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SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Lesson Rulers and Buildings

7th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
How is the “trabeate” principle of architecture different from “arcuate”?
Answer:
Roofs, doors, and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. This style of architecture is called trabeate or corbelled. But in the arcuate style of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was carried by arches. The roofs too used this principle and were converted into vaults and domes.

Question 2.
What is a Shikhara?
Answer:
The multi-storeyed towering gateway – built on the central shrines on a scale and height is called a Shikhara. These structures of immense scale must have been a mark of imperial authority. They were probably meant as reminders of the power of the kings, able to command the sources techniques, and skills needed to construct these towering gateways.

Question 3.
What are the elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden?
Answer:
In his autobiography, Babur described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. These gardens were called Chahar bagh four gardens, because of their symmetrical divisions into quarters. Beginning with Akbar some of the most beautiful Chahar baghs were .constructed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan in Kashmir, Agra and Delhi.

Question 4.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer:
The largest temples were all constructed by kings. They were meant to demonstrate the power, wealth, and devotion of the patron. The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king all his allies. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, It seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth. The king and nobles endowed the temples with land, gold, and jewels so that worship of the gods could be carried on a grand scale. These temples are thus the center of political and economic power.

Question 5.
Read the second part of the introduction part of page 189 and comment on it.
Between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries kings and their officers built two kinds of structures: The first were forts, palaces, and tombs – safe, protected, and grandiose places of rest in this world and the second were structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais, and bazaars. Kings were expected to care for their subjects and by making structures for their use and comfort, rulers hoped to win their praise. Construction activity was also carried out by others, including merchants. They built temples, mosques, and wells. However, domestic architecture – large mansions (Havelis) of merchants – has survived only from the eighteenth century.
Answer:
During the period from 8 to 18th century, the kings were interested in construction activity. They constructed forts, palaces, tombs, temples, mosques, tanks, wells, etc. They constructed them as a mark of their art and architecture.

Question 6.
How did the Mughal court suggest that everyone – the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak – received justice equally from the emperor?
Answer:
The connection between royal justice and the Imperial Court was emphasized by Shah Jahan in his newly constructed court in the Red Fort at Delhi. The construction of Shah Jahan’s audience hall aimed to communicate that the King’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals where all could live together in peace and harmony.

Question 7.
The rich and the powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were the constructions of kings and their courtiers different from them?
Answer:
Though the houses built by the rich and powerful nowadays are very large, they don’t have any beautiful gardens. Mughal nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river – Yamuna. These were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the Chahar bagh format.

Question 8.
Is there a statue or a memorial in your village or town? Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Yes, there is Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s statue in our village. It was placed by some of our villagers. It is to honor him as a framer of our Constitution.

Question 9.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighborhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer:
There is a park at the end of our street. Our park is in a rectangular shape. There is a compound wall around the park. There are no channels in our park. But there is a tap to water the plants.
Moghul gardens are in a rectangular shape. They are placed within walled enclosures constructed by Babur. They are divided into four quarters by artificial channels.

Question 10.
Locate the following on the India India map.
a) Delhi
b) Agra
c) Amritsar
d) Tanjavur
e) Hampi
f) River Yamuna
g) Khajuraho
Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources

10th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Create a table to describe major river systems in India with the following items: direction of flow, countries or regions through which they pass through, and relief features of the areas.
Answer:

Question 2.
Identify and list arguments that would support or oppose use of groundwater in various contexts such as agriculture, industry etc.
Answer:

1. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India.
2. It is also an important source of water for the agricultural, industrial and other sectors.

The arguments that would support the usage of underground water are:

1. The underground water is both an important input for manufacturing and industrial sectors and used as cool for machines.
2. These include higher productivity and its more equitable distribution among various classes of farmers, insurance against drought and stabilisation of agricultural production and enhanced employment generation.

The arguments that would oppose the usage of underground water:

1. India is the world’s largest groundwater user in terms of both absolute volumes pumped and the total number of users.
2. It led to decline groundwater levels and sea water intrusion in coastal areas.
3. Industrial waste is largely responsible for high level of pollutants found in groundwater.

Question 3.
What are the different inflow and outflow processes in the context of water resource?
Answer:
Inflow:

1. For any area inflow = precipitation + surface flow + groundwater flow.
2. Surface flow includes rivers, streams, canals and other flows on the surface of water.
3. Groundwater inflow is decided by the percolation and aquifer presence.
4. It is difficult to estimate this, but can be done.
5. Precipitation includes rainfall, snow, dew, hail etc.

Outflow:

1. The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from both evaporation and transpiration.
2. Water used for agriculture, domestic purpose and for animals, and for industrial use.
3. Water flowing out via surface flows and the flowing out of groundwaters through wells, pumps and tubewells, etc.

Question 4.
Which of the inflow or outflow processes has the most impact in the context of groundwater resources?
Answer:

1. In the context of groundwater resources the inflows like recharging, rainfall, aquifers etc.
2. In the context of groundwater resources the outflows are like borewells, tube wells, pumps etc.
3. Out of all these processes outflow which shows most impact is the tube-wells.
4. Use of the tubewells draws water from storages and lowers the water available to them.
5. When we dig into deeper aquifers – this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
6. With this we face today is the depletion of groundwater storages and a tendency not to care about the availability of water for future generations.

(OR)

1. Groundwater recharge may be explained as the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means.
2. Rainfall is the principal source for recharge of groundwater.

Question 5.
Make a list of challenges faced in the water resources in the Tungabhadra basin. Identify the solutions that have been discussed in the context of these problems either in this chapter or elsewhere in different classes.
Answer:
Challenges:

1. Tungabhadra dam has gradually lost its water storage capacity over the decades.
2. The mining of iron and manganese ore has seriously affected the stability of the catchment.
3. Siltation of several small reservoirs, traditional tanks and Tungabhadra reservoir is one challenge.
4. Cultivation of crops which demands a lot of water throughout the basin altered the water sharing balance.
5. Increased small towns and industrial areas made the competing demands for water more complex.

Solutions:

1. To restore the storage capacity, the silt, dust, debris etc. needed to be removed.
2. To maintain water balance people need to own the crops which use less water.
3. To improve sanitation and drinking water supply to match the pace of developmental activities.
4. Afforestation must be encouraged.
5. We should make provision to recharge the underground system through ‘Water harvesting Pits’.
6. Felling of trees and mining activities should be controlled.
7. We must adopt a different plants for water conservation and system of sharing water.
8. Soil erosion should be controlled.

Question 6.
There has been various ways in which changes occurred in the context of water resources. Describe the positive as well as negative social changes that got reflected in this chapter.
Answer:
Positive Social Changes :

1. Making arrangements that a portion of rainfall percolates into the soil and travels to the underground strata and recharge the aquifers.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, harvest water and encourage growth of grass.
3. A number of water harvesting structures like check dams, percolation tanks and loose boulder structures were built.
4. Banning the use of borewells for irrigation and not allowing to cultivate crops which demand more water.
5. Advanced technology in agriculture.
6. Recycling procedures of industrial wastes.
7. Increase in agricultural land.
8. Construction of Hydroelectric projects.

Negative Social Changes:

1. The depletion of groundwater storage and a tendency not to care about the availability for future generations.
2. Digging into deeper aquifers -this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
3. Loss of water storage capacity of dams, etc. due to the accumulation of silt, dust, debris and soil erosion.
4. Increase in the number of towns and industrial areas demanding more water.
5. Water pollution.
6. Population growth
7. Water conflicts.

Question 7.
Which aspects of farming practices were regulated in the context of Hiware Bazar to improve the water conservation?
Answer:

1. Hiware Bazar is situated on the eastern side of Sahyadri ranges in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, water harvesting and encourage growth of grass.
3. There was ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane, banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
4. The range of crops is diversified and potatoes, onions, fruits, flowers, wheat, etc. are practised.
5. The land was made much more productive as the water availability is increased and resulted in second crop during the year.
6. The cultivation of water-intensive crops like sugar was stopped.
7. Water for irrigation should be taken only through dug wells.
8. Water use prioritisation was taken up along with crop planning.

Question 8.
How significant are the laws and people’s actions, in the context of water resources? Write a short note based on the ideas discussed in the last two sections of the chapter.
Answer:

1. People’s actions are significant in the context of water resources.
2. People imposed themselves ban felling trees, free grazing to protect soil fertility.
3. They even imposed ban on practice of water taking from bore/tubewells for irrigation and extensive water usage crops.
4. They put up practices for water harvesting and diversification of crops.
5. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
6. These are based oh the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership, which is flowed.
7. Landowners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
8. State governments have often chosen tolncrease power subsidies to make extraction of even deeper layers of groundwater possible.
9. Drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right and that Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

Question 9.
If you have access to internet, visit www.aponline.gov.in and learn more about Andhra Pradesh WALTA Act.
Answer:

1. AP WALTA Act means Andhra Pradesh Water Land and Trees Act-2002.
2. Its objectives are to promote water conservation.
3. For protection and conservation of forests.
4. It promotes the construction of check-dams.
5. It encourages the setting up of watershed programs.
6. s a part of agriculture it advises the less water usage crops and methods to save water like sprinklers to water the crops.
7. It advises for the participation of common people in promoting social forestry in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
8. It brought many changes in the implementation of this act from 2009 onwards.

Question 10.
In what ways is water bought and sold in your area and for what purposes? Do you think there should be some checks and balances for this? Discuss.
Answer:
1. The water in our area is mainly supplied by our corporation. They supply through pumps/ nallas. This water is used for drinking and household purpose.
2. Drinking water is also supplied by local companies after purification. They charge Rs. 15 to 30 for on refill.
Yes, I think that there should be some checks and balances for both these supplies. The corporation water tanks should be cleansed at regular intervals. The water should be purified through different possible methods. We should check the refills of the private companies also. And we should observe the cleaning/filtering procedure at the point regularly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 58

Question 1.
On a map of India identify and mark the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
Answer:

Question 2.
Using the colour code, identify the height range in which some of the rivers originate. Using the atlas and the raised relief map, follow the course of these rivers and locate the direction in which they are flowing.
Answer:
Some of the rivers : Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Krishna, Godavari, Narmada and Tapati.

Question 3.
Discuss: About 5% of water is used for domestic purposes and yet a large section of the population does not have access to the water.
Answer:

1. Out of the total water available, most is saline and only less than 3% is non-saline.
2. Most of it is in the form of ice and only less is accessible.
3. Out of this available water also only 5% is used for domestic purpose and the remaining is used for other purposes.
4. In spite of all this, a large section of the population does not have access to water.
5. There are many reasons for this like the depletion in groundwater tables.
6. Non-domestic usage is geared up with bore/tubewells and pumps and extracting a large amount.
7. The poor and destitute do not have access to water.
8. Water supply is a state responsibility under the Indian constitution.
9. In some coastal areas, sea water desalination is becoming an important source of drinking water supply.
10. There is a need to river linking in India.

Question 4.
40 million hectares of land in India is flood-prone and an equally large part of the country is also drought prone. What are the causes of this ?
Answer:

1. In India only 40% of the cultivated land has irrigation facility.
2. For the remaining cultivated land, agriculture is the gambling with monsoon.
3. If monsoons give good rains, the year is good otherwise most part is drought-prone.
4. In India there are 72 drought – prone districts spread over 13 states.
5. Floods mostly occur in the low-lying plain areas and river valleys almost every year in the country.
6. 40 million hectares of land in India is flood prone.
7. We have no interlinking of rivers in India, which can arrange for the transfer of floodwaters to drought-prone areas.
8. Thus we are equally affected with both floods and droughts.
9. Floods are associated with excessive rainfall while droughts are the result of deficit rainfall.
10. Hydrology, deforestation, soil nature and erosion also play an important role in these
    calamities.

Question 5.
70% of our surface water resources are polluted. Why?
Answer:

1. The contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances is called water polution.
2. The biodegradable waste enters a water supply and thus pollutes water.
3. Chemical fertilisers from agriculture runoff due to rain and industrial waste pollute water.
4. Heat can be a source of pollution in water by decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen.
5. Sediment consists of mineral or organic solid matter that is washed from land into water sources.
6. The industrial waste contains a large number of harmful chemicals like acids, alkali and metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium leading to toxicity.
7. Hazardous substances like fluorine mixed in groundwater are causing pollution.
8. Thus nearly 70% of the surface water sources are polluted.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 59

Question 6.
With the help of an atlas trace the course of Indus both in India and Pakistan.
Answer:

Out of the total length of 2880 kms Indus flows 709 kms in India and 2171 kms in Pakistan.

Question 7.
Look at the map of river Ganga and name the states which are drained by it.

Answer:
The states which are drained by the river Ganga are Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan.

Question 8.
From the above map list out the north-flowing and south-flowing tributaries of the Ganga. North-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :
Answer:

1. The Yamuna
2. The Gomti
3. The Ghaghara
4. The Gandak
5. The Kosi
6. The Teesta

South-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :

1. The Chambal
2. The Sind
3. The Betwa
4. The Ken
5. The Son.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 60

Question 9.
From the Map and using your atlas, describe the following.

1. The Godavari originates in ——– and ——–.
2. The Krishna is the second largest east flowing peninsular river which rises near ——–.
3. The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Chattisgarh and runs through ——–.
4. The Narmada originates near ——– in Madhya Pradesh.
5. The Tapati originates from ——– and flows ——– (fill in the direction of flow).

Answer:

1. Triambak plateau drains into Bay of Bengal
2. Mahabaleswar
3. Odisha
4. Amar Kantak
5. Multai; westward

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 61

Question 10.
Discuss the term “watershed”.

Answer:

1. Watershed is a line of high land where streams on one side flow into one river and streams on the other side flow into a different river.
2. If the flow of water (rain water) were to be checked by vegetation or bunds, then there would be a greater possibility of the water percolating into the soil to join the groundwater.
3. Over the last few years great efforts have been undertaken to harvest rainwater by these means.
4. These measures are usually taken for a stream or a river.
5. Such efforts are called ‘Watershed development projects’.
6. Under these projects trees and grasses are planted on the hill slopes from where a stream starts and small bunds are built across streams to stop the flow of water.

Question 11.
From the nearest Mandal office find out the total annual rainfall for your area over the past 5 years.
Answer:
The total annual rainfall for the area of Mangalagiri over the past 5 years is as such.

Question 12.
Recall from your science lessons what happens to the water that plants draw through their roots.
Answer:

1. Plant absorbs water from the soil.
2. The plant combines water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight to produce carbohydrates.
3. Starch, sugars, cellulose are also carbohydrates.
4. The plant does not use all the water it absorbs through its roots to produce carbohydrates, most of it evaporates into the air.
5. The water that plants release into the atmosphere is called transpiration,
6. Most of the water released by plants evaporate from the leaves, which have microscopic holes called ‘stomata’.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 63

Question 13.
On a map of India trace the course of the Tungabhadra river.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 65

Question 14.
How would it help if there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use?
Answer:

1. Encroachment of public lands, by rampant felling of tree cover, brought under cultivation.
2. It resulted in water run-off and flash floods.
3. Storage capacity of dam was lost with accumulation of silt, dust, debris etc.
4. Water is flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Growth of towns and industrial areas increased the demand for water.
6. Conflicts within communities in a region and across sectors like agriculture, industry or drinking water are common.
7. If there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use, all the problems above could be solved.
8. If the government river basin is there it will solve the problems by following way.
   a) It would do justice to all users of river basins water.
   b) It would involve the community organisations in the authority.
   c) It would reduce the growing conflicts and the possibility of social unrest in the country in future due to water scarcity.
   d) It would rejuvenate the traditional techniques in conservation and management recognition of water as a common property resource.

Question 15.
What are the different conflicts in the use of water for Tungabhadra river basin ?
Answer:

1. The basin of Tungabhadra, the tributary of Krishna, has two parts
   a) the upper and middle catchment in Karnataka,
   b) the lower portion of the catchment in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
2. There is a lot of difference in water availability between these two types of regions.
3. Conflicts between Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh are generally related to water
   that is available to use.
4. Water is a flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Water is shared based on agreements between state governments.
6. Although the area is ideal for semi-arid crops, the major crops grown demand a lot of water.
7. Cultivation of such crops throughout the basin has dramatically altered the water sharing balance.
8. When all areas desire water for these crops, conflicts become inevitable.

(OR)

1. Tunga bhadra is the major tributary of the river Krishna.
2. Tungabhadra project was constructed and it was the joint venture of Karnataka, Telangana State and A.P.
3. The upper catchment area is used for storage by water harvesting. The lower portion of the basin is characterised by lower rainfall and drought conditions.
4. Later Karnataka constructed another dam known as Almatti dam.
5. The height and the water storage capacity of the river is the apple of discard among Karnataka, Telangana and A.P.
6. Tribunals have given judgements on the water sharing proportions among Telangana state, A.P and Karnataka.
7. But still it is a burning water dispute among these states.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 67

Question 16.
Underline sentences that reflect the efforts taken for water conservation in Hiware Bazar.
Answer:

1. Most significant was the ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane and banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
2. The most significant development is that increased water availability has made a second crop possible due to normal rainfall.
3. Social control over groundwater extraction and use no borewells for irrigation (only for drinking water) no water-intense crops like sugarcane.
4. Water for irrigation should be taken only through due wells.
5. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
6. As they plan according to water available there was no shortage of water to drink even in years of continuous drought.

Question 17.
What was the effort for planning agriculture according to the available water ?
Answer:

1. Farmers of Hiware Bazar worked out certain thumb rule type of think like if they get good rainfall, then they can take full Rabi crop.
2. If the rainfall is less then they bring down the area under rabi etc.
3. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
4. Because of this even in years of continuous drought there was no drinking water shortage.
5. This is mainly because they plan according to the water available.

Question 18.
If you have access to internet, watch a documentary about Hiware Bazar at http:// bit.ly/kothLl.
Answer:
Students’ Activity

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 69

Question 19.
Should groundwater regulation be primarily community-led, as in the case of Hiware Bazar ?
Answer:

1. Groundwater regulation in Hiware Bazar was taken up by community and saw good results.
2. But it definitely may not be the same if it were primarily led by community throughout the country.
3. Instead of that, governments should bring new laws and rules in place of the existing ones and serve the purpose.
4. They should make the water as common pool resource and identify the human right for water.
5. Drinking water shall be given the first priority.
6. Panchayat Raj institutions must be given control over the use of groundwater.
7. Governments shall not encourage over use or over extraction of underground resources of water.
8. So the governments must take up the responsibility instead of community.

Question 20.
“The groundwater laws are both outdated and inappropriate.” Explain.
Answer:

1. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
2. They were developed at a time when groundwater was a marginal source of water.
3. Today shallow and deep tubewells have the potential to draw a lot of water.
4. Now the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership on which the rules are based are flowed.
5. Land owners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
6. Over extraction from one tubewell often dries up other tubewells around.
7. Moreover, there are no laws and regulations that can determine on how many wells, hand pumps and other tubewells can be sunk in a given area.
8. Some support that groundwater is a public resource and some others support the primacy of land owners control over ground water.
9. Hence laws are outdated and have to be modified.

Question 21.
Should groundwater be considered a common pool resource ? Explain your view.
Answer:

1. For resource like water, the consumption by one person or a sector affects what is available to others.
2. In a number of states, the answer to falling water tables has been not to address the issue itself.
3. Apart from this each person wants their share of water before someone else.
4. This is the real contemporary challenge.
5. So groundwater should be considered a common pool resource.
6. Based on this the laws and rules to water usage should be framed.
7. It should be made that drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right.
8. Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

(OR)

1. Over the past few decades ground water has been the main source, especially for domestic use and agriculture.
2. This tremendous increase in the use of ground water has a significant impact on water availability and on access to water.
3. Water is a flowing resource. Extraction from one tube well often dries up other tube wells around.
4. If each one competes to go deeper than the neighbour, the ground water structure would be disturbed.
5. Hence ground water should be considered as common pool resource and we should delink the connection between the ownership of land and water drawn from the underground.

Project work

Think of plans for your village or locality, which if implemented would help everyone.
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 21st Lesson Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 21st Lesson Devotional Paths to the Divine

7th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
a) Ramanuja was influenced by the ……………… .
b) ……………. and ……………. were advocates of Virashaivism.
c) ……………. was an important center of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.
Answer:
a) Alvars
b) Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akkamahadevi
c) Pandharpur

Question 2.
Describe the beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas, and Yogis.
Answer:
The beliefs and practices of Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas, and Yogis were.

1. They criticized rituals and others aspects of conventional religion and social order.
2. They advocated renunciation of the world.
3. They believed salvation lay in meditation on the formless ultimate reality and the realization of oneness with it.
4. To achieve salvation they advocated intense training of the mind and body through practices like Yogasanas, breathing exercises, and meditation.
5. Their criticism of conventional religion created the ground for devotional religion.

Question 3.
What were the major ideas, expressed by Kabir? How did he express them?
(or)
Write about the major idea of Kabir.
Answer:

1. Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete rejection of the major religious traditions.
2. He openly ridiculed fill forms of external worship of both Hinduism and Islam.
3. Kabir ridiculed the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
4. Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God.
5. He preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.
6. He expressed his ideas through a vast collection of verses called Sakhis and pads composed by him.

Question 4.
What were the major beliefs and practices of the Subs?
Answer:

1. Sufis were Muslim mystics.
2. Sufis rejected outward religiosity.
3. They emphasized love and devotion to God and compassion towards all fellow human beings.
4. The Sufis rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behavior demanded by Muslim religious scholars.
5. Sufis sought union with God.
6. Sufis too believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way.
7. They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr (chanting of a name), contemplation Sama (singing), raqs (dancing), discussion of parables, breath control, etc., under the guidance of a pir.

Question 5.
Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?
Answer:
Up to the medieval period. Indian society was moaning under the burden of evil social practices and unscrupulous religious beliefs. There were social differences based on birth. Society was divided into many castes. The lower class of the people was treated as untouchables. The pre-eminency of the priestly classes was envied by the people of other castes. The burden of expensive rituals, evil aspects of conventional religion, Idol worship, polytheism, and unscrupulous religious beliefs made religion a burden on society. So many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices.

Question 6.
What were the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak?
Answer:

1. Guru Nanak emphasized the importance of the worship of one God.
2. He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation.
3. In his opinion liberation was not the state of inert bliss, but rather the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
4. He emphasized right worship, the welfare of others, and purity of conduct.
5. Guru Nanak’s idea of equality had social and political implications.

Question 7.
For either the Virashaivas or the saints of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.
Answer:
Either the Virashaivas or the saints of Maharashtra strongly opposed the caste system. The Virashaivas strongly argued for the equality of all human beings. They were against scriptural ideas about caste. On the other hand, the saints of Maharashtra rejected the social differences based on birth. They encouraged universal brotherhood by insisting that bhakti lay in sharing others’ pain. They taught to serve fellow human beings in need. ,

Question 8.
Why do ordinary people still remember Mirabai?
Answer:

1. Though Mirabai was a princess, she became a disciple of Ravidas, an untouchable.
2. She openly challenged the norms of the upper castes.
3. So Mirabia became popular with the masses and the ordinary people would like to preserve the memory of Mirabai.

Question 9.
Read the para under the title ‘A Closer Look: Kabir’ on page 186 and comment on it.

A Closer Look: Kabir

Kabir, who probably lived in the fifteenth-sixteenth century, was one of the most influential saints. He was brought up in a family of Muslim julahas or weavers settled near the city of Benares (Varanasi). We have little reliable information about his life.
We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection of verses called sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers. Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani, and Bijak.
Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes, and the caste system. The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi, widely understood by ordinary people.
Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion. Kabir drew his followers from among both Hindus and Muslims.
Answer:
Kabir was a mystic poet and saint of India. His writings have greatly influenced the Bhakti movement. He lives perhaps during 1398 – 1448. He had an enormous influence on Indian philosophy and on Hindi poetry. In India, he is perhaps the most quoted author, with the exception of Tulsidas.

Question 10.
Write about a festival celebrated by the people together in your area?
Answer:
We celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi together in our area. We have a committee in our area to organize this festival. We celebrate in a ‘Mandapam’ in our street. All the people in our street contribute to this festival. We celebrate this festival for 11 days.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Weather and Climate Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 6th Lesson Weather and Climate

7th Class Science 6th Lesson Weather and Climate Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What aspects should you observe to know and predict the weather of your village?
Answer:
We should observe
a) Humidity changes
b) Wind changes
c) Temperature changes
d) The sunrise and sunset times changes to predict the weather of the village.

Question 2.
Read a newspaper, collect the weather reports in it. Write about the various elements of the weather mentioned in the report.
Answer:
1) The student is advised to read a newspaper and collect the weather reports in it.
2) Various elements of the weather mentioned in the report.
a) About rain – cms. of rain fall
b) Thunder showers
c) Dry weather
d) Sky – cloudy
e) Maximum temperature recorded on the day.
f) Minimum temperature recorded.

Question 3.
Where is the meteorological departments in your area? How is it useful to you?
Answer:
Meteorological department is located at district head quarter. It collects data of temperature, rainfall and other climatic factors. It warns entire public from floods, rains, cyclones etc. It continues the study and analysis of rainfall, cyclones and tsunamis etc.

Question 4.
If it is hot and sweaty at a place, what could be the possible reasons for that?
Answer:

1. The place is situated at the equatorial region is hot.
2. The places near a river or in coastal regions the weather in summer is sweaty.

Question 5.
Write true or false. Give reasons.
a) Minimum temperature is recorded in early morning. ( )
b) The direction and speed of wind is found by an Anemometer. ( )
c) In summer the winds blow towards the earth from the seas/ocean in the afternoon ( )
d) In our state the maximum temperature is recorded in the month of July. ( )
Answer:
a) Minimum temperature is recorded in the early morning (True)
b) The direction and speed of wind is found by an Anemometer. (True)
c) In summer the winds blow towards the earth from the seas / oceans is the after noon. (True)
d) 1) In our state the maximum temperature is recorded is the month of July. (False)
Reason:

• In our state the maximum temperature is recorded is the month of May
• Monsoon enters in the month of June itself and temperature gradually falls to normal day temperature.

Question 6.
Observe the graph showing rainfall (in mm) of a place from August to December. Write down the observations from it and what inference can you draw.

Answer:

1. There was more rainfall in November and December months.
2. The rain fall in August, September and October months is relatively less.
3. From the graph, one feels that the rainy season is shifted to November and December months.

Question 7.
Why do people need and observe weather?
Answer:
People need to observe weather for many reasons.

1. If the weather forecast expects a cyclone immediately disaster management must be taken up.
2. Due to cyclones the sea water enters the low lying coastal areas, causing severe loss of life and property.
3. People should make necessary arrangements to shift household goods, domestic
   animals and vehicles …. etc., to safer places.
4. Farmers take necessary steps in their cultivation process knowing the weather condition in advance.

Question 8.
Explain these symbols used in a weather forecast report.

Answer:
These symbols are used as follows:
a) Sunny weather
b) Sunny weather with clouds in the sky.
c) The sky is cloudy.
d) Rainfall
e) Heavy rainfall
f) Sky is cloudy with thunders

Question 9.
Collect the weather reports from the newspapers and make a profile of the weather in a city.
Answer:
The student is advised to do this with the help of the teacher.

Question 10.
Every year we have floods in the rainy season. Why?
Answer:

1. In certain areas during rainy season also the tanks and canals remain dry.
2. The dried canals and tanks are used for other purposes.
3. In such areas when it rains heavily there is no way to drain out the water.
4. As a result many areas were flooded and submerged.

Question 11.
Observe your surroundings and try to predict how tomorrow would be?
Answer:

1. The surroundings are slowly becoming concrete jungles.
2. The trees appear no more and many acres of cultivation land is converted into House flats.
3. Trees are oxygen factors. They give us good rainfall and keep the temperature of the globe under control.
4. The pollution in the atmosphere is causing a rise in the temperature of the atmosphere.
5. Water, food and other basic things may become a problem tomorrow.

Question 12.
Priya’s mother said “It is very hard to stay at Vizag during summer” Why did she say so?
Answer:

1. Vizag is a coastal region.
2. In summer we feel very sweaty in addition to feeling hot winds.
3. Vizag is more humid also.
4. So it is hard to stay at Vizag during Summer.

Question 13.
Collect different newspapers and compare the weather reports. Are they same or not? Why?
Answer:

1. The student can collect newspapers and compare the weather reports.
2. The reports are found to differ slightly.
3. As there is global warming, there is a change in the weather and is the reason for slight variations in the weather reports.

Question 14.
Observe your surroundings immediately after rain. Express your feelings in the form of a song.
Answer:

1. Rain brings a lot of happiness and pleasant atmosphere.
2. The temperature of the weather suitably falls down and is quite comfortable to everyone.
3. Each student reacts in his own way to this new atmosphere.
4. So the song is the choice of the student and the student can express the feelings in the form of a song.

Question 15.
Prepare some questions to conduct a quiz programme in your class on this chapter.
Answer:
Some questions suggested to conduct a quiz programme.
a) What kind of information does daily weather report carry?
b) What is weather ? What are its elements?
c) What is the difference between weather and climate.
d) What is the main cause of changes in weather?

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Folk Religion Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Lesson Folk Religion

7th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Folk Religion Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What are the common elements in the worship of most of the village deities?
Answer:
Whatever the region they belong to, whichever deity they worship, people use the same elements to worship village deities. They offer bonalu and offer sacrifices such as cocks, goats, and buffaloes. There are no priests and people pray to the deities in their own languages. In worshipping the deities the customs and traditions followed by the people of the different regions are the same.

Question 2.
When people go to towns and settle there, do they continue to worship their old village deities? How do they do it?
Answer:
They don’t lose their relationship with their village deities even after moving into cities. This is important for them. The traditions and customs and religious beliefs, whether they are scrupulous or unscrupulous are not easily forgotten or neglected. So they attend their festivals in villages. Those who have made some money help made a chariot or a cupola, or help build a shrine. At times, the group of families from a village, live in the neighborhood of cities, arrange for the deity to come to their place. The deity comes in full splendor. There is great feasting and for the whole time, she is there.

Question 3.
Why do people use different languages while worshipping different kinds of deities?
Answer:
In the temples of village deities, there are no priests and people pray according to their own customs and traditions. People use different languages while worshipping different kinds of deities because in different places the same goddess is named differently. So people use different languages to worship different kinds of deities. Like in the Worship of main deities as Siva, Shakti, and Vishnu, the Sanskrit language is not used in worshipping the village deities.

Question 4.
Do you think the way people worship the village deities is changing now? What kind of changes do you see?
Answer:
Yes. The people’s relations to the village deities in rural society are changing as a result of their economic hardships. These days celebrations of festivals and offering bonalu and sacrifices have become very much expensive. Though traditions and religious customs are not easily vanished from society, the economic hardships and penury of the people made them alienated from the celebration of rituals. Awareness campaigns made by the intellectuals and non – governmental organizations against the animal sacrifices made the people do away with this expensive extravaganza.

Question 5.
Point out the main places of important jataras and urs in Andhra Pradesh Map.
Answer:

Question 6.
Read the fourth paragraph of page 178 and comment on it.
Most of these deities are worshipped by people irrespective of their caste or religion or economic status. For example, even Muslim farmers participate in many of the ravels of village gods. Similarly, people of all religions throng to the dargahs to seek the blessing of their peers. They tie strings on a tree or on the walls of the dargah making a vow in return for the wishes granted. They request the pirzadas to prepare tawiz for them to drive away evil spirits.
Answer:
Most religions have so much is common with each other, including their basic moral principles we can say that this is religious integrity in India.

Question 7.
Collect the following particulars by talking to the people of different religions of your area.

Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 5 Temperature and Its Measurement Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 5th Lesson Temperature and Its Measurement

7th Class Science 5th Lesson Temperature and Its Measurement Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
The body temperature of Srinath is 99°F. Is he suffering from fever? If so, why?
Answer:

1. Yes, Srinath is suffering from fever.
2. The normal temperature of human body is 98.6°F.
3. As Srinath has a temperature of 99 °F. It is fever.

Question 2.
Why do we use Mercury in the thermometer? Can water be used instead of Mercury? What are the problems in using it?
Answer:

1. Mercury is used in the thermometer because its expansion is uniform.
2. It is opaque and shining.
3. It does not stick to the sides of the glass tube.
4. It is a good conductor of heat.
5. It is easily available in pure state.
6. Water cannot be used instead of mercury.
7. Water cannot expand as much as mercury expands for a small rise in temperature.
8. Water is not opaque and shining.
9. Water sticks to the sides of the glass tube.

Question 3.
The temperature of Srinagar (J&K) is -4°C and in Paderu (AP) is 3°C which of them has greater temperature? What is the difference between the temperatures of these two places?
Answer:

1. Paderu (A.P.) has a greater temperature. Its temperature is 3°C.
2. The difference between the temperatures of these two places is
   = 3 °C – (- 4 °C) = 7 °C.

Question 4.
During winter mornings why do people stand in the Sun? Explain.
Answer:

1. In winter the temperature of the atmosphere in the mornings will be very less than the body temperature of the people.
2. So heat from the people flow from their body to the atmosphere.
3. People feel quite chill.
4. If people stand in the sun in morning the heat radiations from the sun reaches the body of people preventing the flow of heat from their bodies to the atmosphere.
5. People feel warm if they stand in the sun.

Question 5.
After walking some distance on a hot summer day, why do we prefer to go into the shade?
Answer:

1. When we walk on a hot summer day we get heat in two ways.
   a) Direct heat radiation from the sun and
   b) Reflected heat radiation from the surroundings.
2. So we feel very hot.
3. To get relief from this hotness we prefer to go into the shade, where we get only reflected heat radiation.

Question 6.
Srikanth takes a sip of cold drink and feels the chill. Guess what its temperature is? Try to measure it.
Answer:

1. The temperature of the cold drink maybe 10 °C.
2. The normal temperature of the human body will be 37 °C.
3. The cold drink is at 10 °C and so Srikanth feels the chill.
4. When I measured the temperature of the cold drink I find it at 11 °C.

Question 7.
Jyothi was prepared to measure the temperature of hot water with a clinical thermometer. Is it right or wrong. Why?
Answer:

1. Jyothi was wrong.
2. The clinical thermometer can read temperatures between 5 °C to 45 °C.
3. The temperature of hot water may be more than 45 °C.
4. If the clinical thermometer is put in hot water, mercury in it expands beyond the limit and the thermometer may break.

Question 8.
Swathi kept a laboratory thermometer in hot water for some time and took it out to read the temperature. Rani said it was a wrong way of measuring temperature. Do you agree with Rani? Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. As Rani said, it is a wrong way of measuring temperature.
2. In laboratory thermometer there will be no kink in the capillary tube.
3. When the thermometer is taken out of hot water, mercury level in the thermometer fall down as there is no kink in the capillary tube near the bulb to prevent the level of mercury falling on its own.

Question 9.
Why do we jerk a clinical thermometer before we measure body temperature?
Answer:

1. The kink in the capillary near the bulb of the clinical thermometer prevents mercury level from falling on its own.
2. Before we measure body temperature, we should bring the mercury level to the minimum.
3. This is possible only by giving a jerk to the thermometer to bring back the mercury level in it to the minimum.

Question 10.
Heat energy is converted into other forms of energy. Give some examples.
Answer:

1. If we use electric heater to heat water electrical energy is converted into heat.
2. If we use a gas stove, chemical energy is converted into heat.
3. In solar heaters, solar energy is converted into heat.

Question 11.
Prathima said ‘Heat is a form of energy. How do you support her? Give some examples.
Answer:

1. ‘Heat is a form of energy’. I support Prathima.
2. One form of energy can be converted into another form .
3. Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, electrical energy, etc.
4. Energy can do work. With heat we can do several works.
5. So heat is a form of energy.
   Examples:
   1) When we stand in the sun or near fire, heat energy enters our body and we feel hot.
   2) When ice is put on our palm, heat energy moves from our body to the piece of ice. That’s why we feel cold.

Question 12.
Why is a clinical thermometer not used to measure the temperature of air?
Answer:

1. Clinical thermometer is meant to measure our body temperature.
2. It can measure temperatures in between 35 °C to 45 °C.
3. The temperature of air may not be in these limits.
4. So clinical thermometer is not used to measure the temperature of air.

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks.
a. Doctor uses ——– thermometer to measure the human body temperature.
b. At room temperature Mercury is in ——– state.
c. Heat energy transfer from ——– to ——–.
d. – 7 °C temperature is ——– than 0 °C temperature.
Answer:
a) clinical
b) liquid
c) higher temperature, low temperature
d) less

Question 14.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 15.
Use the Thermometer and record the temperature in your school daily at mid day meals time in the following table. Record temperature for a month.

a) On which day was the temperature highest? What could be the reason?
b) On which day was the temperature lowest? What could be the reason?
c) What was the average temperature during the month?
Answer:
This experiment can be done by the student with the help of the teacher.

Question 16.
Draw the diagram of a clinical thermometer and label its parts. What is the use of kink in clinical thermometer?
Answer:

Use: Kink prevents the Mercury level from falling on its own.

Question 17.
Draw the diagram of a laboratory thermometer and label its parts. How does it differ from a clinical thermometer?
Answer:

It differs from a clinical thermometer in many ways.
a) This thermometer has no kink in the capillary near the bulb.
b) This thermometer has graduations from – 10 °C to 110 °C where as clinical thermometer has graduations from 35 °C to 45 °C.

Question 18.
Measure the body temperature between fingers, under the tongue, armpit, folded hands, folded legs etc. Is it the same? Does the body temperature remain the same after jumping ten times? Why?
Answer:

1. The temperature measured between the fingers, under the tongue, armpit, folded hands, folded legs etc. are not the same.
2. Real temperature of the body is recorded as true when recorded under the tongue.
3. At other places mentioned the temperature recorded differ from the temperature taken under the tongue.
4. Temperature taken in folded legs also do not coincide with other temperatures recorded as some additional heat may be stored due to folding of legs.

Question 19.
Collect information from hospital/health centre about the precautions to be taken while reading temperature with a clinical thermometer.
Answer:

Precautions to be taken:

1. Thermometer should be washed before and after use preferably with an antiseptic solution.
2. Ensure that before the use the mercury level is below 35 °C.
3. Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
4. Handle the thermometer with care.
5. Do not hold the thermometer by bulb while reading it.

Question 20.
Measure the temperature of water in normal conditions. If you add the following substance to the water, do you find any difference in temperature? Predict and verify.

Do you find any change in temperature before and immediately after mixing the above substances in water? If yes, what could be the reason?
Answer:
The student is advised to do this with the help of the teacher and record the observations.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Read the following statements and mark if It is an example of weather or climate.
(a) During the last few years many glaciers have melted in the Himalayas.
Answer:
It is an example of weather.

(b) During the last few decades drought in Vidarbha region has increased.
Answer:
It is an example of climate.

Question 2.
Match the following. Use maps if you cannot locate the places.
(There could be multiple correct answers.)

Answer:
(a) Trivandrum — is closer to sea and the climate has big impact of the seas
(b) Gangtok — is farther from the equator and temperature would be lower in winter
(c) Anantapur — is closer to the equator but not close to the seas and has low rainfall

Question 3.
Describe India’s climate controls.
(OR)
Explain any two factors that influence the climate in India.
Answer:
The factors that affect climate are called climatic controls. These include:

1. Latitude
2. Land – Water relationship
3. Relief
4. Upper air circulation.

1. Latitude:

• The intensity of temperature depends on the latitude. It is more intense in lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
• In India, the Southern part lies ¡n the tropical zone, closer to the equator; it has higher average temperature than the northern part.

2. Land – Water relationship:

• The water bodies absorb and losses heat more slowly than land.
• Due to this the formation of land and sea breezes influence the climate of coastal region.

3. Relief:

• Relief or altitude of a region influences the climate of the area.
• Several hill stations have cool climate even during summer months.
  Eg: Simia, Nainital, Mussone, Kodaikanal.

4. Upper air circulation:

• The high velocity of Upper air movements is known as “Jet Streams’.
• This jet stream causes the neighboring atmosphere to cool.

Question 4.
Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and deserts.
Answer:

1. The factors influencing climatic conditions are called climatic controls.
2. These include (i) Latitude (ii) Land-water relationship (iii) Upper air circulation.
3. In hilly areas important factors influencing climatic conditions are latitudes, relief and land- water relationship, and upper air circulation only as a whole.
4. If the hills are in southern India, they receive more temperature and rainfall. If they are near the coast, the effects would be different.
5. In the hilly area altitude also plays a crucial role in deciding the temperature in accordance with the normal lapse rate.
6. Relief of desert plays a crucial role in its temperature being decided and the inland nature shuns any influence of land-water relationship.
7. The rainfalls in these regions are scanty and during temperature range is very high.

Question 5.
How are human activities contributing to global warming?
Answer:

1. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols and cloudiness.
2. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.
3. Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation that are part of the earth’s energy balance.
4. Changing their atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system.
5. Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750) the overall effect of human activities on climate has been a warming influence.,
6. The human impact on climate during this era greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes such as solar changes and volcanic eruptions.

Question 6.
What are the disagreements between ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries about AGW ?
Answer:

1. An international organization called the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
2. The latest attempt made at the IPCC conference in Warsaw (Poland) in 2013, failed to achieve any agreement.
3. Disagreements are between developed countries and developing countries.
4. Developed countries want developing countries to cut down on burning coal and other activities that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
5. Developing countries argue that developed countries developed precisely by burning fossil fuels in their development and their economic development will be seriously (developing countries) damaged if (developing countries) they do not burn fossil fuels.
6. Developing countries also argue that developed countries should do their fair share of work to find alternatives that can help the developing countries to progress.

Question 7.
How is climate change causing global warming? Suggest measures to minimise the influence of the global warming.
Answer:

1. Now heating of earth is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes.
2. Much of the warming has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution.
3. Volumes of methane under the frozen tundras of northern latitudes is discovered.
4. As global temperature increases, the ice in the tundra melts more.
5. The methane trapped in, the ice escapes into the atmosphere increasing global temperatures.
6. In turn, this causes even more ice to melt, releasing more methane, and so on.
7. To minimize the influence of global warming, we should plan to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like CO₂, Methane, etc.
8. We should take up afforestation.
9. We should encourage public transport.
10. We should minimize the use of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc.

Question 8.
On an outline map of India, show the following:
(i) Areas recorded with more than 40°C annual mean temperature.
(ii) Areas recorded with annual mean temperature less than 10°C.
(iii) The direction of the south-west monsoon over India.
Answer:

Question 9.
Observe the following climograph and answer the following questions.

(A) Which month received the highest rainfall?
Answer:
‘August’ month received the highest rainfall.

(B) Which months experience the highest and the lowest temperature?
Answer:
The highest temperature is experienced in the month of May.
The lowest temperature is experienced in the month of December.

(C) Why is the maximum amount of rainfall between June and October?
Answer:
The maximum amount of rainfall is received in Hyderabad between the months of June and October. The reason for this is the presence of south-west monsoons.

(D) Why is the temperature high between March and May?
Answer:
The temperature is high between March and May because it is the summer season.

(E) Identify relief conditions causing variation in temperature and rainfall.
Answer:
Hyderabad is present in the Deccan Plateau. It is situated at an elevation of 600 m from the mean sea level.

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 45 & 46

Question 1.
Fill the table after reading climographs.

Range of Temperature: From highest value to lowest value
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 46

Question 2.
What are the warmest and coldest months in Leh?
Answer:
The warmest month in Leh is June The coldest month in Leh is January.

Question 3.
From the range of temperatures in the above table, say whether Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh. Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh.
2. In the hottest month, Leh got 26°C the highest temperature whereas Jaipur got 40-C during the same month.
3. Thus, we can say Jaipur is hotter in general.

Question 4.
Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai. How are they different? 4S June 20171
Answer:

1. Delhi has an extreme climate with 6°C as the lowest temperature and 40°C as the highest temperature.
2. Every month the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures is also more around 16°C.
3. But whereas Chennai has a moderate climate with 38°C as highest and 20°C as the lowest temperature.
4. Even the difference between the highest and the lowest every month is also less, around 10°C.
5. Delhi The climate of Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes.
6. Chennai: The geographical location determines the weather and climate in Chennai. The close proximity of the ocean and equator makes the climate and weather in Chennai relatively consistent with less variation in the seasonal temperature. The weather in Chennai is mostly hot and humid.

Question 5.
Read carefully the rainfall pattern for Leh. In what ways is this different from the others? From your atlas, can you find out some other places in the world that have similar rainfall patterns?
Answer:

1. Leh is situated nearly 6 km above the mean sea level.
2. So the atmosphere there is not conducible for rain.
3. It receives less than 10 mm as the maximum monthly rainfall.
4. The remaining three places receive 200 mm or more rainfall as the maximum monthly rainfall.
5. It is surrounded by greater Himalayan mountains which are always covered with snow.
6. Thus, it is different from the other 3 places which are unlike this.
7. There are some other places in the world like this like Zurich in Switzerland, Oslo in Norway, Thimpu in Bhutan and Khatmandu in Nepal etc.

Question 6.
Identify the wet months for Chennai. How is this different from Jaipur?
Answer:

1. The wettest months for Chennai are October and November.
2. It is because it receives rainfall during the retreat of southwest monsoon or during the north-east monsoon.
3. Whereas the wettest months for Jaipur are July and August.
4. It receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon.
5. In this way Chennai and Jaipur are different.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 47

Question 7.
Using a globe recall and discuss what you may have read earlier. How does the angle of the sun vary at different latitudes? What impact does this have?
Answer:
Sun angles and their impact.

1. Tilt of the earth is the axis of rotation.
2. Axis of rotation tilted 23.5° away from perpendicular to the plane of earth’s orbit.
3. Due to this, it creates seasonal variations in which hemisphere is oriented towards the sun.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 48

Question 8.
In your atlas, compare the temperatures of Mumbai and Nagpur for the winter and summer months. How are they similar or different? How does it explain the distance from the sea?
Answer:

1. Mumbai is located on the west coast at 18°55′ N latitude and 77°54′ E longitude.
2. Nagpur is located as an inland at 21°9′ N latitude and 79°9′ E longitude.
3. For January, the winter month Mumbai has an average temperature of 24.4°C whereas Nagpur has 20.6°C.
4. For May, the summer month Mumbai has an average temperature of 30°C whereas Nagpur has 37°C.
5. As Mumbai is on the west coast it is experiencing a moderate climate with less changes of temperatures.
6. Being an island region, the variations in temperatures during summer and winter are more for Nagpur.
7. Thus, It shows the influence of distance from the sea.

Question 9.
With the help of the climographs, can you explain how differences in temperature can be explained for Jaipur and Chennai ?
Answer:

1. Jaipur has an extreme climate whereas Chennai is with moderate climate.
2. Though the highest average temperature for both regions are at near 40*C, the lowest average temperatures for Jaipur is at 6°C whereas that is for Chennai is 18°C.
3. The monthly differences in highest and lowest temperatures also vary.
4. For Jaipur they are around 16°C whereas for Chennai they are around 10°C.
5. The atmosphere of Chennai will be pleasant with these temperatures whereas that is not the case with Jaipur.

Question 10.
Are Shimla and Delhi located on very different latitudes? Check with your atlas. Is Shimla cooler than Delhi during summer ?
Answer:

1. Delhi is located at 28°38’N latitude and 77°17’E longitude.
2. Shimla Is located at 31°6’N latitude and 77°13′ E longitude.
3. Thus Delhi and Shimla are located in different latitudes.
4. During summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
5. Being in the northern plain and experiencing the hot winds named ‘Loo’ Delhi experiences high temperatures, during summer.
6. Being in the Himalayan ranges and above the altitude of more than 3 km Shimla experiences less temperatures compared to Delhi, during summer.

Question 11.
Why does Darjeeling have pleasant weather as compared to Kolkata during summer season ?
Answer:

1. Darjeeling is located in West Bengal at the latitude of 27°3′ N and a longitude of 88°18′ E.
2. Kolkata is also located in West Bengal at the latitude of 22°34′ N and a longitude of 88°24′ E.
3. Kolkata is located near the coast and experiences the advantage of the nearness to water during summer.
4. But Darjeeling, being situated in the Himalayan Ranges at an altitude of more than 3 km, experiences less temperatures during summer.
5. Thus, Darjeeling will have pleasant weather compared to Kolkata during the summer season.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 49

Question 12.
What would be the range for the average temperature in A.P. for January?
Answer:

1. January is the month during which winter is severe.
2. It usually will be cold during this month throughout Andhra Pradesh.
3. For the month of January, the average maximum temperature is around 28°C.
4. The average minimum temperature is around 16°C for January in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Thus range of average temperature for January in Andhra Pradesh is around 28°C to 16°C.

Question 13.
Using your atlas, find some places located on 15°C temperature.
Answer:
The places that are located on 15°C are Jaipur, Mathura, Itanagar etc.

Question 14.
Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there’s a small circle of places on 20°C. How is this possible?
Answer:

1. Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there is a small circle of places on 20°C.
2. That is the region where the Western Ghats rise above 2000 m peaks.
3. There are the Nilgiri Hills which has peaks more than 2000 m height.
4. So the temperatures there are less as the elevation is more.
5. That is why there was 20°C circle close to 25°C line.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 50

Question 15.
From the climographs (Graph 1-4), note the approximate average temperature for May for the four places and mark them on the map given.
Answer:

1. Jaipur 24°C to 40°C
2. Leh 12°C to 29°C
3. New Delhi 34°C to 40°C

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 54

Question 16.
What is deforestation ?
Answer:

1. Cutting down of the trees indiscriminately in the areas of forest or where there a presence of sizable number of trees like plantations is called deforestation.
2. It results in the lowering of the green cover.
3. It affects the ecological balance.
4. It reduces the probability of raining.
5. It affects the soil erosion, it increases soil erosion.
6. It also affects the sustainability of green cover.

Question 17.
Does deforestation happen only in forest areas? How about in your local area, even if there are no forests?
Answer:

1. Deforestation not only happens in forest areas.
2. In our local areas the felling of trees comes under deforestation.
3. Even if there are no forests, the cutting down of trees is considered as deforestation.

Question 18.
How does deforestation affect global warming?
Answer:

1. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes (other than domestic purposes of tribals) in the forests and vegetations of a large scale.
2. Trees make use of the most of the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into their food which is called photosynthesis using sunlight.
3. If trees were cut down indiscriminately, it would result in the accumulation of C0₂, the green house gas.
4. It will result in the increase of temperatures throughout the earth i.e., global warming.
5. Thus, deforestation affects global warming.

Question 19.
What are some other ways in which human action contributes to global warming?
Answer:

1. Usage of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc. by humans leads to global warming.
2. Usage of motor vehicles which run on fuel emits greenhouse gases.
3. Usage of inorganic fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides.
4. Releasing of effluences and wastes of industries.
5. Excessive usage of natural resources.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 55

Question 20.
Imagine how one would cope with the situation if millions of people were affected. Where would you find land for resettlement? What jobs would they do?

Answer:

1. If millions of people were affected with any natural calamity, it certainly would be difficult to cope with.
2. The government has to make arrangements to resettlement of all those affected.
3. It may seek help from international organisations or non-governmental organisations in our country as well as the donors.
4. It will be a Herculean task to provide them shelter and alternate employment, but government must take initiative to get it done.
5. It must employ the eligible to work within Rural Works Programme, Food for Work, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Labour Employment Guarantee schemes etc.

Project work

Collect proverbs/sayings that are related to climate and weather in your region.

1. A Rainbow in the morning is the Sailor’s Warming.
2. A Rainbow at night is the Sailor’s delight.
3. When the dew is on the grass rain will never come to pass.

Answer:
“Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning.”
“Mare’s tails and mackerel scales make tall ships take in their sails.”
“Clear moon, frost soon.”
“Halo around the sun or moon, rain or snow soon.”
“Rainbow in the morning gives you fair warning.”
“When the stars begin to huddle, the earth will soon become a puddle.”

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 4 Motion and Time Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 4th Lesson Motion and Time

7th Class Science 4th Lesson Motion and Time Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are True or False. Rewrite the wrong statements correctly.
a) A body can be at rest and in motion at the same time in relation to the same set of surroundings.
b) A passenger flying in an airplane is at rest with respect to the airport and moving with respect to other passengers.
c) The wheels of a train are in rotatory motion as well as in translatory motion, when it moves.
Answer:
a)

1. A body can be at rest when it is not moving in relation to the set of surroundings.
2. A body can be at motion when it is in motion at the same time relative to, the set of surroundings.

b)

1. A passenger flying in an airplane is at rest with respect to other passengers.
2. A passenger flying in an airplane is moving with respect to the airport.

c) The wheels of a train are in rotatory motion as well as in translatory motion when it moves.

Question 2.
John tied a stone to a string and whirled it around. What type of motion do you find there?
Answer:
When a stone is tied to a string and whirled it around, we find rotatory motion in it.

Question 3.
What is common to the following? The motion of the propeller of a flying helicopter, the minute hand of a watch, the tape of a cassette recorder.
a) All are examples of translatory motion.
b) All are examples of oscillatory motion.
c) All are examples of rotatory motion.
d) All are examples of periodic motion.
Answer:
All are examples of rotatory motion.

Question 4.
Which of the following is not an oscillatory motion?
a) Motion of the hammer of an electric bell.
b) Motion of your hands while running.
c) Motion of a child on a see-saw.
d) Motion of a horse pulling a cart.
Answer:
The motion of a horse pulling a cart is not an oscillatory motion.

Question 5.
Arun completed a 100-meter race in 16s, while Karthik finished it in 13s. Who ran faster?
Answer:

1. Karthik ran faster.
2. The same distance 100 meter race is completed in 13s by Karthik in a short interval of time, compared to 16s as completed by Arun.
3. So Karthik ran faster.

Question 6.
I. A train runs from New Delhi to Hyderabad. It covers first distance of 420 km in 7 hrs. and next distance of 360 km in 6 hrs.
II. Gopi takes part in a car race. He drives a distance of 70 km each in the first, second and third hours.
Which of the following statements is true?
a) I is an example of uniform motion and II is an example of non-uniform motion.
b) I is an example of non-uniform motion and II is an example of uniform motion.
c) I and II are examples of uniform motion.
d) I and II are examples of non-uniform motion.
Answer:
a) I is an example of uniform motion and II is an example of non-uniform motion. This statement is not true.
b) I is an example of non uniform motion and II is an example of uniform motion. This statement is true.
c) I and II are examples of uniform motion. This statement is not true.
d) I and II are examples of non-uniform motion. This statement is not true.

Question 7.
Write the motion of different parts of a bicycle while it is in motion.
a) the wheel
b) the cycle chain
c) the pedal with its arm
d) the movement of the feet pedaling
e) the movement of the rider along with the bicycle.
Answer:
a) Rotatory motion
b) Rotatory motion
c) Rotatory motion
d) Oscillatory motion
e) Translatory motion

Question 8.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) The basic unit of time is second.
b) Every object’s motion is uniform.
c) Two cars move for 5 minutes and 2 minutes respectively. The second car is faster because it takes less time.
d) The speed of a car is expressed in km/h.
Answer:
a) This statement is correct.
b) This statement is not correct.
c) This statement is not correct.
In the statement distance covered by the cars is not mentioned.
d) This statement is correct.

Question 9.
The basic unit of speed is
A) km/min
B) m/min
C) km/h
D) m/s
Answer:
D) m/s

Question 10.
The correct relation between speed, distance and time is
A) Speed = distance/time
B) Speed = time/disatnce
C) Speed = distance × time
D) Distance = speed/time
Answer:
A) Speed = distance/time

Question 11.
The distance between two stations is 240 km. A train takes 4 hrs to cover this distance. Calculate the speed of the train.
Answer:
Distance between the two stations = 240 km
Time taken by the train to travel this distance = 4 hrs
Speed = \(\frac{\text { Distance travelled }}{\text { Time }}\) = \(\frac{240}{4}\) = 60 km/hr

Question 12.
A train travels at a speed of 180 km/h. How far will it travel in 4 hours?
Answer:
Speed of the train = 180 km/h
Time of travel = 4 hours
Distance travelled = ?
\(\frac{\text { Distance travelled }}{\text { Time }}\) = Speed
∴ Distance travelled = speed × time = 180 km/hr × 4h = \(\frac{180 km}{h}\) × 4h = 720 km

Question 13.
When do you say an object is in rotatory motion?
Answer:
1) Motion of all particles of a moving object follow a circular path with respect to a fixed centre of axis of rotation.
2) Then the motion of the object is said to be in rotatory motion.

Question 14.
Can an object possess translatory and rotatory motion at the same time? Give an example.
Answer:

1. An object can possess both translatory and rotatory motions at the same time.
2. The wheel of a cycle during movement will have both rotatory and translatory motions.
3. The wheel rotates (rotatory motion) and at the same time moves forward (Translatory motion).

Question 15.
Make a collection of action pictures showing living and non living things in motion. Paste them neatly in a scrap book. Under each picture write the type of motion the picture shows.
Answer:

Question 16.
In a sewing machine used by tailors, mention the type of motion of sewing machine’s parts when it runs.
a) the wheel b) the needle c) the cloth.
Answer:
a) The motion of the wheel is rotatory motion.
b) The motion of the needle is oscillatory motion
c) The motion of the cloth is translatory motion.

Question 17.
Gather the information about the apparatus used to measure time in olden days.
Answer:
Candle Clock: A candle clock is a thin candle with consistently
spaced markings (usually with numbers), that when burned, indicate the passage of periods of time. While no longer used today, candle clocks provided an effective way to tell time indoors, at night, or on a cloudy day.

Hourglass: An hourglass (sandglass, sand timer, sand clock, egg timer) measures the passage of a few minutes or an hour of time. It has two connected vertical glass bulbs allowing a regulated trickle of material from the top to the bottom. Once the top bulb is empty, it can be inverted to begin timing again.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Fibre Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 3rd Lesson Animal Fibre

7th Class Science 3rd Lesson Animal Fibre Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
In sericulture industry do which stages of silkworm weavers buy? Why do they do so?
Answer:

1. The eggs of silk moth are called ‘seeds’.
2. These moths are kept in grill mesh boxes in separate rooms.
3. These are also called ‘Chilakalu’. Another name for them is ‘Bombyx Mori’.
4. White cloth pieces or paper are arranged at the time of laying eggs.
5. Moths lay hundreds of eggs on them.
6. A female moth lays around 500 eggs in one go and dies.
7. Farmers from different places come and purchase these eggs.

Question 2.
Which place in our state is called silk city?
Answer:
Dharmavaram in our state is called the silk city.

Question 3.
Prepare a chart showing life cycle of silk worm and display that in the classroom.
Answer:

Life Cycle

1. Eggs
2. Worm
3. Big size worm
4. Grown worm
5. Larva
6. Caterpillar
7. Cocoon
8. Pupa
9. Matured pupa
10. Imago

Question 4.
Why are cocoons stiffled?
Answer:

1. The cocoons have to be stiffled to kill the Larva inside.
2. If the Larva inside is not killed, it will cut its way out after growing into a moth and spoil the cocoon.
3. If such a thing happens continuous thread of silk from such a cocoon is not possible to get.

Question 5.
What will happen if cocoon is not boiled? (OR)
Generally larvae of silk moth are killed by a process of stiffing to collect silk from a cocoon. What will happen if the cocoon is not boiled?
Answer:

1. If the cocoon is not boiled, the larva inside the cocoon grows and cuts its way out after growing into a moth and spoil the cocoon.
2. In such a case we won’t be able to obtain quality fibre for fabric.

Question 6.
What are the differences between fleece of Angora goat and camel?
Answer:

Question 7.
Make a flow chart showing various stages of production of woollen fabric.
Answer:

Question 8.
In what way is knitting different from weaving?
Answer:

1. Strands of yarn are arranged in vertical and horizontal rows in a loom to weave fabric.
2. Two sets of yarn arranged together to make fabric is called weaving.
3. Wool can be knit easily because it has a natural bend or crimp on it.
4. By making knots with loops and rings of a long thread of yarn, woolen fabrics are knitted.
5. In addition to handmade process of knitting, handlooms and powerlooms are also used on which woolen yarn is woven to fabric.
   
6. Woolen threads are stretched from the top of loom to the bottom. These are called warp threads. The threads that go side to side are weft threads.
7. A shuttle like a big needle takes the weft threads over and under warp threads. One more important part of the loom is the harness.
8. The harness lifts every other warp thread so that the weft threads go over one and under the next. All types of yarn whether cotton or silk or wool etc. are woven in this manner.
   

Question 9.
Prepare a scrap book with pictures of different wool yielding animals.
Answer:

The student is advised to prepare this scrap book independently.

Question 10.
Fill up the blank and give your reasons for the statement.
…….. fabric protect us from cold.
Answer:
Woolen fabric protect us from cold. Because wool is a poor conductor of heat. Air trapped in between the woolen fibres and our body prevents the flow of heat from our body to surroundings.

Question 11.
If you are going to visit Dal lake at Kashmir which type of clothes would you like to keep in your luggage? Why?
Answer:

1. In Kashmir, it would be very cold.
2. Unless one wears clothes to protect himself from this chill weather, It becomes difficult to carry on with the day to day activities.
3. Woolen clothes protect from chill weather.
4. The gap between the threads of the woolen cloth is filled with air.
5. Air and wool are bad conductors of heat.
6. Woolen clothes are best to wear in Kashmir.
7. So I keep woolen clothes in my luggage when I am going to visit Kashmir.

Question 12.
Do you find any similarities between silk and wool weaving? What are they?
Answer:

1. Both silk and wool weaving is done on power looms as well as on handlooms.
2. Woolen threads are stretched from the top of the loom to the bottom. These are called warp threads.
3. The threads that go side to side are weft threads.
4. A shuttle like a big needle takes the weft threads over and under warp threads.
5. One more important part of the loom is the harness.
6. The harness lifts every other warp thread so that the weft threads go over one and under the next.
7. All types of yarn whether cotton or silk or wool etc. are woven in this manner.

Question 13.
Write 5 differences between wool and silk manufacturing.
Answer:

Question 14.
Observe designs on silk sarees, trace them in your notebook and make your own designs.
Answer:

Question 15.
In East India silk is called pat. You may collect different pieces of silk fabric from cloth stores and write the names of the type of fabric and make a chart.
Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson People and Settlement Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson People and Settlement

10th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson People and Settlement Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What is a settlement?
Answer:

1. The way we organize ourselves and our living spaces in a place is called a settlement.
2. The geographic space where we live and work is a settlement.
3. In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities – educational, religious, commercial etc.
4. There may be various settlements of humans, right from a small hamlet to a megacity.
5. Settlements usually undergo changes.
6. Many basic concepts like site, situation, and the history of the place attract settlements in various places.
7. As settlements become more and more diversified in their characteristics, they also become more and more complex.

Question 2.
How did human lifestyles change with the settlement?
Answer:

1. Settlements change for many reasons.
2. Over the decades, cities have attracted people from all parts surrounding them as people migrated in search of livelihood, jobs etc.
3. This resulted in different types of slum areas or areas of the poor in the city.
4. Some are regularized and the rest are unauthorized colonies.
5. These places at a later time demarcated for other purposes.
6. People face constant threats of eviction.
7. Planning authorities ignore the existence of these and these colonies do not receive many public amenities.
8. Increasing urbanization is providing greater opportunities for people and causes more economic productivities.
9. Apart from that, people face many problems.

(OR)

1. Agriculture brought about many changes in human lifestyles.
2. People do not have to travel over large areas to obtain food.
3. They could now increasingly stay in one place. As agriculturalists, they were increasingly sedentary.
4. As agriculture progressed, people organized their life around patterns observed in nature.
   For example, the seasonal cycles, how to predict climatic conditions, how to plan the timing at cropping practices and so on.
5. They also had time to speculate on other things – The movements of heavenly bodies.
6. Population size also increased.

Question 3.
Define site features and situation features. Give one example for each from the place you live in.
Answer:

1. To understand what kinds of places attracted settlement we need to look at these basic concepts
   (I) site (ii) situation (iii) history of the place.
2. Site refers to the characteristics of the place its topography, altitude, water characteristics (the place with lakes, rivers, underground water, etc.) types of soils, security, shelter from natural forces, and so on.
3. The place we live in mostly consists of alluvial soil as it is on the banks of the river Krishna.
4. The situation describes the connections with other places.
5. The place we live in is equidistant from towns Mangalagiri and Tenali and the city of Vijayawada.

Question 4.
How does the Census of India define various kinds of places? How does it organize them in order of size and other characteristics?
Answer:

1. The Census of India, organizes settlements in India in a hierarchy based on the population.
2. The lowermost in hierarchy was a hamlet which is defined as a group of houses within the revenue village.
3. The next above is a revenue or census village, which is defined as a village with defined borders.
4. All the urban areas having a population between 5000 to 1 lakh are called towns.
5. Urban areas having a population between 1 lakh to 1 million are called cities or class I cities.
6. Cities having a population between one million to 10 million are called metropolitan cities or million plus cities.
7. Cities having more than 10 million people are called Mega cities.
8. The Census of India organizes the above on the basis or in order of size, population and a few other characteristics.

Question 5.
What is an aerotropolis? How is it structured?
Answer:

1. Aerotropolises are the settlements that are centered around large airports.
2. In an aerotropolis the port functions as a city in its own right.
3. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing etc. are provided right there.
4. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counter parts right there, and fly out with all the comfort of a city, without the traffic and other problems.
5. Some of aerotropolises are emerging in these places in India. Bengaluru International Airport, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad), Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi).

10th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson People and Settlement InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 88

Question 1.
Field Work:
Look at your own city, town, or village. Draw a sketch map of a selected area using the methods you had learned earlier. Your map should show the following:
Roads; Houses; Shops and markets; Streams and drains;
Some pubic places – hospitals, schools, bus stand, railway station etc.
(a) Are the public places at points that would be convenient to most people?
(b) Do you find any pattern in the location of markets?
(c) Are the houses in clusters? Are they linked to the main road?
Talk to people in the selected area and find out the changes in the settlement during the past twenty years and the reasons for this.
What amenities should have been provided for, but has not been done?
Answer:

(a) Yes, the public places at points are more convenient to most people.
(b) Yes, the markets are located in definite distances for the use of people.
(c) Many houses are planned and built-in colonies. Most of the colonies are connected to the nearest main roads.
I have interviewed the people of Satyanarayanapuram in Vijayawada. The railway track in that area was removed. BRTS project was sanctioned in that area. Now the BRTS Road is in use to some extent. The nearest Railway Colony is redesigned. Many shopping complexes, educational institutions are established.
Many shops are shifted from I town to Mahatma Gandhi Road. The Vijayawada Bus Stand is the best in the state/country. The Railway Station building is designed as a palace. The roads are widened.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 89

Question 2.
Compare and contrast : Using the information above, compare and contrast nomadic and sedentary lifestyles. See how many points you can identify. (Make another table if the space is not enough here.)
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 92

Question 3.
Find out what factors have influenced the settlement of your place in the past ten years.
Answer:

1. The settlement where we live has been influenced by many factors in the past ten years.
2. The situation feature of it has been taken care of as all the villages and nearly towns are being connected with all-weather roads.
3. The soils are of a black cotton type and they were completely made use of with various crops are grown like cotton, rice, turmeric, banana etc.
4. The water facility has been provided by the river an 8 km distant and fresh water made available for usage.
5. The market was made an uplift with almost all facilities for vendors as well as the customers.
6. The visiting places were made aesthetic and tourist attractive.
7. A national disaster rescue force was in operation, providing shelter from natural forces.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 93

Question 4.
Observe the following table.

1. In the population data given in the above table, are the numbers reported for every decade? If not, which decade’s data is not reported here?
   Answer:
   Yes, the percentages are reported for every decade except in 1901.
2. From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the highest (in percentage)?
   Answer:
   The population increase has been the highest from 1951 to 1961.
3. From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the least (in percentage)?
   Answer:
   The decade 1911 to 1921 showed the lowest population increase.
4. Plot the absolute population of Visakhapatnam on a line graph covering 1901-2011. What observations can you make about the changes in the absolute population size?
   Answer:
   Observations :
   1. The population growth was stable till 1951.
   2. The population growth rate was above 50% after independence.
   3. The decade of 1951 to 1961 experienced the highest growth.
   4. The absolute population has crossed 10 lakhs between 1991 to 2001.
   5. It took 9 decades to cross 10 lakhs whereas it took only one decade to cross 20 lakhs.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 94

Question 5.
Review site and situation ….
Column A contains features of a place. In column B, write site, if it is a site feature or situation if it is a situation feature. In column C, write the ways in which this feature could impact.
Answer:

Question 6.
Field work … Understanding the settlement of your place.

1. Go to some of the production locations you have noted (farms, factories, offices, shops, quarries, etc.) in the sketch map you drew and find out where they get raw materials/inputs from and where they send their goods.
   Answer:
   VIJAYA MILK FACTORY (VIJAYAWADA)
   They get milk from the neighbouring villages and from our city. They send their production throughout the state and our neighbouring states also like Tamil Nadu.
2. Which raw materials come from within your settlement?
   Answer:
   Milk
3. Similarly, find out whether the finished goods are sold only in your own settlement or sent to other places (if other places, find out where).
   Answer:
   They supply their milk and milk products throughout the state and nearby states also.
4. Why did production begin here?
   Answer:
   Reasons for starting the production :
   1. Favourable location
   2. Animal wealth in the surrounding villages and in the city.
   3. Transport facilities
   4. Storage facilities
   5. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour.
   6. Power supply
   7. Investors
   8. Other facilities like water etc.
5. Give some example of site features that has influenced production in the area.
   Answer:
   1. It is near to the railway station and bus stand.
   2. Krishna river water and underground water is available.
6. Give examples of situation features that influenced production in your area.
   Answer:
   It has train routes and road routes to all the areas in the state and to nearby states.
7. How was production influenced by the history of the place?
   Answer:
   Vijayawada is a city on the banks of the river Krishna. Many kingdoms ruled this region. It is famous for its temples of Durgamata and Mary mata. From the historical periods it is con¬nected with the nearest villages. So the production is influenced.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 95

Question 7.
Consider your own place …
The bigger a place is, the more variety of services you can find there. Take educational facilities as an example. This exercise can help illustrate how more specialized services are found in bigger places (i.e., places that are higher in the hierarchy).

1. What are the levels of schooling you can get in your place? E.g.: primary,high school, higher secondary (“+2”), college (undergraduate, postgraduate).
   Answer:
   Postgraduate college.
2. If you want to study beyond the highest level offered in your place, where would you have to go?
   Answer:
   I would have to go to any capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc.
3. What kind of professional courses can you join in your place? e.g.: engineering, medicine, commerce, technical diploma, etc.
   Answer:
   All the courses mentioned in the question.
4. If you want some other professional course, where will you have to go?
   Answer:
   I would have to go to capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc.

Question 8.
Atlas work…
In your atlas and look at a map of Indict. Notice how different places are shown using differ¬ent sizes of symbols: national capital, state capital, other cities, etc. How many levels are shown using different symbols? Are tiny villages shown? Create your own table and arrange the places in decreasing order (i. e., most prominent place at the top, less prominent places as you go down).
Here is an example table for you. Two examples are shown, fill in details for other places.
Answer:
Repeat this kind of study for any other country of your choice.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 96 & 97

Question 9.
Indian settlements in the hierarchy.
The Census of India, organises settlements ¡n India using certain criteria. In the table 3 the Census departments definitions of various settlement types are given. Read them carefully and complete the exercise.
Given on text page 97 Is a pyramid. The bottom-most part of the pyramid shows the lowest level of the settlement hierarchy according to the Indian census. The top-most shows highest level. Fill in the details that are left blank.

1. The name given to the particular level of settlement (Two examples are shown).
2. Give one example of a settlement from Andhra Pradesh (except in Mega cities. Why?)
3. Try to place the town where you live (if you live in a village show the town in which your school is located) at the correct level, in the space below, give 1 or 2 reasons for your choice.
4. Do you think settlements should be classified only on the basis of the population? Can you think of any other way? Discuss with your teacher and identify the criteria for such classification.

Answer:

1. 
2. Vijayawada is a settlement from Andhra Pradesh.
   Reason: Andhra Pradesh has no megacity.
3. I live in Kalisipudi and I am studying in Akividu ZPH School. Kalisipudi is my native place. Akividu ZPH School is the best school we know.
4. Settlement can be classified on the basis of population.
   It can also be classified on the facilities and historical issues.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 98

Question 10.
What is at the centre of an aerotropolis ?
Answer:

1. A new kind of settlement is occurring in many countries, including India.
   These settlements are centered around large airports.
   Hence the name ‘Aerotropolis’ (or airport city).

Question 11.
Name any two facilities located at or near the centre of an aerotropolis.
Answer:

1. In an aerotropolis the airport functions as a city in its own right.
2. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing, etc. are provided right there.
3. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counterparts right there and fly out with all the comfort of any, without the traffic and other problems.

Question 12.
On an outline map of the world, locate and label the cities given in the examples. Name the country and the airport also on the map. Remember to use different types of text to identify the name of the country and the names of the cities and airports. Thus, it will be very easy to see which words are names of countries, and which are for cities and their airports.
Answer:

1. Kempegowda International Airport (Bengaluru)
2. Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)
3. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)
4. 5uvarnabhoomi International Airport (Bangkok, Thailand)
5. Dubai International Airport (Dubai, UAE)
6. Cairo International Airport (Cairo, Egypt)
7. London Heathrow Airport (London)
   

Question 13.
Suppose the place you have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near it. Mention 3 ways in which the site features of your place may change. Similarly, mention 3 ways in which the situation features of your place may change.
Answer:

1. Suppose the place we have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near It.
2. The security facilities for the region are beefed up.
3. Much of the underground waters are drawn to facilitate those constructions.
4. Many lakes underlying might be covered with soil to facilitate the required land.
5. Aerotropolis is within 15 minutes walking distance from the University gate.
6. It is 20 km away from the central bus station.
7. It has all weather connecting roads to all colonies of the city.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 100

Question 14.
Using your atlas locate Berhampur.
Answer:

Question 15.
What is the issue about which the people of Mohuda village are upset ?
Answer:

1. Mohuda village was on the outskirts of Berhampur Municipal Corporation, Odisha.
2. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste everyday.
3. The nature of solid waste also changes everyday as per change in life style of inhabitants.
4. So Berhampur Municipal Corporation chose Mohuda village to set up solid waste treatment plant in 30 acres of government land.
5. But from the very beginning, the proposal has received opposition from peasants and villagers of the area.
6. Villagers of Mohuda have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village.

(OR)

The establishment of waste treatment plant near Mohuda upset them.

Question 16.
How many people and animals are expected to be adversely affected by the facility?
Answer:

1. Villagers of Mohuda area have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village.
2. According to them, if this solid waste treatment plant was established near Mohuda, pollution caused by it may affect a population of around 30,000 people as well as around 10,000 domestic animals of the area.

Question 17.
What was the alternative location for the facility and why was it not used?
Answer:

1. The alternative location for this facility was Chandania hill on the outskirts of the city.
2. Twenty acres of land had also been ear marked for the purpose.
3. A boundary wall had been built up around the land patch at a cost of over 50 lakh rupees.
4. But it was found that the land at Chandania hill was forest land.
5. It was to be transferred to revenue department and consequently to Berhampur Municipal Corporation.
6. Then only the waste treatment plant can be established in that land.

Question 18.
What data does the report give about the quantity of solid waste produced by Berhampur ?
Answer:

1. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day.
2. In three years it must have increased say Berhampur Municipal Corporation Authorities.
3. The nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in lifestyle of inhabitants.
4. This is the data that the report gives about the quantity of solid waste produced in Berhampur.

Question 19.
Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste, produced by the city”must have increased in three years.”Do you agree or disagree with their statement? Why or why not ?
Answer:

1. Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste produced by the city must have increased in three years.
2. I do agree with this statement.
3. In 2009, itself Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day.
4. Not only that, the nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in the lifestyle of inhabitants.
5. Usually city population increases at a rapid rate due to urbanization.
6. Thus, the solid waste in Berhampur must have increased in 3 years.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector ——– increased to the same extent as production. (has/ has not)
(ii) Workers in the ——– sector do not produce goods. (service / agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the ——– sector enjoy job security. (organized / unorganized)
(iv) A ——– proportion of laborers in India are working in the unorganized sector. (large/small)
(v) Cotton is a ——– product and cloth is a ——– product. (natural / manufactured)
Answer:
(i) has not
(ii) service
(iii) organized
(iv) large
(v) natural, manufactured

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ——– sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Answer:
(i) primary

(b) GDP is the total value of ——– produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
(ii) all final goods and services

(c) In terms of GDP the share of service sector in 2009-10 was ——– .
(i) between 20 and 30 per cent
(ii) between 30 and 40 per cent
(iii) between 50 and 60 per cent
(iv) 70 per cent
Answer:
(i) between 50 and 60 percent

Question 3.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
Answer:
Vegetable vendor.

1. The remaining three are the occupations of educated skilled labour.
2. Vegetable vendor need not have education.

(ii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
Answer:
Cobbler.

1. The remaining three are government servants.
2. Cobbler is self-employed person.

Question 4.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and services sectors is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
Classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful.

1. If all the economic activities are remained in only one sector, it would be difficult for the calculation of National Income, Per capita Income, etc. parameters.
2. Concentration on various economic activities for their growth will not be possible.
3. Allocation of funds, administration of sectors all becomes a tough task.
4. Classification of activities paves way for smooth functioning of the various calculations concerned.

Question 5.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, why should one focus on employ¬ment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
We are studying about the production in our country and the employment in the country. So for each of the sectors we come across one focussed on employment and GDP.
Yes other issues which should be examined are:

1. We should know the life expectancy of the people.
2. Should prepare a developmental plan and should discuss to which sector will give importance.
3. To know the poverty and unemployment range and try to abolish.
4.  Balanced regional development.
5. Modernization of technology.
6. Self-reliance of the country.
7. How to achieve surplus food production in the country.

Question 6.
How is the service sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:

1. Service sector is different from the other two sectors, agricuture and industry.
2. Agriculture and industry sectors produce goods whereas service sector does not produce any good.
3. In agriculture and in industrial sector they need the help of service sector in the production of their goods.
4. But service sector does not need the help of agriculture or industry in its service.
5. Without service sector the needs of people for their physical and mental growth are not fulfilled.
6. Service sector is the lifeline of people.
7. Growth in service sector indicates modernisation.

Question 7.
What do you understand by underemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:

1. The situation of underemployment could be understand as each one is doing some work, but no one is fully employed.
2. Here people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
3. This underemployment has different areas facets in rural and urban areas.
4. In rural areas this could be clearly understood from the example of disguised unemployment.
5. Though there is need of 2 persons for the land they have, the entire family of village formers depend on agriculture, which will not sufficiently provide work.
6. In urban areas also people work as casual labour in many factories. If there is demand, the factories give them opportunities and if there is no demand, the people are asked to go back without work.

Question 8.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues:
Wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:

1. Unorganised sector workers need protection on issues of wages, safety and health.
2. There is low paid and irregular working days nature of their work.
3. They are not given paid leave, holidays with payment and payment for overtime work.
4. So they need protection for their wages on par with any organised sector employment.
5. There is no security of job for them.
6. So they must be provided with safety of the job.
7. They do not have leave due to sickness and if they are absent, they lose their wages.
8. There must be the protection for their health with paid holidays and medical insurance.
9. They are not even provided with safe working environment.
10. There must be protection for their safe working environment.

Question 9.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked are in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs. 6000 crores. Out of this Rs. 3200 crores was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What are the ways for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:
Contribution of organised and unorganised sectors in Ahmedabad in 1997-98:

1. Government must provide more incentives to people who are engaged in unorganised sector.
2. Government should give waiver of certain taxes, exemptions of certain taxes and encourage many others to take up the establishments.

Question 10.
Complete the given table with employment opportunities in organised sector and unorganised sector in various regions of our state.

Answer:

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 28

Question 1.
Classify the following list of occupations under agriculture, industry and service sectors. Give reasons for your classification :

Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 29

Question 2.
The following table shows the percentage of workers employed in different sectors in India in 1972-73 and in 2009-2010, i.e., after 37 years.
(i) What are the major changes that you observe from the above table?
Answer:

1. The percentage of workers employed in agricultural sector was decreased by 21%.
2. The percentage of workers employed in industrial sector was increased by 11%.
3. The percentage of workers employed in service sector was increased by 10%.
4. These changes suggest that India is a developing country in its economy,

(ii) From what you have read before, discuss what could be some of the reasons for these changes.
Answer:

1. After the planning was started in India, factories came up and started expanding.
2. People began to use many more goods.
3. Industrial sector became the dominant sector and the importance of agriculture declined.
4. In the past 50 years, there has been a further shift from industry to service sector.
5. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.

Question 3.
Observe the pictures and mention the sector which they belong to :

1. ——–
2. ——–
3. ——–
4. ——–

Answer:

1. Agricultural sector
2. Primary sector (Mining)
3. Service sector
4. Industrial sector

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Observe the following graph and answer the given questions.
Graph : GDP by Agriculture, Industry and Service Sectors (Rs. in Crores)
(a) Which was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73 ?
Answer:

1. Agriculture was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73.
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 5,86,346 the contribution of agriculture was 2,43,082 and the remaining industry was 1,33,912 and services was 2,09,352.

(b) Which was the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 ?
Answer:

1. Services vyas the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 .
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 45,16,071 the contribution of service was 25,78,165 and the remaining industry was 11,73,089 and agriculture was 7,64,817.

(c) Fill in the blank :
The total value of production of goods and services in India increased approximately ——– times between 1972 – 73 and 2009 – 10.
Answer:
8

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 31

Question 5.
Discuss : To find out the total value of goods produced should we add them up?
Answer:
1) No. We should not add them all.
2) The value of final good (Idli, Dosa) includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making final good.
3) Goods such as paddy, rice and husk are at the intermediary stages.
4) They are not being used by the final consumer.
5) They are used as inputs to make final good. If we add them to final good, we are double counting.

Question 6.
In the above example, paddy or rice is the intermediate good and idli is the final good. The following are a few goods we consume in our daily lives. List some of the intermediate goods against each one.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 32

Question 7.

Discuss : Why do both methods give the same result ?
Answer:
Value added at all stages = Rs. 2500 + Rs. 1100 + Rs. 1400 = Rs. 5000. Stage 3 (sale of Idli and Dosa) = Rs. 5000

1. Whatever may be the method the value of final goods/services does not change.
2. In the first method, we do not add up the intermediate goods as the result in double counting.
3. But we calculated the value of the final goods (Idli, Dosa) that were produced.
4. In the second method, at every stage we counted the value added.
5. Finally we added up all the values added and got the final good value.
6. Thus both the methods give the same result.

Question 8.
The value of GDP is given the following table. Compute the growth rate of GDP as shown for 2010 – 11?
Answer:
10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 34

Question 9.
Can you find out some examples of trade, hotels, transport and communication ?
Answer:

1. Different types of shops, showrooms, supermarkets, groceries, hardware merchants, steel merchants, rice traders, fancy and general stores, malls and shopping complex are included in this.
2. Different types of tiffin centers, hotels are included in this.
3. Various types of vehicles like auto, rickshaw, jeep, van, truck, lorry, bus, passenger train, express train, goods train, double decker train, boat, ship, steamer, helicopter, aeroplane etc. are included in this.
4. Newspaper, journals, magazines, e-books, televisions, news channels, sport channels, devotional channels, land lines, cell phones, fax, email, internet and satellite services are included in this.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 35

Question 10.
Read the above table and fill in the blanks.

1. Majority of workers in agriculture are living in ——– areas.
2. Most ——– workers are employed in agriculture sector. Only a small section of ——– is in industrial sector.
3. More than 90% of urban workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors.
4. Compared to males, female workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors only to a small extent.

Answer:

1. rural
2. female, 16%
3. industrial, service
4. industrial, service

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 36 & 37

Question 11.
Observe the following pie charts.

Look at the above pie charts and fill in the following table.

Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Acids and Bases Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 2nd Lesson Acids and Bases

7th Class Science 2nd Lesson Acids and Bases Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
The sting of a wasp is basic. How can we treat the sting of a wasp?
Answer:

1. The sting of wasp is basic. So it should be treated with an acid to neutralize it.
2. Acetic acid may be taken and rubbed on the place where wasp put its sting.

Question 2.
Why are acids not stored in a metal container?
Answer:

1. Acids react with metals releasing hydrogen.
2. To avoid this acids are not stored in metal containers.

Question 3.
Acidic, basic and neutral solutions are given in three test tubes and you are given a strip of red litmus. How will you identify the three solutions?
Answer:

1. Red litmus strip is dipped in the solutions contained in the three test tubes one after another.
2. The solution in which red litmus is turned into blue is considered as base.
3. The solution in which this blue litmus is turned into red is considered as an acid.
4. The solution in which either red or blue litmus does not change its colour is neutral solution.

Question 4.
When drops of lemon juice are put on blue litmus it turns red, what will happen if you put some drops of soap solution on the same position on litmus paper?
Answer:

1. Lemon juice is acidic. So blue litmus turned into red when drops of this juice are put on blue litmus.
2. Soap solution is basic in nature. So when drops of soap solution are put on the same position of the litmus paper, the litmus paper slowly changes into blue colour.

Question 5.
What happens when Nitric acid is added to egg shell?
Answer:
When Nitric acid is added to egg shell carbon dioxide gas is released.

Question 6.
Turmeric stains on white clothes, when washed with soap, turn red. Why?
Answer:

1. Turmeric is a natural indicator.
2. It turns red when soap water is put in touch with it.
3. So turmeric stains on white clothes, when washed with soap, turn red.

Question 7.
Ammonia is present in window cleaners. It turns red litmus blue. What is its nature?
Answer:
Ammonia has basic nature.

Question 8.
What is the nature of urea? Is it acidic / basic / neutral? How can we verify it? Urea is basic in nature. It turns red litmus to blue litmus.
Answer:
Red litmus paper is dipped in a solution. It remains red.

Question 9.
What is the nature of the solution? Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. The solution may be neutral or acidic.
2. Red litmus remains unchanged when dipped in acidic solution or neutral solution.

Question 10.
What is the effect of basic substances on turmeric paper?
Answer:
The turmeric paper turns red when basic substances come in touch with the turmeric paper.

Question 11.
Can flowers and turmeric papers also be called indicators? Why?
Answer:

1. Flowers and turmeric papers are natural indicators.
2. These change their colour based on the nature of the material put on them.

Question 12.
Correct the statement if it is wrong:
a) Indicators show different colours in acidic and basic solutions.
b) Sodium hydroxide turns blue litmus red.
c) Tooth decay is caused by the presence of base.
Answer:
a) Indicators show different colours in acidic and basic solutions.
b) Sodium hydroxide turns red litmus blue.
c) Tooth decay is caused by the presence of acid.

Question 13.
Take vinegar, lemon juice, soapy water, baking soda in different vessels. Put beetroot pieces in the vessels. Predict what happens? Verify your prediction by observing the changes. After 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes record your observations. What do you conclude?
Answer:
The following are our predictions. These are found to be true when verified.

Question 14.
Visit a doctor. Find out the medicines she prescribes to treat acidity. Ask her how acidity can be naturally prevented. Prepare a report.
Answer:

1. Acidity arises due to hydrochloric acid present in the stomach.
2. Acidity results in indigestion and a burning sensation in the stomach. Even it may cause headache.
3. To treat acidity doctors give antacids. These will give relief from acidity and indigestion.
4. Antacids contain sodium hydrogen carbonate. When these antacids are taken orally, they react with the hydrochloric acid present in the stomach and reduces its strength.
5. Milk of magnesia is one such antacid.
6. Eating at irregular intervals, skipping meals and eating too quickly are more reasons. Certain foods like tomatoes, lime juice, and oranges could also lead to acidity.
7. Lack of exercise and stress also results in acidity or heart burn. Hence, the best way to avoid acidity is to avoid the factors that cause it.
8. It is a must to avoid fried and oily foods, and one must drink plenty of water, at least 8-10 glasses everyday.
9. Yogurt helps in easy digestion of food.

Question 15.
Prepare red cabbage juice by boiling a piece of red cabbage in water. Use it as an indicator and test acidic and basic solutions with it. Present your observations in the form of a table.
Answer:

1. Red cabbage is cut into quarters. It is placed in a pot with a cupful of water and boiled.
2. After about fifteen to twenty minutes, turn off the stove.
3. Cut some plain white paper toweling into small strips. When the pots contents have cooled, transfer the cabbage water to a glass and dip several strips into it.
4. Place them on a wax paper to dry.
5. Let the cabbage water sit in the glass for several days in a warm, sunny spot in the home until a lot of water has evaporated.
6. This will mean the cabbage water that remains is more concentrated.
7. Dip strips of paper towel into this concentrated solution and lay them on a wax paper to dry.
8. Use this home made litmus paper to test lemon juice (an acid) and baking soda mixed with water (a base).
9. The observations are recorded.
   

   S.no	Acid		Base
   1.	Vinegar		Baking soda
   2.	Lemon		Soap
   3.	Apple		Milk of Magnesia
   4.	Tomato		Ammonia
   5.	Banana		Egg
   6.	Milk		Caustic soda
   water is neutral

Question 16.
Collect different flowers and prepare their natural indicators with the help of filter papers.
Answer:
Cut flower petals into strips or chop them in a blender. Place the cut pieces into a beaker or cup. Add just enough water to cover the plant material. Boil until the colour is removed from the plant. Filter the liquid into another container, such as a petri dish. Discard the plant matter. Saturate clean filter paper with the flower solution. Allow the filter paper to dry. You can cut the coloured paper with scissors to make pH test strips. Ex: Hibiscus, poinsettia, roses, etc.

Question 17.
Test the nature of lemon juice and milk sample with the help of natural indicators prepared from different flowers. Explain their nature.
Answer:
a) The petals of Hibiscus are taken as a natural indicator.
b) Their colour changed to red colour when tested with lemon juice.
c) This indicated that lemon juice is an acid.
d) The colour of the petals of Hibiscus remains unchanged when tested with milk.
e) This indicates that milk is neutral.

Question 18.
How do you feel about nature? Is it a big natural laboratory that contains innumerable indicators?
Answer:

1. Nature is beyond the analysis of man.
2. Nature is a big laboratory where several wonderful things happen. Only few will come to our observation.
3. Not only flowers, even leaves of plants also behave like indicators showing the changes and indicating the presence of different substances.
4. The fall of acid rain will be indicated by both flowers and leaves of certain plants.
5. What is different from the existing immediately these indicators show their entry.

Question 19.
Choose the correct answer.
a) To protect tooth decay we are advised to brush our teeth regularly. The nature of the tooth paste commonly used is
i) Acidic
ii) Neutral
iii) Basic
iv) Baking soda
Answer:
iii) Basic

b) Which of the following is acidic in nature?
i) Lemon juice
ii) Baking soda
iii) Lime water
iv) Antacid
Answer:
i) Lemon juice

Question 20.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 21.
Why industrial wastes are neutralised before releasing into water?
Answer:
The industrial wastes are neutralised before disposting into water bodies because, factory wastes often contain acid, if it reaches a river, the acid will kill aquatic life and thus brings damage to the entire ecosystem.