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AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reflection of Light Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 9th Lesson Reflection of Light

7th Class Science 9th Lesson Reflection of Light Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Vidya made a Periscope making slits like this as shown in the figure. Will it work or not? Explain your answer.
Try to make a periscope like this and see whether it works or not?

Answer:

1. The periscope does not work.
2. The slits made must be parallel to each other.
3. If the slits are parallel then the mirror strips placed in them will give reflections property and the image of the object can be seen.

Question 2.
i) Draw reflected ray in the figure given here.

Answer:

1. The angle of incidence ∠i = 45° = angle of reflection = ∠r = 45°C
2. OR is the incident ray
3. RB is the reflected ray
4. NR is the normal drawn to the reflecting surface.
   

ii) Mark the position of the image in the figure given here by dotted lines.

Answer:
The position of the image is shown by dotted lines.

Question 3.
How do you relate to the angle of reflection and angle of incidence? What will be the angle of reflection when the angle of incidence is i) 60° ii)0°?
Answer:
Angle of incidence ∠i = angle of reflection ∠r
If ∠i = 60° then ∠r = 60°
If ∠i = 0° then ∠r = 0°

Question 4.
Imagine that your sister is viewing a cricket match on a TV and you are viewing the same cricket match in a mirror which is opposite to the TV. What difference do you notice in the match?
Answer:

1. The image of an object in a mirror will have lateral inversion.
2. The cricket match my sister is viewing on a T.V. is the object.
3. The cricket match I am viewing in a mirror is its image.
4. So the match appears to me is a lateral inversion position.

Question 5.
Write the mirror image of your name.
………………………………. (in English)
………………………………. (in Telugu)
Answer:
The student can write his name both in English and Telugu in a lateral inversion way so that it is visible in the right way in the mirror.

Question 6.
You are given the mirror image of a name. Can you find out the actual name?

Place a mirror in front of this figure and check your answer.
Answer:
If this name is seen in a mirror it appears as SURYA.

Question 7.
Get three mirror strips, two rubber bands, card board sheet, translucent paper, and broken bangle pieces and make a Kaleidoscope.
(OR)
Write the procedure of making a Kaleidoscope using the following three mirror strips, two rubber bands, cardboard sheet, translucent paper and broken bangle pieces.
Answer:
1) The student can make a Kaleidoscope with the material supplied.
2) The student can follow the following procedure to make it.
Making a Kaleidoscope :

1. Take three mirror strips of the same size.
2. Tie these strips with rubber bands to form a triangular tubfe as shown in figure (a).
   
3. While tying the strips together, remember to keep their reflecting surfaces facing each other inside the tube.
4. Cover one end of the tube with translucent paper using a rubber band.
5. Cover the second end with card board sheet and make a hole in it.
6. So that we can look inside it. Our kaleidoscope is ready.
7. Now put few small pieces of coloured glass bangles inside the. triangular tube as shown in figure (b).
   
8. Look at the bangle pieces through the hole as shown in figure (c).
   
9. Shake the kaleidoscope and try to see through the hole slowly rotating it.
10. We shall be viewing so many designs and bangle pieces.

Question 8.
Observe the following figures.

How many images would you observe in the mirrors in the above cases? Write your guesses.
Fig-1 ……………………………
Fig-2 ……………………………
Do experiments and check whether your guesses are correct or not? Give reasons.
Answer:
1) Fig. (a): In fig a: We observe only one image of the candle behind the mirror at a distance of 30 cm. from the mirror.
2) Fig. (b): We observe only 3 images of the candle in the two mirrors arranged at an angle of 90° to each other.
I have done the experiments and my observations are found to be true with my guesses.

Question 9.
Write examples of multiple images formed in your daily life.
Answer:

1. In sweet shops mirrors are arranged in such a way that multiple images of the sweets are made visible to the customers.
2. In ice-cream parlours and cool drink’s shops also plane mirrors are arranged in parallel on the walls of the room. These mirrors give .multiple images of the customers making them feel that the shop is full of customers.
3. In barber’s shop mirrors are arranged in such away that the customer can view his images in all directions.

Question 10.
Observe the figure and identify which type of mirror is used. How do you justify.

Answer:

1. A doncave mirror is used to note the image of the flame of the candle on a screen.
2. A concave mirror forms the real image of an object.
3. We know images that can be caught on a screen are called real images.

Question 11.
Sai lighted a candle in his house when power went off. His mother placed it in front of a mirror. Sai observed something that excited him. What change would have excited Sai? Some questions came to his mind. Can you guess the questions? Write a few such questions.
Answer:

1. When the power is off, the room becomes dark and no object is visible.
2. When a lighted candle is put infront of the mirror, light falling from it on all objects are visible in the mirror.
3. The following questions are likely to arise in the mind of Sai.
   a) Why are only some images of the objects in the room are visible in the mirror?
   b) What relation exists between the light of the candle and mirror exists?
   c) Why not the images of all objects seen in the mirror.
   d) What is important for the visibility of the objects?

Question 12.
Unexpectedly some water sprinkled on a mirror while Madhu was shaving his face. Did he observe any difference in his image? If yes, explain why?
Answer:

1. When water is sprinkled on a mirror the plane surface of the mirror is disturbed.
2. So the clarity in the images goes away and due to reflection taking place in a scattered way, the image becomes dull arid unclear.

Question 13.
Imagine that all the houses in your street have elevation with mirrors. Suppose you and your friends are walking in the street. Would you experience any difficulties when you walk through that street? Predict and explain. Is it difficult for birds to live or fly in that street? Why?
Answer:

1. We experience difficulties when we walk through the street where all houses have elevation with mirrors.
2. Due to the formation of multiple images of the people walking in the street, they often were put to confusion.
3. It is difficult for birds to live or fly in that street as the reflections will give confusion to them.

Question 14.
Take an empty toothpaste box and two mirror strips of the required size and make a periscope.
Answer:
Close both ends of the box. Draw squares at both ends. Draw the diagonal to these squares. Slit the diagonals with a blade. The slits should equal to the length of the mirror strips. Fix the mirror strips in these slits. Take care to see that these mirror strips lie parallel to each other, with their reflecting surfaces facing each other. Fix the mirror strips firmly to the box with a few drops of molten wax from a burning candle or fevicol. Cut out two widows on the narrow sides of the box. The windows should open directly on the reflecting surfaces of the mirror strips. Now the periscope is ready to see.

Question 15.
What is the angle between two plane mirrors when there are five images?
Answer:
When the angle between two plane mirrors is 60° then five images of an object are formed in the mirrors.

Question 16.
What is the difference between convex and concave mirrors? Draw the diagrams of concave and convex mirrors.
Answer:

1. A concave mirror forms the real image of an object.
2. A convex mirror forms the virtual image of an object.
3. 
   1) Concave mirror
   2) Convex mirror
4. The reflecting surface of the mirror is concave in the case of a concave mirror.
5. The reflecting surface of the mirror is convex in the case of a convex mirror.

Question 17.
Where do you find irregular reflection in daily life? Give some examples.
Answer:

1. Irregular reflection is observed in the window glass which is rough.
2. Glass mirror on which water is sprinkled. This also makes irregular reflection.

Question 18.
Mirrors help us to see all the objects around us without turning our heads. Write about the role of mirrors in opr life.
Answer:

1. Convex mirror is used as a side view mirror in motor vehicles.
2. A convex mirror can show the image of a large area as a small image.
3. This property of the convex mirror is made use of in seeing all objects behind without turning our head..
4. When we stand in between parallel mirrors also we could see our front and back.
5. I appreciate the wonderful usefulness of role of mirrors in our life.

Question 19.
Army people can see their enemies while hiding themselves with the help of periscopes. Write about the use of periscope for their security.
Answer:

1. If the soldier is infront of his enemy, there will be a danger to his life.
2. Army people make use of periscope to see their enemies by hiding themselves.
3. This periscope is a gift made by making use of the properties of mirrors.
4. I really appreciate the utility of the periscope.

Question 20.
Imagine what would happen if there are no rearview mirrors attached to vehicles and there are no concave mirrors in the headlights of the vehicles. Write about the role of convex and concave mirrors in safe driving.
Answer:

1. If there are no rearview mirrors attached to vehicles, it would be impossible for the vehicle drivers to know about the coming vehicles behind him.
2. This may lead to accidents.
3. If there are no concave mirrors in the headlights of the vehicles, then the light focused by the lights may not have enough intensity.
4. This results in not getting a clear vision of long distances during night times when drivers drive their vehicles.
5. As a result, drivers cannot travel with the present speed.
6. The service rendered by convex and concave mirrors is really wonderful.

Question 21.
While constructing a new house, Kishan’s uncle rejected his wife’s request of glass elevation to the building, saying that “It is harmful to the birds and also ourselves”. Why would you support the decision of Kishan’s uncle?
Answer:
Kishan’s uncle took a good decision which might be appreciable.
Nowadays people prefer the decoration of houses exterior and interior. This may cause more life-threatening to other living forms. If you elevate the house with mirrors, it creates lot of inconvenience to you. The birds, creatures suffer a lot by the reflection and creation of multiple images. The plain mirrors may reflect light during day and night.
So, Kishan’s uncle’s decision is really good and I support it.

Question 22.
Collect information from your elders and shopkeepers about where we use more mirrors and why?
Answer:
We use more mirrors in

1. Sweet shops
2. Ice parlours
3. Optical shops where spectacles are sold.
4. In hair cutting saloons.

Question 23.
Collect information about which objects of your school and home work like a mirror and why? Identify the similarities among those objects.
Answer:

1. School bell works like a convex mirror.
2. The outer wall of the cylindrical drum made of stainless steel works like a convex mirror.
3. The outer portion of the spoon is like a convex mirror where as the inner portion of the spoon is like a concave mirror.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What main criterion is used by the World Bank in classifying different counties? What are the limitations of the above criterion, if any?
Answer:

1. The main criterion that is used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.
2. It is otherwise called the average income.
3. It is calculated as the total income of the country divided by the total population.
4. It Is a better Indicator of development than the total income of the country.
5. There are limitations in this criterion also.
6. Average Income may be useful for comparison, it hides disparities.
7. It does not tell us how the total income is distributed among people.
8. It does not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.

Question 2.
Usually, behind each social phenomenon, there would be several contributing factors, and not one. What, in your opinion, are the factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:
There are so many factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh. They are:

1. The development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh is called ‘the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh.
2. The government started schools and made education largely free or cost very little for parents.
3. It tried to ensure that these schools with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water etc.
4. It has the distinction of one of the highest spending states from the government budget on the education of each child.
5. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias.
6. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for boys.
7. Himachali mothers expect their daughters to work outside the home after marriage.
8. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and became a social norm.

Question 3.
In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:

1. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development has three factors.
2. They are:
   • a) to compare countries based on the educational levels of people.
   • b) their health status
   • c) per capita income.
3. It included health and educational indicators to income.
4. It termed its report to be Human Development Report.
5. Whereas the criterion used by the World Bank is per capita income only.
6. It did not include educational and health indicators.
7. It termed its report to be World Development Report.
8. In this way the criteria used by the UNDP and the World Bank for measuring development are different.

Question 4.
Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in the chapter that should be considered in measuring human development?
Answer:

1. The aspects that are considered in measuring human development are per capita income by World Bank.
2. Along with per capita income, the education levels of people and health status are considered by the UNDP.
3. There are other aspects to be considered.
4. Standard of life is one aspect to be considered.
5. Another aspect to be considered is the availability of electricity.
6. Transportation is also one among them.
7. Sanitation facilities is one such aspect.
8. Availability of irrigation facilities and housing etc. are few other aspects to be considered in measuring human development.

Question 5.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:

1. We use averages for comparison.
2. Averages are better indicators than total.
3. There are limitations to their use.
4. They also hide disparities.
5. They do not tell us how the total is distributed among people.
6. They do not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.
7. Example:
   
8. Both the countries have the same average income of ₹ 25,000
9. Country X-has more equitably distributed income.
10. Country Y has one rich and more poor persons.

Question 6.
What lessons can you draw about the importance of income from the fact that Himachal Pradesh with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab?
Answer:

1. Both the government and the people of Himachal Pradesh are keen on education.
2. The government started schools and filled them with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets and drinking water, etc.
3. The government spent the highest on the education of each child.
4. The people of Himachal Pradesh showed less gender bias.
5. Himachali women worked outside and had greater say in children’s education, health, birth and upkeep, etc.
6. Himachali women have high involvement in social life and village politics.
7. The above were not the same with Punjab.
8. Thus, even with low per capita income Himachal Pradesh has a better human development ranking than Punjab.

Question 7.
Based on the figures in Table 6, fill the following :

Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, ——– girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached ———- out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only ——— out of 100 in the year 2006.
Answer:
Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, 39 girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached 60 out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only 57 out of 100 in the year 2006.

Question 8.
What is the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomes can make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was it necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:

1. The per capita income of Himachal Pradesh in 2012 is Rs. 74,000.
2. Higher-income can make it easier for parents to send their children to school.
3. If the incomes are meagre, then parents cannot spend money on the education of their children.
4. Then children ought to supplement with their labour to run the family.
5. If higher incomes are there for family, these can be avoided.
6. Himachal Pradesh had very low levels of education at the time of independence.
7. Being a hilly region, with low density of population in many villages, the spread of schools is a big challenge.
8. So, it was necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 9.
Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls education as compared to boys?
Answer:

1. Parents give less priority to girls education compared to boys.
2. The main reason behind this is gender bias.
3. Parents believe that boy is their heir and spreads their clan.
4. This very notion imbibes into children as father is the decision maker in the family.
5. As marriage institution provides for the girl to live with husband’s family, her parents take less care about her education.
6. Well educated girl needed to be married off to still better educated suitor, an expensive affair.
7. Girls are engaged in taking care of their smaller siblings, which obstructs their educational chances.
8. In rural areas girls are married off at early ages, which prevents their education.

Question 10.
What is the relationship between women’s work outside their homes and gender bias?
Answer:

1. Our families are patriarchial, so men work outside and women manage the house.
2. For their household chores women are not paid.
3. But nowadays women are employed outside.
4. They are economically independent and self-confident.
5. They have greater say in household decisions including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc.
6. Whereas this is not the case with housewives.
7. Educated mothers expect their daughters to work outside after marriage.
8. Thus, women working outside need not bear the dent of gender bias.

(OR)

1. There is a clear visibility of gender bias at the work places outside homes.
2. Though men and women do the same kind of work, women are paid less than men.
3. Especially in the farm activities in rural areas, women wages are very low compared to men.
4. For some activities we find only men or women attending.
   Eg: Ploughing – men.
   Cotton balls plucking – women.

Question 11.
Right to Education Act, 2009 (RTE) declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 years have the right to free education. And the government has to ensure the building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood, appoint properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. In the light of what you have read in this chapter and already know, discuss and debate the importance of this Act for
(i) children, and (ii) human development.
Answer:
Importance of RTE Act for children :

1. It makes all children have a chance to study.
2. Children from hilly areas, rural areas and areas with low density of population are not deprived of schools.
3. Schools are provided with minimum facilities of teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water, etc.
4. Schooling becomes a social norm.
   Importance of RTE Act for human development:
5. As the UNDP is using the educational levels of people as the measure of development, it promotes human development.
6. Expected years of schooling will increase in turn promotes human development.
7. Promotes human development by increasing the average years of schooling.
8. Education imparts the ideals of human development.

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.14

Question 1.
Complete the table with developmental goals of different categories of persons.

Answer:

Category of Person	Developmental Goals/ Aspirations
1. Landless rural labourers	1. More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
2. Prosperous farmers	2. Assured high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hard- working and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.
3. Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops	3. Monsoon shall bring good rains and make the year good one; crops shall give good yield; Government announce higher minimum support price. (OR) Want more facility of water so that they can grow more crops in different seasons.
4. A rural woman from a land owning family	4. Government shall provide good irrigation facilities, banks provide crop loans to meet the needs like seeds, fertilisers, pesticides etc., good yield of crop. (OR) Women aspire to own land, to inherit land allocation and to build a permanent structure on the land.
5. Urban unemployed youth	5. A gainful employment throughout the year; Government’s support to self employment; own vehicle to travel to work place.
6. A boy from a rich urban family	6. A hassle-free environment for entreprenuership; a suitable employment inside India or abroad; wholesome entertainment facilities.
7. A girl from a rich urban family	7. She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She would like to be able to pursue her studies abroad.
8. An Adivasi from mining fields	8. Accident-free work environment; maintaining good health support; satisfactory remuneration and bonus, schooling for children.
9. Person from fishing community in the coastal area	9. Ensured daily catch with good prices; no hindrance from the machine boats; detailed daily weather forecast; protection from natural calamities.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.17

Question 2.
Read the newspaper report given on Text Page 16 and answer the following questions.
(i) Who are the people benefited and who did not ?
Answer:

1. The local company owners and multinational company were the people who benefited.
2. They dumped their waste without much difficulty.
3. The innocent people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.
4. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting and diarrhoea etc.

(ii) What should be the developmental goals for this country ?
Answer:
The developmental goals for this country are
a) The government should Impose strict rules and regulations regarding “the disposal of waste”
b) The government should safeguard the environment and check air and environment pollution.
c) The companies who violate rules, should be punished severely.

(iii) What can be some of the developmental goals for your village or town or locality ?
Answer:
Some of the developmental goals for our village can be

1. to be provided with safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
2. to start a primary health centre with minimum facilities.
3. to recruit sufficient teachers and provide other facilities to schools.
4. to provide employment to eligible youth.

(iv) What are the issues of conflict between the government and the people living in regions of nuclear power plant ?
Answer:

1. The Issues of conflict between the government and the people living in the regions of Nuclear Power Plant are
   (a) Safety
   (b) Security and
   (c) Livelihood.
2. People also suggested the government to look to renewable energy as an alternative.

(v) Do you know of any such controversy around development projects/policies? Find out the debates on either side.
Answer:

1. One such controversy around development project is Narmada River Project in Gujarat.
2. Government aimed at large electricity to be produced with this project would serve the power needs of the state.
3. It also provides many small dams for irrigation water.
4. On the other hand, people under the leadership of Medha Patkar set up Narmada Bachao Andolan and fought with the government.
5. They are fighting for the people displaced, their lands evacuated and villages that are going to be submerged.
6. They have also concern over ecological imbalances and loss to the tribal culture.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.18

Question 3.
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why ?
a. Because people are different.
b. Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:

1. Different persons have different notions of development or progress.
2. Each one of them seeks different things.
3. They seek things which can fulfil their aspirations or goals.
4. The explanation ‘because life situations of persons are different1 is more important.
5. Because each one has developmental goal based on life situation.

Question 4.
Do these two statements mean the same thing? Justify your answer.
a) People have different developmental goals.
b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:

1. Both statements do not mean the same thing.
2. People seek different things which can fulfil their aspirations or desires, thus different developmental goals.
3. In fact, at times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
4. So the developmental goals are always not conflicting.
5. So, it is wrong to say both are correct at the same time.

Question 5. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:

1. Work at a place where discrimination is prevalent.
2. A job at a far off place when family needs him.
3. A job offers high pay, but no job security and no time for family.
   Income alone is not sufficient for development.

Reasons:

1. There are many other non-materialistic values like equality, freedom etc. without these values development is impossible.
2. Without basic health facilities people cannot contribute much to the National Income and thus no development takes place.
3. Without education there will be less human resources and hence no development takes place.

Question 6.
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section (Income and Other Goals) in your own words.
Answer:

1. People always want more income and get material things.
2. But they also need non-material things to lead a quality life.
3. Things like freedom, security, equal treatment, respect from others and no discrimination are a few of them.
4. They want good working atmosphere and an opportunity to learn.
5. Women who are working outside the home earns great respect in family and society.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 20

Question 7.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations other than what is given here.
Answer:

1. Average marks in each subject in the class.
2. Average persons living in a square kilometre area to find out the population density of a state.
3. Average speed of a vehicle in its journey.

Question 8.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:

1. For comparison in the development of two countries total income is not a useful measure.
2. Countries have different populations.
3. So, comparing total income, will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
4. Hence, we compare the average incomes.

Question 9.
Suppose the records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:

1. Records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period.
2. From that, we cannot conclude that all sections of the economy have become better.
3. Example : Average income of country A.
4. Above example proves that only one section’s exponential growth has led to constant increase in average income.
5. All the sections of economy have not become better.

Question 10.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per World Development Report, 2012.
Answer:
The per capita income level of middle income countries as per World Development Report, 2012 is above US $ 1,035 per annum and below US $ 12,600 per annum.

Question 11.
Write a paragraph on your notion of what India should do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
To become a developed country India should be 100% literate. We are a resource rich country. We shall make optimum use of them. The governance should be transparent. We shall provide our youth with a gainful employment. We shall encourage students to pursue the careers of scientists to serve our country. We should adopt technology in agriculture. We shall promote industrial and service sectors.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 22

Question 12.
Look at the data in Tables 3 and 4 (given on Page No. 20 & 21 in Textbook). Is Punjab as ahead of Bihar in literacy rate, etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?

Answer:

1. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in terms of per capita income.
2. It is Rs. 78,000 for Punjab, whereas it is Rs. 25,000 only for Bihar.
3. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in both literacy rate and net attendance rate.
4. They are for Punjab 77 and 76 respectively, whereas for Bihar are 64 and 56 only.
5. Punjab is ahead of Bihar even in Infant Mortality Rate.
6. Punjab has less (42) IMR, whereas Bihar has 62IMR.

Question 13.
Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:

1. Park facility for the people of a colony.
2. Electricity facility for the people of a village.
3. Over head water tanks for the people of a village.
4. Lift facility for the residents of an apartment.

Question 14.
Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:

1. Much of the population of our country fall under below poverty line.
2. So the availability of good health and educational facilities mostly depend on the money spent by the government.
3. The other factors could be like health insurance schemes which are of the paid premiums of the individuals.
4. The rich sections of people who could meet the expenses on their own.

Question 15.
For a family in rural area in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in 2009-2010, rice purchased from ration shops account for 53 and 33 per cent respectively. The rest they buy from markets. In West Bengal and Assom, only 11 and 6 per cent of rice is purchased from ration shops. Where would people be better off and why ?
Answer:

1. The people are better off in West Bengal and Assom.
2. The people who are buying rice from market in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are 47 and 67 per cent respectively.
3. Whereas the people who are buying rice from market are 89 and 94 per cent respectively for West Bengal and Assom.
4. That means more people are purchasing rice from market in West Bengal and Assom.
5. So, we can say the people of West Bengal and Assom are better off.

Project work

Here is an illustration showing different sources of livelihoods. Create a similar illustration and write caption that would describe their notion of development.

Answer:
Self Activity

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 8 Air, Winds and Cyclones Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 8th Lesson Air, Winds and Cyclones

7th Class Science 8th Lesson Air, Winds and Cyclones Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Fill the missing words in the blank spaces in the following statements.
a) Wind is ………….. air.
b) Winds are generated due to ……….. heating on the earth.
c) Near the earth’s surface ………. air rises up whereas ………. air comes down.
d) Air moves from a region of ……….. pressure to a region of ……….. pressure.
Answer:
a) moving
b) uneven
c) hot, cold
d) high, low

Question 2.
Suggest two methods to find out wind direction at a given place.
Answer:
Two methods to find out wind direction are:

1. Using an anemometer.
2. A simple method is to hold some dust and release in the air. Dust will fly in the direction of wind flow.

Question 3.
State two experiences that make you think that air exerts pressure (other than those given in the text).
Answer:
a) Experiment 1:

1. When we fill air in a balloon, it inflates due to pressure exerted by air.
2. When it is overfilled with air, it bursts due to excess of air pressure.

b) Experiment 2: When a banner is hanging in open air, it tears due to the pressure exerted by air.

Question 4.
While constructing a house, where do we construct ventilators; why?
Answer:

1. Warm air rises upwards and cool air comes downwards.
2. To make a stream of cool and fresh air to flow in continuation into the house through the windows, there must be some ventilators in the upper parts of the walls of the house.

Question 5.
Explain why holes are made in banners and hoardings hanging in the open.
Answer:

1. Air exerts pressure.
2. If there are no holes in the banners and hoardings, they will be damaged.
3. To make them safe, holes are made to give the air a safe passage.

Question 6.
How will you help your neighbours in case of cyclone approaches your village/ town?
Answer:

1. We help and cooperate our neighbours.
2. We help in making necessary arrangements to shift their essential household goods, domestic animals and vehicles etc., to safer places.
3. We suggest them.
   a) to avoid driving on roads as flood water standing on roads might have damaged the roads.
   b) not to drink water which might have been contaminated.
   c) advise them not to touch fallen power lines and wet switches.
   d) exhorts them not to go out for fun.

Question 7.
In the day time, when we go to the sea the air blows towards us and does not go towards the sea. Explain.
Answer:

1. The land heats up faster than sea, so warm air rises over the land during the day as it is warmed by the sun.
2. This can create a sea breeze which is gentle breeze blowing into the land.
3. So air blows towards us and does not go towards the sea during day time.

Question 8.
Which of the statements given below is correct?
a) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean.
b) In summer the winds flow from the land towards the ocean.
c) A cyclone is formed by a very high pressure system with very high speed winds revolving around it.
d) The coastline of India is not vulnerable to cyclones.
Answer:
The only correct statement is
a) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean.

Question 9.
Collect the particulars of different cyclones and names given to them and display them in the class.
Answer:

S.No.	Period	Date & Place of Landfall	Area affected over CAP
1.	06-09 Oct 2003	7 Oct – North CAP near Kalingapatnam	North Coastal AP
2.	11-16 Dec 2003	15th – mid night close to Machilipatnam	–
3.	17-21 Sep 2005	19 Sep – North Andhra coast close to a Kalingapatnam	Coastal AP
4.	29-30 Oct 2006	30 Oct – South Andhra coast between Ongole and Machilipatnam	Prakasam, Guntur & Krishna Dt.
5.	13-17 Nov 2008	16 Nov – North of Kavali	Coastal AP
6.	17-20 May 2010	20 May midnight near Bapatla	Coastal AP
7.	05-07 Nov 2010	7 Nov 2010 Crossed North Tamil Nadu coast between 1700 – 1800 UTC	South Coastal AP
8.	25-31 Dec 2011	30 Dec – Crossed North TN between Puducherry and Cuddalore between 0100 To 0200 UTC	–
9.	28 Oct-1 st Nov 2012	31 Oct – Crossed North Tamil Nadu coast South of Chennai near Maha- balipuram between 1030 To 1130 UTC
10.	10-16 May 2013	Crossed Bangladesh Coast between Chittagong and Feni	–
11.	08-12 Oct 2013	12 Oct – Crossed near Gopalpur between 1500 – 1600 UTC	–
12.	20-22 Nov 2013	22 Nov Andhra coast close to south of Machilipatnam between 1300- 1400 1ST	–
13.	23-28 Nov 2013	Andhra coast close to Machilipatnam as Depression	–
14.	07-12 Dec 2013	TN coast close to Vedaranyam as a Depression	–
15.	07-14 Oct 2014	Over Visakhapatnam between 1200 and 1300 hrs 1ST of 12th Oct	Vizianagaram & Srikakulam Dt.
16.	17-22 May 2016	Bangladesh coast to the north of Chittagong around 1000 UTC of 21st May as a CS	Rainfall over Coastal AP
17.	21-28 Oct 2016	Weakened into a well marked low pressure area over westcentral BOB off AP coast in the morning of 28th	No damage was reported.
18.	06-13 Dec 2016	Near Chennai during 1500 – 1700 hrs 1ST of 12th Dec 2016	Heavy rainfall over Nellore, Chittoor, Anantapuraim & Kadapa Dt.
19.	19-22 Sept 2018	Close to Gopalpur 1900-2000 UTC of 20th Sept	Rainfall over North Andhra
20.	08-12 Oct 2018	Near Palasa, Srikakulam district 0430-0530 hrs 1ST 11th Oct	Srikakulam and Vizianagaram Dt.

Question 10.
Play the role of a news reader giving weather report and cyclone warnings.
Answer:
Student Activity.

Question 11.
Read the following procedure and make your own anemometer.
Answer:
Collect the following items

1. (a) 4 small paper cups
   (b) Two strips of the cardboard 20 cm long, 2 cm width
   (c) Gum
   (d) Stapler
   (e) Sketch pen
   (f) sharpened pencil.
2. Take a scale draw crosses under the card board strips as shown in figure.
   
3. Fix the strips at the centre, putting one over the other they make a ’+’ sign. Now fix the cups at the ends of the strips.
4. Colour one cup with sketch pen. All four cups should face in the same direction.
5. Push a pin through the centre of the strips and attach the strips to the sharpened pencil.
6. Check that the strips rotate freely and when you blow on the cups.
7. Your anemometer is ready. Counting the number of rotations for a minute will give you an estimate the speed of the wind.
8. The student can thus find the speed of the wind.

Question 12.
Collect some articles and photographs from newspapers and magazines about storms and cyclones. Make a story on the basis of what you learnt in this chapter.
Answer:
This can be done by the student independently.

Question 13.
Interview eye witnesses to collect the actual experiences of people affected by a cyclone.
Answer:
A cyclonic storm creates terror. The wind flow is very high with lot of fearing sound. Small houses like huts and sheds collapsed. There is no power to know the information about cyclone. Nobody is ready to come out to rescue the victims. Heavy rain causes flooded roads. No food and no water to drink. We came outside after the cyclone. It seemed our village was a big river.

Question 14.
More fun with air.
A) Do the following activities and write your findings.

1. Take an empty bottle and place it on the table as shown in figure.
   
2. Place a cotton ball just inside its mouth.
3. Now try to blow air on the ball to send it into the bottle, and then try the activity with bottles of different sizes.
4. Throw a challenge to your friends whether they can send the cotton ball inside the bottle by blowing air,
5. Are you surprised? Why did this happen? Think about it and discuss with your friends.

B) Can you blow out the ball from funnel?

1. Take a funnel and ball, keep the funnel in your mouth as shown in figure.
   
2. Keep the ball in the funnel.
3. Blow air through the funnel and try to send out the ball from funnel.
4. It is not possible because the air blown creates a low pressure area under the ball.
5. This sucks the ball in the funnel.
6. And then place the ball on your hand and put the funnel over the ball as shown in figure.
   
7. Now blow air forcefully through funnel and try to blow out the ball from the funnel (while blowing air,m remove hand).
   a) What did you observe?
   b) What did you expect?
   c) What happens?
   Answer:
   a) The ball did not fall down.
   b) I expected that the ball falls,
   c) The ball remained in the funnel.

C) Flow of air Experiment.

1. Take a large plastic bottle and a two holed rubber cork that fits firmly into its mouth.
2. Also take two glass tubes. Tie a coloured balloon to the lower end of one of the glass tubes.
3. Insert the glass tubes into the two holes of the cork.
4. The glass tubes should fit tightly in the holes.
5. Close the mouth of the bottle with the cork and seal it with sealing wax to make the bottle airtight.
6. The balloon should be inside the bottle as shown in fig.
   
7. Now suck air out of the bottle through the tube that doesn’t have a balloon attached to it.
   a) What happens to the ballon?
   b) Why do you think this happened?
   Answer:
   a) The balloon inflated.
   b) 1) Inside the bottle low pressure developed. This made the air to rush into the bottle.
   2) As balloon is attached to the other end of the glass tube, air enters into it and the balloon inflates.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Electricity – Current and Its Effect Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 7th Lesson Electricity – Current and Its Effect

7th Class Science 7th Lesson Electricity – Current and Its Effect Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Draw the symbols of the following electric components.
a) Cell
b) Battery
c) Switch
d) Electric bulb
Answer:
a) Symbol for cell: The longer line denotes the positive terminal, and the thicker, small line denotes the negative terminal.

b) Symbol for battery: Two or more cells joined together form a battery.

c) Symbol for switch: Switch is also called key. Switch is open.

d) Symbol for electric bulb: Electric bulb in on position.

Question 2.
Draw an electric circuit diagram consisting of a cell, a bulb and an electric switch.
Answer:
Electric Circuit diagram:

Question 3.
In a series connection of bulbs, if one bulb fails, why do all other bulbs go OFF?
Answer:

1. In a series electric circuit, electricity has only one path to flow through.
2. In series connection of bulbs, if one bulb fails, the circuit breaks and current do not flow in the circuit.
3. So other bulbs in the series connection of bulbs do not glow’and they go OFF.

Question 4.
Write the difference between series connection and parallel connection.
Answer:

Series Connection	Parallel Connection
Electricity has only one path to flow.	Electricity has more than one path to flow.
All the electrical components are connected in this path.	Each bulb in the circuit is connected in separate path through which electricity can flow.

Question 5.
What is the advantage of Miniature Circuit Breaker?
Answer:

1. The advantage miniature circuit breakers have over fuses is that they can reset (manually or automatically) to restore normal operation.
2. Fuses need to be replaced after every single operation.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks.
a) Longer line in the symbol for a cell represents its ………… terminal.
b) Smaller line in the symbol for a cell represents its ………… terminal.
c) The combination of two or more cells is called a ………… .
d) Safety device used in electric circuit is ………… .
e) The device used to close or open an electric circuit is ………… .
Answer:
a) positive
b) negative
c) battery
d) fuse
e) switch

Question 7.
Mark T’ if the statement is true and F’ if it is false. Give reasons for choice of answer.
a) In series circuit the electricity has only one path. (T/F)
b) In parallel circuit the electricity has more than one path. (T/F)
c) To make a battery of two cells, the negative terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the other cell. (T/F)
d) When the electric current through the fuse exceeds a certain limit the fuse wire
melts and breaks. (T/F)
e) The switch is used to close or open an electric circuit. (T/F)
Answer:
a) T
b) T
c) F
d) T
e) T

Question 8.
Choose the correct answer.

i) Arun buys four bulbs of 15 W, 40 W, 60 W and 100 W respectively. Which one should be use in his room as a night bulb?
A) 15 W
B) 40 W
C) 60 W
D) 100 W
Answer:
A) 15 W

ii) Device used to close or open an electric circuit is ( C )
A) Electric bulb
B) Battery
C) Switch
D) Fuse
Answer:
C) Switch

iii) Which one of the following is used for light source? ( D )
A) Cassette player
B) Electric mixer
C) Rice Cooker
D) Table lamp
Answer:
D) Table lamp

iv) Safety device used in electric circuit is ( D )
A) Electric bulb
B) Battery
C) Switch
D) Fuse
Answer:
D) Fuse

Question 9.
Visit your classmates houses. Find out the meter readings of three months. Record your observations. Ask your parents about how electricity bill is paid?
Answer:

Question 10.
Draw the symbols of the following electric components.
Answer:

Question 11.
Draw the circuit diagram for the following series connection.

Answer:

Question 12.
Match the following.

Answer:

 

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Lesson Rulers and Buildings

7th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
How is the “trabeate” principle of architecture different from “arcuate”?
Answer:
Roofs, doors, and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. This style of architecture is called trabeate or corbelled. But in the arcuate style of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was carried by arches. The roofs too used this principle and were converted into vaults and domes.

Question 2.
What is a Shikhara?
Answer:
The multi-storeyed towering gateway – built on the central shrines on a scale and height is called a Shikhara. These structures of immense scale must have been a mark of imperial authority. They were probably meant as reminders of the power of the kings, able to command the sources techniques, and skills needed to construct these towering gateways.

Question 3.
What are the elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden?
Answer:
In his autobiography, Babur described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. These gardens were called Chahar bagh four gardens, because of their symmetrical divisions into quarters. Beginning with Akbar some of the most beautiful Chahar baghs were .constructed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan in Kashmir, Agra and Delhi.

Question 4.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer:
The largest temples were all constructed by kings. They were meant to demonstrate the power, wealth, and devotion of the patron. The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king all his allies. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, It seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth. The king and nobles endowed the temples with land, gold, and jewels so that worship of the gods could be carried on a grand scale. These temples are thus the center of political and economic power.

Question 5.
Read the second part of the introduction part of page 189 and comment on it.
Between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries kings and their officers built two kinds of structures: The first were forts, palaces, and tombs – safe, protected, and grandiose places of rest in this world and the second were structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais, and bazaars. Kings were expected to care for their subjects and by making structures for their use and comfort, rulers hoped to win their praise. Construction activity was also carried out by others, including merchants. They built temples, mosques, and wells. However, domestic architecture – large mansions (Havelis) of merchants – has survived only from the eighteenth century.
Answer:
During the period from 8 to 18th century, the kings were interested in construction activity. They constructed forts, palaces, tombs, temples, mosques, tanks, wells, etc. They constructed them as a mark of their art and architecture.

Question 6.
How did the Mughal court suggest that everyone – the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak – received justice equally from the emperor?
Answer:
The connection between royal justice and the Imperial Court was emphasized by Shah Jahan in his newly constructed court in the Red Fort at Delhi. The construction of Shah Jahan’s audience hall aimed to communicate that the King’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals where all could live together in peace and harmony.

Question 7.
The rich and the powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were the constructions of kings and their courtiers different from them?
Answer:
Though the houses built by the rich and powerful nowadays are very large, they don’t have any beautiful gardens. Mughal nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river – Yamuna. These were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the Chahar bagh format.

Question 8.
Is there a statue or a memorial in your village or town? Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Yes, there is Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s statue in our village. It was placed by some of our villagers. It is to honor him as a framer of our Constitution.

Question 9.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighborhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer:
There is a park at the end of our street. Our park is in a rectangular shape. There is a compound wall around the park. There are no channels in our park. But there is a tap to water the plants.
Moghul gardens are in a rectangular shape. They are placed within walled enclosures constructed by Babur. They are divided into four quarters by artificial channels.

Question 10.
Locate the following on the India India map.
a) Delhi
b) Agra
c) Amritsar
d) Tanjavur
e) Hampi
f) River Yamuna
g) Khajuraho
Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources

10th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Create a table to describe major river systems in India with the following items: direction of flow, countries or regions through which they pass through, and relief features of the areas.
Answer:

River	Direction of flow	Countries through which it flows	Relief features of the areas
Indus	north-westerly	Tibet, India and Pakistan	Kailash range, Lake Manasarovar, the Himalayas, Thar desert
Ganga	southward and the eastward	India, Bangladesh	Glacier, Hills of Haridwar, Himalayan ranges.
Brahmaputra	eastward	Tibet, India, Bangladesh	Kailash range, Manasarovar Lake, Himalayan ranges, Assam valley
Godavari	eastward	India	Triambak Plateau, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau
Krishna	eastward	India	Mahabaleswar, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau.
Narmada	westward	India	Amarkantak, Vindhya and Satpura ranges, rift valley.
Tapati	westward	India	Satpura range, Deccan Plateau, Muttai.

Question 2.
Identify and list arguments that would support or oppose use of groundwater in various contexts such as agriculture, industry etc.
Answer:

1. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India.
2. It is also an important source of water for the agricultural, industrial and other sectors.

The arguments that would support the usage of underground water are:

1. The underground water is both an important input for manufacturing and industrial sectors and used as cool for machines.
2. These include higher productivity and its more equitable distribution among various classes of farmers, insurance against drought and stabilisation of agricultural production and enhanced employment generation.

The arguments that would oppose the usage of underground water:

1. India is the world’s largest groundwater user in terms of both absolute volumes pumped and the total number of users.
2. It led to decline groundwater levels and sea water intrusion in coastal areas.
3. Industrial waste is largely responsible for high level of pollutants found in groundwater.

Question 3.
What are the different inflow and outflow processes in the context of water resource?
Answer:
Inflow:

1. For any area inflow = precipitation + surface flow + groundwater flow.
2. Surface flow includes rivers, streams, canals and other flows on the surface of water.
3. Groundwater inflow is decided by the percolation and aquifer presence.
4. It is difficult to estimate this, but can be done.
5. Precipitation includes rainfall, snow, dew, hail etc.

Outflow:

1. The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from both evaporation and transpiration.
2. Water used for agriculture, domestic purpose and for animals, and for industrial use.
3. Water flowing out via surface flows and the flowing out of groundwaters through wells, pumps and tubewells, etc.

Question 4.
Which of the inflow or outflow processes has the most impact in the context of groundwater resources?
Answer:

1. In the context of groundwater resources the inflows like recharging, rainfall, aquifers etc.
2. In the context of groundwater resources the outflows are like borewells, tube wells, pumps etc.
3. Out of all these processes outflow which shows most impact is the tube-wells.
4. Use of the tubewells draws water from storages and lowers the water available to them.
5. When we dig into deeper aquifers – this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
6. With this we face today is the depletion of groundwater storages and a tendency not to care about the availability of water for future generations.

(OR)

1. Groundwater recharge may be explained as the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means.
2. Rainfall is the principal source for recharge of groundwater.

Question 5.
Make a list of challenges faced in the water resources in the Tungabhadra basin. Identify the solutions that have been discussed in the context of these problems either in this chapter or elsewhere in different classes.
Answer:
Challenges:

1. Tungabhadra dam has gradually lost its water storage capacity over the decades.
2. The mining of iron and manganese ore has seriously affected the stability of the catchment.
3. Siltation of several small reservoirs, traditional tanks and Tungabhadra reservoir is one challenge.
4. Cultivation of crops which demands a lot of water throughout the basin altered the water sharing balance.
5. Increased small towns and industrial areas made the competing demands for water more complex.

Solutions:

1. To restore the storage capacity, the silt, dust, debris etc. needed to be removed.
2. To maintain water balance people need to own the crops which use less water.
3. To improve sanitation and drinking water supply to match the pace of developmental activities.
4. Afforestation must be encouraged.
5. We should make provision to recharge the underground system through ‘Water harvesting Pits’.
6. Felling of trees and mining activities should be controlled.
7. We must adopt a different plants for water conservation and system of sharing water.
8. Soil erosion should be controlled.

Question 6.
There has been various ways in which changes occurred in the context of water resources. Describe the positive as well as negative social changes that got reflected in this chapter.
Answer:
Positive Social Changes :

1. Making arrangements that a portion of rainfall percolates into the soil and travels to the underground strata and recharge the aquifers.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, harvest water and encourage growth of grass.
3. A number of water harvesting structures like check dams, percolation tanks and loose boulder structures were built.
4. Banning the use of borewells for irrigation and not allowing to cultivate crops which demand more water.
5. Advanced technology in agriculture.
6. Recycling procedures of industrial wastes.
7. Increase in agricultural land.
8. Construction of Hydroelectric projects.

Negative Social Changes:

1. The depletion of groundwater storage and a tendency not to care about the availability for future generations.
2. Digging into deeper aquifers -this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
3. Loss of water storage capacity of dams, etc. due to the accumulation of silt, dust, debris and soil erosion.
4. Increase in the number of towns and industrial areas demanding more water.
5. Water pollution.
6. Population growth
7. Water conflicts.

Question 7.
Which aspects of farming practices were regulated in the context of Hiware Bazar to improve the water conservation?
Answer:

1. Hiware Bazar is situated on the eastern side of Sahyadri ranges in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, water harvesting and encourage growth of grass.
3. There was ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane, banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
4. The range of crops is diversified and potatoes, onions, fruits, flowers, wheat, etc. are practised.
5. The land was made much more productive as the water availability is increased and resulted in second crop during the year.
6. The cultivation of water-intensive crops like sugar was stopped.
7. Water for irrigation should be taken only through dug wells.
8. Water use prioritisation was taken up along with crop planning.

Question 8.
How significant are the laws and people’s actions, in the context of water resources? Write a short note based on the ideas discussed in the last two sections of the chapter.
Answer:

1. People’s actions are significant in the context of water resources.
2. People imposed themselves ban felling trees, free grazing to protect soil fertility.
3. They even imposed ban on practice of water taking from bore/tubewells for irrigation and extensive water usage crops.
4. They put up practices for water harvesting and diversification of crops.
5. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
6. These are based oh the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership, which is flowed.
7. Landowners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
8. State governments have often chosen tolncrease power subsidies to make extraction of even deeper layers of groundwater possible.
9. Drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right and that Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

Question 9.
If you have access to internet, visit www.aponline.gov.in and learn more about Andhra Pradesh WALTA Act.
Answer:

1. AP WALTA Act means Andhra Pradesh Water Land and Trees Act-2002.
2. Its objectives are to promote water conservation.
3. For protection and conservation of forests.
4. It promotes the construction of check-dams.
5. It encourages the setting up of watershed programs.
6. s a part of agriculture it advises the less water usage crops and methods to save water like sprinklers to water the crops.
7. It advises for the participation of common people in promoting social forestry in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
8. It brought many changes in the implementation of this act from 2009 onwards.

Question 10.
In what ways is water bought and sold in your area and for what purposes? Do you think there should be some checks and balances for this? Discuss.
Answer:
1. The water in our area is mainly supplied by our corporation. They supply through pumps/ nallas. This water is used for drinking and household purpose.
2. Drinking water is also supplied by local companies after purification. They charge Rs. 15 to 30 for on refill.
Yes, I think that there should be some checks and balances for both these supplies. The corporation water tanks should be cleansed at regular intervals. The water should be purified through different possible methods. We should check the refills of the private companies also. And we should observe the cleaning/filtering procedure at the point regularly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 58

Question 1.
On a map of India identify and mark the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
Answer:

Question 2.
Using the colour code, identify the height range in which some of the rivers originate. Using the atlas and the raised relief map, follow the course of these rivers and locate the direction in which they are flowing.
Answer:
Some of the rivers : Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Krishna, Godavari, Narmada and Tapati.

Sl.No.	River	Height range of origin	Direction
1	Indus	1001 to 3000 mts	Westward
2	Brahmaputra	1001 to 3000 mts	Eastward
3	Ganga	Above 3000 mts	Southward and then eastward
4	Krishna	1001 to 3000 mts (Mahabaleswar)	Eastward
5	Godavari	1001 to 3000 mts	Eastward
6	Narmada	301 to 1000 mts	Westward
7	Tapati	301 to 1000 mts	Westward

Question 3.
Discuss: About 5% of water is used for domestic purposes and yet a large section of the population does not have access to the water.
Answer:

1. Out of the total water available, most is saline and only less than 3% is non-saline.
2. Most of it is in the form of ice and only less is accessible.
3. Out of this available water also only 5% is used for domestic purpose and the remaining is used for other purposes.
4. In spite of all this, a large section of the population does not have access to water.
5. There are many reasons for this like the depletion in groundwater tables.
6. Non-domestic usage is geared up with bore/tubewells and pumps and extracting a large amount.
7. The poor and destitute do not have access to water.
8. Water supply is a state responsibility under the Indian constitution.
9. In some coastal areas, sea water desalination is becoming an important source of drinking water supply.
10. There is a need to river linking in India.

Question 4.
40 million hectares of land in India is flood-prone and an equally large part of the country is also drought prone. What are the causes of this ?
Answer:

1. In India only 40% of the cultivated land has irrigation facility.
2. For the remaining cultivated land, agriculture is the gambling with monsoon.
3. If monsoons give good rains, the year is good otherwise most part is drought-prone.
4. In India there are 72 drought – prone districts spread over 13 states.
5. Floods mostly occur in the low-lying plain areas and river valleys almost every year in the country.
6. 40 million hectares of land in India is flood prone.
7. We have no interlinking of rivers in India, which can arrange for the transfer of floodwaters to drought-prone areas.
8. Thus we are equally affected with both floods and droughts.
9. Floods are associated with excessive rainfall while droughts are the result of deficit rainfall.
10. Hydrology, deforestation, soil nature and erosion also play an important role in these
    calamities.

Question 5.
70% of our surface water resources are polluted. Why?
Answer:

1. The contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances is called water polution.
2. The biodegradable waste enters a water supply and thus pollutes water.
3. Chemical fertilisers from agriculture runoff due to rain and industrial waste pollute water.
4. Heat can be a source of pollution in water by decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen.
5. Sediment consists of mineral or organic solid matter that is washed from land into water sources.
6. The industrial waste contains a large number of harmful chemicals like acids, alkali and metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium leading to toxicity.
7. Hazardous substances like fluorine mixed in groundwater are causing pollution.
8. Thus nearly 70% of the surface water sources are polluted.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 59

Question 6.
With the help of an atlas trace the course of Indus both in India and Pakistan.
Answer:

Out of the total length of 2880 kms Indus flows 709 kms in India and 2171 kms in Pakistan.

Question 7.
Look at the map of river Ganga and name the states which are drained by it.

Answer:
The states which are drained by the river Ganga are Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan.

Question 8.
From the above map list out the north-flowing and south-flowing tributaries of the Ganga. North-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :
Answer:

1. The Yamuna
2. The Gomti
3. The Ghaghara
4. The Gandak
5. The Kosi
6. The Teesta

South-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :

1. The Chambal
2. The Sind
3. The Betwa
4. The Ken
5. The Son.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 60

Question 9.
From the Map and using your atlas, describe the following.

1. The Godavari originates in ——– and ——–.
2. The Krishna is the second largest east flowing peninsular river which rises near ——–.
3. The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Chattisgarh and runs through ——–.
4. The Narmada originates near ——– in Madhya Pradesh.
5. The Tapati originates from ——– and flows ——– (fill in the direction of flow).

Answer:

1. Triambak plateau drains into Bay of Bengal
2. Mahabaleswar
3. Odisha
4. Amar Kantak
5. Multai; westward

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 61

Question 10.
Discuss the term “watershed”.

Answer:

1. Watershed is a line of high land where streams on one side flow into one river and streams on the other side flow into a different river.
2. If the flow of water (rain water) were to be checked by vegetation or bunds, then there would be a greater possibility of the water percolating into the soil to join the groundwater.
3. Over the last few years great efforts have been undertaken to harvest rainwater by these means.
4. These measures are usually taken for a stream or a river.
5. Such efforts are called ‘Watershed development projects’.
6. Under these projects trees and grasses are planted on the hill slopes from where a stream starts and small bunds are built across streams to stop the flow of water.

Question 11.
From the nearest Mandal office find out the total annual rainfall for your area over the past 5 years.
Answer:
The total annual rainfall for the area of Mangalagiri over the past 5 years is as such.

Year	(in cm.)
2015 -16	130
2014 -15	140
2013-14	136
2012 -13	128
2011 -12	132

Question 12.
Recall from your science lessons what happens to the water that plants draw through their roots.
Answer:

1. Plant absorbs water from the soil.
2. The plant combines water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight to produce carbohydrates.
3. Starch, sugars, cellulose are also carbohydrates.
4. The plant does not use all the water it absorbs through its roots to produce carbohydrates, most of it evaporates into the air.
5. The water that plants release into the atmosphere is called transpiration,
6. Most of the water released by plants evaporate from the leaves, which have microscopic holes called ‘stomata’.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 63

Question 13.
On a map of India trace the course of the Tungabhadra river.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 65

Question 14.
How would it help if there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use?
Answer:

1. Encroachment of public lands, by rampant felling of tree cover, brought under cultivation.
2. It resulted in water run-off and flash floods.
3. Storage capacity of dam was lost with accumulation of silt, dust, debris etc.
4. Water is flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Growth of towns and industrial areas increased the demand for water.
6. Conflicts within communities in a region and across sectors like agriculture, industry or drinking water are common.
7. If there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use, all the problems above could be solved.
8. If the government river basin is there it will solve the problems by following way.
   a) It would do justice to all users of river basins water.
   b) It would involve the community organisations in the authority.
   c) It would reduce the growing conflicts and the possibility of social unrest in the country in future due to water scarcity.
   d) It would rejuvenate the traditional techniques in conservation and management recognition of water as a common property resource.

Question 15.
What are the different conflicts in the use of water for Tungabhadra river basin ?
Answer:

1. The basin of Tungabhadra, the tributary of Krishna, has two parts
   a) the upper and middle catchment in Karnataka,
   b) the lower portion of the catchment in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
2. There is a lot of difference in water availability between these two types of regions.
3. Conflicts between Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh are generally related to water
   that is available to use.
4. Water is a flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Water is shared based on agreements between state governments.
6. Although the area is ideal for semi-arid crops, the major crops grown demand a lot of water.
7. Cultivation of such crops throughout the basin has dramatically altered the water sharing balance.
8. When all areas desire water for these crops, conflicts become inevitable.

(OR)

1. Tunga bhadra is the major tributary of the river Krishna.
2. Tungabhadra project was constructed and it was the joint venture of Karnataka, Telangana State and A.P.
3. The upper catchment area is used for storage by water harvesting. The lower portion of the basin is characterised by lower rainfall and drought conditions.
4. Later Karnataka constructed another dam known as Almatti dam.
5. The height and the water storage capacity of the river is the apple of discard among Karnataka, Telangana and A.P.
6. Tribunals have given judgements on the water sharing proportions among Telangana state, A.P and Karnataka.
7. But still it is a burning water dispute among these states.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 67

Question 16.
Underline sentences that reflect the efforts taken for water conservation in Hiware Bazar.
Answer:

1. Most significant was the ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane and banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
2. The most significant development is that increased water availability has made a second crop possible due to normal rainfall.
3. Social control over groundwater extraction and use no borewells for irrigation (only for drinking water) no water-intense crops like sugarcane.
4. Water for irrigation should be taken only through due wells.
5. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
6. As they plan according to water available there was no shortage of water to drink even in years of continuous drought.

Question 17.
What was the effort for planning agriculture according to the available water ?
Answer:

1. Farmers of Hiware Bazar worked out certain thumb rule type of think like if they get good rainfall, then they can take full Rabi crop.
2. If the rainfall is less then they bring down the area under rabi etc.
3. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
4. Because of this even in years of continuous drought there was no drinking water shortage.
5. This is mainly because they plan according to the water available.

Question 18.
If you have access to internet, watch a documentary about Hiware Bazar at http:// bit.ly/kothLl.
Answer:
Students’ Activity

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 69

Question 19.
Should groundwater regulation be primarily community-led, as in the case of Hiware Bazar ?
Answer:

1. Groundwater regulation in Hiware Bazar was taken up by community and saw good results.
2. But it definitely may not be the same if it were primarily led by community throughout the country.
3. Instead of that, governments should bring new laws and rules in place of the existing ones and serve the purpose.
4. They should make the water as common pool resource and identify the human right for water.
5. Drinking water shall be given the first priority.
6. Panchayat Raj institutions must be given control over the use of groundwater.
7. Governments shall not encourage over use or over extraction of underground resources of water.
8. So the governments must take up the responsibility instead of community.

Question 20.
“The groundwater laws are both outdated and inappropriate.” Explain.
Answer:

1. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
2. They were developed at a time when groundwater was a marginal source of water.
3. Today shallow and deep tubewells have the potential to draw a lot of water.
4. Now the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership on which the rules are based are flowed.
5. Land owners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
6. Over extraction from one tubewell often dries up other tubewells around.
7. Moreover, there are no laws and regulations that can determine on how many wells, hand pumps and other tubewells can be sunk in a given area.
8. Some support that groundwater is a public resource and some others support the primacy of land owners control over ground water.
9. Hence laws are outdated and have to be modified.

Question 21.
Should groundwater be considered a common pool resource ? Explain your view.
Answer:

1. For resource like water, the consumption by one person or a sector affects what is available to others.
2. In a number of states, the answer to falling water tables has been not to address the issue itself.
3. Apart from this each person wants their share of water before someone else.
4. This is the real contemporary challenge.
5. So groundwater should be considered a common pool resource.
6. Based on this the laws and rules to water usage should be framed.
7. It should be made that drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right.
8. Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

(OR)

1. Over the past few decades ground water has been the main source, especially for domestic use and agriculture.
2. This tremendous increase in the use of ground water has a significant impact on water availability and on access to water.
3. Water is a flowing resource. Extraction from one tube well often dries up other tube wells around.
4. If each one competes to go deeper than the neighbour, the ground water structure would be disturbed.
5. Hence ground water should be considered as common pool resource and we should delink the connection between the ownership of land and water drawn from the underground.

Project work

Think of plans for your village or locality, which if implemented would help everyone.
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 21st Lesson Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 21st Lesson Devotional Paths to the Divine

7th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
a) Ramanuja was influenced by the ……………… .
b) ……………. and ……………. were advocates of Virashaivism.
c) ……………. was an important center of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.
Answer:
a) Alvars
b) Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akkamahadevi
c) Pandharpur

Question 2.
Describe the beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas, and Yogis.
Answer:
The beliefs and practices of Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas, and Yogis were.

1. They criticized rituals and others aspects of conventional religion and social order.
2. They advocated renunciation of the world.
3. They believed salvation lay in meditation on the formless ultimate reality and the realization of oneness with it.
4. To achieve salvation they advocated intense training of the mind and body through practices like Yogasanas, breathing exercises, and meditation.
5. Their criticism of conventional religion created the ground for devotional religion.

Question 3.
What were the major ideas, expressed by Kabir? How did he express them?
(or)
Write about the major idea of Kabir.
Answer:

1. Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete rejection of the major religious traditions.
2. He openly ridiculed fill forms of external worship of both Hinduism and Islam.
3. Kabir ridiculed the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
4. Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God.
5. He preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.
6. He expressed his ideas through a vast collection of verses called Sakhis and pads composed by him.

Question 4.
What were the major beliefs and practices of the Subs?
Answer:

1. Sufis were Muslim mystics.
2. Sufis rejected outward religiosity.
3. They emphasized love and devotion to God and compassion towards all fellow human beings.
4. The Sufis rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behavior demanded by Muslim religious scholars.
5. Sufis sought union with God.
6. Sufis too believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way.
7. They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr (chanting of a name), contemplation Sama (singing), raqs (dancing), discussion of parables, breath control, etc., under the guidance of a pir.

Question 5.
Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?
Answer:
Up to the medieval period. Indian society was moaning under the burden of evil social practices and unscrupulous religious beliefs. There were social differences based on birth. Society was divided into many castes. The lower class of the people was treated as untouchables. The pre-eminency of the priestly classes was envied by the people of other castes. The burden of expensive rituals, evil aspects of conventional religion, Idol worship, polytheism, and unscrupulous religious beliefs made religion a burden on society. So many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices.

Question 6.
What were the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak?
Answer:

1. Guru Nanak emphasized the importance of the worship of one God.
2. He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation.
3. In his opinion liberation was not the state of inert bliss, but rather the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
4. He emphasized right worship, the welfare of others, and purity of conduct.
5. Guru Nanak’s idea of equality had social and political implications.

Question 7.
For either the Virashaivas or the saints of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.
Answer:
Either the Virashaivas or the saints of Maharashtra strongly opposed the caste system. The Virashaivas strongly argued for the equality of all human beings. They were against scriptural ideas about caste. On the other hand, the saints of Maharashtra rejected the social differences based on birth. They encouraged universal brotherhood by insisting that bhakti lay in sharing others’ pain. They taught to serve fellow human beings in need. ,

Question 8.
Why do ordinary people still remember Mirabai?
Answer:

1. Though Mirabai was a princess, she became a disciple of Ravidas, an untouchable.
2. She openly challenged the norms of the upper castes.
3. So Mirabia became popular with the masses and the ordinary people would like to preserve the memory of Mirabai.

Question 9.
Read the para under the title ‘A Closer Look: Kabir’ on page 186 and comment on it.

A Closer Look: Kabir

Kabir, who probably lived in the fifteenth-sixteenth century, was one of the most influential saints. He was brought up in a family of Muslim julahas or weavers settled near the city of Benares (Varanasi). We have little reliable information about his life.
We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection of verses called sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers. Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani, and Bijak.
Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes, and the caste system. The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi, widely understood by ordinary people.
Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion. Kabir drew his followers from among both Hindus and Muslims.
Answer:
Kabir was a mystic poet and saint of India. His writings have greatly influenced the Bhakti movement. He lives perhaps during 1398 – 1448. He had an enormous influence on Indian philosophy and on Hindi poetry. In India, he is perhaps the most quoted author, with the exception of Tulsidas.

Question 10.
Write about a festival celebrated by the people together in your area?
Answer:
We celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi together in our area. We have a committee in our area to organize this festival. We celebrate in a ‘Mandapam’ in our street. All the people in our street contribute to this festival. We celebrate this festival for 11 days.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Weather and Climate Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 6th Lesson Weather and Climate

7th Class Science 6th Lesson Weather and Climate Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What aspects should you observe to know and predict the weather of your village?
Answer:
We should observe
a) Humidity changes
b) Wind changes
c) Temperature changes
d) The sunrise and sunset times changes to predict the weather of the village.

Question 2.
Read a newspaper, collect the weather reports in it. Write about the various elements of the weather mentioned in the report.
Answer:
1) The student is advised to read a newspaper and collect the weather reports in it.
2) Various elements of the weather mentioned in the report.
a) About rain – cms. of rain fall
b) Thunder showers
c) Dry weather
d) Sky – cloudy
e) Maximum temperature recorded on the day.
f) Minimum temperature recorded.

Question 3.
Where is the meteorological departments in your area? How is it useful to you?
Answer:
Meteorological department is located at district head quarter. It collects data of temperature, rainfall and other climatic factors. It warns entire public from floods, rains, cyclones etc. It continues the study and analysis of rainfall, cyclones and tsunamis etc.

Question 4.
If it is hot and sweaty at a place, what could be the possible reasons for that?
Answer:

1. The place is situated at the equatorial region is hot.
2. The places near a river or in coastal regions the weather in summer is sweaty.

Question 5.
Write true or false. Give reasons.
a) Minimum temperature is recorded in early morning. ( )
b) The direction and speed of wind is found by an Anemometer. ( )
c) In summer the winds blow towards the earth from the seas/ocean in the afternoon ( )
d) In our state the maximum temperature is recorded in the month of July. ( )
Answer:
a) Minimum temperature is recorded in the early morning (True)
b) The direction and speed of wind is found by an Anemometer. (True)
c) In summer the winds blow towards the earth from the seas / oceans is the after noon. (True)
d) 1) In our state the maximum temperature is recorded is the month of July. (False)
Reason:

• In our state the maximum temperature is recorded is the month of May
• Monsoon enters in the month of June itself and temperature gradually falls to normal day temperature.

Question 6.
Observe the graph showing rainfall (in mm) of a place from August to December. Write down the observations from it and what inference can you draw.

Answer:

1. There was more rainfall in November and December months.
2. The rain fall in August, September and October months is relatively less.
3. From the graph, one feels that the rainy season is shifted to November and December months.

Question 7.
Why do people need and observe weather?
Answer:
People need to observe weather for many reasons.

1. If the weather forecast expects a cyclone immediately disaster management must be taken up.
2. Due to cyclones the sea water enters the low lying coastal areas, causing severe loss of life and property.
3. People should make necessary arrangements to shift household goods, domestic
   animals and vehicles …. etc., to safer places.
4. Farmers take necessary steps in their cultivation process knowing the weather condition in advance.

Question 8.
Explain these symbols used in a weather forecast report.

Answer:
These symbols are used as follows:
a) Sunny weather
b) Sunny weather with clouds in the sky.
c) The sky is cloudy.
d) Rainfall
e) Heavy rainfall
f) Sky is cloudy with thunders

Question 9.
Collect the weather reports from the newspapers and make a profile of the weather in a city.
Answer:
The student is advised to do this with the help of the teacher.

Question 10.
Every year we have floods in the rainy season. Why?
Answer:

1. In certain areas during rainy season also the tanks and canals remain dry.
2. The dried canals and tanks are used for other purposes.
3. In such areas when it rains heavily there is no way to drain out the water.
4. As a result many areas were flooded and submerged.

Question 11.
Observe your surroundings and try to predict how tomorrow would be?
Answer:

1. The surroundings are slowly becoming concrete jungles.
2. The trees appear no more and many acres of cultivation land is converted into House flats.
3. Trees are oxygen factors. They give us good rainfall and keep the temperature of the globe under control.
4. The pollution in the atmosphere is causing a rise in the temperature of the atmosphere.
5. Water, food and other basic things may become a problem tomorrow.

Question 12.
Priya’s mother said “It is very hard to stay at Vizag during summer” Why did she say so?
Answer:

1. Vizag is a coastal region.
2. In summer we feel very sweaty in addition to feeling hot winds.
3. Vizag is more humid also.
4. So it is hard to stay at Vizag during Summer.

Question 13.
Collect different newspapers and compare the weather reports. Are they same or not? Why?
Answer:

1. The student can collect newspapers and compare the weather reports.
2. The reports are found to differ slightly.
3. As there is global warming, there is a change in the weather and is the reason for slight variations in the weather reports.

Question 14.
Observe your surroundings immediately after rain. Express your feelings in the form of a song.
Answer:

1. Rain brings a lot of happiness and pleasant atmosphere.
2. The temperature of the weather suitably falls down and is quite comfortable to everyone.
3. Each student reacts in his own way to this new atmosphere.
4. So the song is the choice of the student and the student can express the feelings in the form of a song.

Question 15.
Prepare some questions to conduct a quiz programme in your class on this chapter.
Answer:
Some questions suggested to conduct a quiz programme.
a) What kind of information does daily weather report carry?
b) What is weather ? What are its elements?
c) What is the difference between weather and climate.
d) What is the main cause of changes in weather?

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Folk Religion Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Lesson Folk Religion

7th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Folk Religion Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What are the common elements in the worship of most of the village deities?
Answer:
Whatever the region they belong to, whichever deity they worship, people use the same elements to worship village deities. They offer bonalu and offer sacrifices such as cocks, goats, and buffaloes. There are no priests and people pray to the deities in their own languages. In worshipping the deities the customs and traditions followed by the people of the different regions are the same.

Question 2.
When people go to towns and settle there, do they continue to worship their old village deities? How do they do it?
Answer:
They don’t lose their relationship with their village deities even after moving into cities. This is important for them. The traditions and customs and religious beliefs, whether they are scrupulous or unscrupulous are not easily forgotten or neglected. So they attend their festivals in villages. Those who have made some money help made a chariot or a cupola, or help build a shrine. At times, the group of families from a village, live in the neighborhood of cities, arrange for the deity to come to their place. The deity comes in full splendor. There is great feasting and for the whole time, she is there.

Question 3.
Why do people use different languages while worshipping different kinds of deities?
Answer:
In the temples of village deities, there are no priests and people pray according to their own customs and traditions. People use different languages while worshipping different kinds of deities because in different places the same goddess is named differently. So people use different languages to worship different kinds of deities. Like in the Worship of main deities as Siva, Shakti, and Vishnu, the Sanskrit language is not used in worshipping the village deities.

Question 4.
Do you think the way people worship the village deities is changing now? What kind of changes do you see?
Answer:
Yes. The people’s relations to the village deities in rural society are changing as a result of their economic hardships. These days celebrations of festivals and offering bonalu and sacrifices have become very much expensive. Though traditions and religious customs are not easily vanished from society, the economic hardships and penury of the people made them alienated from the celebration of rituals. Awareness campaigns made by the intellectuals and non – governmental organizations against the animal sacrifices made the people do away with this expensive extravaganza.

Question 5.
Point out the main places of important jataras and urs in Andhra Pradesh Map.
Answer:

Question 6.
Read the fourth paragraph of page 178 and comment on it.
Most of these deities are worshipped by people irrespective of their caste or religion or economic status. For example, even Muslim farmers participate in many of the ravels of village gods. Similarly, people of all religions throng to the dargahs to seek the blessing of their peers. They tie strings on a tree or on the walls of the dargah making a vow in return for the wishes granted. They request the pirzadas to prepare tawiz for them to drive away evil spirits.
Answer:
Most religions have so much is common with each other, including their basic moral principles we can say that this is religious integrity in India.

Question 7.
Collect the following particulars by talking to the people of different religions of your area.

Answer:

S.No.	Name	Religion practiced	God worshipped	Festivals celebrated
1.	Y. Madhava Rao	Hinduism	Lord Venkateswara	Hindu festivals like Divali, Dussera, etc.
2.	T.G. David	Christianity	Yehovah, Jesus	Christmas, Good Friday, etc.
3.	Fazal – Ul – hak	Islam	Muhammad	Ramazan, Bakrid, etc.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 5 Temperature and Its Measurement Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 5th Lesson Temperature and Its Measurement

7th Class Science 5th Lesson Temperature and Its Measurement Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
The body temperature of Srinath is 99°F. Is he suffering from fever? If so, why?
Answer:

1. Yes, Srinath is suffering from fever.
2. The normal temperature of human body is 98.6°F.
3. As Srinath has a temperature of 99 °F. It is fever.

Question 2.
Why do we use Mercury in the thermometer? Can water be used instead of Mercury? What are the problems in using it?
Answer:

1. Mercury is used in the thermometer because its expansion is uniform.
2. It is opaque and shining.
3. It does not stick to the sides of the glass tube.
4. It is a good conductor of heat.
5. It is easily available in pure state.
6. Water cannot be used instead of mercury.
7. Water cannot expand as much as mercury expands for a small rise in temperature.
8. Water is not opaque and shining.
9. Water sticks to the sides of the glass tube.

Question 3.
The temperature of Srinagar (J&K) is -4°C and in Paderu (AP) is 3°C which of them has greater temperature? What is the difference between the temperatures of these two places?
Answer:

1. Paderu (A.P.) has a greater temperature. Its temperature is 3°C.
2. The difference between the temperatures of these two places is
   = 3 °C – (- 4 °C) = 7 °C.

Question 4.
During winter mornings why do people stand in the Sun? Explain.
Answer:

1. In winter the temperature of the atmosphere in the mornings will be very less than the body temperature of the people.
2. So heat from the people flow from their body to the atmosphere.
3. People feel quite chill.
4. If people stand in the sun in morning the heat radiations from the sun reaches the body of people preventing the flow of heat from their bodies to the atmosphere.
5. People feel warm if they stand in the sun.

Question 5.
After walking some distance on a hot summer day, why do we prefer to go into the shade?
Answer:

1. When we walk on a hot summer day we get heat in two ways.
   a) Direct heat radiation from the sun and
   b) Reflected heat radiation from the surroundings.
2. So we feel very hot.
3. To get relief from this hotness we prefer to go into the shade, where we get only reflected heat radiation.

Question 6.
Srikanth takes a sip of cold drink and feels the chill. Guess what its temperature is? Try to measure it.
Answer:

1. The temperature of the cold drink maybe 10 °C.
2. The normal temperature of the human body will be 37 °C.
3. The cold drink is at 10 °C and so Srikanth feels the chill.
4. When I measured the temperature of the cold drink I find it at 11 °C.

Question 7.
Jyothi was prepared to measure the temperature of hot water with a clinical thermometer. Is it right or wrong. Why?
Answer:

1. Jyothi was wrong.
2. The clinical thermometer can read temperatures between 5 °C to 45 °C.
3. The temperature of hot water may be more than 45 °C.
4. If the clinical thermometer is put in hot water, mercury in it expands beyond the limit and the thermometer may break.

Question 8.
Swathi kept a laboratory thermometer in hot water for some time and took it out to read the temperature. Rani said it was a wrong way of measuring temperature. Do you agree with Rani? Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. As Rani said, it is a wrong way of measuring temperature.
2. In laboratory thermometer there will be no kink in the capillary tube.
3. When the thermometer is taken out of hot water, mercury level in the thermometer fall down as there is no kink in the capillary tube near the bulb to prevent the level of mercury falling on its own.

Question 9.
Why do we jerk a clinical thermometer before we measure body temperature?
Answer:

1. The kink in the capillary near the bulb of the clinical thermometer prevents mercury level from falling on its own.
2. Before we measure body temperature, we should bring the mercury level to the minimum.
3. This is possible only by giving a jerk to the thermometer to bring back the mercury level in it to the minimum.

Question 10.
Heat energy is converted into other forms of energy. Give some examples.
Answer:

1. If we use electric heater to heat water electrical energy is converted into heat.
2. If we use a gas stove, chemical energy is converted into heat.
3. In solar heaters, solar energy is converted into heat.

Question 11.
Prathima said ‘Heat is a form of energy. How do you support her? Give some examples.
Answer:

1. ‘Heat is a form of energy’. I support Prathima.
2. One form of energy can be converted into another form .
3. Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, electrical energy, etc.
4. Energy can do work. With heat we can do several works.
5. So heat is a form of energy.
   Examples:
   1) When we stand in the sun or near fire, heat energy enters our body and we feel hot.
   2) When ice is put on our palm, heat energy moves from our body to the piece of ice. That’s why we feel cold.

Question 12.
Why is a clinical thermometer not used to measure the temperature of air?
Answer:

1. Clinical thermometer is meant to measure our body temperature.
2. It can measure temperatures in between 35 °C to 45 °C.
3. The temperature of air may not be in these limits.
4. So clinical thermometer is not used to measure the temperature of air.

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks.
a. Doctor uses ——– thermometer to measure the human body temperature.
b. At room temperature Mercury is in ——– state.
c. Heat energy transfer from ——– to ——–.
d. – 7 °C temperature is ——– than 0 °C temperature.
Answer:
a) clinical
b) liquid
c) higher temperature, low temperature
d) less

Question 14.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 15.
Use the Thermometer and record the temperature in your school daily at mid day meals time in the following table. Record temperature for a month.

a) On which day was the temperature highest? What could be the reason?
b) On which day was the temperature lowest? What could be the reason?
c) What was the average temperature during the month?
Answer:
This experiment can be done by the student with the help of the teacher.

Question 16.
Draw the diagram of a clinical thermometer and label its parts. What is the use of kink in clinical thermometer?
Answer:

Use: Kink prevents the Mercury level from falling on its own.

Question 17.
Draw the diagram of a laboratory thermometer and label its parts. How does it differ from a clinical thermometer?
Answer:

It differs from a clinical thermometer in many ways.
a) This thermometer has no kink in the capillary near the bulb.
b) This thermometer has graduations from – 10 °C to 110 °C where as clinical thermometer has graduations from 35 °C to 45 °C.

Question 18.
Measure the body temperature between fingers, under the tongue, armpit, folded hands, folded legs etc. Is it the same? Does the body temperature remain the same after jumping ten times? Why?
Answer:

1. The temperature measured between the fingers, under the tongue, armpit, folded hands, folded legs etc. are not the same.
2. Real temperature of the body is recorded as true when recorded under the tongue.
3. At other places mentioned the temperature recorded differ from the temperature taken under the tongue.
4. Temperature taken in folded legs also do not coincide with other temperatures recorded as some additional heat may be stored due to folding of legs.

Question 19.
Collect information from hospital/health centre about the precautions to be taken while reading temperature with a clinical thermometer.
Answer:

Precautions to be taken:

1. Thermometer should be washed before and after use preferably with an antiseptic solution.
2. Ensure that before the use the mercury level is below 35 °C.
3. Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
4. Handle the thermometer with care.
5. Do not hold the thermometer by bulb while reading it.

Question 20.
Measure the temperature of water in normal conditions. If you add the following substance to the water, do you find any difference in temperature? Predict and verify.

Do you find any change in temperature before and immediately after mixing the above substances in water? If yes, what could be the reason?
Answer:
The student is advised to do this with the help of the teacher and record the observations.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Read the following statements and mark if It is an example of weather or climate.
(a) During the last few years many glaciers have melted in the Himalayas.
Answer:
It is an example of weather.

(b) During the last few decades drought in Vidarbha region has increased.
Answer:
It is an example of climate.

Question 2.
Match the following. Use maps if you cannot locate the places.
(There could be multiple correct answers.)

Answer:
(a) Trivandrum — is closer to sea and the climate has big impact of the seas
(b) Gangtok — is farther from the equator and temperature would be lower in winter
(c) Anantapur — is closer to the equator but not close to the seas and has low rainfall

Question 3.
Describe India’s climate controls.
(OR)
Explain any two factors that influence the climate in India.
Answer:
The factors that affect climate are called climatic controls. These include:

1. Latitude
2. Land – Water relationship
3. Relief
4. Upper air circulation.

1. Latitude:

• The intensity of temperature depends on the latitude. It is more intense in lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
• In India, the Southern part lies ¡n the tropical zone, closer to the equator; it has higher average temperature than the northern part.

2. Land – Water relationship:

• The water bodies absorb and losses heat more slowly than land.
• Due to this the formation of land and sea breezes influence the climate of coastal region.

3. Relief:

• Relief or altitude of a region influences the climate of the area.
• Several hill stations have cool climate even during summer months.
  Eg: Simia, Nainital, Mussone, Kodaikanal.

4. Upper air circulation:

• The high velocity of Upper air movements is known as “Jet Streams’.
• This jet stream causes the neighboring atmosphere to cool.

Question 4.
Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and deserts.
Answer:

1. The factors influencing climatic conditions are called climatic controls.
2. These include (i) Latitude (ii) Land-water relationship (iii) Upper air circulation.
3. In hilly areas important factors influencing climatic conditions are latitudes, relief and land- water relationship, and upper air circulation only as a whole.
4. If the hills are in southern India, they receive more temperature and rainfall. If they are near the coast, the effects would be different.
5. In the hilly area altitude also plays a crucial role in deciding the temperature in accordance with the normal lapse rate.
6. Relief of desert plays a crucial role in its temperature being decided and the inland nature shuns any influence of land-water relationship.
7. The rainfalls in these regions are scanty and during temperature range is very high.

Question 5.
How are human activities contributing to global warming?
Answer:

1. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols and cloudiness.
2. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.
3. Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation that are part of the earth’s energy balance.
4. Changing their atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system.
5. Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750) the overall effect of human activities on climate has been a warming influence.,
6. The human impact on climate during this era greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes such as solar changes and volcanic eruptions.

Question 6.
What are the disagreements between ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries about AGW ?
Answer:

1. An international organization called the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
2. The latest attempt made at the IPCC conference in Warsaw (Poland) in 2013, failed to achieve any agreement.
3. Disagreements are between developed countries and developing countries.
4. Developed countries want developing countries to cut down on burning coal and other activities that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
5. Developing countries argue that developed countries developed precisely by burning fossil fuels in their development and their economic development will be seriously (developing countries) damaged if (developing countries) they do not burn fossil fuels.
6. Developing countries also argue that developed countries should do their fair share of work to find alternatives that can help the developing countries to progress.

Question 7.
How is climate change causing global warming? Suggest measures to minimise the influence of the global warming.
Answer:

1. Now heating of earth is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes.
2. Much of the warming has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution.
3. Volumes of methane under the frozen tundras of northern latitudes is discovered.
4. As global temperature increases, the ice in the tundra melts more.
5. The methane trapped in, the ice escapes into the atmosphere increasing global temperatures.
6. In turn, this causes even more ice to melt, releasing more methane, and so on.
7. To minimize the influence of global warming, we should plan to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like CO₂, Methane, etc.
8. We should take up afforestation.
9. We should encourage public transport.
10. We should minimize the use of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc.

Question 8.
On an outline map of India, show the following:
(i) Areas recorded with more than 40°C annual mean temperature.
(ii) Areas recorded with annual mean temperature less than 10°C.
(iii) The direction of the south-west monsoon over India.
Answer:

Question 9.
Observe the following climograph and answer the following questions.

(A) Which month received the highest rainfall?
Answer:
‘August’ month received the highest rainfall.

(B) Which months experience the highest and the lowest temperature?
Answer:
The highest temperature is experienced in the month of May.
The lowest temperature is experienced in the month of December.

(C) Why is the maximum amount of rainfall between June and October?
Answer:
The maximum amount of rainfall is received in Hyderabad between the months of June and October. The reason for this is the presence of south-west monsoons.

(D) Why is the temperature high between March and May?
Answer:
The temperature is high between March and May because it is the summer season.

(E) Identify relief conditions causing variation in temperature and rainfall.
Answer:
Hyderabad is present in the Deccan Plateau. It is situated at an elevation of 600 m from the mean sea level.

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 45 & 46

Question 1.
Fill the table after reading climographs.

Range of Temperature: From highest value to lowest value
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 46

Question 2.
What are the warmest and coldest months in Leh?
Answer:
The warmest month in Leh is June The coldest month in Leh is January.

Question 3.
From the range of temperatures in the above table, say whether Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh. Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh.
2. In the hottest month, Leh got 26°C the highest temperature whereas Jaipur got 40-C during the same month.
3. Thus, we can say Jaipur is hotter in general.

Question 4.
Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai. How are they different? 4S June 20171
Answer:

1. Delhi has an extreme climate with 6°C as the lowest temperature and 40°C as the highest temperature.
2. Every month the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures is also more around 16°C.
3. But whereas Chennai has a moderate climate with 38°C as highest and 20°C as the lowest temperature.
4. Even the difference between the highest and the lowest every month is also less, around 10°C.
5. Delhi The climate of Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes.
6. Chennai: The geographical location determines the weather and climate in Chennai. The close proximity of the ocean and equator makes the climate and weather in Chennai relatively consistent with less variation in the seasonal temperature. The weather in Chennai is mostly hot and humid.

Question 5.
Read carefully the rainfall pattern for Leh. In what ways is this different from the others? From your atlas, can you find out some other places in the world that have similar rainfall patterns?
Answer:

1. Leh is situated nearly 6 km above the mean sea level.
2. So the atmosphere there is not conducible for rain.
3. It receives less than 10 mm as the maximum monthly rainfall.
4. The remaining three places receive 200 mm or more rainfall as the maximum monthly rainfall.
5. It is surrounded by greater Himalayan mountains which are always covered with snow.
6. Thus, it is different from the other 3 places which are unlike this.
7. There are some other places in the world like this like Zurich in Switzerland, Oslo in Norway, Thimpu in Bhutan and Khatmandu in Nepal etc.

Question 6.
Identify the wet months for Chennai. How is this different from Jaipur?
Answer:

1. The wettest months for Chennai are October and November.
2. It is because it receives rainfall during the retreat of southwest monsoon or during the north-east monsoon.
3. Whereas the wettest months for Jaipur are July and August.
4. It receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon.
5. In this way Chennai and Jaipur are different.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 47

Question 7.
Using a globe recall and discuss what you may have read earlier. How does the angle of the sun vary at different latitudes? What impact does this have?
Answer:
Sun angles and their impact.

1. Tilt of the earth is the axis of rotation.
2. Axis of rotation tilted 23.5° away from perpendicular to the plane of earth’s orbit.
3. Due to this, it creates seasonal variations in which hemisphere is oriented towards the sun.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 48

Question 8.
In your atlas, compare the temperatures of Mumbai and Nagpur for the winter and summer months. How are they similar or different? How does it explain the distance from the sea?
Answer:

1. Mumbai is located on the west coast at 18°55′ N latitude and 77°54′ E longitude.
2. Nagpur is located as an inland at 21°9′ N latitude and 79°9′ E longitude.
3. For January, the winter month Mumbai has an average temperature of 24.4°C whereas Nagpur has 20.6°C.
4. For May, the summer month Mumbai has an average temperature of 30°C whereas Nagpur has 37°C.
5. As Mumbai is on the west coast it is experiencing a moderate climate with less changes of temperatures.
6. Being an island region, the variations in temperatures during summer and winter are more for Nagpur.
7. Thus, It shows the influence of distance from the sea.

Question 9.
With the help of the climographs, can you explain how differences in temperature can be explained for Jaipur and Chennai ?
Answer:

1. Jaipur has an extreme climate whereas Chennai is with moderate climate.
2. Though the highest average temperature for both regions are at near 40*C, the lowest average temperatures for Jaipur is at 6°C whereas that is for Chennai is 18°C.
3. The monthly differences in highest and lowest temperatures also vary.
4. For Jaipur they are around 16°C whereas for Chennai they are around 10°C.
5. The atmosphere of Chennai will be pleasant with these temperatures whereas that is not the case with Jaipur.

Question 10.
Are Shimla and Delhi located on very different latitudes? Check with your atlas. Is Shimla cooler than Delhi during summer ?
Answer:

1. Delhi is located at 28°38’N latitude and 77°17’E longitude.
2. Shimla Is located at 31°6’N latitude and 77°13′ E longitude.
3. Thus Delhi and Shimla are located in different latitudes.
4. During summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
5. Being in the northern plain and experiencing the hot winds named ‘Loo’ Delhi experiences high temperatures, during summer.
6. Being in the Himalayan ranges and above the altitude of more than 3 km Shimla experiences less temperatures compared to Delhi, during summer.

Question 11.
Why does Darjeeling have pleasant weather as compared to Kolkata during summer season ?
Answer:

1. Darjeeling is located in West Bengal at the latitude of 27°3′ N and a longitude of 88°18′ E.
2. Kolkata is also located in West Bengal at the latitude of 22°34′ N and a longitude of 88°24′ E.
3. Kolkata is located near the coast and experiences the advantage of the nearness to water during summer.
4. But Darjeeling, being situated in the Himalayan Ranges at an altitude of more than 3 km, experiences less temperatures during summer.
5. Thus, Darjeeling will have pleasant weather compared to Kolkata during the summer season.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 49

Question 12.
What would be the range for the average temperature in A.P. for January?
Answer:

1. January is the month during which winter is severe.
2. It usually will be cold during this month throughout Andhra Pradesh.
3. For the month of January, the average maximum temperature is around 28°C.
4. The average minimum temperature is around 16°C for January in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Thus range of average temperature for January in Andhra Pradesh is around 28°C to 16°C.

Question 13.
Using your atlas, find some places located on 15°C temperature.
Answer:
The places that are located on 15°C are Jaipur, Mathura, Itanagar etc.

Question 14.
Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there’s a small circle of places on 20°C. How is this possible?
Answer:

1. Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there is a small circle of places on 20°C.
2. That is the region where the Western Ghats rise above 2000 m peaks.
3. There are the Nilgiri Hills which has peaks more than 2000 m height.
4. So the temperatures there are less as the elevation is more.
5. That is why there was 20°C circle close to 25°C line.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 50

Question 15.
From the climographs (Graph 1-4), note the approximate average temperature for May for the four places and mark them on the map given.
Answer:

1. Jaipur 24°C to 40°C
2. Leh 12°C to 29°C
3. New Delhi 34°C to 40°C

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 54

Question 16.
What is deforestation ?
Answer:

1. Cutting down of the trees indiscriminately in the areas of forest or where there a presence of sizable number of trees like plantations is called deforestation.
2. It results in the lowering of the green cover.
3. It affects the ecological balance.
4. It reduces the probability of raining.
5. It affects the soil erosion, it increases soil erosion.
6. It also affects the sustainability of green cover.

Question 17.
Does deforestation happen only in forest areas? How about in your local area, even if there are no forests?
Answer:

1. Deforestation not only happens in forest areas.
2. In our local areas the felling of trees comes under deforestation.
3. Even if there are no forests, the cutting down of trees is considered as deforestation.

Question 18.
How does deforestation affect global warming?
Answer:

1. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes (other than domestic purposes of tribals) in the forests and vegetations of a large scale.
2. Trees make use of the most of the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into their food which is called photosynthesis using sunlight.
3. If trees were cut down indiscriminately, it would result in the accumulation of C0₂, the green house gas.
4. It will result in the increase of temperatures throughout the earth i.e., global warming.
5. Thus, deforestation affects global warming.

Question 19.
What are some other ways in which human action contributes to global warming?
Answer:

1. Usage of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc. by humans leads to global warming.
2. Usage of motor vehicles which run on fuel emits greenhouse gases.
3. Usage of inorganic fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides.
4. Releasing of effluences and wastes of industries.
5. Excessive usage of natural resources.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 55

Question 20.
Imagine how one would cope with the situation if millions of people were affected. Where would you find land for resettlement? What jobs would they do?

Answer:

1. If millions of people were affected with any natural calamity, it certainly would be difficult to cope with.
2. The government has to make arrangements to resettlement of all those affected.
3. It may seek help from international organisations or non-governmental organisations in our country as well as the donors.
4. It will be a Herculean task to provide them shelter and alternate employment, but government must take initiative to get it done.
5. It must employ the eligible to work within Rural Works Programme, Food for Work, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Labour Employment Guarantee schemes etc.

Project work

Collect proverbs/sayings that are related to climate and weather in your region.

1. A Rainbow in the morning is the Sailor’s Warming.
2. A Rainbow at night is the Sailor’s delight.
3. When the dew is on the grass rain will never come to pass.

Answer:
“Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning.”
“Mare’s tails and mackerel scales make tall ships take in their sails.”
“Clear moon, frost soon.”
“Halo around the sun or moon, rain or snow soon.”
“Rainbow in the morning gives you fair warning.”
“When the stars begin to huddle, the earth will soon become a puddle.”

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 4 Motion and Time Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 4th Lesson Motion and Time

7th Class Science 4th Lesson Motion and Time Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are True or False. Rewrite the wrong statements correctly.
a) A body can be at rest and in motion at the same time in relation to the same set of surroundings.
b) A passenger flying in an airplane is at rest with respect to the airport and moving with respect to other passengers.
c) The wheels of a train are in rotatory motion as well as in translatory motion, when it moves.
Answer:
a)

1. A body can be at rest when it is not moving in relation to the set of surroundings.
2. A body can be at motion when it is in motion at the same time relative to, the set of surroundings.

b)

1. A passenger flying in an airplane is at rest with respect to other passengers.
2. A passenger flying in an airplane is moving with respect to the airport.

c) The wheels of a train are in rotatory motion as well as in translatory motion when it moves.

Question 2.
John tied a stone to a string and whirled it around. What type of motion do you find there?
Answer:
When a stone is tied to a string and whirled it around, we find rotatory motion in it.

Question 3.
What is common to the following? The motion of the propeller of a flying helicopter, the minute hand of a watch, the tape of a cassette recorder.
a) All are examples of translatory motion.
b) All are examples of oscillatory motion.
c) All are examples of rotatory motion.
d) All are examples of periodic motion.
Answer:
All are examples of rotatory motion.

Question 4.
Which of the following is not an oscillatory motion?
a) Motion of the hammer of an electric bell.
b) Motion of your hands while running.
c) Motion of a child on a see-saw.
d) Motion of a horse pulling a cart.
Answer:
The motion of a horse pulling a cart is not an oscillatory motion.

Question 5.
Arun completed a 100-meter race in 16s, while Karthik finished it in 13s. Who ran faster?
Answer:

1. Karthik ran faster.
2. The same distance 100 meter race is completed in 13s by Karthik in a short interval of time, compared to 16s as completed by Arun.
3. So Karthik ran faster.

Question 6.
I. A train runs from New Delhi to Hyderabad. It covers first distance of 420 km in 7 hrs. and next distance of 360 km in 6 hrs.
II. Gopi takes part in a car race. He drives a distance of 70 km each in the first, second and third hours.
Which of the following statements is true?
a) I is an example of uniform motion and II is an example of non-uniform motion.
b) I is an example of non-uniform motion and II is an example of uniform motion.
c) I and II are examples of uniform motion.
d) I and II are examples of non-uniform motion.
Answer:
a) I is an example of uniform motion and II is an example of non-uniform motion. This statement is not true.
b) I is an example of non uniform motion and II is an example of uniform motion. This statement is true.
c) I and II are examples of uniform motion. This statement is not true.
d) I and II are examples of non-uniform motion. This statement is not true.

Question 7.
Write the motion of different parts of a bicycle while it is in motion.
a) the wheel
b) the cycle chain
c) the pedal with its arm
d) the movement of the feet pedaling
e) the movement of the rider along with the bicycle.
Answer:
a) Rotatory motion
b) Rotatory motion
c) Rotatory motion
d) Oscillatory motion
e) Translatory motion

Question 8.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) The basic unit of time is second.
b) Every object’s motion is uniform.
c) Two cars move for 5 minutes and 2 minutes respectively. The second car is faster because it takes less time.
d) The speed of a car is expressed in km/h.
Answer:
a) This statement is correct.
b) This statement is not correct.
c) This statement is not correct.
In the statement distance covered by the cars is not mentioned.
d) This statement is correct.

Question 9.
The basic unit of speed is
A) km/min
B) m/min
C) km/h
D) m/s
Answer:
D) m/s

Question 10.
The correct relation between speed, distance and time is
A) Speed = distance/time
B) Speed = time/disatnce
C) Speed = distance × time
D) Distance = speed/time
Answer:
A) Speed = distance/time

Question 11.
The distance between two stations is 240 km. A train takes 4 hrs to cover this distance. Calculate the speed of the train.
Answer:
Distance between the two stations = 240 km
Time taken by the train to travel this distance = 4 hrs
Speed = [latex]\frac{\text { Distance travelled }}{\text { Time }}[/latex] = [latex]\frac{240}{4}[/latex] = 60 km/hr

Question 12.
A train travels at a speed of 180 km/h. How far will it travel in 4 hours?
Answer:
Speed of the train = 180 km/h
Time of travel = 4 hours
Distance travelled = ?
[latex]\frac{\text { Distance travelled }}{\text { Time }}[/latex] = Speed
∴ Distance travelled = speed × time = 180 km/hr × 4h = [latex]\frac{180 km}{h}[/latex] × 4h = 720 km

Question 13.
When do you say an object is in rotatory motion?
Answer:
1) Motion of all particles of a moving object follow a circular path with respect to a fixed centre of axis of rotation.
2) Then the motion of the object is said to be in rotatory motion.

Question 14.
Can an object possess translatory and rotatory motion at the same time? Give an example.
Answer:

1. An object can possess both translatory and rotatory motions at the same time.
2. The wheel of a cycle during movement will have both rotatory and translatory motions.
3. The wheel rotates (rotatory motion) and at the same time moves forward (Translatory motion).

Question 15.
Make a collection of action pictures showing living and non living things in motion. Paste them neatly in a scrap book. Under each picture write the type of motion the picture shows.
Answer:

Question 16.
In a sewing machine used by tailors, mention the type of motion of sewing machine’s parts when it runs.
a) the wheel b) the needle c) the cloth.
Answer:
a) The motion of the wheel is rotatory motion.
b) The motion of the needle is oscillatory motion
c) The motion of the cloth is translatory motion.

Question 17.
Gather the information about the apparatus used to measure time in olden days.
Answer:
Candle Clock: A candle clock is a thin candle with consistently
spaced markings (usually with numbers), that when burned, indicate the passage of periods of time. While no longer used today, candle clocks provided an effective way to tell time indoors, at night, or on a cloudy day.

Hourglass: An hourglass (sandglass, sand timer, sand clock, egg timer) measures the passage of a few minutes or an hour of time. It has two connected vertical glass bulbs allowing a regulated trickle of material from the top to the bottom. Once the top bulb is empty, it can be inverted to begin timing again.