly.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 2

  • Carbondioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis.
  • During this process, CO2 is converted to glucose.
  • Some amount of this glucose is used for respiration by plant.
  • Rest of it converted to other carbohydrates and fats stored in various parts of plants.
  • When animals eat plants these carbon containing compounds are taken up by the animals and digested and absorbed.
  • These are used by animals for respiration.
  • Thus carbon in carbon dioxides in atmos-phere finds its way into animals.
  • Metabolic degradation of these compounds especially during respiration releases the CO2 into air.
  • Decomposition of dead bodies of animals and plants by bacteria also releases CO2 into air.
  • Thus the CO2 find its own way into the bodies of animals and plants and back to air.

Question 7.
Briefly describe oxygen cycle.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 3

 

  • Oxygen dissolved in water is used for respiration by aquatic plants and animals,
  • Terrestrial animals use oxygen present in air for their respiration.
  • The by-products of respiration, CO2 and water are released into air.
  • These two are taken up by plants and are used for photosynthesis.
  • The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen, which is released into air.
  • CO2 is also formed when fuels are burnt.
  • There is fine balance between these processes so that the total amount of oxygen present in air remains constant.
  • All these processes together represent oxygen cycle.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Asa responsible citizen what measures you would follow to reduce global warming at your school or village level?
Answer:

  • Planting trees in open fields and wastelands.
  • Minimising the usage of motorcycles and start using cycles which are eco-friendly.
  • Stop burning of firewood, which release the green house gases start using LPG cylinders for cooking.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

Question 2.
What is nitrification? Explain how it occurs.
Answer:

  1. The denitrifying bacteria present in the soil convert the nitrates into Ammonia.
  2. Nitrifying bacteria utilises this ammonia and form proteins, nitrites, nitrates.
  3. Nitrosomonas produce nitrites whereas nitrobactor produce nitrates.
  4. Due to the death of microorganisms in the soil, the soil becomes nitrogen rich.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 4

Question 3.
Write differences between nitrification and denitrification.
Answer:

Nitrification Denitrification
1) The part of nitrogen cycle, whereammonium (NH4+) is converted into Nitrate (NO3) is called nitrification. 1) This is the level where reduction of nitrate (NO3) is made into Nitrogen (N2)
2) This involves nitrifying bacteria like Nitrobactor Nitrosomonas. 2) This involves denitrifying bacteria like 4 spirillum, lacto bacillus, pseudomonas thiobacillus.
3) Occurs slowly. 3) Occurs rapidly.
4) This requires aerobic condition. 4) This requires anaerobic condition.
5) The microbes involved in this process are autotrophs. 5) The microbes involved in this process are heterotrophs.
6) The end product is nitrate. 6) The end product is nitrogen.

Question 4.
Explain how human activities lead to global warmig.
Answer:

  1. Deforestation
  2. Burning of excess of fossil fuels in industries and automobiles.
  3. Power genaration and utilization
  4. Refrigerators, coolers, cell towers
  5. Automobiles and cement roads etc.
  6. Forest fires and burning of firewood.

Question 5.
Observe the following figure and answer the following questions.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 5
a) What is green house effect?
b) Apart from rest of the world which country contributes more for it?
c) What are CFCs? Give some examples.
d) Suggest some preventive measures to reduce it.
Answer:
a) The phenomenon of naturally warming up by CO2 and water vapour is called “Green house effect”.
b) USA
c) Fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydro carbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H) chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F) which are volatile are called chloro fluorine.
Ex : Freon – 12, R – 410A, R -134

d) i) Stop deforestation
ii) Restrict the usage of fossil fuels
iii) Introducing eco friendly fuels like CNG.
iv) Introducing alternative energy resources like solar energy, wind power etc.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 10th Lesson Soil Pollution

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if there is increase in acidic or basic nature of soil?
Answer:

  • The nutrients available to plants will be greatly reduced by increase in acidic or basic nature of soil.
  • This results in the decrease of plant yield.

Question 2.
What is decomposition?
Answer:
Decomposition is the process of materials being digested and broken down into simpler substances, making nutrients more available to plants.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 3.
What are the effects of toxic chemicals released into the soil?
Answer:
Toxic chemicals leached from oozing storage drums into the soil, underneath homes, causing an unusually large number of birth defects, cancers and respiratory, nervous and kidney diseases.

Question 4.
What is bioremediation?
Answer:
The process of using microbes to clear up the contamination in soil and water is called bioremediation.

Question 5.
What is mineralization?
Answer:
The process of converting organic elements to inorganic forms and liberating C02, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate etc…. is called mineralization.

Question 6.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:
The removal of top layer of the soil by wind, rainfall is called soil erosion.

Question 7.
What is top soil comprised of?
Answer:
Humus, living organisms and soil particles are present in the top soil.

Question 8.
What is soil profile?
Answer:
Soil profile is the vertical section of earth’s crust generally up to the depth of 1.83 metres.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 9.
Name the three natural resources on the earth.
Answer:
Air, water and land.

Question 10.
What is soil?
Answer:
The top most layer of the lithosphere is called soil.

Question 11.
Fertile soils have lots of humus. Why?
Answer:
Fertile soil is rich in organisms that decompose dead organic matter into humus. Humus gives minerals, absorb water and makes soil porous.

Question 12.
Why step farming is common in hills?
Answer:
Step farming is common in the hills to check soil erosion through water currents on the slopes.

Question 13.
What are the factors determining the soil type?
Answer:
The soil type depends on
a) Amounts of humus
b) Size of the soil particles
c) Microorganisms present in the soil.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the components of soil?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 1

  • Soil is made up of minerals and decomposed organic matter, along with air and water.
  • Soil can create a habitat for fungi, bacteria and related organisms which in turn, feed and support plants life.

Question 2.
Write a short note on biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

  • Substances that can be degraded by microbes into harmless and toxic substances are known as biodegradable waste.
  • Agricultural and animal wastes like leaves, twigs, hay, dung etc., are examples for biodegradable wastes.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 3.
Write a short note on non-biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

  • Substances that cannot be easily degraded are non-biodegradable substances.
  • Aluminium cans, plastics, glass, DDT etc., are examples of non-biodegradable wastes.

Question 4.hat is soil erosion? What are causative factors for soil erosion?
Answer:

  • Soil erosion occurs when the weathered soil particles are dislodged and carried away by wind or water.
  • Deforestation, agricultural development, temperature extremes, precipitation including acid rain and human activities contribute to soil erosion.
  • Humans speed up this process by construction, mining, cutting of timber, over¬cropping and overgrazing.
  • It results in floods and cause soil erosion.

Question 5.
What are the problems that arise due to uncollected and decomposed solid waste in cities?
Answer:
If solid waste left uncollected and decomposed, they are a cause of several problems such as

  1. Clogging of drains
  2. Barrier to movement of water
  3. Foul smell
  4. Increased microbial activities
  5. Create health problems if they are solid wastes of hospital.

Question 6.
What will happen if you throw the wastes wherever you want?
Answer:

  1. They pollute our surroundings.
  2. These wastes cause land pollution.
  3. These wastes spread diseases.
  4. They show effect on the health of human beings.

Question 7.
What are the effects of soil pollution on agriculture?
Answer:

  1. Reduced soil fertility.
  2. Reduced nitrogen fixation.
  3. Increased erodibility.
  4. Larger loss of soil and nutrients.
  5. Deposition of silt in tanks and reservoirs.
  6. Reduced crop yields.
  7. Imbalance in soil fauna and flora.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 8.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to industrial waste?
Answer:

  1. Dangerous chemicals entering underground water.
  2. Ecological imbalance.
  3. Release of pollutant gases.
  4. Release of radioactive rays causing health problems.
  5. Increased salinity.
  6. Reduced vegetation.

Question 9.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to urban activities?
Answer:

  1. Clogging of drains
  2. Inundation of areas
  3. Public health problems
  4. Pollution of drinking water sources
  5. Foul smell and release of gases
  6. Waste management problems

Question 10.
What are Bio-degradable pollutants? Give examples.
Answer:
The pollutants that are degraded by natural means are called Bio-degradable pollutants.
Eg : Paper, wood, leaves, etc

Question 11.
Enlist the main causes of soil erosion.
Answer:
(a) Deforestation
(b) Urbanisation
(c) Excessive over grazing
(d) Leaving the land uncultured for a long time.

Question 12.
Fill this flow chart.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 2
Answer:

  1. Contour ploughing
  2. Planting trees
  3. Crop Rotation
  4. Salinity Management

Question 13.
Fill this flow chart.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 3
Answer:

  1. Reusing of materials
  2. Recycling and recovery of materials
  3. Reforesting
  4. Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticides use.

Question 14.
Fill this flow chart.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 4
Answer:

  1. Agricultural soil pollution
  2. Soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes
  3. Pollution due to urban activities.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How soil is formed?
Answer:

  • Soil formation is a long and complex process and it can take 100 to 10,000 years to create one inch of top soil.
  • The factors responsible for soil formation are climate, topography, living organisms and the type of parent material.
  • Parent materials come from breakdown of underlying rocks or from deposits by streams and rivers, seas and gulfs, hills, wind and glaciers or organic plant residues.
  • Over time, these materials are weathered by the effect of freezing, thawing, wetting, drying, heating, cooling, erosion, plants and animals and from chemical reactions.
  • Eventually, the parent material is divided into three horizontal layers, the top layer consists of mostly organic matter and biological activity.
  • The middle layer is the zone of maximum material accumulation.
  • The bottom layer bold is mainly the parent material, but slightly altered.
  • The top soil is important since it is the foundation for the life on the earth.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 2.
What are the chemical properties of soil? What effects do this have on the plants?
Answer:

  • The term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of a soil.
  • The range of pH values of a good soil lies from 5.5 to 7.5.
  • Below pH 7 the soils are termed as acidic and above pH 7 alkaline.
  • The pH of soil is important in determining the type of vegetation that will grow in the soil.
  • Availability of plants nutrients is strongly tied to the pH in soil.
  • The availability of N, K, Ca, Mg and S tends to decrease with decreasing pH.

Question 3.
What are the biological properties of soil? What effects do this have on plants?
Answer:

  • Soil is the most abundant and diverse ecosystem on the earth.
  • Soil organisms include both plants and animal forms ranging from submicroscopic viruses to earthworms, to large burrowing animals such as gophers (rats) and ground squirrels.
  • Major microbial groups in soil are bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa.
  • These feed on plant residues burrow the soil and help in aeration and percolation of water.
  • Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms and liberate carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate and inorganic forms of other elements. This process is known as mineralization.
  • Soil bacteria control the forms of ions in which these nutrients occurs.

Question 4.
Write the effects of insecticide DDT on environment.
Answer:

  • The first widespread insecticide use began at the end of world war 11 that included DDT and gamanaxene.
  • Insect soon became resistant to DDT and as the chemical did not decompose readily, it persisted in the environment.
  • Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted calcium metabolism in birds, causing egg shells to be thin and fragile.
  • As a result, large birds of prey such as the brown pelican, ospreys, falcons and eagles became endangered.
  • DDT is now banned in most of the western countries.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 5.
Write the examples of pesticides. What are their effects on soil and human beings?
Answer:

  • Besides DDT the most important pesticides are Benzene hexachloride (BHC), chlorinate dihydro carbons, organophosphates, aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan etc., are the examples.
  • The remnants of such pesticides used on pests may get absorbed by the soil particles, which then contaminate root crops grown in that soil.
  • The consumption of such crops causes the pesticides remnants to enter human biological systems, affecting them adversely.
  • Pesticides not only have toxic effect on human and animals but also decrease the fertility of the soil.
  • Some of the pesticides are quite stable and their biodegradation may take weeks and even months.

Question 6.
Write briefly about biomagnification.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 5

  1. The nutrients necessary for plant growth are found at very low concentrations in most natural waters.
  2. In the process of collecting nutrients, phytoplankton also collects certain human made chemicals such as some persistent pesticides.
  3. These may be present in the water at a very low concentrations that they cannot be measured even with a very sensitive instruments.
  4. The chemicals however, biologically accumulate in the organism and become concentrated at levels that are much higher in the living cells than in the open water.
  5. The small fish and zooplankton eat vast quantities of phytoplankton.
  6. In doing so, any toxic chemicals accumulated by the phytoplankton are further concentrated in the bodies of the animals that eat them.
  7. This is repeated at each step in the food chain.
  8. This process of increasing concentration through the food chain is known as bio-magnification.

Question 7.
What is solid waste? What are different types of solid waste?
Answer:
1. Solid waste may be defined as the organic and inorganic waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their value to the first user.

2. Solid waste, on the basis of its sources of origin can be classified as
a) Municipal solid waste :
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue.

b) Hazardous solid waste :
Industrial and” hospital waste is considered to be hazardous waste as they contain toxic substances.

c) Infectious solid waste:
Biomedical or hospital waste generated during diagnosis, treatment etc., which include sharp chemical wastes, discarded medicines and human excreta.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 8.
What are the different ways and methods possible for soil conservation? Briefly explain them.
Answer:
There are several ways possible for soil conservation. They are planting trees, terraces, no-till farming, contour ploughing, crop rotation, soil pH, watering the soil, salinity management, soil organisms and indigenous crops.

1. Planting trees :
a) Soil that is under a vegetative cover has hardly any chance of getting eroded as the vegetative cover acts as a wind barrier.
b) As the roots of the trees spread deep into the layers of soil they contribute to the prevention of soil erosion.

2. Terraces :
a) A terrace is a leveled section of hilly cultivated area.
b) Owing to its unique structure, it prevents the rapid surface runoff of water.

3. No-till farming : It is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage.

4. Contour ploughing :
a) It is the method of ploughing across the contour lines of a slope.
b) This method helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents the soil from being washed away along the slope.

5. Crop rotation: Crop rotation helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility.

6. Soil pH :
Maintenance of the most suitable value of pH is essential for the conservation of soil.

7. Water the soil :
Watering the soil along with the plants is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind.

8. Salinity management :
a) If salinity of the soil increases it results in the death of vegetation.
b) The death of vegetation is bound to cause soil erosion.
c) Hence salinity management is one of the indirect ways to conserve soil.

9. Soil organisms :
The helpful organisms of soil promote its fertility and form an element in the conservation of soil.

10. Indigenous crops :
Planting of native crops is known to be beneficial for soil conservation.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two preventive measures for fluorosis.
Answer:

  • Use river water in place of groundwater.
  • Use rainwater and groundwater with less fluoride percentage.
  • By using defluoridation method, fluorides can be removed from water.

Question 2.
Look at the picture and answer the questions below.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 6
a) Which substance cause less soil pollution?
b) Which of the above pollutants can be biodegradable?
c) Give two examples of construction soil pollutants.
d) Mention any two preventive measures for soil pollution.
Answer:
1) Peat waste (1%).
2) Organic waste, peat waste, paper.
3) Construction and demolition, metals.
4) Using 4’R principle in our daily life implementing comprehensive solid waste management.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution

Question 3.
You know that Fluoride cause health hazards, how can you aware people of your village regarding this?
Answer:

  • Using surface water sources like rivers and streams.
  • Defluoridation technique is very useful in getting Fluorine free water.
  • We should not consume the vegetables which are grown in high Fluoride soils.

Question 4.
Plastic is harmful to the environment. What will you do to replace it?
Answer:
We should use paper bags, jute bags and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.

Question 5.
Ravi decided not to use plastic bags. What alternative methods will you suggest?
Answer:

  • Using jute covers and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.
  • Using bamboo baskets in place of large plastic covers to store and carry goods.

Question 6.
There is an ecosystem, where industrial sewage occurs. Arrange the following living organisms in various trophic levels as per the persistent. (Biomagnification).
Grass, Fish, Sheep, Grass hopper, Phytoplankton, Prawn, Crow, Frog, Larval forms.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 7
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 8

Question 7.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution 6
Observe the above diagram, answer the following questions.
i) Name the pollutant which pollutes the soil the most.
ii) Write the biodegradable materials given in the figure.
iii) What will happen if the usage of plastic increased?
iv) What metals pollute the soil, due to the excessive usage of Super Phosphate fertilisers in cultivation?
Answer:
i) Organic wastes 32%
ii) Organic wastes and paper
iii) They remain in the soil for several hundreds of years. They cause a lot of soil pollution. They damage the soil health.
iv) Nitrates and phosphates

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term tissue? (AS 1)
Answer:
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function.
Eg : Nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue etc.

Question 2.
Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres with diagrams. (AS 1)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 1

Question 3.
What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? (AS 1)
Answer:
Specific function of the cardiac muscle :

  1. Cardiac muscle present in the heart.
  2. It is responsible for pumping of blood.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 4.
Differentiate between striated and unstriated muscles on the basis of their shape and site/location in the body. (AS 1)
Answer:

Striated muscle Unstriated muscle
Shape :
Cells in striated muscle are long cylindrical and unbranched.
Cells in unstriated muscle are long with pointed ends.
Site / Location :
These are located in limbs and attached to skeleton.
These are located in Alimentary canal, blood vessels, Iris of the eye, in uterus and in the bronchi of lungs.

Question 5.
Draw a neatly labelled diagram of a neuron. (AS 3)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 12

Question 6.
Name the following. (AS 1)
a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
c) Tissue that transports food in animals.
d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
e) Connective tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
a) Epithelial cells
b) Tendon
c) Connective tissue/blood
d) Adipose tissue
e) Areolar tissue

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 7.
Identify the types of tissue in the following : Linings of the organs, skin, bone, internal lining of kidney tubule. (AS 1)
Answer:

Linings of the organs Epithelial tissue
Skin Stratified squamous epithelium(epithelial tissue)
Bone Connective tissue
Internal lining of Kidney tubule Cuboidal epithelial tissue.

Question 8.
If the platelets are not present in the blood, what happens? (AS 2)
Answer:

  • If the platelets are not present in the blood, blood loss may be more from the injury.
  • Whenever a blood vessel is injured, at the site of injury formation of a blood clot will not takes place.
  • The wound will not be sealed by the clot.

Question 9.
If you touch at elbow, you get a shock like feeling. Why? (AS 7)
Answer:

  • In human beings ulnar nerve runs from the shoulder to the hand.
  • The ulnar nerve comes close to the surface near the elbow.
  • Due to the superficial location it is not protected by muscle, fat or other soft tissues.
  • Thinner skin layer around bone at elbow makes ulnar nerve more receptive for any small stimuli.
  • That is the reason for getting a shock like feeling if we touch at elbow.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 10.
Why the blood is called a connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue :
A loosely spaced tissue mainly carrying different materials to different parts of the body as well as rendering support, making connection between organs is called connective tissue.

Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

  1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
  2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers and matrix.
  3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
  4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which all other connective tissues also originate.

Question 11.
Write the procedure to identify your blood group with the help of kit. (As 3)
Answer:
Aim :
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus :
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle.

Materials used :
Cotton, 70/6 alcohol, toothpicks.

Procedure:

  1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it.
  2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles.
  3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge of the circles.
  4. Clean the fingertip with an alcohol and let it dry.
  5. Press on the bottom of the fingertip with the thumb and quickly prick the fingertip with the help, of a needle.
  6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle, but not touching the anti-serum.
  7. Apply gently pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
  8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and anti-serum and stir gently.
  9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and Inference :
By using the following table determine the blood group.

Anti – A Anti – B Type
Yes No A
No Yes B
Yes Yes AB
No No O

If agglutination occurs in anti – RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive, and if it does not . the Rh factor is negative.

Note :
1. See the needle is sterile.
2. Usually choose left ring finger.
3. Don’t use same needle to other body.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 12.
Ramu felt weak. Ramu’s father took him to hospital. The doctor advised a blood test. The report says that he does not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What are its ill effects?
Answer:
Ill effects of haemoglobin :

  • Blood is red in colour due to the presence of red coloured protein called haemoglobin.
  • Haemoglobin helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Low haemoglobin is the main cause for anemia.
  • If there is not enough haemoglobin in blood. The oxygen supply to various parts will be less, which causes shortness of breath.
  • Low haemoglobin levels many aggravate extant heart problems.
  • People with low haemoglobin levels get very tired as their cells do not get enough oxygen to perform their activities.

Question 13.
How blood test is useful to diagnose the disease? Explain with daily life situation. (AS 1)
Answer:

  • Blood test is useful to diagnose diseases such as malaria, typhoid, cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, anemia coronary heart disease, abnormalities in the functioning of kidney, liver, thyroid, etc.
  • Abnormal red blood cell levels might be a sign of anemia. Dehydration, bleeding, and other disorder.
  • Complete blood count with differential can measure the amounts of different types of white blood cells in our body.
  • Abnormal white blood cell levels might be a sign of infection, blood cancer or an immune system disorder.
  • Abnormal platelet levels might be a sign of a bleeding disorder or thrombotic disorder.
  • Abnormal haemoglobin levels might be a sign of anemia, sickle cell anemia or thalassemia.
  • Abnormal glucose levels in the blood might be a sign of diabetes.
  • Abnormal calcium levels in the blood might suggest kidney problems, bone disease, thyroid disease, cancer, or malnutrition.
  • Abnormal electrolyte levels might be a sign of dehydration, kidney disease, liver disease, heart failure or high B.P.
  • Abnormal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels might suggest a kidney disease.
  • High levels of enzymes like Troponin and creatine kinase is a sign of Heart attack.
  • Abnormal cholestrol or triglyceride levels might be a sign of increased risk of coronary heart disease.
  • Abnormal coagulation pannel test results might suggest risk of bleeding or developing clots in blood vessels.
  • Existence of microorganisms or their antibodies in the blood suggest occurence of corresponding disease.
    E.g. : Plasmodium – Malaria, HIV – AIDS etc.

Question 14.
Collect the old blood reports of your friends/relatives and prepare a project report on the contents of the blood.
Answer:
On collection and observation of old blood reports I came to know that the contents of blood should present in definite proportions such as.

Content of blood Lower and upper limits
WBC 5.0 – 10.0 103 cells / ul
RBC 3.5 -5.5  106 cells/ul
HgB Men 12 -16 g/dL; Women 9.9 – 13 g/dL
PLT (Platelet count) 1.0-3.0 105 cells/ ul
Neutrophil 40 – 75%
Lymphocytes 20 – 45%
Eosinophil 1 – 6%
Basophil 0-1%
Monocyte 0-3%

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 29

Question 1.
Why do old people shiver in winter when compared to youngsters? Is there any insulator like substance to prevent the escape of heat energy during winter?
Answer:

  • Old people shivers in winter when compared to youngsters.
  • They didn’t have enough fat storages below the skin.
  • Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.
  • The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules.
  • Storage of fat also acts as insulator.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 2.
Which tissue gives definite shape to body of vertebrae?
Answer:

  • Bone is one type of connective tissue.
  • It forms the frame work that supports the body.
  • It is a major component of the skeletal system of several vertebrae.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 34

Question 3.
During winter, body shivers. Why?
Answer:

  • When the body is exposed to cold air, we shiver.
  • During shivering muscles contract and relax and produce large amount of heat.
  • This keeps the body heat.
  • It is one type of defensive mechanism of the body.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Blood is a type of connective tissue. Why is it called connective tissue?
Answer:
Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

  1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
  2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers, and matrix.
  3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
  4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which ail other connective tissues also originate.

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Activities

Lab Activity – 1

Question 1.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, forceps, brush.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 2

Procedure:

  1. Collect a small piece of chicken with bone from your nearby chicken centres or market.
  2. Put it in dilute HCl for two hours.
  3. Take the skin part of chicken piece.
  4. Place the material with forceps or brush on the slide
  5. Then keep the another slide on it and press both the slides gently.
  6. Place a cover slip tap on it and observe under microscope.
  7. Draw the diagram of what you have observed under microscope in your notebook.
  8. Compare your diagram with the given picture.

Answer these questions.
1. Are all the cells similar?
Answer:
Yes. All the cells are similar.

2. How are they arranged?
Answer:
They are arranged in layers. Each cell is round and nucleated. Observed diagram

3. Are these cells tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath?
Answer:
Yes. The cells are tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath.

4. Is there any intercellular space?
Answer:
No. There is no intercellular space.

5. Think, why these cells look like continuous sheath.
Answer:
These cells are look like continuous sheath because there is no intercellular space and the cells are tightly packed.

6. Does this tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues

Question 2.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, cotton.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 3

Procedure:

  1. Take a sterilized syringe needle.
  2. Collect one drop of blood from finger tip by pricking with syringe needle.
  3. Take a slide. Keep the finger on the slide to collect one drop of blood.
  4. Put another slide on it gently and press both :
  5. Observe under microscope.
  6. Draw the diagram of what you observe L microscope in your notebook. Compare diagram with the given picture.
    In this procedure we can identify red blood

Question 3.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, vinegar, forceps.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 4

Procedure:

  1. Take a piece of muscle of chicken.
  2. Put in diluted HCl or vinegar and leave it for two hours.
  3. Next morning collect the piece of muscle on a slide with forceps.
  4. Press gently with another slide, put few drops of water and place a cover slip on it.
  5. Observe under microscope. Observed diagram
  6. Draw the diagram what you have observed under microscope in your notebook. Compare your diagram with the above picture.

Answer these questions.

1. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are arranged in layers one above the other.

2. Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:
Muscle cells are long and nucleated.

3. If you want to observe the bone tissue in the chicken bone, settle it in vinegar or diluted HCl over night. Then only the bone becomes soft. Take a piece from it by using knife. Do you find any relation among these tissues?
Answer:
Usually muscle tissue is attached to bones.

4. Is this tissue useful for movements in our body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue is useful for movements in our body.

Activity – 1

Question 4.
1. Collect the substance lining of mouth by using wooden spoon and observe this under microscope.
2. Draw the diagram that you observed in the microscope, in your notebook.
a) How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.

b) Are there any intercellular spaces?
Answer:
No. Intercellular spaces are absent.

c) Think, why are the epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 5
Because skin has to protect our body from cold, heat etc.

d) If you drink hot tea or chilled cool drink, how would you feel?
Answer:
Inner layers of our mouth cannot bear hot tea or chilled cool drink. We immediately spill hot or cold substances from our mouth.

e) If your skin burns or wounded, which tissue would effected ?
Answer:
Epithelial tissue.

Activity – 2

Question 5.
1. Take a permanent slide of cuboidal epithelium from your laboratory slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the picture in your notebook.
3. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
The cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 6
4. Conclusion :
These are the cuboidal epithelial cells which form the lining of organs or tubules or other parts and provide mainly mechanical support.

Activity – 3

Question 6.
1. Take a permanent slide of columnar epithelium from the slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the figure that you observed under microscope. Observed diagram
3. How are the cells? Do you find any hair like projections on the outer surface of epithelial cells?
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 7
Answer:
a) The cells are long, compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
b) Hair like projections are present on the outer surface of these cells.
c) These type of epithelial cells are present in the small intestine.

Activity – 4

Question 7.
1. Invite a scientist or doctor to your place.
2. Record an interview about blood structure and its functions.
3. It is important to make a questionnaire in order to conduct an interview.
4. After completion of interview, prepare a booklet about blood and display it on bulletin board or classroom library.

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 3
Booklet about blood.

  1. Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
  2. There are different types of cells in blood and each one has a different function.
  3. All the cells in the blood cells float freely in the plasma.
  4. Extracellular space is filled with fluid called plasma. There are no fibres in the blood.
  5. Normal adult human beings have about 5 litres of blood. A chief component in plasma is water.
  6. Besides water it also has several nutrients such as glucose, aminoacids, proteins, vitamins and hormones.
  7. Plasma also contain factors responsible for blood clotting. Heparine helps to prevent blood clotting in blood vessels.
  8. Cells present in blood are corpuscles. They are three types l.RBC, 2. WBC, 3. Blood platelets.
  9. Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin.
  10. haemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  11. When we are in mother’s womb, RBC are formed in the liver and spleen. After birth RBC are generated from the bone marrow of long bone.
  12. RBC live for 120 days.
  13. The second type of cells present in blood are white blood cells, which do not have haemoglobin. Hence they are called leucocytes.
  14. There are two types of cells in WBC – granulocytes and agranulocytes.
  15. There are three types of cells in the granulocytes – Neutrophils, Basophils and Esinophils.
  16. These cells attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
  17. There are two types of agranulocytes – lymphocytes and monocytes.
  18. Lymphocytes secret anti – bodies to guard against foreign material that enter into blood. So they are called microscopic policemen.
  19. Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells. They are called as ‘scavengers’.
  20. Blood platelets are a separate group of cells which do not have a nucleus. They help in blood clotting.

Lab Activity – 2

Question 8.
Aim:
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus:
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle, cotton, tooth picks, 70% alcohol.

Kit components:

Components Quantity (100 tests)
1. anti-A sera 5 ml
2. anti-B sera 5 ml
3. anti-RhD sera 5 ml
4. porcelaine white plate 2
5. wax pencil 1
6. needle (24G) 100
7. instructional mannual 1

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 8
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 9
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 10
Procedure:

  1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it. The plate must be very clean so that it does not interfere with the reaction.
  2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles, one in each part as shown in figure.
  3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge but within each of the circles as shown in figure.
  4. Choose a left ring finger clean it with alcohol in a cotton ball and let it dry. Keep the cotton ball nearby, as it is needed again. Dangle the hand down to increase the amount of blood in the fingers.
  5. Press on the bottom of the finger tip with the thumb of the same hand and quickly prick the finger tip with the help of a needle.
  6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle but not touching the anti-sera.
  7. After putting three drops of blood, apply gentle pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
  8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and antiserum and stir gently. Do it for each of the circles using a fresh toothpick every time.
  9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and inference :
Determine the blood type depending on the result. Following table can be used to determine the blood type :

Anti – A Anti – B Type
Yes No A
No Yes B
Yes Yes AB
No No 0

If agglutination occurs in anti-RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive; and if it does not, the Rh factor is negative.

Result should be noted in the given table :

Name Blood group
Ramu O
Gopal B
Krishna AB
Apparao A
Gupta B

Activity – 5

Question 9.
Collect three types of muscle slides (Striated muscles, Non-striated muscles, Cardiac muscles) from slide box. Then observe these under microscope. Write your findings in the following table.
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 11

Activity – 6

Question 10.
Collect the slide of nerve cells from the slide box. Observe it under microscope. Write your findings.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues 12

  1. We can identify three distinct parts in nerve cells.
  2. They are
    1. Cell body or cyton,
    2. Axon and
    3. Dendrites
  3. Cell body or cyton has a large nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains granular structure called Nissal’s granules.
  4. Projections arising from the cell body are called dendrites. They are sharp, branched, more in number.
  5. One projection of the cyton is somewhat longer than remaining projections. This is called axon.
  6. Nerve cell is covered with myeline sheath. Nodes of Ranvier are present in myelin sheath.

 

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions 14th Lesson Carbon and its Compounds

10th Class Chemistry 14th Lesson Carbon and its Compounds Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Name the simplest hydrocarbon. (AS1)
Answer:
The simplest hydrocarbon is alkane called Methane (CH4). It’s an aliphatic, saturated compound of Hydrogen and Carbon.

Question 2.
What are the general molecular formulae of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes? (AS1)
Answer:
General molecular formula of alkane is CnH2n+2.
General molecular formula of alkene is CnH2n.
General molecular formula of alkyne is CnH2n-2.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 3.
Name the carboxylic acid used as a preservative. (AS1)
Answer:
Vinegar with chemical formula CH3COOH is used as preservative. 5 – 8% of solution of acetic acid or ethanoic acid in water is called vinegar and it is used widely as preservative in pickles.

Question 4.
Name the product other than water formed on burning of ethanol in air. (AS1)
Answer:
C2H3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O + Energy
So, the product other than water formed on burning of ethanol in air is carbon dioxide (CO2).

Question 5.
Give the IUPAC name of the following compounds. If more than one compound is possible, name all of them. (AS1)
i) An aldehyde derived from ethane.
ii) A ketone derived from butane.
iii) A chloride derived from propane.
iv) An alcohol derived from pentane.
Answer:
i) An aldehyde derived from ethane is ethanal. Its formula is CH3CHO.
ii) A ketone derived from butane. Its IUPAC name is Butanone.
Its chemical formula is CH3COCH2CH3
It is also known as methyl ethyl ketone. (Its general name)

iii) A chloride derived from propane.
A) 1-Chloro propane. Its formula is CH3CH2CH2Cl.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 1
iv) An alcohol derived from pentane :
A) 1-Pentanol. Its formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
B) 2-Pentanol. Its formula is CH3CHOH CH2CH2CH3
C) 3-Pentanol. Its formula is CH3CH2 CHOH CH2CH3

Question 6.
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding ; can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used? (AS1)
Answer:

  • Ethyne when burnt in the presence of oxygen gives enough heat that can be used for welding.
  • Whereas if it is burnt in air which contains nitrogen, CO2 and other inactive gaseous contents, sufficient oxygen is not available for burning ethyne to give the required heat.

Question 7.
Explain with the help of a chemical equation, how an addition reaction is used in vegetable ghee industry. (AS1)
Answer:

  • The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation. The process of hydrogenation takes place in the presence of nickel or palladium metals as catalyst.
  • The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial application. It is used to prepare vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) from vegetable oils.
  • Vegetable oils are unsaturated fats having double bonds between some of their carbon atoms.
  • When a vegetable oil (like groundnut oil) is heated with hydrogen in the presence of finely divided nickel as catalyst, a saturated oil called vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) is formed. This a reaction is called hydrogenation of oils and it can be represented as follows.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 18

Here vegetable oil is a liquid whereas vegetable ghee is a solid (or a semi solid).

Question 8.
a) What are the various possible structural formulae of a compound having molecular formula C3H6O? (AS1)
b) Give the IUPAC names of the above possible compounds and represent them in structures. (AS1)
c) What is the similarity in these compounds? (AS1)
Answer:
a) They are CH3COCH3and CH3 CH2 CHO

b) i) The IUPAC name of CH3COCH3 is propanone.
ii) The IUPAC name of CH3 CH2 CHO is propanal.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 19

Question 9.
Name the simplest ketone apfl write its molecular formula. (AS1)
Answer:
Acetone is the simplest ketone. Its molecular formula is CH3COCH3 Its IUPAC name is propanone.

Question 10.
What do we call the Self linking property of carbon? (AS1)
Answer:
The property of self combination (or linking) of carbon atoms to form long chains is useful to us because it gives rise to an extremely large number of carbon compounds (or organic compounds). This is known as catenation.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 11.
Name the compound formed by heating ethanol at 443 K with excess of cone. H2SO4. (AS1)
(OR)
What is the compound formed when ethyhalcohol (Ethanol) is dehydrated ? Write the chemical equation of the reaction.
Answer:
1. When ethanol is heated with excess of cone. H2SO4 at 443 K (170° C), it gets dehydrated to form ethene (which is an unsaturated hydrocarbon).

2. During dehydration of ethanol molecules (CH3 – CH2OH), H from the CH3 group and OH from CH2OH group are removed in the form of a water molecule (H2O) regulating in the formation of this molecule (CH2 = CH2).
3. In this reaction concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent.

Question 12.
Give an example for esterification reaction. (AS1)
Answer:
The reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of cone. H2SO4 to form a sweet odoured substance, ester with the functional group
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 3
is called esterification.

Ex: Ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid) reacts with Ethanol (alcohol) and forms ethyl acetate.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 4

Question 13.
Name the product obtained when ethanol is oxidized by either chromic anhydride or alkaline potassium permanganate. (AS1)
(OR)
If the ethanol is oxidized by either chromic anhydride or alkaline potassium permanganate, what is the product obtained from them?
Answer:
Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol) undergoes oxidation to form the product of Acetaldehyde and finally Acetic acid.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 20

Question 14.
Write the chemical equation representing the reaction of preparation of ethanol from ethane. (AS1)
Answer:
1. Ethane in the absence of air on heating forms ethene
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 5

2. Then Ethanol is prepared on large scale from ethene by the addition of water vapour to it in the presence of catalyst like P2O5, Tungsten oxide at high pressure and temperature.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 6

Question 15.
Write the IUPAC name of the next homologous of CH3OHCH2CH3. (AS1)
Answer:
The IUPAC name of the next homologous of CH3OHCH2CH3 is HO-CH3CH2CH2CH3 1 – butanol.

Question 16.
Define homologous series of carbon compounds. Mention any two characteristics of homologous series. (AS1)
Answer:
1. The series of carbon compounds in which two successive compounds differ by – CH2 unit is called homologous series.
Ex : 1) CH4, C2H6, C3H8, ………………..
2) CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, ………………..

2. If we observe above series of compounds, we will notice that each compound in the series differs by – CH2 unit by its successive compound.

3. Characteristics of homologous series :
i) They have one general formula.
Ex : alkanes (CnH2n+2), alkynes (CnH2n-2), alcohols (CnH2n+1) OH, etc.
ii) Successive compounds in the series possess a difference of (-CH2) unit.
iii) They have similar chemical properties.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 17.
Give the names of functional groups
(i) – CHO
(ii) – C = O. (AS1)
(OR)
Write the names of the given functional groups
(i) – CHO
(ii) – C = O
Answer:
i) – CHO → aldehyde
ii) – C = O → ketone

Question 18.
Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding? (AS1)
Answer:
Since carbon atoms can achieve the inert gas electron arrangements only by the sharings of electrons, therefore, carbon always forms covalent bonds.

Question 19.
Allotropy is a property shown by which class substance: elements, compounds or mixtures? Explain allotropy with suitable examples. (AS1)
Answer:

1. Allotropy is a property shown by the elements.

2. The property of an element to exist in two or more physical forms having more or less similar chemical properties but different physical properties is called allotropy.

3. The different forms of the element are called allotropes and are formed due to the difference in the arrangement of atoms.

4. Example for allotropes : Allotropes of carbon.

Allotropes of carbon are classified into two types. They are
1) Amorphous forms,
2) Crystalline forms.

5) Amorphous forms of carbon:
Coal, coke, wood, charcoal, animal charcoal, lampblack, gas carbon, petroleum coke, sugar charcoal.

6) Crystalline forms of carbon :
Diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene.

Question 20.
Explain how sodium ethoxide is obtained from ethanol. Give chemical equations. (AS1)
Answer:
As ethanol is similar to water molecule (H2O) with C2H5 group in place of hydrogen, it reacts with metallic sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 7

Question 21.
Describe with chemical equation how ethanoic acid may be obtained from ethanol. (AS1)
Answer:
Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) undergoes oxidation to form the product Acetaldehyde and finally acetic acid (Ethanoic acid).
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 8

Question 22.
Explain the cleansing action of soap. (AS1)
Answer:
When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, the hydrocarbon ends of the soap molecules in the micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on the surface of dirty clothes.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 9

Question 24.
Explain the structure of graphite in terms of bonding and give one property based on this structure. (AS1)
(OR)
Why does graphite act as lubricant?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 10

  • Graphite forms a two dimensional layer structure with C – C bonds within the layers.
  • There are relatively weak interactions between the layers.
  • In the layer structure, the carbon atoms are in a trigonal planar environment.
  • This is consistent with each carbon atom in sp² hybridisation.
  • Interactions between the sp² orbitals (overlaps) lead to the formation of C – C bonds.
  • Each carbon atom is with one unhybridised ‘p’ orbital.
  • The unhybridised ‘p’ orbitals interact to form a π system that is delocalised over the whole layer.
  • The interactions known as London dispersion forces between the layers which are separated by a distance of 3.35 A° are weakened by the presence of water molecules so that it is easy to cleave graphite.
  • For this reason graphite is used as lubricant and as the lead in pencils.

Question 25.
Name the acid present in vinegar. (AS1)
Answer:
1) The acid present in vinegar is Ethenoic acid or acetic acid (CH3COOH).
2) 5 – 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.

Question 26.
What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol? (AS2)
Answer:
Ethanol reacts with sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 11

Question 27.
Two carbon compounds A and B have molecular formula C3H8 and C3H6 respectively. Which one of the two is most likely to show addition? Justify your answer. (AS2)
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 12
• It is a saturated hydrocarbon. It shows substitution reaction.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 13
• This is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Hence it shows addition to become saturated. During the reactions, addition of reagent takes place at the double bonded carbon atoms.

Justification :
In the following, C3H6 undergoes addition reaction.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 14

Question 28.
Suggest a test to find the hardness of water and explain the procedure. (AS3)
(OR)
How do you test whether a given water sample is soft or hard?
Answer:

  • Take about 10 ml hard water (well water or hand pump water) in a test tube.
  • Add five drops of soap solution to it.
  • Shake the test tube vigorously.
  • We see that no lather is formed at first.
  • Only a dirty white curd like scum is formed on the surface of water.
  • From this, we conclude that soap does not form lather easily with hard water.
  • We have to add much more soap to obtain lather with hard water.

Question 29.
Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid and explain the procedure. (AS3)
Answer:

  1. Take ethanol and ethanoic acid in two different test tubes.
  2. Add nearly 18 g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to each test tube.
  3. Lots and lots of bubbles and foam will be observed from the test tube containing ethanoic acid. This is due to release of CO2.
    NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
  4. Ethanol will not react with sodium bicarbonate and thus we won’t observe any change in the test tube containing ethanol.
    Thus we can separate ethanol from ethanoic acid.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 30.
An organic compound ‘X’ with a molecular formula C2H6O undergoes oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 and forms the compound ‘Y’, that has molecular formula C2H4O2. (AS3)
i) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
Answer:
X is Ethanol is CH3CH2OH and T is Ethanoic acid, i.e., CH3COOH.

ii) Write your observation regarding the product when the compound X is made to react with compound IT which is used as a preservative for pickles.
Answer:
Ethyl alcohol undergoes oxidation to form the product Acetaldehyde and finally Acetic acid.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 15
Here CH3COOH is used as preservative for pickles.

When X reacts with Y it forms ethyl acetate and water which is called esterification reaction.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Question 31.
Prepare models of methane, ethane, ethene and ethyne molecules using clay balls and matchsticks. (AS4)
Answer:
Stick and ball model :
1) Methane (CH4) :
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 21
2) Ethane (C2H6):
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 22

3) Ethene (C2H4):
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 23

4) Ethyne (C2H2)
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 24

Question 32.
Collect information about artificial ripening of fruits by ethylene. (AS4)
Answer:

  • Seasonal fruits like mango, banana, papaya, sapota and custard apple are often harvested in nature. But due to unripe condition they are subsequently allowed to ripen by natural release of ripening harmone (ethylene) from the fruit.
  • However, natural ripening in some fruits is a slow process, which leads to high weight loss, desiccation of fruits and under ripening. With the rapid development of fruit trade, artificial ripening has become essential and the methods practised earlier by small traders are smoking and calcium carbide treatment.
  • Fruits ripened with calcium carbide though seem attractive and colourful are inferior in taste, flavour and spoil faster.
  • Government of India has banned the use of calcium carbide for artificial ripening of fruits under PFA Act 8-44AA, 1954.
  • Artificial ripening of fruits by using the above steps spoils the health of consumers, so we should not use such type of fruits.
  • Government has to take serious action on the fruit sellers who are practising the above said methods.

Question 33.
Draw the electronic dot structure of ethane molecule (C2H6). (AS6)
Answer:
C2H6:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 16

Question 34.
How do you appreciate the role of esters in everyday life? (AS6)
Answer:

  • Esters are usually volatile liquids having sweet or pleasant smell.
  • They are also said to have fruity smell.
  • Esters are used in making artificial perfumes.
  • This is because of the fact that most of the esters have a pleasant smell.
  • Esters are also used as flavouring agents.
  • This means that esters are used in making artificial flavours and essences used in ice-cream, sweets and cool drinks.
  • The alkaline hydrolysis of esters is known as saponification (Soap making).
  • That’s why we can appreciate the role of esters in everyday life.

Question 35.
How do you condemn the use of alcohol as a social practice? (AS7)
Answer:

  • Consumption of alcohol in the form of beverages is harmful to health.
  • It causes severe damage to blood circulation system.
  • Addiction to alcohol drinking leads to heart diseases and damages the liver.
  • It also causes ulcers in small intestines due to increased acidity and damages the digestive system.
  • Alcohol which is consumed in raw form under the names liquor, gudumba which is more harmful to health due to adulteration.
  • Alcohol mixed with pyridine is called denatured spirit. Consumption of denatured spirit causes blindness and death.
  • Hence use of alcohol is a social evil which harms the society.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 36.
An organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2 produces brisk effervescence on addition of sodium carbonate/bicarbonate.
Answer the following :
a) Identify the organic compound. (AS1)
Answer:
The organic compound is Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).

b) Write the chemical equation for the above reaction. (AS1)
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 17

c) Name the gas evolved. (AS2)
Answer:
CO2

d) How will you test the gas evolved? (AS3)
Answer:
1) Pass the evolved gas through lime water in a test tube.
2) We will find that lime water turns milky.
3) Only CO2 gas can turn lime water milky.

e) List two important uses of the above compound. (AS1)
Answer:
1) Dilute ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is used as a food preservative in the preparation of pickles and sauces.
2) Ethanoic acid is used for making cellulose acetate which is an important artificial fibre.

Question 37.
1 ml glacial acetic acid and 1 m/of ethanol are mixed together in, a test tube. Few drops of concentrate sulphuric acid is added in the mixture are warmed in a water bath for 5 min.
Answer the following:
a) Name the resultant compound formed.
b) Represent the above change by a chemical equation.
c) What term is given to such a reaction?
d) What are the special characteristics of the compound formed?
Answer:
a) Ethyl acetate.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 25
c) Esterification
d) It has fruity smell or pleasant smell.

Fill In The Blanks

1. Carbon compounds containing double and triple bonds are called ………………….
2. A compound which is basic constituent of many cough syrups ………………………
3. Very dilute solution of ethanoic acid is ………………..
4. A sweet odour substance formed by the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is ………………
5. When sodium metal is dropped in ethanol …………………. gas will be released.
6. The functional group present in methanol is …………………….
7. IUPAC name of alkene containing 3 carbon atoms is ………………….
8. The first member of homologous series among alkynes is ……………………
9. The product that is formed by dehydration of ethanol in cone, sulphuric acid is ………………….
10. Number of single covalent bonds in ammonia are ………………..
11. Type of reactions shown by alkanes is ……………….
Answer:

  1. unsaturated compounds
  2. ethanol
  3. vinegar
  4. ester
  5. H2
  6. – OH (Alcohol)
  7. propene
  8. ethyne (C2H2)
  9. ethene (C2H4)
  10. 3
  11. substitutional

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the four test tubes containing the following chemicals shows the brisk effervescence when dilute acetic acid was added to them?
i) KOH
ii) NaHCO3
iii) K2CO3
iv) NaCl
A) i & ii
B) ii & iii
C) i & iv
D) ii & iv
Answer:
B) ii & iii

2. Which of the following solution of acetic acid in water can be used as preservative?
A) 5-10%
B) 10-15%
C) 15-20%
D) 100%
Answer:
A) 5-10%

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

3. The suffix used for naming an aldehyde is
A) – ol
B) – al
C) – one
D) – ene
Answer:
B) – al

4. Acetic acid, when dissolved in water, it dissociates into ions reversibly because it is a
A) weak acid
B) strong acid
C) weak base
D) strong base
Answer:
A) weak acid

5. Which one of the following hydrocarbons can show isomerism?
A) C2H4
B) C2H6
C) C3H8
D) C4H10
Answer:
D) C4H10

6. Combustion of hydrocarbon is generally accompanied by the evolution of
A) Heat
B) Light
C) Both heat and light
D) Electric current
Answer:
C) Both heat and light

7. 2 ml of ethanoic acid was taken in each of the three test tubes A, B and C and 2 ml, 4 ml and 8 ml water was added to them respectively. A clear solution is obtained in:
A) Test tube A only
B) Test tubes A & B only
C) Test tubes B and C only
D) All the test tubes
Answer:
D) All the test tubes

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

8. If 2 ml of acetic acid was added slowly in drops to 5 ml of water then we will notice
A) The acid forms a separate layer on the top of water
B) Water forms a separate layer on the top of the acid
C) Formation of a clear and homogenous solution
D) Formation of a pink and clear solution
Answer:
C) Formation of a clear and homogenous solution

9. A few drops of ethanoic acid were added to solid sodium carbonate. The possible results of the reactions are
A) A hissing sound was evolved
B) Brown fumes evolved
C) Brisk effervescence occurred
D) A pungent smelling gas evolved
Answer:
C) Brisk effervescence occurred

10. When acetic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol, we add cone. H2SO4, it acts as and the process is called
A) Oxidizing agent, saponification
B) Dehydrating agent, esterification
C) Reducing agent, esterification
D) Acid and esterification
Answer:
B) Dehydrating agent, esterification

10th Class Chemistry 14th Lesson Carbon and its Compounds InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 254

Question 1.
Can carbon get helium configuration by losing four electrons from the outer shell?
Answer:

  • If carbon loses four electrons from the outer shell, it has to form C4+ ions.
  • This requires huge amount of energy which is not available normally.
  • Therefore C4+ formation is also a remote possibility.
  • Carbon has to satisfy its tetravalency by sharing electrons with other atoms.
  • It has to form four covalent bonds either with its own atoms or atoms of other elements.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 255

Question 2.
How do carbon atoms form bonds in so many different ways?
Answer:
As per valence bond theory, the four unpaired electrons in a carbon atom is main cause to form many bonds.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 3.
Explain the four unpaired electrons in carbon atom through excited state.
Answer:
Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state):
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 34

Electronic configuration of carbon (excited state):
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 35

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 256

Question 4.
Where does this energy to excite electron come from?
Answer:

  • We have to understand that free carbon atom would not be in excited state under normal conditions.
  • When the carbon atom is ready to form bonds with other atoms, the energy required for excitation is taken up from bond energies, which are the liberated energies when bonds are formed between carbon atom and other atoms.

Question 5.
In methane (CH4) molecule all four carbon – hydrogen bonds are identical and bond angle HCH is 109°28′. How can we explain this?
Answer:
In excited state, carbon atom has three unpaired electrons in p-orbitals and one electron in s-orbital. These four valence electrons are with different energies. These orbitals combine to form four identical orbitals. Four hydrogen atoms form four identical C -H bonds with bond angle 109° 28′. This is called hybridisation.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 6.
How do these energetically unequal valence electrons form four equivalent covalent bonds in methane molecule?
Answer:
1) When bonds are formed, energy is released and the system becomes more stable. If carbon forms four bonds rather than two, still more energy is released and so the resulting molecule becomes even more stable.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 36

2) The energy difference between the 2s and 2p orbitals is very small. When carbon atom is ready to form bonds it gets a small amount of energy from bond energies and gets excited to promote an electron from the 2s to the empty 2p to give four unpaired electrons.

3) We have got four unpaired electrons ready for bonding, but these electrons are in two different kinds of orbitals and their energies are different.

4) We are not going to get four identical bonds unless these unpaired electrons are in four identical orbitals.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 257

Question 7.
How to explain the four orbitals of carbon containing unpaired electrons as energetically equal?
Answer:
With hybridisation we explai n the four orbitals of carbon containing unpaired electrons are energetically equal.
Ex : Methane (CH4).

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 258

Question 8.
How do you explain the ability of C – atom to form two single covalent bonds and one double bond?
Answer:
Ethylene (CH2 = CH2) explains the ability of carbon atom to form two single covalent bonds and one double bond.
Ex:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 37

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 259

Question 9.
How do you explain the ability of carbon atom to form one single bond and one triple bond?
Answer:
Ethyne (HC \(\equiv\) CH) explains the ability of carbon atom to form one single bond between one hydrogen and carbon, and one triple bond between carbon and carbon.
Ex : H – C \(\equiv\) C – H.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 260

Question 10.
What are bond angles H\(\widehat{\mathbf{C}}\)H in CH4, C2H4 and C2H2 molecules?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 38

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 262

Question 11.
How do you understand the markings (writings) of a pencil on a paper?
Answer:

  1. When we write with a pencil, the inter layer attractions breakdown and leave graphite layers on the paper.
  2. It is easy to remove pencil marks from paper with an eraser because, the layers do not bind strongly to the paper.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 265

Question 12.
Allotting completely one special branch in chemistry to compounds of only one element. Is it justified when there are so many elements and their compounds but not with any special branches?
Answer:

  1. We understand that all molecules that make life possible carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, hormones, and vitamins contain carbon.
  2. The chemical reactions that take place in living systems are of carbon compounds.
  3. Food that we get From nature, various medicines, cotton, silk and fuels like natural gas and petroleum almost all of them are carbon compounds.
  4. Synthetic fabrics, plastics, synthetic rubber are also compounds of carbon.
  5. Hence, carbon is a special element with the largest number of compounds:

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 266

Question 13.
What are hydrocarbons?
Answer:
The compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen in their molecules are called hydrocarbons.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 14.
Do all the compounds have equal number of C and H atoms?
Answer:
No. All the compounds do not have equal number of C and H atoms.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 269

Question 15.
Observe the following two structures.
a) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
b)
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 39
i) How about their structures? Are they same?
Answer:
No, they are not same compounds.

ii) How many carbon and hydrogen atoms are there in (a) and (b) structures?
Answer:
Carbon – 4 ; Hydrogen – 10.

iii) Write the condensed molecular formulae for (a) and (b), do they have same molecular formulae?
Answer:
C4H10; Yes.

Question 16.
Can carbon form bonds with the atoms of other elements?
Answer:
Carbon forms compounds not only with atoms of hydrogen but also with atoms of other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, halogens, etc.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 272

Question 17.
What do you mean by nomenclature of Organic componds?
Answer:
Nomenclature of organic chemistry is systematic method of naming organic compound.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 18.
What is the basis for nomenclature?
Answer:
The basic of the nomenclature is number of carbons in the parent chain in a compound.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 273

Question 19.
What are the word – root and suffix?
Answer:
Word root:
Word root indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest possible continuous carbon chain also known as parent chain.

Suffix :
Suffix is added immediately after the word root. It is two types

1) Primary Suffix :
It is used to indicate the degree of saturation or unsaturation of the main chain.

2) Secondary Suffix :
It is used to indicate the main functional group in the organic compound.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 274

Question 20.
What do you mean by the term ‘alkyl’?
Answer:
Alkyl:
Alkyl is a substituent, that is attached to the molecular fragment.
General formula of alkyl is CnH2n + 1

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 278

Question 21.
Can we write the structure of a compound if the name of the compound is given?
Answer:
Yes, we can write the structure of a compound if the name of the compound is given.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 279

Question 22.
Why do sometimes cooking vessels get blackened on a gas or kerosene stove?
Answer:
Because of the inlets of air getting closed, the fuel gases do not completely undergo combustion. Hence, it forms a sooty carbon form which gets coated over the vessels.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 280

Question 23.
Do you know what is a catalyst?
Answer:
A catalyst is a substance which regulates the rate of a given reaction without itself finally undergoing any chemical change.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 281

Question 24.
Do you know how the police detect whether suspected drivers have consumed alcohol or not?
Answer:

  1. The police officer asks the suspect to blow air into a plastic bag through a mouth piece of the detecting instrument which contains crystals of potassium-di-chromate (K2Cr2O7).
  2. As K2Cr2O7 is a good oxidizing agent, it oxidizes any ethanol in the driver’s breath to ethanal and ethanoic acid.
  3. Orange Cr2O72- changes to bluish green Cr3+ during the process of the oxidation of alcohol.
  4. The length of the tube that turned into green is the measure of the quantity of alcohol that had been drunk.
  5. The police even use the IR Spectra to detect the bonds C – OH and C – H of CH3 – CH2OH.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 283

Question 25.
What are esters?
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 3
The compounds which contain the functional group and the general formula R – COO – R’, where R and R’ are alkyl groups or phenyl groups, are known as “Esters”.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 284

Question 26.
What is a true solution?
Answer:
A true solution is that in which the solute particles dispersed in the solvent are less than 1 nm in diameter.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 286

Question 27.
What is the action of soap particles on the greasy cloth?
Answer:

  • Soaps and detergents make oil and dirt present on the cloth come out into water, thereby making the cloth clean.
  • Soap has one polar end and one non-polar end.
  • The polar end is hydrophilic in nature and this end is attracted towards water.
  • The non-polar end is hydrophobic in nature and it is attracted towards grease or * . ; oil on the cloth, but not attracted towards water.
  • When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to dirt and remove it from the cloth.
  • The hydrophobic end of the soap molecules move towards the dirt or grease particles. ’
  • The hydrophobic ends attach to the dirt particle and try to pull out.
  • The molecules of soap surround the dirt particle at the centre of the cluster and form a spherical structure called micelle.
  • These micelles remain suspended in water like particles in a colloidal solution.
  • The various micelles present in water do not come together to form a precipitate as each micelle repels the other because of the ion-ion repulsion.
  • Thus, the dust particles remain trapped in micelles and are easily rinsed away with water.
  • Hence, soap micelles remove dirt by dissolving it in water.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 280

Question 28.
Why we are advised not to use animal fats for cooking?
Answer:

  • Animal fats have recently been implicated as the cause of heart disease and obesity. So, we are advised not to use animal fats for cooking.
  • Excess animal fat is stored in lipocytes, which expand in size until the fat is used for fuel.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 29.
Which oil is recommended for cooking? Why?
Answer:
Canola oil :

  • A recent entrant into the Indian market Canola is flying off the shelves.
  • Canola oil which is made from the crushed seeds of the Canola plant, is said to be amongst the healthiest of cooking oils.
  • It has the lowest saturated fat content of any oil.
  • It’s seen as a healthy alternative as it’s rich in monosaturated fats and is high in omega-3 and omega a fats.
  • It has a medium smoking point and is an oil that works well for fruits, baking, sauteing, etc.

10th Class Chemistry 14th Lesson Carbon and its Compounds Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Observe the structural formula of the following hydro carbons and write their names in your notebook.
Answer:
1) CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2
Sol. But-l-ene

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 26
Sol. 2-Methyl butane

3) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
Sol. Hexane

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 27
Sol. 3-Methyl, but-l-ene

5)
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 28
Sol. Prop-l-yne

Activity-2

Question 2.
Read the names of the following hydro carbons and draw their structures in your notebook.
1. 2,2-Dimethyl hexane
Sol.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 29

2. But-l-yne
Sol. CH3 – CH2 – C = CH

3. 3-Methyl Pent-2-ene
Sol.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 30

4. But-1.2-diene
Sol. CH3 – CH3 = c = CH2

5. Hept-2 en, 4-yne
Sol.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 31

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Write an activity to show esterification reactions.
Answer:
The compound formed is ester. The process is called esterification.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 32

  1. Take 1 ml of ethanol and 1 ml of glacial acetic acid along with a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube.
  2. Warm it in a water bath or a beaker containing water for at least five minutes.
  3. Pour the warm contents into a beaker containing 20-50 ml of water and observe the odour of the resulting mixture.
  4. We will notice that the resulting mixture is sweet odoured subatance.
  5. This substance is nothing but ethyl acetate, an ester.
  6. This reaction is called esterification reaction.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Write an activity to show soap solution separates oil from water.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 14 Carbon and its Compounds 33

  1. Take about 10 ml of water each in two test tubes.
  2. Add a drop of oil to both the test tubes.
  3. Label them as A and B.
  4. Add a few drops of soap solution to test tube B.
  5. Now shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same period of time.
  6. We can see the oil and water layers separately in both the test tubes immediately after we stop shaking them.
  7. Leave the test tubes undisturbed for sometime and observe.
  8. The oil layer separates out first in which test tube we added drops of soap solution.