AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 9 Credit in the Financial System

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System

9th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Most of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. The dependence of richer households on informal credit is less. Do you agree? Use the data given in page 114 to support your answer.
Answer”

  • Yes. Most of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. And the dependence of richer households on informal credit is less. The following statistical data proves that.
  • As per All-India Debt and Investment Survey 2003,
    a) 85% of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources.
    b) Whereas only 10% of the rich households loans are from informal source.

AP Board Solutions

Question 2.
How are the high interest rates on loans harmful?
Answer:

  • Getting loans at high interest rates means a larger part of the earning of the borrowers is used to repay the loans.
  • So the borrowers will have less income left for themselves.
  • In certain cases, the high interest rate of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
  • The debt will be increasing day by day.
  • High interest rates and increasing debt sometimes make the farmers depressed and in some cases force them to commit suicides.

Question 3.
What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer:

  • The idea behind selfhelp groups is to organize rural poor, especially women into small groups and pool their savings.
  • To help the poor households to get loans at cheaper rates and without difficulty.
  • To create self-employment opportunities for the members e.g.: For buying seeds, fertilizers, raw materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machines, hand-looms, cattle, etc.
  • These groups are meant to make women financially self-reliant.
  • These groups aim to save rural poor section from the traps of moneylenders who charge high interest rates.

Question 4.
Talk to a banker and find out what are the purposes for which people in urban areas generally take loans?
Answer:
Generally, urban people take loans for the following purposes. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.

  1. To construct a house or to buy a flat.
  2. To conduct family functions like marriages, deliveries of sisters, etc.
  3. To purchase household appliances like, fridges, TV, washing machines, furnitures, air conditioners etc.
  4. To buy vehicles like scooters and cars etc.
  5. Sometimes they want to establish a business or dream to start a small scale industry for which they may go for a loan.
  6. Sometimes they take loans to meet the medical expenses of the family members and dependents.

AP Board Solutions

Question 5.
What is the difference between the bank loans and through SHG?
Answer:

Loans through the banksLoans through the SHGs
1. Bank loans require proper documents and collateral.1. Collateral usually kept by banks is not necessary.
2. Banks sanction loans to all sections of people.2. SHGs generally sanction loans to rural poor, especially women.
3. Loans are generally sanctioned in the name of the individuals.3. SHGs sanction loans in the name of the group.
4. Bank loans are generally for many purposes.4. These loans are meant to create self-employment opportunities for the members.
5. Recovery of the loan is difficult in case if the individual fails to repay the loan.5. All the group members are jointly responsible for the repayment of the loan. Hence recovery of the loan is easy.

Question 6.
Read the paragraph 3rd under the heading of ‘Self Help Group for the Poor’ and answer the question. How are SHGs working in your area?

In recent years, government and Non Government Organisations (NGOs) have tried out some newer ways of providing loans to the poor. The idea is to organise rural poor, in particular women, into small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool (collect) their savings. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly. Saving per member varies from Rs. 25 to Rs. 100 or more, depending on the ability of the people to save. Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the moneylender charges.

(OR)
“Self Help, Groups play a vital role in the women empowerment. They not only provide economic support but also help in eradicating poverty”. Explain the work of a self help group in your village.
Answer:
The working of SHGs in our area :

  1. There are 10 to 11 SHGs in our village.
  2. All are registered. They voluntarily coming together to save regular small savings of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help.
  3. They pool their resources to become financially stable, taking loans from the money collected by that group and by making everybody in that group self-employed.
  4. They borrow loans from banks and repay it back regularly.
  5. An economically poor individual gains strength as a part of a group.

Question 7.
What are the services rendered by the banks in fulfilling the needs of farmers?
Answer:

  • Short-term loans to farmers for raising crops, i.e. crop loans.
  • Medium and long term loans to farmers for agriculture and allied activities.
  • Loans to farmers for pre-harvest and post-harvest activities.
  • Loans to farmers upto 25 lakh against pledge/hypothication of agriculture produce.
  • Export credit to corporates, partnership figures, and institutions engaged in agriculture.
  • Loans for purchase of agricultures land.
  • Loans to distressed farmers indebted to non-institutional lenders.
  • Bank loans to PACS, FSS, LAMPS, etc.
  • Loans to farmers under Kisan credit card scheme.
  • Export credit to farmers for exporting their own farm produce.
  • Loans to allied activities to agriculture.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Is there any incident of farmers committing suicide in your area? If so, find out reasons and make a report, discuss in the classroom by adding a few newspaper clippings related to this issue.
Answer:
Yes. Recently an incident happened at Atmakur village in Anantapur district. There was a 53-year-old farmer in the village. He was a well-respected farmer. He cultivated cotton. He expanded the small plot he owned by leasing adjoining land. The money was never abundant, but he managed to arrange matches and festive wedding ceremonies for his two sisters, and then his daughters. His sons were sent to school.

And then, his crop failed – heavy rains washed it out two years ago, drought withered his fields the next. He was defeated not just by insurmountable loans but by the humiliation he felt about the unpaid debt. So he committed suicide.

Farmers work from early morning till late night. They wait an entire year to harvest a crop, despite all uncertainty. Most of the farmers are not getting MSP (Minimum Support Price). They are tied to the traders and middlemen who are dealing in agricultural inputs. This depresses the price that farmers are to get for their output. It is time the government implemented the schemes for the welfare of the farmers.

9th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending? (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:

  • Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to a lender.
  • It is a security or guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
  • If the borrower fails to repay the ioan, the lender has the right ot sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Question 2.
How does the demand for collateral affect poor person’s capacity to borrow? (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:

  • Bank loans require collateral.
  • Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevent the poor from getting bank loans.
  • In such cases, they approach the moneylenders.
  • However, the moneylenders charge high interest rates.
  • Finally the poor may be pushed into a situation from which recovery is very difficult.
  • Hence the demand for collateral against loans may force the poor to approach informal sources.

AP Board Solutions

Question 3.
What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

Formal Sources of CreditInformal Sources of Credit
1. Banks and cooperatives are the formal sources of credit.1. Moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc. are the informal sources of credit.
2. The formal credit providers follow certain rules and regulations framed by government and in particular, the RBI.2. The informal money lenders do not follow such government rules. They evolve their own procedure.
3. The formal credit providers have to follow certain expectation of government.3. These people will not have to reach to the expectations of the government.
4. Rate of interest in the formal source of credit is generally low or reasonable.4. Whereas most of the informal lenders charge exorbitant rates, i.e. high interest rates.
5. Banks and cooperatives demand collateral against loans.5. Collateral against loans is not necessary for most of the loans.
6. Formal credit providers cannot use any illegal ways to collect the loan amount.6. Informal providers use many coercive and illegal ways to collect the loan amount.

Question 4.
Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

  • Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan.
  • In such cases, the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
  • This could lead to increasing debt.
  • High interest rates are hurdles for those who want to establish an enterprise.
  • For these reasons, banks and cooperative societies need to lend more at reasonable rates.

Question 5.
Why are demand deposits considered as money? (Text Book Page No. 105)
Answer:

  • The demand deposits can be withdrawn on demand.
  • The demand deposits possess the essential characteristics of money that is a medium of exchange.
  • Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.

AP Board Solutions

Question 6.
The deposits kept at the bank are also insured by the government? Find out the details. (Text Book Page No. 1o5)
Answer:

  • All the commercial banks pay premium to insure the deposits.
  • The deposits of the individuals, only to an extent of one lakh, will be issued by the banks.

Question 7.
Do you think fixed deposits that people keep with banks will easily work like money? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 105)
Answer:
Since one can withdraw money in cash or make payments by cheque it makes these deposits work like any other form of money such as currency notes.

Question 8.
Tick the correct option(s): (Text Book Page No. 110)
(a) Over the years, Rama’s debt

  1. will rise, (✓)
  2. will remain constant.
  3. will decline.

(b) Arun is one of the few persons to take a bank loan. One reason for this is

  1. He is an educated person.
  2. Banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide, (✓)
  3. Interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the traders.
  4. There is no documentation work required for getting bank loan.

AP Board Solutions

Question 9.
Talk to some people to find out the credit arrangements that exist in your area. Record your conversation. Are there any differences in the terms of credit? (Text Book Page No. 111)
Answer:
Credit arrangements in our area :

  1. Banks
  2. Gold loans by Gold shop
  3. Moneylenders
  4. Finance organizations, etc.

All the terms of credit are one and the same in all the sources except banks. In Banks, getting a loan is tough. But the interest rate, repayment mode, etc. are flexible.

Question 10.
Some SHG groups charge very high interest rates for loans to its members? Is this fair? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
No, it is not fair. The SHGs are formed to help the poor. If it charges high interest rates, the same problem of access to credit arises. So it is not fair. The interest rate should be reasonable as bank’s.

Question 11.
Read the two different credit scenarios of Alisha and Swapna and fill in the following table. (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:

AlishaSwapna
Why did they need credit?He is a shoe manufacturer. To complete the production of 3000 pairs of shoes, he needed a loan.She takes a loan from the moneylender to meet the expenses of cultivation.
What was the risk?Risk is very low.Risk is high as agriculture is a gambling on monsoons.
What was the outcome?Completed the production on time and made good profits.The failure of the crop made loan repayment impossible. She has fallen in debt-trap.

Question 12.
Supposing, Alisha continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years? (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:

  • Financially he may come to a position.
  • For next order, he may not borrow loan.
  • There is a possibility of establishing small scale industry.
  • There is a possibility of employment for others also.

AP Board Solutions

Question 13.
What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss the following factors: role of moneylenders and climate. (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:
1. Pesticides :
Due to low quality of pesticides, the farmers undergo losses. They are deceived many times in this matter.

2. Role of Moneylenders :
Moneylenders lend loans on high rate of interest and there will be a restriction to the farmers to sell the crop production for low price to them only. And they will sell production on higher rates. So moneylenders are benefited from both sides.

3. Climate :
Indian farmers depend on monsoon type of climate. They gamble on monsoon. If sufficient rainfall occurs, farmer will go for better situation. And in case of insufficient rainfall – drought may occur. This leads to worst situation.
So, we can guess that pesticides, role of moneylenders, and climate make Swapna’s situation so risky.

Question 14.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets : (Text Book Page No. 109)
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means ________ (1) (low/high) interest rate, ________ (2) (easy / tough) conditions for repayment, ________ (3) (less/more) collateral and documentation requirements.
Answer:

  1. low
  2. easy
  3. less

Question 15.
Fill the following details for Sivakami, Arun, Rama, and Vasu. (Text Book Page No. 111)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 9 Credit in the Financial System 1

Question 16.
List the different sources of credit in the above examples. (Text Book Page No. 110)
Answer:

  1. Bank loans
  2. Cooperative loans
  3. Moneylenders
  4. Relatives
  5. Traders
  6. The land owners
  7. The employers, etc.

Question 17.
Underline the various uses of credit in the above passage. (Text Book Page No. 110)
Answer:

  • Loan for the construction of a house.
  • Loan for completing the production of any kind.
  • To meet the expenses of cultivation.
  • To meet the expenses on sudden illnesses or functions in the family.
  • Sometimes to meet the daily expenses.

Question 18.
How is a loan to an SHG member different from an individual ioan by a bank? (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
SHG loans are group loans and individual loans are personal loans.

AP Board Solutions

Question 19.
Talk to someone who has taken a bank ioan. What was the purpose and how did she approach the bank? (Text Book Page No. 107)
Answer:
I have conducted an interview with Miss B.P.P.S. Lalitha. She has borrowed an education loan from the SBI, Ongole.
1. She has approached nearest branch of ……………… bank.

2. She has submitted previous education records, father’s income certificate, admission details for the ……………. course, details about the course and job opportunity after the completion.

3. With the above details, she approached Education loan officer. After verifying all the papers he sanctioned the loan. She has to repay the loan amount after completion of her education (immediately after 6 months).

Question 20.
Interview a bank manager. What are the loans that they have given? Are there any activities for which they would not give loans? (Text Book Page No. 107)
Answer:
I have interviewed the bank manager of Andhra Bank, Sai Nagar, Nellore.
The loans they gave are :

  1. Personal loans!’
  2. Housing loans
  3. Education loans
  4. Vehicle loans
  5. Mortgage loans
  6. Gold loans
  7. SHG loans and
  8. Business loans, etc.

Other activities:

  1. Maintains relations with the customers.
  2. Helping the small entrepreneurs by giving suggestions.
  3. Acquiring deposits
  4. Promoting and marketing the branch and its products.
  5. Meeting with customers and resolving any problems or complaints.
  6. Ensuring there is a high level of customer service.
  7. Monitoring sales targets and
  8. Reporting to head office.

AP Board Solutions

Question 21.
People also require credit for consumption and to manage many socio-cultural aspects. Marriages require a huge expenditure on both bride and groom which compel families to borrow. Do you think there are other reasons for people borrowinjnTionevinvour area? Find out from your parents and teachers and discuss in the class. (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:
Reasons for people borrowing :
1) Life cycle needs :
Such as wedding, funerals child birth, education, house building, widowhood, and old age.

2) Personal emergencies:
Such as sickness, injury, unemployment, theft, harassment of dwellings.

3) Disasters:
Such as fires, floods, cyclones, and man-made events like war or bulldozing of dwellings.

4) Investment opportunities:
Expanding a business, buying land or equipment, improving housing, securing a job (which often requires paying a large bribe), etc.

Question 22.
The following table shows how urban families borrow from two sources in 2003 (in percentage). Read the table carefully and fill in the blanks in the passage given. (Text Book Page No. 113)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 9 Credit in the Financial System 2
Source : India’s Debit and Investment Survey – 2003 by N.S.S. conducted R.E.P. 501, December 2005.
The table above Shows the share of formal and informal sources for people living in urban areas. The people include both rich and poor households. You can see that ….(1)….per cent of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. Formal sources of credit account for only ..(2)…per cent. Compare this with the rich households. What do you find? Only ..(3)….percent of their loans are from informal sources, while ..(4)…per cent is from formal sources. You would find a similar pattern in rural areas.
Answer:

  1. 85%
  2. 15%
  3. 10%
  4. 90%

Question 23.
Find out: What is the role of a federation of SHG groups? (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
i) Federations have been providing a number of services to SHGs and individual members.
ii) These could be grouped into 4 categories.

  1. Institutional development
  2. Financial intermediation
  3. Livelihood enhancement or business development services and
  4. Social intermediation

Question 24.
What would happen if all the depositors went to ask for their money at the same time? (Text Book Page No. 1o7)
Answer:

  • All commercial banks deposit certain percent of their deposits with the Reserve Bank of India.
  • Next, advances loans to customers.
  • Keeps only 15% of their deposits as cash.
  • If all the depositors want their money back, there will not be any liquid cash with the bank.
  • When banks are unable to pay cash, then immediately people’s trust on the bank is lost.

AP Board Solutions

Question 25.
Apart from banks people keep deposits in other institutions such as housing societies, companies, post office schemes, etc. Discuss how is that different from bank deposits? (Text Book Page No. 1o7)
Answer:

  • In bank deposits, there will be security for the cash as the banks work under the norms of the RBI. Post office also offers good security. Other than post office and banks, the security for deposits is less.
  • There will not be any locking period for the banks. Whereas in societies and other companies, there will be locking period.
  • Premature cancellation is possible with the bank deposits which is not possible for other deposits.

Question 26.
Should there be a supervisor such as the Reserve Bank of India that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

  • Due to vast geographical conditions and diversified cultures the Reserve Bank of India cannot check or supervise informal credit.
  • Most of the transactions are on oral agreement between the borrower and the lender.
  • There will not be any registered transaction. Most of the cases a lot of black money is involved.
    Hence it is difficult for the RBI to supervise informal credit.

Question 27.
Can everyone get credit at a cheap rate? Who can get? (Text Book Page No. 11o)
Answer:

  • No, everyone cannot get loan at cheap rates.
  • Only priority sector, like agriculture, animal husbandary, poultry, etc. gets loan at cheaper rates.
  • Banks have to extend 40% of their loans to priority sector.

AP Board Solutions

Question 28.
Do you think that the low share of formal sector credit for poorer households has been one of the factors for farmer distress in Andhra Pradesh? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

  • Absence of collateral is one of the major reason which prevents the poor from getting formal loans.
  • Informal lenders know the borrowers personally. Hence they give loans but charge very high interest rates.
  • High interest rates charged by informal loans and crop failures, etc. are the reasons for distress of farmers in Andhra Pradesh.

 

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions 6th Lesson Chemical Reactions and Equations

9th Class Physical Science6th Lesson Chemical Reactions and Equations 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fe2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
Name the compound which is oxidized in the above reaction.
Answer:
In the reaction Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe,
Aluminium (Al) is oxidised and formed as Al2O3.

Question 2.
Give an example for displacement reaction.
Answer:
1) In displacement reaction one element displaces another element from its compound and takes its place there in.

2) Eg : Zinc pieces react with dilute hydrochloric acid and liberate Hydrogen gas.
Zn(s)+ 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 3.
A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour. Assume and write the name of the element ‘X’ and also predict the substance formed black in colour.
Answer:
Element X – Copper.
Black substance – Copper Oxide

Question 4.
Iron gets rust but Gold doesn’t, why?
Answer:
Gold does not oxidized.
(OR)
Gold is least reactive metal.

Question 5.
What happens if iron articles are exposed to moist air? Write the chemical equation to represent that reaction.
Answer:
Rusting takes place on iron articles when they are exposed to moist air.
2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Question 6.
On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to copper oxide powder, the solution formed is blue green. Write the new compound formed.
Answer:
Copper oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid and forms copper chloride and water. Copper chloride is in blue green colour.
CuO + 2 HCl → CuCl2 + H2O

Question 7.
Write the equation for the chemical decomposition reaction of silver chloride in the presence of sunlight.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 1

Question 8.
Balance the following chemical equation.
Na + H2O → NaOH + H2
Answer:
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 9.
If you keep an iron piece in solid state CuSO4 crystals, does it get any reaction? Guess the reason.
Answer:
Reaction will not takes place if an iron piece is placed in solid state CuSO4 crystals because there will not exist separate Cu+2, SO4-2 ions in CuSO4 Crystals. In aqueous solution, they exists. So iron can not displace copper.

Question 10.
What is a chemical equation?
Answer:
Chemical Equation :
Describing a chemical reaction using least possible words or symbols is called a chemical equation.
Ex : CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Question 11.
What are “Reactants” and “Products”?
Answer:
1) Reactants :
The substances which undergo chemical change in the reaction are called ‘Reactants’.

2) Products:
The new substances formed in a chemical reaction are called ‘Products’.
Ex : Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
3) In above reaction Zn and 2HCl are called reactants, ZnCl2 and H2 are called products.

Question 12.
What is a balanced chemical equation?
Answer:
Balanced Chemical Equation :
A chemical reaction in which the number of atoms of different elements on the reactants side (left side) are same as those on product side (right side) is called a balanced chemical equation.
Ex : Mg + O2 → MgO (Unbalanced chemical equation)
2 Mg + O2 → MgO (Balanced chemical equation)

Question 13.
What is chemical change?
Answer:
Chemical Change :
The process in which the change is affecting the identity of a molecule by a change in chemical composition is called a “chemical change”.

Question 14.
What is physical change?
Answer:
Physical Change: The process where a change is occurring only in physical properties, without affecting the identity of the molecules is called a “physical change”.

Question 15.
What is the meaning of “Exo”, “Endo” and “Thermo”?
Answer:
The term ‘Exo’ means outside, ‘Endo’ means inside and ‘Thermo’ means heat.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 16.
What is oxidation? Give examples.
Answer:
Oxidation is a reaction that involves the addition of oxygen or loss of hydrogen or electrons.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 2

Question 17.
What is a reduction? Give examples.
Answer:
The process in which a substance loses oxygen or gains hydrogen or electrons is known as reduction.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 3

Question 18.
What is corrosion?
Answer:
Corrosion :
When some metals are exposed to moisture, acids etc. they tarnish due to the formation of respective metal oxide on their surface. This process is called “corrosion”.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 4

Question 19.
What is “galvanizing”?
Answer:
It is a method of protecting iron from rusting by coating them a thin layer of zinc.

Question 20.
What is combustion?
Answer:
The process of burning a substance in the presence of oxygen is called “combustion”.

Question 21.
What do you mean by “rancidity”?
Answer:
Food materials containing fat / oil are exposed to air, for a long time they react with atmospheric oxygen and it is responsible for spoiling of food. This process is called “rancidity”.

Question 22.
How do you know that respiration is an exothermic reaction?
Answer:
During the respiration reaction energy releases, so it is an exothermic reaction.

Question 23.
What will happen in chemical reaction?
Answer:
New substances are formed in chemical reaction.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 24.
What is precipitate?
Answer:
A precipitate is a solid product’ which separates out from the solution during a chemical reaction.

Question 25.
How does precipitation reaction occur? Explain with an example.
Answer:

  1. Prepare lead nitrate and potassium iodide solutions in separate test tubes.
  2. Mix the two solutions.
  3. A yellow colour substance which is insoluble in water, is formed. This insoluble substance is known as precipitate. The precipitate here in this reaction is lead iodide.
    Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → Pbl2 + 2KNO3

Question 26.
What is a balanced chemical equation?
Answer:
A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different elements in the reactants and products.

Question 27.
What is an unbalanced equation?
Answer:
An unbalanced chemical equation has an unequal number of atoms of one or more elements in the reactants and products.

Question 28.
Why do the smell and taste of food items change?
Answer:
When fats and oils are oxidized they become rancid. So their smell and taste change.

Question 29.
“Freshly cut apple turning brown, the iron articles shiny when new, but gradually become reddish brown when left for sometime ………”. How do these changes occur?
Answer:
Oxygen molecules interact with different substance from metal to living tissue which may come into contact with it. The above changes occur. These are all the examples of the process of oxidation.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 30.
What are antioxidants?
Answer:
Antioxidants :
The spoilage of food can be prevented by adding preservatives which prevent oxidation. The substances which prevent oxidation are called antioxidants.
(OR)
The substances which prevent oxidation added to food containing fats and oil are called antioxidants.

Question 31.
Complete the following reaction.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI → …………….. + …………………
Answer:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI → Pbl2 + 2KNO3

Question 32.
If iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, after sometime copper will be formed. Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
Answer:
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

Question 33.
Which metal is used in the manufacture of Diwali crackers?
Answer:
The metal used in manufacture of Diwali crackers is Magnesium.

Question 34.
What are new substances formed due to decomposition of lead nitrate?
Answer:
The new substances formed are lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 35.
Balance the following chemical equation. C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Answer:
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

Question 36.
NH4Cl → NH3 + HCl. Which type of reaction is this?
Answer:
This is decomposition reaction.

Question 37.
Which chemical reaction is involved in the corrosion of iron?
Answer:
The chemical reaction involved in corrosion of iron is oxidation reaction.

Question 38.
Which metal is used for wrapping food material? Why?
Answer:
Aluminium is used to wrap food material because it reacts with oxygen and forms a protective layer of aluminium oxide which prevents further oxidation.

Question 39.
Write states of the reactants and products and also write conditions required for the completion of reaction.
Answer:
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
H2O is in liquid state. H2 and 02 are in gaseous state.
The reaction is carried out in the presence of electricity.

Question 40.
Give an example for chemical combination reaction where only elements take part.
Answer:
2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Here hydrogen and oxygen both are elements.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 41.
Give an example for chemical combination where element and compound take part in the reaction.
Answer:
2 NaN02 + O2 → 2 NaNO3
Here O2 is element and NaNO2 is compound.

Question 42.
Give an example where two compounds combine together to form a compound.
Answer:
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Here both calcium oxide, water are compounds which combine together to form calcium hydroxide.

Question 43.
Before burning in air, why is Mg ribbon cleaned by rubbing with a sand paper?
Answer:
To remove the protection layer of basic magnesium carbonate from the surface of magnesium

Question 44.
X Pb(NO3)2 → Y PbO + Z NO2 + W O2.
If the equation is a balanced equation, what are values of coefficients X, Y, Z and W?
Answer:
The balanced equation is 2 Pb(NO3)2 → 2 PbO + 4 NO2 + O2.
∴ The values are X = 2,Y = 2, Z = 4 and W = 1.

Question 45.
Why does a layer of zinc prevent rusting of iron?
Answer:
Zinc reacts with oxygen and forms layer of zinc oxide which prevents further oxidation. So a layer of zinc protects iron from rusting.

Question 46.
Why does jewellery made of gold not rust?
Answer:
Gold does not react with air because it has least reactivity. So gold jewellery does not rust.

Question 47.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 5
What type of reaction is this? Which element between A and C is more reactive? Why?
Answer:
This reaction is chemical displacement. ‘C’ is more reactive than ‘A’. So C displaces ‘A’ from AB and occupies its place.

Question 48.
Given AB + CD → AD + CB. What type of chemical reaction is this? What is the condition which makes the reaction possible?
Answer:
This is double displacement reaction. This reaction can be possible if ionisation of both the salt solutions are possible.
i.e., AB → A+ + B
CD → C+ + D

Question 49.
An iron nail is completely immersed in a test tube containing oil. Do you observe any rust on the iron nail? If not, why?
Answer:
No, I do not observe any rust because both air and moisture are required for rusting of iron.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 50.
How can we prevent rusting of iron?
Answer:
Rusting of iron can be prevented or at least minimised by shielding the metal surface from oxygen and moisture. It can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanizing, chrome plating or making alloys.

Question 51.
Suggest few methods to avoid corrosion.
Answer:
Some methods to avoid corrosion

  1. Painting, oiling, greasing on the surfaces of the metals.
  2. Galvanizing the metal with thin layer of zinc.
  3. Making alloy metals prevents corrosion,
    eg : brass, bronze and steel.

Question 52.
Some metals react with oxygen to form their oxides. It is serious problem. Give some examples for oxidation of metals and write balanced equations.
Answer:
1) Iron reacts with oxygen and forms iron oxide.
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3.

2) Copper reacts with oxygen and forms copper oxide.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

3) Silver tarnishes when reacts with hydrogen sulphide and oxygen
4Ag + 2H2S + O2 → 2Ag2S + 2H2O

Question 53.
Which pipes are suggestable/suitable for water supply? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Steel, PVC and CPVC pipes are suitable/suggestable for water supply.
Reasons:

  1. They are not oxidised in moisture.
  2. They do not form oxides.
  3. They are not corroded.
  4. So, they are durable and safe to use in supply of water.

Question 54.
Which pipes are used by you for water supply to your house?
Answer:

  1. PVC, CPVC and steel pipes are used for water supply in my house.
  2. Because they do not corrode.

Question 55.
List of metals are given below. Classify them into corroded and non-corroded metals. Aluminium, Silver, Iroh, Copper, Gold, Tin, Tungsten, Platinum.
Answer:
Corroded metals :
Aluminium, Silver, Iron, Copper

Non-corroded metals :
Gold, Tin, Tungsten, Platinum.

9th Class Physical Science6th Lesson Chemical Reactions and Equations 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A light yellow coloured compound ‘X’ is exposed to sunlight for some time. It is turned into gray coloured material. What is the name of ‘X’? Predict the type of chemical reaction occured in it.
Answer:
1) The name of the compound ‘X’ is Silver Bromide (AgBr).
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 6

This is a decomposition reaction and also it occurs in the presence of sunlight. Hence, it is a photo chemical reaction.

Question 2.
Oil and fat containing food item packets are flushed with Nitrogen gas. Why?
Answer:
By stopping the oxidation it prevents the rancidity of food material.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 3.
N2(g) + O2(g) + heat → 2NO(g)
What information do you get from the above equation? Comment.
Answer:

  • Nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas in the presence of heat energy and forms nitric oxide gas.
  • It is an endothermic reaction.
  • This is an example for chemical combination reaction.
  • In this reaction, the reactants are gases and products are also gases.

Question 4.
Write an activity about how you conduct an experiment to show that more reactive metals replace less reactive metals from their compounds.
Answer:

  • Take two iron nails and clean then by rubbing with sand paper.
  • Take two test tubes and mark them ‘A’ and ‘B’.
  • Pour copper sulphate solution in the test tube ‘A’ and Zinc Chloride solution in the test tube ‘B’.
  • Dip iron nails in both test tubes.
  • Keep them without disturbing for 20 min.

Observation :

  1. The nail which is dipped in Copper Sulphate solution becomes brownish colour.
  2. The nail which is dipped in Zinc Chloride solution doesn’t change.

Reaction :
In test tube ‘A’: CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
In test tube ‘B’: ZnCl2 + Fe → No reaction.

Conclusion :

  1. Iron is more reactive than copper. So it displaces copper from Copper Sulphate solution.
  2. Iron is less reactive than zinc. So, it doesn’t displace zinc from ZnClr

Question 5.
i) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO3(g)
ii) 2Ag Br(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)
Mention the types of reactions to which the above equations belong. Also mention which of them is a photochemical reaction.
Answer:
1) i) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g). It is a chemical decomposition reaction.
ii) 2Ag Br(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2(g). It is also a chemical decomposition reaction.

2) 2Ag Br(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2(g). It is a photochemical reaction. Because, this reaction
takes place in the presence of sunlight only.

Question 6.
Write the products of given reactions, if any. Give reason.
FeCl2 + Zn →
ZnCl2 + Fe →
Answer:
FeCl2 + Zn → ZnCl2 + Fe (Displacement reaction)
ZnCl2 + Fe → No reaction. (Low reactive metals cannot displace high reactive metals)

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 7.
Balance the following chemical equations:
i) Na + H2O → NaOH + H2
ii) K2CO3 + HCl → KCl + H2O + CO2
Answer:
i) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
ii) K2CO3 + 2HCl → 2KCl + H2O + CO2

Question 8.
Observe the following balanced chemical equation and answer the given questions.
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
i) How many molecules of Oxygen are involved in this chemical reaction?
ii) How many moles of Propane are required to get 20 moles of Water?
Answer:
i) In this chemical reaction five molecules of oxygen are involved.
ii) Five moles of propane are required to get 20 moles of water.

Question 9.
What do you do to prevent rusting of copper and silver articles?
Answer:
I can follow some rules given below to prevent rusting of copper and silver articles.

  1. Shielding the metal surface from oxygen and moisture.
  2. By painting.
  3. By oiling, greasing.
  4. By galvanizing, chrome plating.
  5. By making alloys.

Question 10.
What are the important characteristics of chemical reactions?
Answer:
The important characteristics of chemical reactions are

  1. Evolution of a gas
  2. Formation of a precipitate
  3. Change in colour
  4. Change in temperature
  5. Change in state

Question 11.
What symbols do we use to indicate the physical state of reactants and products in an equation?
Answer:

  1. Solid state is indicated by the symbol (s)
  2. Liquid state is indicated by the symbol (l)
  3. Gaseous state is indicated by the symbol (g)
  4. Aqueous solution is indicated by the symbol (aq)

Question 12.
What can we do to make a chemical equation more informative?
(OR)
How can chemical equation be made more informative by knowing?
Answer:

  1. Physical state,
  2. Heat changes (exothermic and endothermic reactions),
  3. Gas evolved,
  4. Precipitate formed.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 13.
Commemt on “C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat” equation.
Answer:

  • The burning of carbon in oxygen is an exothermic reaction because heat is evolved in this reaction.
  • An exothermic reaction is indicated by writing + Heat or + Heat energy or just + Energy on the products side of an equation.

Question 14.
Comment on “N2(g) + O2(g) + Heat → 2 NO(g)” equation.
Answer:

  • The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to form nitric oxide is an endothermic reaction because heat is absorbed in this reaction.
  • An endotheumic reaction is usually indicated by writing + Heat or + Heat energy or just”+ Energy” on the reactants side of an equation.

Question 15.
Balance the following equations.
1) Na + O2 → Na2O
2) H2O2 → H2O + O2
3) Mg(OH)2 + HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
4) Fe + O2 → Fe2O2
Answer:

  1. 4 Na + O2 → 2 Na2O
  2. 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
  3. Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + 2 H2O
  4. 4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3

Question 16.
2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
What information do you get from above equation?
Answer:
The above equation tells us that,

  1. Copper reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide.
  2. The formula of copper oxide is CuO and that of oxygen is O2.
  3. 2 moles of copper atoms react with 1 mole of oxygen molecules (O2) to produce 2 moles of copper oxide (CuO).

Question 17.
Write examples for oxidation reaction.
Answer:
Oxidation :
It is a reaction involving addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen from a substance.
1) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO

2) Copper reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide.
2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO

3) Iron reacts with oxygen to form ferric oxide.
4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2Fe2O3

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 18.
Write examples for reduction reaction.
Answer:
Reduction :
It is a reaction involving addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen from a substance.
1) Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce Ammonia.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

2) Oil reacts with hydrogen to form fat.
Oil + H2 → Fat

Question 19.
Write the examples for corrosion reaction.
Answer:
1) The black coatings on silver.
4 Ag + 2H2S + O2 → 2 Ag2S + 2H2O

2) Green coating on copper.
2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO

Question 20.
Name the reactants and products in the following chemical equations.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + NaCl
Answer:
Reactants are Sodium sulphate and Barium chloride. Products are Barium sulphate and Sodium chloride.

Question 21.
Balance the following chemical equation and follow the steps involved in balancing a chemical equation.
Cu2S + O2 → Cu2O + SO2
Answer:
Step – 1 : Write the unbalanced equation using correct chemical formula for all substances.
Cu2S + O2 → Cu2O + SO2

Step – 2 : Compare number of atoms of each element on both sides.

AtomNo. of atoms in LHSNo. of atoms in RHS
Cu22
S11
O23

Balancing Cu, S, O atoms both sides
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
The equation is balanced.

Step – 3 : Write the coefficient of smallest ratio.
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2

Step – 4 : Verify above equation for balancing of atoms of each element on both sides.
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2

Question 22.
Write the difference between oxidation and reduction. Give example.
Answer:

OxidationReduction
1) Addition of oxygen or removal hydrogen from a compound is called oxidation.1) Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen from a compound is called reduction.
2) e.g.: C + O2 → CO22) e.g. :N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Question 23.
Give two examples for chemical reactions in which precipitate is formed.
Answer:
The reactions in which a substance insoluble in water is formed are called precipitation reactions.
e.g.:
1) When lead nitrate solution reacts with potassium iodide solution it forms a yellow precipitate of lead iodide.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

2) When sodium sulphate solution reacts with barium chloride solution it forms a white precipitate of barium sulphate.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Question 24.
What are exothermic and endothermic reactions?
Answer:
Exothermic reaction :
A chemical reaction in which heat is released is called exothermic reaction.
Ex :
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat,
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat

Endothermic reaction :
A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed is called endothermic reaction.
Ex :
2NaHCO3 + Heat → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 25.
What is an alloy? Give one example.
Answer:
A metallic substance made by mixing and fusing two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal, to obtain desirable qualities such as hardness, lightness and strength is called alloy.
Ex : Brass, bronze, steel.

Question 26.
What is photochemical reaction? Give example.
Answer:
The decomposition reaction occurs in the presence of sunlight is called photochemical.. reaction.
Ex : 2AgBr(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)

Question 27.
Why is power supply to our home from the electrical pole interrupted?
Answer:

  • Sometimes during rainy season the power supply to our home from the electric pole will be interrupted due to the formation of the metal oxide layer on the electric wire.
  • This metal oxide is an electrical insulator.

Question 28.
Name the reactions involved in the following reactions with reasons.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 7
Answer:
a) It is a decomposition reaction carried out in the presence of heat. So it is thermal decomposition reaction.
b) It is a decomposition reaction carried out in the presence of light. So it is photochemical reaction.
c) It is a decomposition taking place in the presence of electricity. So it is electrolysis reaction.
d) Lead is more reactive than copper. So lead displaces copper from salt solution. So the reaction is chemical displacement reaction.

Question 29.
Ramu told Ravi that all material made of iron and its alloys are rusted when exposed to air. How do you correct him by asking suitable questions?
Answer:

  1. What are the material we will generally use in our cooking utensils?
  2.  What are the material used for surgical equipments?
  3. What happens when stainless steel vessels are exposed to air?

Question 30.
What are the gases released when lead nitrate is heated and how do you identify those gases?
Answer:
When lead nitrate is heated it decomposes into lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 8
Nitrogen diox-ide is identified by its reddish brown co|our. Oxygen makes the burning splinter to burn brightly when it is placed in test tube containing oxygen.

Question 31.
Write some chemical reactions occurring in our daily life.
Answer:

  1. Souring of milk
  2. Formation of curd from milk
  3. Cooking of food
  4. Digestion of food in our body
  5. Fermentation of grapes
  6. Rusting of iron
  7. Burning of fuels
  8. Burning of candle wax
  9. Ripening of fruits.

Question 32.
If 40 gm of methane is burnt, then how much amount of CO2 is released ?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 9
When 16 g of methane is burnt it releases 44 g of CO2. The amount of CO2 released when 40 g methane burnt 44
= \(\frac{44}{16}\) × 40=110g

Question 33.
Calculate the amount of calcium oxide formed when 2 kg of calcium carbonate is decomposed. (The atomic masses of Ca = 40 U, C = 12 U, O = 16 U).
Answer:
The balanced equation is
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(40 + 12 + 3 x 16) U → (40 + 16) U + (12 + 2 x 16) U
100 U → 56 U + 44 U
100 g → 56g + 44g
100 g calcium carbonate on decomposition produces 56 g of calcium oxide.
Amount of calcium oxide formed due to decomposition of 2 kg of calcium carbonate
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 10

Question 34.
A solution of common salt when added to silver nitrate solution yields a precipitate of silver chloride (0.28 g). Find the mass of sodium chloride in the solution and also the mass of sodium nitrate formed.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 11

Question 35.
0.29 g of hydrocarbon when burnt completely in oxygen produces 448 ml of carbon dioxide at STP. From the information, calculate the
i) mass of carbon dioxide formed
ii) mass of element carbon in carbon dioxide
iii) mass of hydrogen in hydrocarbon.
Answer:
i) Gram molecular weight of carbon dioxide = 12 + 2 × 16g = 44 g.
22.4 litres of CO2 at STP weighs 44 g.

The weight of 448 ml of CO2 at STP = \(\frac{44}{22400}\) × 448 = 0.88 g

ii) 44g of CO2 contains 12 g of carbon.
The amount of carbon present in 0.88 g of CO2 = \(\frac{12}{44}\) × 0.88 = 0.24 g

iii) Weight of hydrogen = Weight of hydrocarbon – Weight of carbon
= 0.29 – 0.24 = 0.05 g

Question 36.
Calculate the weights of carbon dioxide and water that will be obtained by completely burning 0.25 g of an organic compound having molecular formula C4H4O4.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 12

Question 37.
What weight of sulphuric acid will be required to completely dissolve 3g of magnesium carbonate? Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide evolved at STP.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 13

Question 38.
If 16.4 g of calcium nitrate is heated : (a) Calculate the volume of Nitrogen dioxide obtained at STP and (b) The mass of calcium oxide obtained.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 14

Question 39.
Give some examples for corroded and non-corroded metals and give the reasons for non-corrosion of metals.
Answer:
Examples to corroded metals :

  1. Iron
  2. Copper
  3. Silver

Reactions:
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
4Ag + 2H2S + O2 → 2Ag2S + 2H2O

Exmples to non-corroded metals :

  1. Gold
  2. Platinum
  3. Brass
  4. Bronze
  5. Steel

Reasons:

  1. Gold and platinum metals do not react with oxygen and have resistance to corrosion.
  2. Brass, bronze and steel are alloys. So they have a quality of resistance to corrosion.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 40.
Iron is a corroded metal. Through alloying we can prevent corrosion. Justify.
Answer:

  • Alloying is a very good method of improving properties of metal.
  • Generally pure form of iron is very soft and stretches easily when hot.
  • When iron is mixed with carbon, nickel and chromium, an alloy stainless steel is obtained.
  • The stainless steel is hard and does not rust.
  • So, through alloying iron we can prevent corrosion.

Question 41.
“Through alloying corrosion can be prevented.” For the justification pose some questions.
Answer:

  1. What is alloying?
  2. How are alloys prepared?
  3. What are the qualities of alloys?
  4. Which quantity prevents the corrosion in alloys?
  5. Can we prevent corrosion by alloying a metal ?

9th Class Physical Science6th Lesson Chemical Reactions and Equations 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the balanced chemical reaction for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case.
A) Magnesium(s) + Iodine(g) → Magnesium iodide(s)
B) Zinc(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) → Zinc chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
Answer:
A) Magnesium(s) + Iodine(g) → Magnesium iodide(s)
Mg + I2 → Mgl2. This reaction is chemical combination.

B) Zinc(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) → Zinc chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
This reaction is chemical displacement.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 2.
Write an activity to each of the following chemical reaction.
A) Photo chemical reaction
B) Chemical displacement reaction.
Answer:
A) Photo chemical reaction :
1) Take a pinch of Silver Bromide in a watch glass and it in the presence of sunlight.
2) Silver Bromide decomposes to silver and Bromine in sunlight.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 15

B) Chemical displacement:

  1. Take a small quantity of zinc dust in a conical flask and add some drops of dilute hydrochloric acid slowly.
  2. Immediately we can observe the gas bubbles coming out from the solution.
  3. This is because zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and liberates hydrogen gas.
    Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
  4. In this reaction the element zinc has displaced hydrogen from hydrochloric acid.

Question 3.
Why should we balance a chemical equation ? Take any one chemical equation and explain the procedure of balancing it.
Answer:
Chemical reactions obey law of conservation of mass. So the total number of atoms of each elements in the reactants must be equal to the total number of atoms of each element in the

products. So we should have to balance chemical equation.
Eg : H2 + O2 → H2O

Step -1 : Unbalanced equation = H2 + O2 → H2O
Step – 2 : Compare no.of atoms of each element on both sides.

AtomNo. of atoms in L.H.SNo. of atoms in R.H.S
H2 (in H2)2 (in H2O)
02 (in O2)1 (in H2O)

No.of 0 atoms balancing – H2 + O2 → 2H2O
No.of H atoms balancing – 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Step – 3 : The above equation is balanced and write the coefficients in the smallest ratio. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Step – 4 : Verify above equation for balancing of atoms each element on both sides. Hence the equation is balanced.
∴ 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Question 4.
Balance the following chemical equations.
i) Zn(s) + Ag NO3(aq) → Zn (NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)
ii) Fe2O3(s) + C(s) → Fe(s) + CO2(g)
iii) Ag(s) + H2S(g) → Ag2S(s) + H2O(l)
iv) Cu(s) + O2(g) → CuO(g)
Answer:
i) Zn(s) + Ag NO3(aq) → Zn (NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)
Balanced equation : Zn(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Zn (NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

ii) Fe2O3(s) + C(s) → Fe(s) + CO2(g)
Balanced equation : 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

iii) Ag(s) + H2S(g) → Ag2S(s) + H2O(l)
Balanced equation :
We cannot balance the equation because atom ‘O’ does not exist in the reactants.

iv) Cu(s) + O2(g) → CuO(s)
Balanced equation :
2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)

Question 5.
Write the equation for the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid and balance the equation. Find out the number of molecules of hydrogen gas produced in this reaction, when 1 mole of HCl completely reacts at S.T.P.
[Gram molar volume is 22.4 liters at S.T.P., Avogadro’s number is 6.023 × 1023]
Answer:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

  • In the reaction 2 moles of HC/ produce 1 mole of H2.
  • If 1 mole of HCl participate in reaction, Vi mole of hydrogen will be produced.
  • 1 mole of H2 gas contains 6.023 × 1023 molecules at STP.
    Number of molecules in ½ mole of H2 gas = 6.023 × 1023 × ½ = 3.011 × 1023

Question 6.
Write the examples for chemical combination.
Answer:
1) Magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO

2) When coal is burnt in oxygen, carbon dioxide is produced.
C + O2 → CO2 + Q (cheat energy)

3) Slaked lime is prepared by adding water to quick lime.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Q (heat energy)

4) When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives water.
H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

5) Hydrochloric acid is obtained by adding hydrogen to chlorine.
H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl

6) Magnesium reacts with iodine to magnesium iodide.
Mg + l2 → Mgl2

7) Sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride.
2 Na +Cl2 → 2 NaCl

8) Iron reacts with oxygen to form haematite.
Fe + 3O2 → 2 Fe2O3

Question 7.
Write examples for chemical decomposition reaction.
Answer:
1) Calcium carbonate on heating decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 16
2) On electrolysis, water decomposes to water and hydrogen.
2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2

3) Silver bromide decomposes to silver and bromine in sunlight.
2 AgBr → 2 Ag + Br2

4) Silver chloride decomposes to silver and chlorine.
2 AgCl → 2 Ag + Cl2

5) Glucose decomposes to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

6) Sodium bicarbonate decomposes to sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide.
2 NaHCO3 + Heat → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

7) On heating lead nitrate decomposes to lead oxide, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 17

Question 8.
Write the examples for chemical displacement reaction.
Answer:
1) Zinc pieces react with dilute hydrochloric acid and liberate hydrogen gas
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

2) Iron reacts copper sulphate to form iron sulphate and copper.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

3) Zinc is mixed with silver nitrate to form zinc nitrate and silver.
Zn + 2 AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag

4) Lead reacts with copper chloride to form lead chloride and copper.
Pb + CuCl2 → PbCl2 + Cu

5) Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.
2 Na + 2H2O → 2 NaOH + H2

6) Aluminium reacts with copper chloride to form aluminium chloride and copper.
2 Al + 3 CuCl2 → 2 AlCl3 + 3 Cu

7) Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 9.
Write examples for chemical double displacement reaction.
Answer:
1) Sodium sulphate solution on mixing with barium chloride solution forms a white precipitate of barium sulphate and soluble sodium chloride.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

2) Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and water.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

3) Sodium chloride spontaneously combines with silver nitrate in solution giving silver chloride precipitate.
NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

4) Mix lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution to form a yellow precipitate of lead iodide and potassium nitrate.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2Kl → PbI2 + 2KNO3

5) Calcium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to form water and calcium nitrate.
Ca(OH)2 + 2 HNO3 → 2H2O + Ca(NO3)2

6) Magnesium chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide to form magnesium hydroxide and potassium chloride.
MgCl2 + 2 KOH → Mg(OH)2 + 2 KCl

Question 10.
Balance the following equations.
1) Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + H2O
2) NH3 + CuO → Cu + N2 + H2O
3) Al2(SO4)3 + NaOH → Al(OH)3 + Na2SO4
4) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
5) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
6) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
Answer:

  1. 2 Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + 3 H2O
  2. 2 NH3 + 3 CuO → 3 Cu + N2 + 3 H2O
  3. Al2(SO)3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4
  4. 2 HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2 H2O
  5. 2 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
  6. BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2 HCl

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 11.
How many types of chemical reactions are there? Explain with examples.
Answer:
There are four types of chemical reactions. They are :
i) Chemical combination :
A chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine together to form a new substance is called chemical combination.
e.g.: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

ii) Chemical decomposition :
The reaction in which a compound breaks up into two or more simpler substances are known as decomposition reaction. These reactions are generally carried out by means of heat, light, electricity or catalysts.
e.g.: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2 PbO + 4NO2 + O2

iii) Chemical displacement:
The chemical reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound is called displacement reaction.
In these reactions, an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or a group of atoms.
e.g.: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

iv) Chemical double displacement: The reaction in which two compounds react to form two other compounds by mutual exchange of their ions is called double displacement reaction.
e.g.: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(aq) → AgNO3(s) + NaCl(aq)

Question 12.
Balance the following chemical equations.
a) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + NaCl
b) Al4C3 + H2O → CH4 + Al(OH)3
c) Pb(NO3)2 → PbO + NO2 + O2
d) Fe2O3 + Al → Al2O3 + Fe
Answer:
a) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
b) Al4C3 + 12H2O → 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3
c) 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
d) Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 13.
How can we make a chemical equation information?
Chemical equations can be made more informative by expressing following characteristics of the reactants and products.
1. Expressing the physical state :
The different states, i.e. gaseous, liquid and solid states are represented by the notations (g), (l) and (s) respectively. If the substance is present as a solution in water the word aqueous is written.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 18

2. Expressing the heat changes :
Q is heat energy which is shown with plus ’+’ sign on product side for exothermic reactions and minus sign on product side for endothermic reactions.
e.g.: a) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Q (exothermic reaction)
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ” Q (endothermic reaction)

3. Expressing the gas evolved :
If a gas evolved in a reaction, it is denoted by an upward arrow ↑ or (g).
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

4. Expressing precipitate formed: If a precipitate is formed in the reaction, it is denoted by downward arrow ↓.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) ↓ + NaNO3(aq)

Question 14.
Give daily life examples of oxidation.
Answer:
Daily life examples :

  1. Combustion of fuels.
  2. Corrosion of metals.
  3. Change of colour of fruits like apples, bananas, when they are cut.
  4. Burning of crackers.
  5. Rancidity of food material.
  6. During rainy season the power supply to our home from the electric pole will be interrupted due to formation of metal oxide layer on the electric wire.
  7. Rising of dough with yeast depends on oxidation of sugars to carbon dioxide and water.
  8. Bleaching of coloured objects using moist chlorine.
  9. Respiration.

Question 15.
What is the information giyen by balanced chemical equation?
Answer:

  • A chemical equation gives information about the reactants and products through their symbols and formulae.
  • It gives the ratio of molecules of reactants and products.
  • As molecular masses are expressed in unified masses, the relative masses of reactants and products are known from the equation.
  • If the masses are expressed in grams, then the equation also gives the molar ratios of reactants and products.
  • If gases are involved, we can equate the masses to their volumes.
  • Using molar mass and Avagadro’s number we can calculate the number of molecules and atoms of different substances from the equation.

Question 16.
Write the balanced equation and identify the type of reaction.
1) Magnesium Hydroxide(aq) + Nitric Acid(aq) → Magnesium Nitrate(aq) + Water(l)
2) Magnesium(s) + Carbon Monoxide(g) → Magnesium Oxide(s) + Carbon(g)
3) Barium Chloride(aq) + Sodium Sulphate(aq) → Barium Sulphate(s) + Sodium Chloride(aq)
4) Sodium Nitrate(s) → Sodium Nitrite(s) + Oxygen(g)
Answer:
1) Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
It is both double displacement and neutralisation reaction.

2) Mg(s) + CO(g) → MgO(s) + C(s)
It is a redox reaction in which magnesium is oxidised and carbon monoxide is reduced.

3) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ + 2 NaCl(aq)
It is both precipitation and double displacement reaction.

4) 2 NaNO3(s) → 2 NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
It is both endothermic and decomposition reaction.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 17.
We write symbol of water as H2O. State why we should not write it as HO2.
Answer:
1) The hydrogen atom has only T electron in its outermost shell, so it needs 1 more electron to achieve the stability. ‘2’ electrons are required to get inert gas electronic configuration.

2) The oxygen atom has ‘6’ electrons in its outermost shell and it needs ‘2’ more electrons to compare the stability. ‘8’ electron arrangement of inert gas is neon.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 19
In the water molecule, central oxygen atom has two pairs of unshared electrons which have not been utilised in the formation of bonds.

So, we write symbol of water as H20 and we should not write it as HO2.

Question 18.
Latha took some quantity of powder of a substance in a test tube. Heated it with spirit lamp. A gas was liberated. She sent the gas into another test tube. The colour of solution in the second test tube turned into milk white.
Answer the following questions :
a) Which substance was heated?
b) Which gas was liberated?
c) What was the solution taken in second test tube?
d) Which type of chemical reactions involved the experiment?
Answer:
a) The substance is calcium carbonate.
b) The gas liberated is carbon dioxide.
c) The solution taken in the second test tube was solution of slaked lime.
d) Two types of reactions took place in this experiment, i.e. decomposition and double displacement.
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) . CO2
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O

Question 19.
A light yellow colour substance (some quantity) on a watch glass is put in the sunlight. It changes into grey colour substance.
a) What is the light yellow colour substance?
b) What is the grey colour substance?
c) Which type of chemical reaction it is?
d) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Answer:
a) The light yellow colour substance is silver bromide.
b) The grey colour substance is silver.
c) The type of chemical reaction is photochemical reaction.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 20

Question 20.
Heat is liberated in the reactions where water is added to calcium oxide and hydrochloric acid added to zinc pieces.
Rarnu says that they are same type of chemical reactions. Eswar’s opinion is that the reactions are not similar. What is the basis of Eswar’s opinion ? Write equations for the above reaction.
Answer:
Eswar’s thinking is correct. Although both are exothermic reactions, the type of chemical reactions is different.
Case (i) : When water is added to calcium oxide it forms calcium hydroxide. It is an example for combination reaction.
CaO(s) + H2O → Ca(OH)2(aq)

Case (ii) : When hydrochloric acid is added to zinc pieces it would liberate hydrogen gas which is an example for displacement reaction.
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 21.
We see many combustion and oxidation reactions in our daily life. Among them every combustion reaction is an oxidation reaction. But not all the oxidation reactions are combustion reactions. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Explain with proper reasons.
Answer:
1) Yes, I agree with the statement because combustion reaction is nothing but burning of a substance in the presence of oxygen so it is an oxidation reaction. So every combustion reaction is an oxidation reaction.

2) Whereas some reactions which do not require burning still they are oxidation reactions.
Eg :

  1. Corrosion of metals.
  2. Change of colour of fruits like apples, bananas when they are cut.
  3. Rancidity of food materials.
  4. Respiration.
  5. Bleaching of coloured objects using moist chlorine.
    So all oxidation reactions are not combustion reactions.

Question 22.
Explain the following :
1) What happens when iron filings are added to zinc sulphate solution?
2) What happens when solid silver nitrate is added to solid sodium chloride?
Answer:
1) No reaction takes place because zinc is more reactive than iron. So iron cannot displace zinc from its salt solution.

2) No reaction takes place because in solid state silver nitrate as well as sodium chloride is unable to dissociate into constituent ions. So exchange of ions is not possible.

Question 23.
Why is steel not used for surgical equipment and what is the material used for surgical equipment? Why is that material used for surgical equipment?
Answer:
1) Steel undergoes rusting when It exposed to air. So it is not useful for preparation of surgical equipment. If we use it in surgical equipment it may cause septic of wound.

2) The material used for surgical equipment is stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, carbon, nickel and chromium. Chromium does not easily react with oxygen. So, addition of chromium makes the stainless steel free from rusting. Therefore it is used in surgical equipment.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 24.
Give reasons for the following.
1) Why do we add salt to water during electrolysis of water?
2) Why does hydrogen gas put off the burning splinter and it burns with blue flame?
3) Why does carbon dioxide turn lime water milky?
Answer:
1) Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity. By adding a small amount of salt the solution becomes conductor of electricity.

2) Hydrogen does not support combustion. So it puts off the burning splinter and also it is combustible. So burns with blue flame.

3) When we pass carbon dioxide through lime water it turns into milky because lime water (calcium hydroxide) reacts with carbon dioxide and forms a white milky substance, i.e. calcium carbonate.

Question 25.
A student was given the following substances and was asked to show types of chemical reactions through experiment. Write how he would have done that. Copper sulphate solution, barium chloride solution, ferrous sulphate crystals, iron nails, calcium oxide, water.
Answer:
Given chemicals are CuSO4 solution, BaSO4 solution, iron nails (Fe), Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), Calcium oxide (CaO) and water (H2O).

i) Chemical combination :
Chemicals chosen : CaO, H2O
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

When we add water to calcium oxide it produces Calcium hydroxide. This is an example for chemical combination.

ii) Chemical decomposition:
Chemicals chosen : Ferrous sulphate
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 21
When we heat FeSO4 it dissociates into Ferric oxide, Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide respectively.

iii) Chemical displacement :
Chemicals chosen : Iron nail – CuSO4
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu ↓

When iron nail is placed in CuSO4 solution, the solution turns into light green due to formation of FeSO4 and reddish brown deposit of Copper.

iv) Double displacement:
Chemicals chosen : CuSO4 solution and BaCl2 solution.
CuSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ + CuCl2(s)

When CuSO4 is mixed with BaCl2 solution it forms white precipitate of BaSO4 and aqueous solution of Copper (II) Chloride.

This is an example for double displacement reaction.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 26.
Take two beakers and prepare lead nitrate aqueous solution and potassium iodide aqueous solutions. What are the colours of the solutions? Now mix them in another beaker. What happens? What type of chemical reaction it is? What are products?
Answer:
The colours of the solutions are white or colourless. When lead nitrate solution is mixed with potassium iodide solution we will get yellow precipitate of lead iodide. This is double displacement reaction. The products are lead iodide and potassium nitrate.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2Kl(aq) → Pbl2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Question 27.
Observe the following equation which shows the action of heat on Calcium Nitrate
2 Ca(NO3)2 → 2 CaO + 4 NO2 + O2
a) How many moles of NO2 are formed when a mole of 2 Ca(NO3)2 is decomposed?
b) What is the volume of NO2 produced when 164 gm of Ca(NO3)2 is heated at constant temperature and pressure?
c) Calculate the mass of Calcium Oxide formed when 82 gm of Ca(NO3)2 is heated.
d) What is the quantity of Ca(NO3)2 required to produce 5 moles of gaseous products?
Answer:
Given balanced equation is
a) From the balanced equation 2 moles of Ca(NO3)2 releases 4 moles of NO2.
b) Molecular weight of Ca(NO3)2 and CaO respectively are 164 and 56.
From the equation at STP 2 × 164 g. of Ca(NO3)2 releases 4 × 22.4 litres of NO2.
At similar conditions 164 g. of Ca(NO3)2 releasing NO2 in litres is
= \(\frac{164}{2 \times 164}\) × 22.4 × 4 = 2 × 22.4 = 44.8 liters.

c) From the balanced equation 164 g. of Ca(NO3)2 decomposes and forms 112 g. of CaO. Similarly 82 g. of Ca(NO3)2 decomposes and forms
\(\frac{82}{164}\) × 112 = 56 g. of CaO.

d) From the above balanced equation 2 moles of Ca(NO3)2 releases 5 moles of gaseous products.
∴ The mass of Ca(NO3)2 required is 2 × 164 = 328 g.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Question 28.
Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate amount of zinc required to release 500g of hydrogen. (Zn = 65 U, H = 1 U, Cl = 35.5 U are the atomic masses).
Answer:
The balanced chemical equation is
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
65 U + (2 × 36.5) U → (65 + 2 × 35.5) U + 2 U
65 g + 73 g → 136 g + 2g
As per the balanced equation
65 g Zinc is reacting with hydrochloric acid to produce 2g of Hydrogen.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 22

Question 29.
Calculate the volume, mass and number of molecules of carbon dioxide when 104 g of acetylene (C2H2) burnt in air. (Atomic masses of C = 12 U, H = 1 U, O = 16 U).
Answer:
The balanced chemical equation is
2C2H2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O
2 × (2 × 12U + 2 × lU) + 5 × (2 × 16U) → 4 × (12U + 2 × 16U) + 2(2 × 1U + 16U)
52 g + 160g → 176 g + 36 g
52 g of acetylene when burnt in air produces 176 g carbon dioxide.
The amount of carbon dioxide produced when 104 g acetylene burnt
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Equations 23

At S.T.P. 1 gram molar mass of any gas occupies 22.4 litres.
So 44g carbon dioxide occupies 22.4 litres volume.
The volume occupied by 352 g carbon dioxide = \(\frac{352}{44}\) × 22.4 = 8 × 22.4 = 179.2 litres.
44 g of carbon dioxide i.e., 1 mole of CO2 contains 6.02 × 1023 molecules. So the number of molecules present in 352 g of carbon dioxide
352
= \(\frac{352}{44}\) × 6.02 × 1023 = 8 × 6.02 × 1023
= 4.816 × 1024 molecules.

AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 12th Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800

9th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Discussion on Renaissance in this chapter was mostly in the context of __________ (England/Italy/France/Germany).
Answer:
Italy

Question 2.
Write a sentence or phrase about the changes in ideas listed below during Renaissance.
Answer:
a. Humanists :
from religious interests to individual interests.

b. Books :
from hand made to printed books.

c. Paintings :
from religious to realistic.

d. Human beings :
from religious bonds to rational thoughts.

e. Women:
from limited public life to started aspiring for freedom and equality of status.

AP Board Solutions

Question 3.
How did printing of the Bible influence the ideas about God and Church?
Answer:

  • A major achievement of the reformists was to translate the Bible into the popular languages of the people.
  • Printing Bible in large quantities made it available to all people.
  • Previously the Bible was only in Latin which ordinary people did not understand.
  • Translation of the Bible helped the common people to understand the teachings of the sacred book.
  • The ideas of reformation took hold of many people in Germany, Holland, France, and England.
  • In all these states people with diverse faith emerged and theystartedinterpretingChristianity.
  • Thus the influence and power of the Roman Catholic Church declined.
  • Later, the Catholic Church itself did not escape the impact of these ideas, and began to reform itself from within.

Question 4.
Compare the modern Italian towns with that of the medieval towns. Do you notice any changes in their present names?
Answer:

Medieval townsPresent names
1. RomaRome
2. SpoletoSan Marino
3. BrixiaBreslia
4. ComumComo
5. FelsinaBologna
6. OlbiaOlbia
7. PisaePisa
8. MilanoMilan

I observed many changes in the names

Question 5.
Which elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
Answer:

  • A new humanist culture had flourished in Italian towns.
  • Individualism developed. That means the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased.
  • Several Nation States came to be established. Two of these – Florence and Venice were republic.
  • After downfall of Constantinople in 1453 A.D., many Greek scholars fled to Italy. This paved a path for the revival of ancient Greek literature.
  • Visual arts like painting and sculpture took the form of “realism”.
  • People studied the ruins of old Roman buildings to revive the old Roman style.
  • This inspired a new style in architecture, which was actually a revival of imperial Roman style, now called “classical”.
  • The ideals of Reformation took hold of many people. Interpretation of Christianity emerged. Thus the monopoly of the Catholic Church was for ever broken.
  • Scientific outlook developed.

Question 6.
Why were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?
Answer:

  • In 1453, Constantinople was overthrown, and the Turkish or Ottoman Empire took the place of the Eastern Roman Empire.
  • Many of the educated men who spoke Greek fled to Italy for safety.
  • Some of them brought their Greek books with them.
  • This increased interest among Italians in the ancient Greek literature.
  • The literature of the ancient Greek had reflected an interest in life.
  • Later, students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interest of man, were called Humanists.
  • Thus humanism started in Italy and then spread to other European states.

AP Board Solutions

Question 7.
What were the features of humanist thought?
(OR)
‘Humanist culture means the ideas of modern man who is not under the control of church’. Write about the features of humanist thoughts.
Answer:

  • A new “humanist” culture had flowered in Italian towns.
  • It was characterised by a new belief-that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decisions and developing his skills.
  • Another important feature of humanist culture was a weakening of the control of religion over human life.
  • Humanists considered the acquisition of power and wealth as desirable and not something to be avoided.
  • Humanist scholars began attacking the corruption of priests and questioning the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity.
  • The humanist members of the Church called on Christians to practise religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion, discarding unnecessary rituals.

Question 8.
The following graph indicates the increase in book production. What can you tell about it?
(OR)
Write about Book Production based on below Graph.
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 1
Answer:

  • The books printed increased rapidly.
  • During 15th century only a few books were printed.
  • People developed the habit of reading.
  • Thus ideas, opinions and information moved more rapidly than ever before.
  • They acted as good mass media.

Question 9.
Do you agree with the following statement: “Printed books continue to dominate our lives.” Give reasons for your answer.
(OR)
“The mastery of the technology of printing was the greatest revolution of the sixteenth century”. Explain how the invention of the Printing machine affected the human lives?
Answer:

  • “Gutenberg” invented printing press.
  • The Bible was translated into all languages.
  • Books like “Utopia”, Praise of Folly”, “Divine Comedy”, etc. changed the society and paved way for the great Reformation Movement.
  • Students did not have to depend solely on lectures – notes.
  • Cultural diffusion has taken place due to the availability of books.
  • Hence we can say “Printed books continue to dominate our lives”.

AP Board Solutions

Question 10.
Write an account of how the world appeared different to seventeenth century Europeans.
Answer:

  • The ideas of reformation took hold of many people and the monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church was for ever broken.
  • The few people who were interested, started investigating the world in which they lived.
  • Scientific attitudes developed.
  • Theirs was a radically new view of human beings as free and rational agents.
  • Faith in religious books and priests decreased.
  • Faith in the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased.
  • They showed interest in reading good literature.
  • Europeans were strongly attracted to material wealth, power and glory.
  • Self interests developed.
  • Many of the scientific inventions took place and people started exploring the world and discovered sea routes to different continents.

Question 11.
Mention the outstanding features of the renaissance architecture. Explain why.
Answer:

  • During Renaissance, a new style in architecture, which was actually a rival of the imperial Roman style, emerged.
  • They used tall pillars, arches, and domes in buildings and decorated buildings with paintings, sculptures and reliefs.
  • Another remarkable change was that from this time, artists were known individually, by name, not as members of a group or a guild as earlier.

Question 12.
Observe the map 2 given in the page 156 and locate the geographical explorations on the world outline map.
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 2
Answer:
Self exercise
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 3

Question 13.
Read the para 4 of Page No. 151 and comment on it.

The new ideal of individuality and citizenship excluded women. Men from aristocratic families dominated public life and were the decision-makers in their families. They educated their sons to take their place in family businesses or in public life, at times sending their younger sons to join the Church. Although their dowries were invested in the family businesses, women generally had no say in how their husbands should run their business. Often, marriages were intended to strengthen business alliances. If an adequate dowry could not be arranged, daughters were sometimes sent to convents to live the life of a nun. Obviously, the public role of women was limited and they were looked upon as keepers of the households.

Answer:
Women in the middle ages occupied a number of different social roles. Women in the middle ages, a European history from around the 5th century to the 15th century, held the position of wife, mother, peasant, artisan, and nun, as well as some important leadership roles, such as abbess or queen regnant. The very concept of “woman” changed in a number of ways during the middle ages and several forces influenced their role during the period.

Question 14.
Collect pictures of great Renaissance artists and prepare an album.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 4

Question 15.
Prepare a play on the debate between Galileo and a priest who did not believe that the earth went around the sun.
Answer:
Priest : “Hi ! What is this instrument ?”
Galileo : “Ho I This is a telescope.”
Priest : “What is the use of this instrument ?”
Galileo : “This is useful in observing the celestial bodies, their motion and their, shapes, etc.”
Priest : “There is nothing to know about them. The earth we live is flat and it is in the centre of the universe. We, the priests, are direct descendants of god and everyone should listen to our words. Bible is the only holy book.”
Galileo : “I am very sorry to say that all your words are wrong. Now, it is time to know the truth. The earth is round. It is a planet in the solar system and it revolves round the sun. Human beings on the earth are all equal.”
Priest : “Don’t say like that. You are too wrong. You should apologise for these words.
Otherwise you will be punished by the church.”
Galileo : “I don’t care, I am ready to face my trouble. The earth is moving – moving – moving.”

Question 16.
Study the various ways in which we use products of the printing press today and pre¬pare a detailed report.
Answer:
We use printing press in all spheres of our life.

  1. Books
  2. Greeting cards
  3. Bill books
  4. Novels, others, etc.

9th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You have read about the zamindari system and vetti in Hyderabad state in class VIII. Compare it with ‘serfdom’ in Europe. (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:

  • Both the systems exploited the labourer.
  • Both the classes were the lowest in all social classes.
  • The condition of serfs was more better than that of vetti.

AP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Who were the humanists and what did they teach? (Text Book Page No. 147)
Answer:

  • Students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interests of man, were called Humanists.
  • Humanism taught a new belief – that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decisions and developing his skills.
  • Humanism taught to pursue pleasure, seek wealth and comfort and also act in self interest.
  • Humanists began attacking the corruption among clergy.
  • Humanists questioned the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity.

Question 3.
In what way do you think women of those times have benefited from studying Greek and Roman books? (Text Book Page No. 152)
Answer:

  • The women were able to question the scholars that “Were women incapable of achiev¬ing the qualities of humanist scholars ?”
  • They were able to criticise political systems openly.
  • They were inivited to give orations at the universities.
    Thus the women have benefited from studying Greek and Roman books.

Question 4.
What were the issues on which the Protestants criticised Catholic Church? (Text Book Page No. 154)
A.nswer:
The Church was criticised on the following grounds :

  1. It dominated the religious and cultural life of people in medieval times.
  2. The Catholic priests of Roman Catholic Church began to lead a luxurious life and they were criticised for their rich and luxurious life.
  3. Erasmus criticised some of the beliefs of the Church, which he said, were based on superstitions.
  4. Church had become an institution marked by greed, extorting money at will from ordinary people.
  5. Sale of indulge certificates to free the buyer from the burden of sin, was also criticised.

AP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Do you see any similarity between the Bhakti movement in India and the Protestant movement ? Do you also see any differences between the two of them? (Text Book Page No. 154)
Answer:

Bhakti MovementProtestant Movement
1. Bhakti movement was a religious movement of Medieval India.1. The Protestant movement was a religious movement of Medieval Europe.
2. The ritualistic styles of Bhakti were given up.2. Emphasis was given to discard unneces sary rituals.
3. Sanskrit books were translated into local languages.3. The Bible was also translated into popu­lar languages of the people.
4. Domination of Brahmins was questioned and emphasis was given to equality.4. Domination of priests and Nobles was criticised.
5. Some of the dominating preaches of Bhakti were Ramanand, Chaitanya, Guru Nanak, etc.5. Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli and Jean Calvin propagated Protestant movement.
6. “Ramacharitha Manas”, Akbar Nama, etc. books were published.6. “Praise of Folly”, “Utopia”, Divine Comedy, etc. were some books that influenced people.

Question 6.
Who were the Renaissance scientists, and how did each of them contribute to science? (Text Book Page No. 155)
(OR)
Who were the chief Renaissance scientists, and what work did each of them contribute to science?
Answer:
1) Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) :
He was a Belgian and a professor of medicine at the university of Padua. He was the first to dissect human body. This was the beginning of the modern physiology.

2) William Harvey (1628):
Harvey discovered the blood circulation in human body after making careful experiments.

3) Isaac Newton :
Sir Newton propounded the theory of gravitational force. He proved that all heavenly bodies moved according to the law of gravitation. In 1687, Newton’s Principia Mathematica was published.

4) Roger Bacon :
He was a serious searcher for truth. He performed some experiments with metals and chemicals and probably had a crude microscope.

5) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543):
He built an observatory from which he patiently studied the heavens. Copernicus claimed that the earth is one of a number of planets that revolve around the sun.

6) Galileo (1564 – 1642) :
Galileo invented a telescope. This aided in the study of astronomy. He supported Copernicus and proved that the sun is the centre of the universe. Galileo also discovered certain laws of pendulum. He also proved that the heavy and light objects fall at the same speed.

Question 7.
How do you think trade helps in the development of towns? (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:

  • The people involved in trade will settle in towns because they need transport facilities.
  • The working class also settles in the towns to market their products.
  • The foreign traders also reach the towns mostly port towns to do their business.
    So I think the trade helps in the development of towns.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
In the view of Burckhardt, which of these would be associated with modern view and which would be medieval view? (Text Book Page No. 145)
i) Faith in the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves
ii) Faith in the Religious books and priests
iii) Faith in divine revelation
iv) Faith in human reason
Answer:
i) Modern view
ii) Medieval view
iii) Medieval view
iv) Modern view

Question 9.
There was no printing press in India during the same period. Let us suppose Krishna Devaraya wrote a book. How do you think it would have reached scholars in different parts of India? (Text Book Page No. 150)
Answer:
The hand written books would have reached scholars in different parts of India.

Question 10.
What do you think would have been the reaction of kings and priests to the printing press? Would they have welcomed it or would they have been worried by it? (Text Book Page No. 150)
Answer:
They have been worried by it.
Reason : The common man was under the control of church in all the matters. The inven¬tion of printing press enabled the common man to know the the Bible. This was a great damage to the kings and priests. So they have been worried by it.

Question 11.
Locate Republics and three court cities on the outline map of Italy. (Text Book Page No. 146)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 5
Some Republics : Venice, Florence, Sicily
Court Cities : Rome, Padua, Mantua, Venice, Bologna and Genoa

Question 12.
Read the following map and prepare a list of explorations of sea routes. (Text Book Page No. 157)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 6
Answer:

  1. 1492-1504 – Christopher Columbus reaches America looking for a sea route to the Indies; discovering various lands and islands and establishing a colony on Hispaniola.
  2. 1498 – Vasco da Gama sails around Africa from Portugal reaching India and establishing trade routes.
  3. 1499-1504 – Amerigo Vespucci explores New World.
  4. 1519-1522 – Ferdinand Magellan’s ships circumnavigate the world.
  5. 1488 – Sails around the southernmost tip of Africa, reaching Indian Ocean from the Atlantic; It was only on the return voyage that he discovered the Cape of Good Hope.

AP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Do you think there is a greater possibility of knowing new ideas and trying out new things in towns rather than villages ? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:
1) Many people, who are efficient, from all spheres reach towns to prove themselves. There are many chances to interact with many people.
So I think there is a greater possibility of knowing more and trying out new things in towns rather than villages.

Question 14.
Describe the different scientific elements in the work of sixteenth century Italian artists. (Text Book Page No. 149)
Answer:

  • Artists wanted “perfectly proportioned men and women” in their sculptures.
  • They took the help of scientists to reach perfection.
  • Painters knowledge of geometry and changing quality of light helped them to acquire a three dimensional quality.
  • Many artists like Leonardo da Vinci studied human anatomy so as to make their paintings and sculpture realistic, e.g : The statue The Pieta by Michelangelo.
  • Thus, anatomy, geometry, physics as well as a strong sense of beauty, gave a new quality to Italian art.

AP Board Solutions

Question 15.
The Renaissance was considered a New Age, because people considered it proper to pursue pleasure, seek wealth and comfort and also act in seif-interest. This was in contrast to teachings of religions that one should not act in self-interest and forsake comfort and wealth. Do you agree with this view point of the Renaissance humanists? (Text Book Page No. 151)
Answer:
I agree with this view point of the Renaissance humanists.
Self-interest, self-growth etc., lead human beings to moral lives. The humanists were against the exploitation. So I agree with them.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions 10th Lesson Work and Energy

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What type of energies are possessed by the objects shown in below figures.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy
i) Potential energy

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy
ii) Kinetic energy

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
According to the scientific concept of the work, two conditions need to be satisfied in order to say that work has been done.
i. A force should act on the object.
ii. The object must be displaced or there must be change in position of the object. Now complete the table given below.

Situation been done or notWhether work hasReason to say that work has been done or not
A boy lifts his bag from the ground
A girl is trying to push a huge rock

Answer:

Situation been done or notWhether work hasReason to say that work has been done or not
A boy lifts his bag from the grounddone1) Force acted on the bag.
2) Bag moved from the ground.
A girl is trying to push a huge rocknot done1) Force acted on the huge rock.
2) Rock not moved.

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the differences between potential energy and kinetic energy.
(OR)
Compare and differentiate between political energy and kinetic energy.
Answer:

Kinetic energyPotential energy
1) K.E is the kind of energy present in a body due to the property of its motion.1) P.E is the type of energy present in a body due to the property of its state.
2) It can be easily transferred from one body to another.2) It is not transferable.
3) K.E = ½ mv23) PE = mgh
4) Flowing water is example of K.E.4) Water present at the top of hill is an example of P.E.

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy Important Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by one joule work?
Answer:
1 joule work is the amount of work done on an object when a force of 1 Newton displaces it by 1 m along the line of action of the force.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 2.
What happens to the speed of a ball while it moves up with an initial velocity?
Answer:
As the ball moves up, the gravitational force acts against to the direction of motion of the object. Hence its velocity slowly decreases.

Question 3.
When a ball is moving up with an initial velocity, what will be its speed at its maximum height?
Answer:
The speed of a ball moving up is zero at its maximum height.

Question 4.
What happens to the speed of the ball during its downward motion?
Answer:
The speed of the ball during its downwards motion will increase gradually.

Question 5.
Define energy.
Answer:
Energy is defined as the capacity to do a work.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 6.
Why does a person get tired standing at a place for long time?
Answer:
Though the person standing is not doing any work externally a lot of work is being done inside the body.

The muscles of the body become stretched when he stands for long time and heart has to pump more blood to muscles. This leads to loss of energy inside the body and hence he gets tired.

Question 7.
What is kinetic energy?
Answer:
The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy.

Question 8.
Write a formula to measure kinetic energy.
Answer:
KE = \(\frac{1}{2}\)mv²

Question 9.
Define potential energy.
Answer:
The energy possessed by an object because of its position or shape is called its potential energy.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 10.
Write a formula to calculate potential energy.
Answer:
Potential energy PE = mgh.

Question 11.
What is conservation of energy?
Answer:
The law of conservation of energy states that the energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be changed from one form to another.

Question 12.
A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process?
Answer:
Chemical energy is converted into heat energy then light energy.

Question 13.
A mass of 10 kg at a point A on the table is moved to a point B. If the line joining A & B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by gravitational force? Explain your answer.
Answer:
The work done on the object by gravitational force is zero, since the angle between force and motion of object is zero.

Question 14.
A person holds a bundle of hay over his head of 30 minutes and get tired. Has he done some work or not? Justify your answer.
Answer:
There is no displacement. So no work is done on the object. (W = F x s = F x 0 = 0)

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 15.
Expand OTE.
Answer:
OTE means – Ocean Thermal Energy.

Question 16.
Expand OTEC.
Answer:
OTEC means – Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion.

Question 17.
What is ‘Biomass’?
Answer:
The material contained in the bodies of plants and animals is Called ‘Biomass’.

Question 18.
What is Nuclear reaction?
Answer:
The physical reaction which involves changes in nucleus of an atom is called “Nuclear reaction”.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 19.
What is Nuclear Energy?
Answer:
The energy released during a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy.

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define power and mention its units.
Answer:
Power is defined as the rate of doing work or rate of transfer of energy.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 1
The unit of power is ‘Watt’ and denoted by the symbol ‘W’.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of one joule?
Answer:
One joule is the amount of work done on an object when a force of 1 Newton displaces it by 1 m along the line of action of the force.
If F = 1N, s = 1 m then the work done
W = F × s = 1 N × 1 m = 1 N-m = 1 Joule

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 3.
What is the meaning of one watt?
Answer:
1 watt is the power of an object, which does work at the rate of one joule per second.
If W = 1J, t = 1 sec then,
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 2

Question 4.
Explain work through a diagram.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 3

  1. Suppose a constant force (F) acts on an object and is moved through a distance (s) along the direction of the force, as shown in figure.
  2. Then the work done W = F × s

Question 5.
Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes it velocity from 5 ms-1 to 2 ms-1. Calculate the work done by the force?
Answer:
Mass (m) = 20 kg
Initial velocity (u) = 5 m/s
Final velocity (v) = 2 m/s
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 4
Change in kinetic energy stored as work done is – 210 J

Question 6.
The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does the violate the law of conservation of energy? Why?
Answer:
No, it is not violating law of conservation of energy because when freely falling object moves towards ground its speed increases due to gravitational force so potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

Question 7.
Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km/hr.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 5
∴ The work done to stop the moving car = 208333 J

Question 8.
An object of mass m is moving with a constant velocity v. tlow much work should be done on the object in order to bring the object to rest?
Answer:
Mass of the object = m, Velocity of the object = v, Kinetic energy = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv².
The work done to bring the object to rest is stored in the from of kinetic energy.
∴ Work done = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv²

Question 9.
In each of the following a force, F is acting on an object of mass, m. The direction of displacement is from west to east shown by the long arrow. Observe the diagrams carefully and state whether the work done by the force is negative, positive or zero.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 6
Answer:
i) In the first case force is acting perpendicular to the displacement of the object. So the work done by the force is zero.
ii) In the second case force is acting in the direction of displacement. So work done
by the force is positive.
iii) In the third case force and displacement opposite to each oth£r. So the work done is negative. –

Question 10.
What is Nuclear fission?
Answer:
1) The process in which heavy nucleus of a radioactive atom splits up into smaller nuclei when bambared with low energy neutrons is called nuclear fission.
2) Ex : 235U92 + 1n0139Ba56 + 94Kr36 + 31n0 + Energy

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 11.
What is nuclear fusion?
Answer:
1) The process which two nuclei of light elements combine to form a heavy nucleus is called nuclear fusion.
2) Ex : 2H1 + 2H1 → 3He2 + 1n0 + Energy.

Question 12.
What is Ocean Thermal Energy?
Answer:

  1. Heat from the sun is absorbed by the water on the surface of ocean, but at deeper levels of ocean, the temperature is very less.
  2. So, there is temperature difference between the water “at the surface of ocean” and at “deep levels”.
  3. This difference in temperature is called Ocean Thermal Energy.

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain negative value of work done.
Answer:

  1. Suppose a ball is moving on a plain ground, will get stopped after sometime due to frictional force acting on it in opposite direction.
    AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 7
  2. If the force acting on an object and displacement are in opposite directions then the work done by the force is taken as negative.
    W = – F × s
  3. If the work done has negative value, the body on which the work has been done loses energy.

Question 2.
Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not, work is done in the light of your understanding of the term work.
1. Suma is swimming in a pond.
2. A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
3. A wind-mill lifting water from a well.
4. A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
5. An engine is pulling a train.
6. Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
7. A sail boat is moving due to wind energy.
Answer:

  1. Work is done because force is applied and the person is moved.
  2. No work is done the object is not moved in the direction of force.
  3. Work is done against gravitational force thrift water.
  4. No work is done
  5. Work is done since the engine is pulling the train.
  6. No work is done.
  7. Work isjdone because sail boat is moving in the direction of wind energy.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy

Question 3.
An object of mass 4 kg is raised to height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half way down.
Answer:
m = 4 kg, h = 5 m, g = 10 m/s².
Potential energy = mgh = 4 × 10 × 5 = 200 J.
If object is allowed to fall, then we have to take half of distance.
u = 0, h = 2.5 m, a = + g = 10 m/s²
v² — u² = 2gh ⇒ v² = 2 × 10 × 2.5 ⇒ v² = 50
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Work and Energy 8
∴ At half of distance the kinetic energy = 100 J.

AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 14 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Choose the correct options.
a) Democraticand nationalist movements assumed that a nation has a ___________ ; (shared history; shared culture; shared economy; all the above; none of the abovd)
b) Jacobin clubs were established in different countries by ___________ (peasants; royalty; middle class; army)
c) During the mid 18th century the land was owned by ___________ and cultivated by ___________ (middle class, army, aristocrats, tenants)
Answer:
a) All the above
b) army
c) aristocrats, tenants.

AP Board Solutions

Question 2.
After readingabout mid-eighteenth century Europe, what similarities or differences amongst people existed in the context of: language, ethnicity, trade practices.
Answer:

  • Within the territories of the empire there lived diverse people.
  • In the Alpine regions the aristocracy were predominently German – speaking.
  • In Lombardy and Venetia people spoke Italy.
  • In Galicia people spoke Polish.
  • Bohemians, Slovaks, Slovens, Croats and Roumans were certain ethnic groups.
  • The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
  • Vast estates were there and they were cultivated by serfs.
  • Trade and industry developed, commercial classesemergedduetothesedevelopments.
  • A group of new middle class emerged due to the access to education and new ideas.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the statement: “when the emergence of nation states, the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased”. Give reasons.
Answer:

  • Europe witnessed growth of industrial production and trade.
  • This led to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the markets.
  • In its wake, new social groups came into being, (a working-class population and middle classes.)
  • They had access to education and new ideas.
  • It was among them that ideas of national unity and the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
  • There after the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased.

AP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Write an imaginary dialogue between Mazzini and any of the Indian nationalist you have studied.
Answer:
Mazzini : We can’t form a nation state through talks, lectures, and discussions. We should do something.
Indian Nationalist : We can’t achieve freedom by revolutions and violent movements. We can’t achieve the unity of the nation. Time will decide it.
Mazzini : How long is this procrastination? We can achieve the unity through revolutionary organizations and secret fightings.
Indian Nationalist : It takes time for the people to get awareness. Nationality is strengthened when change comes in people.
Mazzine : We have to create the atmosphere of war. We should put an end to the monarchical and despotic rule.
Indian Nationalist : There is a way for that ………. We have to wait for some more time.
Mazzini : The situation will get worst if we still wait …………
Indian Nationalist : You know how French revolution was possible and what results it got.
Mazzini : The circumstances then were different.
Indian Nationalist : Agitations will not show solutions.
Mazzini : We have to decide soon. The flames of revolution should be lit in young people.

Question 5.
Mark sentences that describe conservatives and liberals. Try to identify examples in our contemporary context.
Answer:

ConservativesLiberals
1. Conservatives are political philosophers who believe in preserving of traditional institutions like, church, monarchy etc.1. Liberals are political philosophers who believe in the freedom of the individuals.
2. Conservatives stress on the streng­thening of the autocratic monarchies.2. Liberals insist on a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
3. They believe in the preserving of the privileges of the church.3. They stand for the end of privileges of the church.
4. They believe in a dynamic economy with certain restrictions.4. They stand for the development of free trade and market and the abolishment of restrictions.
5. Ex : Vatican City in Rome ruled by Pope.5. Ex: India.

Question 6.
Draw a table to show the differences and similarities in the nation building process of France, Germany and Italy.
Answer:

FranceGermanyItaly
1. Revolutionswereledby liberal nationalists espe­cially middleclassesand commercial classes.1. Prussia, under the chief ministership of Bismark, took on the leadership for national unfication.1. Italian princely state of “Sardinia” took on the leadership.
2. Reform Party leader “Theirs”, and social­ist party leader “Louis Blanc” etc., are the leaders involved.2. Germany unification was a one man ship i.e., Otto von Bismarck with his policy “Blood and Iron” achieved the unification.2. Mazzini, a Philosopher, Gari-baldi, a sailor, Cavour, the chief minister and Victor Emmanuel II the ruler were involved in nation building process.
3. People and leaders revolted against the kings and overthrown them.3. Bismark waged three wars, one with Denmark, second with Austria and finally with France, to achieve unification.3. There were five stages in the unification of Italy. The Southern states were united with the support of the local people.
4. CharlesX was replaced by Louis Philippe in 1830. Louis Philippe was overthrown and a republic was estab­lished which was tem­porary.4. In January 1871, the Prus­sian king, William I, was pro­claimed as German Em­peror.4. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Question 7.
Explain what is meant by 1848 revolution of liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer:
1848 revolt occurred duringthe period of Louis Philippe. Ideas of Socialism, Liberalism and Nationalism were increasing and finally resulted as Revolution of 1848. This revolution was led by liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class and members of the commercial middle classes.
The ideas supported by the liberals were –

  1. All the parties opposed monarchy as the king grew more and more reactionary and conservative.
  2. Liberals raised their voice against the corruption of the government’s officials.
  3. Work to every citizen was the demand of the socialistic party.
  4. Reform Party leader ‘Theirs’ demanded extension of the suffrage and limitation of royal power.
    Not finding any other alternative Louis Philippe abdicated the throne and fled away to England. In 1848, Liberals took control of France and abolished monarchy.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Briefly trace the process of Germany unification.
(OR)
Describe the unification of Germany.
Answer:

  • Nationalist feeling wide spread among middle class Germans.
  • They tried to unite the different regions of the Germany in 1848.
  • But it was oppressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.
  • Later Prussia took on the leadership for national unification.
  • Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process.
  • He carried out this with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
  • He waged three wars in seven years.
    a) War with Denmark
    b) Austro – Prussian war
    c) Franco – Prussian war
  • Unification of Germany was accomplished by 1871.
  • In January 1871, the Prussian king, William -1, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 9.
Locate some changes on Europe map drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 14 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century 1

Question 10.
Read the last para of page 178 and comment on it.

The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent. This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

Answer:

  • Increasing economic hardship during the 1830s.
  • Widespread unemployment, urban congestion, competition flow, machine made goods from England, Feudal dues, rising food prices, failed crops.
  • Popular revolt in France in 1848 resulted in Louis Philippe fleeing, France declared a republic with voting for all men above – 21 and national workshops for more employment.
  • Very critical conditions were prevailed.

AP Board Solutions

Question 11.
Compare the map of Europe of mid 18th century (1815) with that of the present map of Europe and note down the changes you find, in a note book.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 14 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century 2
The Congress of Vienna was held in order to draw up a plan to alter Europe politically and territorially so as to prevent the extensive expansion of any one great power, such as that Napoleon had brought about. To main¬tain the balance of power and establish a old regimes and to pacify the situations Vienna congress divided the different regions of Europe were brought under the power of different strongholds of Europe.

Later on, when the nations like Italy and Germany took up the ideas of Nationalism and moved for unification, they defeated those powers, which were being ruled by the other European powers. As a result of this, the structure of Europe, established by the congress of Vienna, got redrawn, and the present day Europe is established.
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 14 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century 3

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do you think Napoleon’s conquests would have helped in the emergence of nationalism in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

  • Napoleon formed a new political union under French patronage and called it “confederation of the Rhine”.
  • He had abolished 112 small states and merged them into a bigger nation.
  • As a result the complicated political map of Germany was made easy.
  • These confederations raised the feeling of the nationalism in those countries.

Question 2.
How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

  • A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens came to develop a sense of common identity and shared common history.
  • This commonness did not exist from time immemorial, it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common man.
  • The French revolution gave the term “nation” its modern meaning.
  • A nation is not the territory but the people who make it.
  • The French revolution gave the meaning of sovereignty that the people constituting the nation are the source of all power and authority.
  • Government is answerable to its people.
    All these ideals led to the formation of the nation -states.

Question 3.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity. (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

  • Language and popular traditions are important in the creation of national identity.
  • National identity means people feeling that they belong to a nation irrespective of their caste, religion, colour etc.
  • The language makes people identify themselves as a one race or a nation.
  • Also the popular traditions such as Roman culture and tradition etc., easily attracted the people and strengthened the national integrity.

AP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Explain why Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from france. (Text Book Page No. 180)
Answer:

  • Revolutions means transformation of ideas and thoughts.
  • Sometimes this transformations became violent and may lead to the execution of the king and queen.
    Ex : Charles X and Louis X VI
  • In orderto avoid such kind of situations Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from France.

Question 5.
Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of parliament? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey? (Text Book Page No. 181)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 14 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century 4
Answer:
Bismarck’s dominance over the elected deputies of the Parliament is shown in the caricature. He followed ‘Blood and iron’ policy. He firmly believed that this policy only could achieve the unification of Germany but not the songs, speeches and festivals.

Question 6.
In what ways do you think the old kingdoms prevented the growth of trade and industry? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

  • There was no free trade and there were lot of state-imposed restrictions.
  • A merchant had to pass through so many customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each customs officers.
  • Due to these conditions, the growth of trade and industry was prevented in the old kingdom.

Question 7.
In what ways would liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

  • Liberal democracy stood for the freedom of markets.
  • It also insisted on the abolition of state-imposed restrictions.
  • Through the above measures, the liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in their countries.

Question 8.
Do you think our country has a liberal democratic political system ? Give your reasons. (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

  • In India supreme power rests with the people.
  • India is a republic country.
  • Everyone is equal before law.
  • Every citizen of 18 years and above has the right to vote.
  • Any citizen is eligible to contest for any political office.
    Hence we can say India has liberal democratic political system.

AP Board Solutions

Question 9.
Why do you think conservatism needs to curb freedom to express ones opinion and criticise? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

  • Conservatism is the dominance of society by an aristocracy. It is incompatible with democracy, prosperity and civilization in general.
  • The conservatives did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
  • They imposed censorship laws to control the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.

Question 10.
What is the caricaturist trying to depict? (Text Book Page No. 177)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 14 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century 5
Answer:
The caricaturist is trying to depict the thoughts of Jacobin clubs and the discontentment among people on the freedom of speech.

Question 11.
Indian nationalists also sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India. Why do you think they thought this was important?
Answer:

  • Our Indian nationalists sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India.
  • This was done to carry the message to large audience who were mostly illiterate.
  • Another reason to use folk art was to revive our ancient national spirit.

Question 10.
Do you think Italy became a true nation state with its unification under King Emmanuel II? Give your reasons.
Answer:
No, because the unification of Italy was only made territorially. The much of the Italian population was illiterate. They had no idea of nationalist ideology. The peasant masses in Southern Italy had never heard of Italia. Hence, we can say that Italy did not become a true nation state.

AP Board Solutions

Question 11.
Hold a debate in the class between those who agree with conservatism and those who agree with liberal democracy on what is best for the welfare and development of people in Europe or in India.
Answer:
Conservatism means supporting monarchy. The conservatives wanted to protect traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family. They supported the modernisation initiated by Napoleon.

In monarchy, the king is the final. It he is good administrator, the people under him will be benefited. Otherwise they will suffer a lot.

Liberal democracy means the representative of the people rules the country for the will and wish of the people only. Without the concern of the people, he may not have whole right to take any action. The people have the power to remove him from the power when he goes wrong. Hence the government itself is people’s. Thus, democracy is the best form of government.

AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 8 Service Activities in India

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What is meant by the term “service activities”?
Answer:
1. Services rendered by different people in a specified activity are known as service activities.
E.g.: a) Teachers’ Services.
b) Health and Medical Services rendered by doctors and para-medical staff.
c) Services of people working in army, navy, and airforce.
d) Financial activities of banks and insurance companies.
e) Trading activities, etc.
All the above services can be termed as Service Activities.
2. Service activities do not produce any tangible commodity like paddy or cloth.
3. Service activities here refer to ‘the nature of work” done.
4. “Service activities” in this context of work does not mean something that is done “free of cost” or “out of love or devotion.”
5. All the above people earn money by rendering these “service activities.” This is their livelihood.
6. These service activities are required for agriculture and industrial activities.

AP Board Solutions

Question 2.
List five service activities and give your reasons why they are not be considered as either agricultural or industrial activities.
Answer:
1. Health and Medical Services :
A doctor examines patients, prescribes medicines and monitors their progress. Other para-medical staff help doctors.

2. Trade :
Goods whether agriculture or manufacture goods are to be transported to distributors. Distributors in turn supply goods to wholesaler who in turn supplies them to retailers. And consumers purchase from the retailer. These are trading activities.

3) Financial Services :
Banks issue loans to all farmers and entrepreneurs and facilitate agriculture and industrial activities. Insurance companies insure goods against risk.

4) Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy, and airforce.

5) Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing, hair dressing, etc.

a) In all the above examples we can see that services are rendered.
b) Nothing new is produced here. In agriculture, we produce some crop and in industrial activity, we work upon raw materials and convert them into finished goods. Here in the above examples, nothing tangible is produced.
c) The above examples are special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and also provide a lot of service that people require.
So we cannot consider the service activities as either agricultural or industrial activities.

Question 3.
How can service activities help in the overall development of a country?
Answer:

  • Overall development of a country depends on developmental initiatives involving setting up of many establishments like educational institutions, hospitals, etc.
  • Other developmental activities include provision of infrastructure facilities such as transportation, telecommunications, banks, insurance services, and other services like trading, book keeping, and public administration.
  • All these activities are service activities that help agriculture and industry and facilitate overall development of our country.

Question 4.
How are agricultural and industrial activities related to services?
Answer:
Agricultural and industrial activities need the services of various sectors.

  1. Transportation helps in assembling raw material from the mines to industrial spots and to carry finished goods from industry to markets.
  2. Road and other services to transport finished products.
  3. Marketing services.
  4. Import and export services.
  5. Storage services like godowns.
  6. Financial services like banking loan and insurance services.
  7. Health and education services.
  8. Communication system, information technology.

AP Board Solutions

Question 5.
‘The growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India as a rich country.’ Do you agree with this statement? Elaborate.
Answer:

  • There is a lot of change in technology and by exporting our services i.e., “BPOs” or “Outsourcing” we are earning foreign exchange.
  • Service Sector constitutes one-fourth of the jobs people do in India.
  • 90.5 lakhs and 25.3 lakhs of people are involved in community, social, personal services, and transport and communications respectively.
  • So many jobs are available for educated people in service sector.
  • Due to the development of telecommunications and information technology, the world has become a global village.
  • Due to the establishment of Multinational Companies, we are getting projects from foreign countries.
  • The standard of living of the people has been increased for the last two decades. Hence the growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India a rich country.

Question 6.
Why are service sector activities becoming important?
Answer:

  • Service sector activities include all the services like Banking and Finance, Trade and Commerce, Transport and Communications, Health, Education, Personal services, etc.
  • Service sector activities do special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and provide a lot of services that people require.
  • Provision of education and health fulfils the aim of social welfare.
  • Trade and commerce help in bringing buyers and sellers together.
  • Transportation is necessary forthe movement of men and material from one place to another.
  • The development of telecommunications has cut the geographical boundaries and helps in globalization.
  • They provide information about new markets and products.
  • They are considered as means of modernization.
  • They provide employment opportunities and are very useful in rising the standard of living of the people.
    Due to the above reasons the service sector activities are becoming important.

Question 7.
Service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries. Explain.
Answer:

  • Development of a country is always measured on production of goods and services.
  • Increase in production is possible only through the development of agriculture sector and industrial sector.
  • Service activities are necessary to modernize agriculture and industrial sector.
  • Development services without increase in production is a waste.
  • Hence service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries develop.
  • In fact, all three sectors should go hand in hand.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
How can service sector reduce educated unemployment in India?
Answer:

  • There has been tremendous change in the communication technology which has opened a wide range of jobs for educated people.
  • Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has brought in new kinds of employment opportunities.
  • They provide services to people located across the globe using telecommunication links.
  • The entertainment industry creates jobs to work in various print media firms, cable television channels.
  • We see number of internet cafes and telephone booths in most of the cities and towns.
  • The advertising industry has also brought new job opportunities.
  • Many new jobs are available in Banking and insurance sectors.
    Hence service sector can reduce educated unemployment in our country.

Question 9.
Is there any migration of labourers from your area? Find out the reasons for the migration.
Answer:
Yes, there is migration of labourers from our village.

Reasons for migration :

  1. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportuni¬ties, inadequate income available in rural employment.
  2. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better services.
  3. For some people from rural areas moving to cities and towns, to work in industry and other services activities have been recognised as a natural response to increase their income and for better family prospects.

Question 10.
Read the 9th paragraph of this chapter ‘Working people engaged’ and answer the following.

Working people engaged in service activities do not produce a commodity, like that in agriculture or in industry. They do special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and also provide a lot of service that people require. Another example is the banking and finance related service activities required by people and business organisations. You have read about this in Class VIII chapter “Money and Banking”. Similarly there are the cell phone, internet and all other types of telecommunication service providers.

What are the service activities required for agriculture and industries?
Answer:

  • Banks and other financial institutions finance agriculture and industrial activities by lending funds.
  • Transportation services help in the development of the agriculture sector through effective distribution of food grains and perishable goods from the producing areas to the markets without interruption.
  • Transportation helps in the distribution of raw materials to the industrial units.
  • Service sector activities provide information about new markets and products.
  • A variety of trading activities like distributors, wholesalers, and retailers also constitute a major segment of service activities.
  • These activities help bring buyers and sellers together.
  • Proper power supply to various industrial units facilitates industrial growth.

Question 11.
Observe the map given in the (text) page 104. Locate the software technology parks of our country in the India outline map.
Answer:
Students Activity

AP Board Solutions

Question 12.
Discuss with any seven people who identify with the sector they are employed in. Write a brief note or design a poster about their work. What relationship do you see between their employment and place of residence?

Name of the personNature of work doneAgriculture/Industry/Services

Explain your reason for the classification.
Answer:

Name of the personNature of work doneAgriculture/Industry/Services
“X”Works in steel plantIndustry
“Y”CarpenterServices
“Z”LandlordAgriculture
“A”Works in telephone exchangeServices
“B”TeacherServices
“C”GoldsmithServices
“D”Works in the land of othersAgriculture
“E”Match box makingIndustry

1) Primary sector :
This includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources, e.g.: Cultivation of paddy. This is known as primary sector because it forms the base of subsequent products that are made from it. This sector is also called Agriculture and Related sector.

2) Secondary sector :
This sector covers those activities in which natural and primary products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing.
e.g.: manufacturing paper from bamboo. This sector is also known as industrial sector.

3) Tertiary sector :
This sector includes those activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors, e.g.: railways. Since they provide services to help the production, this sector is also called service sector.

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
There are eight categories of service activities given below. Some details are filled in, others are left out. Fill in the blank ones after discussing with your teacher. (Text Book Page No. 97 & 98)
Answer:
1. Education:
Institutions – schools, colleges, universities, technical institutions come under this category. This means those who are working in these institutions such as teachers, all the administrative staff and their activities constitute services.

2. Health and Medical Services :
Primary health centres. General hospitals. Old aae homes, etc.

3. Trade :
A variety of selling activities both wholesale and retail that we see around. National and International business, etc.

4. Public Administration :
Public services under village and town panchayats, state and central governments come under this category. Examples: people who work in police stations, workers of various other government departments such as village administrative officers, revenue inspectors, tehsildars, Collectors, those who work in all kinds of courts, assistants, clerks, accountants, typists, peons, drivers etc.

5. Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy and air force.

6. Financial activities :
Banks and different saving schemes, postal, life insurance, etc.

7. Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing services, hair dressing, running beauty parlours, tailoring shops, photo, and video studios.

8. Activities such as:
People working in entertainment and information technology industry – production of films, TV serials, those working in media, newspapers, television channels, and advertisement agencies are also included in services.

AP Board Solutions

Question 2.
What do you think about Foreign Direct investment {FDI} in Retailing Activities? Can government do anything to address this issue? (Text Book Page No. 101)

  • In my opinion, there will be gainers and losers from FDI in retail.
  • Overall gains will outweigh to losses.
  • In course of time the losess too will benefit.
  • It was opined that large and medium sized farmers will initially benefit the most, while the small farmers or landless labour will be the losers.
  • However, the purchases by the big super markets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural out put, and increase demand for labour.
  • This will increase agricultural wages in the long run.

To set right this issue, the government has to take following steps.

  1. Best storage facilities also should be provided by the govt.
  2. Govt should take measures that market will not go in the hands of few people.
  3. Govt must keep Foreign Direct Investment under its control.

Question 3.
Who, in your opinion should set up new medical institutions – privatesectoror government? Why? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:
The following organizations shall be eligible to apply for permission to set up a medical college.

  1. A state govt. / union territory.
  2. A university
  3. An autonomous body promoted by central and state governments.
  4. A society registered under the Societies Registation Act, 1860.
  5. A public religious or charitable trust registered under the Trust Act, 1882.
  6. Companies registered under Company Act.

I think that the government should set up new medical institutions.

Reason:
Because it is not easy to any private sector persons to satisfy the norms of the Medical Counsil of India.

AP Board Solutions

Question 4.
The following table shows the number of workers (in lakhs) employed in different service activities in large enterprises in 1991 and 2010. Read the table carefully and answer the questions that follow. (Text Book Page No. 100)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 8 Service Activities in India 2

a) Which service activity gave maximum employment in 2010?
Answer:
Community, social and personal services gave maximum employment.

b) Has the number of government jobs increased or decreased over the years?
Answer:
The number of government jobs has been drecreased from 136 lakhs in 1991 to 131.6 lakhs in 2010.

c) What kind of jobs has government generated the most during this period?
Answer:
The jobs in finance, insurance, and real estate have been increased from 11.9 lakhs to 14.1 lakhs for the last 20 years.

d) What kind of jobs were people able to get in the private service activities?
Answer:
People were able to get private jobs in all service sector activities like trading, transportation, finance and personal services.

e) Are there any differences between jobs provided by the government and private employers? Discuss.
Answer:
a) The number of job opportunities in the private sector has been increased from 20.9 lakhs in 1991 to 43.7 lakhs in 2010.
b) The salaries of the private jobs are good but the employees are expected to work very long hours.
c) Government jobs have security whereas private jobs do not give any security to their employees.

Question 5.
Talk to some retail shop owners in your neighbourhood. Discuss their opinions on foreign retailing shops in your class. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Owner of shop – 1 : “Traders and kirana store owners are not fully prepared to face foreign retailers.”
Owne^sfiop – 2’/ “6ur shops are safe. Our customers will not visit those shops.”
Owner of shop – 3 : “The customer will get the knowledge of quality of the provisions. Those shops are maintaining least quality things.”
– We discussed all these points in the classroom.

Question 6.
What is your opinion on foreign companies setting up retail shops in India? How do you think that they generate employment in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

  • Foreign direct investment will definetly help the farmers in long run.
  • It is argued that there will be loss of jobs in traditional, smaller retail sector.
  • However, the purchases by the big supermarkets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural output, which in turn may increase demand for labour.
  • This will increase wages in the long run.

AP Board Solutions

Question 7.
Prepare a table with two columns and list out the advantages and disadvantages of allowing foreign company retail stores in India. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

AdvantagesDisadvantages
1. Foreign direct investment will increase demand for farm products.1. The small farmers and landless labour will be the losers.
2. Basing on demand the production of farm goods will be increased.2. FDIs will influence the farmers and may buy produce at low costs.
3. Better storage facilities will be provided.3. They will not invest much on storage facilities but charge high rates for storage.
4. Better storage facilities will minimise waste of farm produce.4. There will be loss of jobs in traditional and small retail sectors.
5. Farmers will be saved from the traps of moneylenders.5. The foreign companies will sooner or later misuse – their power to buy in large quantities.

Question 8.
Why is it necessary to establish more medical institutions in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

  • The government of India recognizes ‘Health for all’ as a national goal.
  • The medical education and health care in India are facing serious challenges in content and competencies.
  • There is a need to balance for more medical colleges with the maintenance and improvement of quality standards.
  • There are disparities between different states and rural/urban areas with regard to access to basic medical services and quality health care.
    To overcome all these problems, it is necessary to establish more medical institutions in India.

 

AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th The Government Budget and Taxation

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Why does the government need a budget? Why does the budget talk of taxes?
Answer:

  • In most modern societies, the government is responsible for a number of crucial functions.
  • These include the more traditional functions like defending the country, maintaining law and order, the provision of public facilities, establishment of factories, and other developmental and welfare activities.
  • Revenues are necessary to finance the expenditures of the government.
  • In order to steamline the income and expenditure, every government prepares a budget for each financial year.
  • Deficit, between expenditure and revenue, will usually be filled by imposing additional taxes.
  • Hence the budget always talks of taxes.

Question 2.
What is the difference between income tax and excise duty?
Answer:

Income TaxExcise Duty
1. Income tax is levied on annual personal incomes of individuals.1. Excise duty is levied on the production or manufacture of goods.
2. Income tax is a direct tax.2. Excise duty is an indirect tax.
3. The tax burden will be on the same person on whom the tax is levied.3. Excise duty is charged from the factory itself but the burden is shifted to those who buy the goods.
4. Income tax does not affect the prices of goods.4. These taxes raise the overall prices of goods.

Question 3.
Match the following.

Group – AGroup – B
1. Excise dutya) levied on the yearly incomes of the individuals
2. Sales taxb) levied on the yearly profits of the companies and business establishments
3. Customs dutyc) levied on the production or manufacture of goods
4. Income taxd) levied when goods are sold
5. Corporate taxe) levied on goods brought from abroad

Answer:

Group – AGroup – B
1. Excise dutyc) levied on the production or manufacture of goods
2. Sales taxd) levied when goods are sold
3. Customs dutye) levied on goods brought from abroad
4. Income taxa) levied on the yearly incomes of the individuals
5. Corporate taxb) levied on the yearly profits of the companies and business establishments

Question 4.
You are expected to pay taxes on steel, matches, clocks, cloth, iron ; a tax increase on which of these would affect the prices of other commodities the most and why?
Answer:
The taxes on iron and steel increase or affect the cost of other goods because they are intermediate goods.

AP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Ordinary food items, such as grain, pulses, oil are used by all. Then why is it said that imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor?
Answer:

  • Ordinary food items, such as grains, pulses, oil, etc., are goods that are essentials,
  • The poor spend almost all of their income on these goods.
  • Hence imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor.

Question 6.
A group of four friends decided to stay together by contributing money towards the rent of a house. The rent was rupees 2000 per month.
• How could this be shared among them?
• We also know that two of them earned Rs. 3000 rupees per month and the other two Rs. 7000 per month. Is there some other way of sharing the cost so that each one of them feels the same pinch?
• Which way of sharing would you prefer and why?
Answer:
1. One method of sharing the rent is the distribution of the rent equally among all the four members. Then each one has to pay Rs. 500/- (i.e. 2000/4 = 500).

2. Another method of sharing is that everyone has to pay 10% of their earnings as rent. In that case –
a) Two of them whose income is Rs. 3000/-
have to pay 10% of 3000/- = 300/- each.
b) Two of them whose income is Rs. 7000/-
have to pay 10% of 7000/- = 700/- each.

In my opinion 2nd method of sharing is the best as low income people are paying the lower share whereas high income people are paying the higher share of rent.

Question 7.
Tax on income or tax on commodities. Which of the two affects the rich more and which affects the poor more? Explain with reasons.
Answer:

  • Tax on income is a direct tax. According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
  • Those who are less well-off pay not only lower taxes but a smaller proportion of their income as taxes.
  • Hence tax on income affects the rich more.
  • Tax on commodities is an indirect tax.
  • Whether rich or poor, everyone has to pay the same amount of tax when they buy commodities.
  • The tax on commodities does not distinguish between the rich and the poor.
  • Hence tax on commodities affects the poor more.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
How would VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods?
Answer:

  • All producers and traders will have to keep genuine record of their sale and purchase.
  • Everyone has to keep proper records and ask for bills for purchase.
  • It is only on this basis they can show the tax already paid on cost of inputs.
  • The tax inspectors will be able to match records of the seller and purchaser for verification.
  • These records and verifications in VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Excise duty and Customs duty?
Answer:

Excise DutyCustoms Duty
1. Excise duty is charged from the factory itself. It as levied on the production or manufacture of good.1. Customs duty is levied on goods brought from abroad.
2. Taxing certain goods raise overall prices.2. Only machines or raw materials which are imported and taxed raise the overall prices of that good.

Question 10.
Is there any hike in the bus fares recently? If so, try to know the reasons for it.
Answer:
1) It was directly related to the fact that there was a hike in the price of petroleum (product both petrol) and diesel. As price for petrol and diesel has increased nearly 45 times past 2 – 3 months it has come around with a difference of approximately 4 Rs. per liter.
2) So, as to balance this gap and the loss incurred by this the bus fare had been hiked by 40 paisa per kilometer.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Direct Taxes’ (Income Tax is charged only for…) and answer the following :

Income tax is charged on personal income of individuals. There can be a variety of sources of individual incomes like wages, salaries, and pensions. An Individual-can also earn interest income on money that is kept in banks. A person might, also get rent.on properties that he own like house rent. All these are considered as incomes on which taxes have to be paid. Income tax is charged only for those who earn above a certain amount. This is charged as a percentage of the income earned. Those who earn a higher income have to pay a greater proportion of their income as tax.

Why do high income earners pay more tax?
Answer:

  • What kind of tax we follow depends on the values that the society as a whole holds.
  • Many societies feel that it is not fair that a few people have lakhs of rupees, while others do not have enough to eat.
  • The poor or the low income group cannot meet their daily expenses.
  • Then why should tax be imposed on them?
  • The poor should not feel the pinch of tax.
  • Hence collection of more tax from the higher income group is justifiable.

AP Board Solutions

Question 12.
What is the effect of black money on our economy?
Answer:

  • Black money circulation in the parallel economy is a big menace to the economy.
  • It is also a cause of big loss in the tax-revenues for the government. As such it needs to be curbed.
  • Its elimination will benefit the economy in more than one way. It will also generate more revenues for the government.

Question 13.
Bring a few wrappers of soaps, toothpastes, tablet strips or any other things of daily use which contain MRP Discuss the rate mentioned and the rate at which they are so!d. Talk about the profit that the retailer gets.
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation 1
Answer:
Please scan the some of the wrappers of Biscuits, toothpaste, soaps, etc. with MF The MRP that are printed on the wrappers are fixed by the manufactures. The Manufactures incude the cost of production, tax, VAT, commissions, transportation cost and profits etc. From them retailer bought the goods on wholesale and he mix up again transportation cost, tax, vat and his profit. In that retailer get more profits because he bought the good with low cost he sold more cost. Again he mix up the VAT & Tax also profit to him.

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you guess from where does the government get money for pubficfacilitiesand other activities? (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:
Government raises the revenue required to meet expenditure. The following are the types of revenue of government.

  1. 1) Taxation –
    a) Direct taxation,
    b) Indirect taxation
  2. Charging for services directly provided to the public.
  3. Profits from state-owned enterprises.
  4. Borrowings from domestic markets and international sources.

Question 2.

Cost of manufacturing including profit of the manufacturerRs.
10,000
Excise Tax1,200
Cost of Transport, Storage1,000
Profit to the Retail Traders1,000 1
Sales tax1,650
Price for the consumer14,850

In the example of the TV, what proportion of the cost of the TV did the consumer pay as tax? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
12% of the cost of the TV is charged as tax. The consumer pays Rs. 1,200 by way of tax.

AP Board Solutions

Question 3.
Fill in: (Text Book Page No. 138)
The purchases by Tara, Sajida and Preeti show __________ tax rates across goods. (same/different)
Answer:
different (same/different)
Can you guess why this should be so?
In case of Tara VAT = 5% of 5,000 = Rs. 250
In case of Sajida VAT = 12.5% of 9,165 = Rs. 1,146
In case of Preeti VAT = 0 (No VAT on LPG) = Rs. 0

Question 4.
You might think it would be fair for everyone to pay the same amount of tax. Consider the following three prople : (Text Book Page No. 139)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation 2
Would it really be fair if each of the three people has to pay the same amount? If Jyoti cannot even afford to feed her children properly, is it fair for her to pay 50 rupees as tax?
Answer:

  • According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
  • Those with less well-off pay have to pay lower taxes.
  • In the above example, Jyothi, Asif, and Nithesh are paying same tax of Rs. 50/- though their incomes vary a lot. Hence this type of taxation is not fair.

Question 5.
You might think it would be more fair to ask each person to pay a certain pecentage of what they earn as tax. Supposing everyone paid 10% in taxes, calculate how much each person would pay? (Text Book Page No. 139)

PersonEarning per month (in Rupees)Tax as fixed amount per month (in Rupees)
Jyoti1500
Asif8000
Nithesh30,000

Would this be fair? Still Jyoti may not have enough to live. Asif may not have enough for repairing of his house. But Nithesh would have plenty of money for all basic necessities even if he had to pay 20% of his income as taxes.
Answer:

  • Tax rate is same for all people i.e. 10%.
  • So Jyothi has to pay 10% of 1500 i.e., Rs. 150/-
  • Asif has to pay 10% of 8000 i.e., Rs. 800/-
  • Nithesh has to pay 10% of 30000 i.e., Rs. 3000/-
    This is not fair. This is against the progressive taxation which insists that the rate of tax has to be increased when income increases.
    Hence charging 20% of tax on Nithesh is quite fair.

AP Board Solutions

Question 6.
To make taxes more fair you might then say only the people earning more than a certain amount say Rs. 7000 per month have to pay taxes. You might also say that the richest people should pay greater proportion of their earnings as taxes. For example

If you earn (in Rupees)You will pay as tax
Less than 70000%
7001 to. 1500010%
15,001 to 25,00020%
More than 25,00030%

Calculate how much each person will pay. (Text Book Page No. 139)

PersonEarning per month (in Rupees)Tax as fixed amount per month (in Rupees)
Jyoti1000
Asif6000
Nithesh20,000

Would this be fair?
Answer:

  • As per the above rule, people below Rs. 7000/- income are exempted from taxation.
  • Hence Jyothi and Asif need not have to pay taxes.
  • Nithesh’s income is Rs. 20,000/-
  • As per table he has to pay 20% of tax.
  • Tax to be paid by Nithesh = 20,000 x 20/100 = 4000/-
    This type of taxation is called progressive taxation. The tax rate increases as income increases.

The above taxation satisfies the principle that the richest people should pay greater portion of their earnings as taxes.

Hence this method is the fair way of taxation.

Question 7.
With the help of this pie chart, answer the following questions.
Expenditure of the Government (Center and States), in 2011-12
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation 3
In 2011-12 the government spent around Rs.23,00,000 crores.
1. Calculate the expenditure of the government on food subsidy. (Text Book Page No. 133 & 134)
Answer:
Total government expenditure = 23,00,000 crores
Share of food subsidy = 3%
Total food subsidy = 23,00,000 × 3/100 = 69,000 crores.

2. Discuss on what all was this money spent and the purpose for this?
Answer:

  • The government has assumed responsibility for supply of essential commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene etc.
  • The prices of goods sold through Public Distribution System (PDS) are less than ‘ that of the market price and the difference in price – is borne by the government.
  • So the government spends 69,000 crores on-food subsidy.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Relate some of the expenditure in the pie-chart to the roles played by the government. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:
Roles of government and expenditure spent

1. Defence7%
2. Railways, transport and communication6%
3. Education, etc.12%
4. Health and sanitation4%
5. Housing and urban development3%
6. Rural development (e.g. NREGA)4%
7. Power, irrigation and flood control6%
8. Fertilizer subsidy2%
9. Administration8%
10. Pensions7%
11. Interest payment17%
12. Food security3%
13. Others21%
Total expenditure100%

Question 9.
Collect and list out some details of government expenditure from reading the newspapers of your region. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

  • Government expenditure is also known as public expenditure.
  • From the point of view of development, public expenditure is classified as
    1. Development expenditure
    2. Non-development expenditure.
  • From the point of view of creation of capital assets, public expenditure is classified as
    1. Revenue expenditure
    2. Capital expenditure
Revenue ExpenditureCapital expenditure
1. General Administration1. Construction of irrigation projects
2. Defence (Daily expences)2. Establishment of basic industries, power projects
3. Maintenance of schools, hospitals, roads, pensions etc.3. Construction of National highways etc.

Question 10.
If the tax on iron is increased, what other things will this affect? Give some examples. (Text Book Page No. 136)
(OR)
Explain the example given in below picture. Write the relationship between indirect taxes and consumers.
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation 4
Answer:

  • If the price of iron is increased it will directly affect the price of steel.
  • Increase in the price of steel leads to increase in the prices of steel sheets and steel pipes.
  • Increase in steel sheets will lead to increase in steel almirah and increase in price of steel pipes leads to increase in the prices of cycles and the chain goes on.

Question 11.
We read about some of the major taxes collected by the government. Fill the table from the information given below. Income Tax: 12%; Corporation Tax: 24%; Customs Duty: 10%; Excise Duties: 16%; Service Taxes: 5%; Sales Tax: 23%; Other Indirect Taxes: 10%. (Text Book Page No. 141)

TaxesPercentage of Total Tax
Direct Taxes36%
Indirect Taxes
Total taxes100%

Answer:
Taxes Collected by the Government

TaxesPercentage of Total Tax
Direct Taxes36%
Income tax12%
Corporate Tax24%
Indirect Taxes64%
Customs duty10%
Excise duty16%
Service taxes05%
Sales taxes23%
Other taxes10%
Total taxes100%

1) Which kind of taxes generate more revenues for the government?
Answer:

  1. Indirect taxes generate more income. They contribute 64% of all the taxes.
  2. Corporate tax contributes 24% of th? taxes and.sales tax contributes 23% of the taxes.

AP Board Solutions

Question 12.
Kranti has an income of Rs. 1,75,000 per year and has to pay an income tax of Rs. 3000. Kamlesh’s annual income is Rs.3,00,000 and he has to pay an income tax of Rs.5,500.
a) Who pays more income tax? (Text Book Page No. 141)
b) Who has to pay a larger part of the income as tax?
c) In such a situation, the person with higher income is paying a _________
(smaller/greater/equai) part of the income as tax.
Answer:
a)

  1. Kranti pays 3% of her income as tax.
  2. Kamiesh’s pays 2.75% of her income as tax.
  3. When we take rate of tax into consideration, Kanti is paying high rate.
  4. When we consider the amount of tax paid Kamlesh pays more tax.

b) Kranti has to pay a larger part of the income as tax i.e. 3% when compared with Kamlesh who pays 2.75% as tax.

c) smaller

Question 12.
In your city/town/village, what are the roles that you have seen the government playing? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

  1. Maintenance of law and order.
  2. Provision of education facilities.
  3. Looking after of health and sanitation.
  4. Construction of roads,, highways, dams, irrigation projects.
  5. Establishment of factories etc.

Question 13.
In the year 1947-48, the budget for independent India was only Rs. 197 crores. What could be the reasons for such an increase in the budget since then? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

  1. Increase in the cost of different goods.
  2. Increase of cost of exports.
  3. Decrease in the value of money.
  4. Change of roles played by government i.e., provision of subsidized fertilizers, food, development of infrastructure facilities etc.

AP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Why do you think has the Parliament been given power over the government’s budget? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

  • Our government is a representative form of government.
  • All the Parliament members are people’s representatives.
  • Hence they are given power, on behalf of the people, to talk on budget and to decide on budget. No tax is levied without Parliament’s approval.

Question 14.
Petrol, diesel, etc., are used to run vehicles, motor pumps, generator sets etc. What will happen if the tax on diesel and petrol goes up? (Text Book Page No. 135)
Answer:

  • Increase in the prices of diesel and petrol leads to the increase in the cost of transportation.
  • Which in turn rise the prices of important commodities.

Question 14.
What is your opinion about value added taxes? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 138)
Answer:

  • The tax paid by the manufacturer under VAT system is smaller since she does not have to pay tax on inputs.
  • Non-payment of tax is expected to be more difficult.
    Due to above advantages, the VAT tax is to be levied.

Question 15.
If there are two people manufacturing the same goods and one of them evades paying taxes, what advantages could he/she get over the other? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
The margin of his/her profit may go up.

AP Board Solutions

Question 16.
There have been continuous attempts by the government to reduce fertiliser subsidy. This means that the government would no longer control the price of fertiliser. Farmers would have to buy fertilisers at higher market prices. At present, the government has to pay (compensate) the fertiliser producing companies for the losses that they make. Once fertiliser subsidy is removed, it is said this would make space for other important expenditures in the government budget. Some also argue that subsidised fertiliser does not benefit the small farmer but only encourages the large farmers to overuse it.
Imagine you are a farmer using fertilisers in farming, and you genuinely believe that the farmers need subsidized fertiliser. How would you argue your case? Write a
letter to the Finance Minister. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

Kankipadu
08-04-2020.

To
The Honourable Finance Minister,
Government of India,
New Delhi.
Sir,
My name is Parandhamaiah. I hail from a small village, near Vijayawada. I learnt from the newspaper that the government would no longer control the price of fertiliser. This news upset the small farmers like me. We, small farmers cannot afford the price of fertiliser without subsidy. Agriculture without fertiliser will not give a good yield. Fertiliser subsidies can be an instrument to increase productivity and thus help solve the food availability dimension of food security. Government has to give a helping hand to the small farmers like me.
Awaiting an early positive response,

Yours sincerely,
Parandhamaiah,
Kankipadu,
Krishna District.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

SCERT AP 9th Class Physics Study Material Pdf Download 1st Lesson చలనం Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science 1st Lesson Questions and Answers చలనం

9th Class Physical Science 1st Lesson చలనం Textbook Questions and Answers

అభ్యసనాన్ని మెరుగుపరుచుకోండి

ప్రశ్న 1.
“ఆమె స్థిరవడితో నిర్దిష్ట దిశలో పరిగెడుతుంది.” ఈ వాక్యాన్ని చలనానికి సంబంధించిన భావనల ఆధారంగా తక్కువ పదాలలో రాయండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:
“ఆమె స్థిర వేగంతో చలిస్తుంది”.

కారణం :
నిర్దిష్ట దిశలో స్థిరవడిని స్థిర వేగం అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
పటంలో A, B అనే రెండు కార్ల చలనాన్ని చూపే s – t (స్లు ఇవ్వడం జరిగింది. ఏ కారు వడి ఎక్కువ? ఎందుకు? (AS 1)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 1
జవాబు:
A – కారు ఎక్కువ వడి కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 2
కారణం :
A, B ల నుండి X, Y అక్షాలకు లంబాలను గీచినపుడు, కారు తక్కువ సమయం (t1)లో ఎక్కువ దూరం (s1) ప్రయాణించినట్లుగా తెలుస్తుంది.
(లేదా)
OA మరియు OBరేఖల వాలులు ఏదైనా బిందువు వద్ద కనుగొనండి. OA వాలు ఎక్కువ రెట్లుగా గమనిస్తాము. కావున ఈ వడి ఎక్కువ.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

ప్రశ్న 3.
వది, వేగాల మధ్య భేదమేమి? వివరించండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 3

ప్రశ్న 4.
స్థిర త్వరణం అనగానేమి? (AS 1)
జవాబు:

  1. వేగంలో మార్పురేటును త్వరణం అంటారు.
  2. త్వరణం అనేది ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క వేగంలో మార్పు ఎంత త్వరగా జరుగుతుందో తెలియజేస్తుంది.
  3. నిర్దిష్ట కాలవ్యవధులలో ఒక వస్తువు వేగంలో మార్పులు సమానంగా ఉంటే, ఆ వస్తువు త్వరణాన్ని సమత్వరణం అంటారు.
  4. ఉదాహరణకు మనం ఒక కారు నడుపుతున్నామనుకుందాం. ఆ కారు వేగాన్ని ఒక సెకనులో 30 కి.మీ/గం. నుండి 35 కి.మీ/గం||కు, తర్వాత సెకనులో 35 కి.మీ/ గం|| నుండి 40 కి.మీ | గం||కు, అదే క్రమంలో ప్రతి సెకనుకు దాని వేగాన్ని పెంచుతున్నామనుకుందాం. ఈ సందర్భంలో కారు వేగం ప్రతి సెకనుకు 5 కి.మీ/గం. చొప్పున పెరుగుతుంది. దీనినే ‘స్థిరత్వరణం’ అంటారు.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 4

ప్రశ్న 5.
“ఒక కారు 70 కి.మీ./గం|| స్థిరవేగంతో వక్రమార్గంలో చలిస్తుంది.” అని మీ స్నేహితుడు మీతో అంటే అతను చెప్పిన దానిని మీరెలా సరిచేస్తారు? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
“ఒక కారు 70 కి.మీ./ గం. స్థిరవడితో వక్రమార్గంలో చలిస్తుంది.”

కారణం :
వక్రమార్గంలో వడి స్థిరంగా వుంటుంది. కాని వేగం మారుతూ ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 6.
ఒక కణం స్థిర వేగంతో చలిస్తుంది. ఏదేని నిర్ణీత కాలవ్యవధిలో దాని సరాసరి వేగం, తక్షణ వేగంతో సమానంగా ఉంటుందా? లేదా? వివరించండి. (AS 2, AS 1)
జవాబు:
ఇక్కడ వేగం స్థిరంగా వుంది. కావున ఏదేని నిర్ణీత కాలవ్యవధిలో దాని సరాసరి వేగం తక్షణ వేగంతో సమానంగా ఉంటుంది.
ఉదా :
ఒక తిన్నని రోడ్డుపై ఒక కారు 10 మీ/సె ఫిరవేగంతో చలిస్తున్నదనుకొనుము.
1 సె||లో కారు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం (AB) = 10 మీ.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 5

అదే విధంగా 2 సె॥లో కారు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం (AC) = 10 × 2 = 20 మీ.
∴ A నుండి C కు గల సరాసరి వేగం = \(\frac{20}{2}\) = 10 మీ/సె.
∴ A లేదా B లేదా C లేదా ఏదేని బిందువు వద్ద దాని తక్షణ వడి = 10 మీ/సె.

ప్రశ్న 7.
ఒక వస్తువు త్వరణం స్థిరంగా ఉన్నప్పుడు దాని వేగందిశ పూర్తిగా వ్యతిరేక దిశలోనికి మారగలదా? ఒక ఉదాహరణతో వివరించండి. అలా మారడం వీలుకాదనుకుంటే ఎందుకు కాదో వివరించండి. (AS 2, AS 1)
జవాబు:
నిట్టనిలువుగా పైకి విసిరిన వస్తువు విషయంలో ఇది నిజమగును.
ఉదా: ఒక వస్తువును నిట్టనిలువుగా పైకి విసిరామనుకోండి. అది పైకి పోవునపుడు దాని వేగం పై దిశలో వుంటుంది. కాని అదే వస్తువు క్రిందికి పడేటప్పుడు దాని వేగ దిశ క్రిందికి ఉంటుంది. ఈ రెండు సందర్భాలలోను త్వరణం (సంఖ్యాత్మకంగా) సమానంగా ఉంటుంది. కాని దిశ మాత్రం వ్యతిరేకంగా ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 8.
పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా ఒక కణం వక్రమార్గంలో చలిస్తుంది. A నుండి B కి, స్థానభ్రంశ సదిశను గీయండి. (AS 5)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 6
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 7

ప్రశ్న 9.
ఒక వస్తువు వడి ఏకరీతిగా తగ్గుతూ వుంటే దాని చలనాన్ని తెలిపే దూరం – కాలం గ్రాఫ్ గీయండి. (AS 5)
జవాబు:
బ్రేకులు వేసిన తరువాత ఒక కారు చలనాన్ని గమనించండి. దాని చలనం క్రింది విధంగా వున్నదనుకోండి.

కాలము (t) సెకండ్లలోదూరము (s) మీటర్లలో
020
118
216
314
412
510

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 8

ప్రశ్న 10.
తాబేలు మరియు కుందేలుల పరుగు పందెం కథ మీరు వినే ఉంటారు. తాబేలు ప్రయాణించే వడి కంటే కుందేలు ప్రయాణించే వడి ఎక్కువ. రెండూ ఒకే చోటు నుండి పరుగుపందెం ప్రారంభించాయి. కుందేలు కొంత దూరం ప్రయాణించి చెట్టు కింద కాసేపు విశ్రాంతి తీసుకుంది. కుందేలు నిద్ర లేచి చేరవలసిన గమ్యం వైపు పరిగెత్తింది. కుందేలు గమ్యానికి చేరేసరికి తాబేలు అప్పటికే గమ్యాన్ని చేరింది. ఈ కథను దూరం-కాలం గ్రాస్లో చూపండి. (AS 5)
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 9

  1. OX – తాబేలు చలనము.
  2. ‘OABC-కుందేలు చలనము.
  3. కుందేలు, తాబేలు ‘O’ వద్ద బయలుదేరినాయి.
  4. ‘t1 కాలం తరువాత కుందేలు ‘A’ వద్ద, తాబేలు ‘P’ వద్ద వున్నాయి.
  5. తరువాత ‘t2‘ సమయం వరకు కుందేలు విశ్రాంతి తీసుకుంది.
  6. ‘t2‘ కాలం తరువాత తాబేలు Qవద్ద ఉన్నది కాని కుందేలు స్థానభ్రంశం చెందలేదు.
  7. ‘t3‘ కాలం తరువాత తాబేలు తన గమ్యస్థానమైన Xను చేరుతుంది.
  8. కాని ఆ గమ్యాన్ని కుందేలు ‘t4‘ సమయం తరువాత చేరుకున్నది.

ప్రశ్న 11.
4 సె.లో ఒక చిరుత 100 మీ. దూరం పరిగెడుతుంటే, దాని సరాసరి వడి ఎంత? అదే చిరుత 2 సె.లో 50 మీ.దూరం పరిగెడినచో దాని సరాసరి వడి ఎంత? (AS 1, AS 7)
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 10

ప్రశ్న 12.
రెండు రైళ్లు 30 కి.మీ./గం. వడితో ఒకే ట్రాక్ పై వ్యతిరేక దిశల్లో చలిస్తున్నాయి. ఒక పక్షి ఒక రైలు నుండి రెండవ రైలుకు 60 కి.మీ./గం. వడితో ఎగరగలదు. రెండు రైళ్ల మధ్య 60 కి.మీ. దూరం ఉన్నప్పుడు పక్షి ఎగరటం ప్రారంభించింది. పక్షి రెండవ రైలును తాకి మరల మొదటి రైలు వైపు, మరల మొదటి రైలు నుండి రెండవదాని వైపు, ఆ రెండు రైళ్లు ఢీకొనేంత వరకు ఎగిరింది. పక్షి ఎన్నిసార్లు ప్రదక్షిణాలు చేసింది ? పక్షి ప్రయాణించిన దూరం ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
1వ పద్దతి:
ప్రతి రైలు వేగము = 30 కి.మీ / గం||
మొదటి రైలు, రెండవ రైలు కూడా ఒక గంటలో 30 కి.మీ. ప్రయాణించగలవు.
రెండు రైళ్ళ మధ్య దూరము = 60 కి.మీ
కావున రెండు రైళ్ళు ఒక గంటలో ఢీకొంటాయి.
పక్షి ఒక రైలు నుండి రెండవ రైలుకు 60 కి.మీ / గం. వేగంతో చలిసుంది.

∴ రెండు రైళ్ళు ఢీకొనుటకు ముందు పక్షి 60 కి.మీ దూరం ప్రయాణించును.
కాని రెండు రైళ్ళు ఢీకొనక ముందు, ఢీకొన్న తరువాత ఆ పక్షి అనంతమైన ప్రదక్షిణలు చేస్తుంది.

2వ పద్దతి:
రెండు రైళ్ళ సాపేక్ష వేగం = 60 కి.మీ./ గం||
రెండు రైళ్ళు ఢీకొనుటకు పట్టు సమయం = t సె॥ అనుకొనుము.
రెండు రైళ్ళ మధ్యదూరం = 60 కి. మీ.
∴ \(t=\frac{d}{s}=\frac{60}{60}=1\) గం||
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 11
పక్షి వేగము = 60 కి.మీ.
1 గం||లో పక్షి ప్రయాణించిన దూరం = 60 కి.మీ.
ఉదాహరణకు పక్షి B నుండి ‘X’ కి.మీ. దూరంలో (A వద్ద) ఉందనుకోండి. అప్పుడు ఆ పక్షి ‘t’ సమయంలో A రైలును ‘C’ వద్ద ఢీ కొట్టును.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 12

ప్రశ్న 13.
ఒక రాయిని భావిలోకి జారవిడిచినప్పుడు అది 2 సెకన్లలో నీటి ఉపరితలాన్ని తాకినది. ఆ రాయి ఎంత వేగంతో ఉపరితలాన్ని తాకినది మరియు పై నుండి నీటి ఉపరితలం ఎంత లోతులో ఉన్నది? (AS 1)
(g = 10m/s², V= U + at, S = Ut + 1/2 at²)
జవాబు:
దత్తాంశం ప్రకారం; t = 2 సె; 1 = (0 మీ./సె [∵ స్వేచ్ఛగా పడుతున్న రాయి); v = ?
లోతు, s = ?; a = g = 10 మీ./సె²
i) v = u + at; v = 0 + 10 × 2 = 20 మీ./సె
ii) s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² = 0 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × 2² = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × 4 = 20 మీ.
∴ రాయి ఉపరితలాన్ని తాకిన వేగం = 20 మీ/సె
పై నుండి నీటి ఉపరితలంలోతు = 20 మీ.

ప్రశ్న 14.
ఒక వస్తువు 6 మీ/సె వేగంతో కదులుతూ తరువాత 3 సెకన్లలో 2 మీ/సె² చొప్పున త్వరణం చెందినది. సమయంలో
వస్తువు ఎంత దూరం ప్రయాణించినది ? (S = Ut + 1/2 at²) (AS 1)
జవాబు:
దత్తాంశం ప్రకారం
u = 6 మీ/సె. ; t = 3 సెకనులు; a = 2 మీ./సె²
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² = 6 × 3 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 2 × 3² = 18 + 9 = 27 మీ.
∴ 3 సెకనుల సమయంలో వస్తువు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం = 27 మీ.

ప్రశ్న 15.
ఒక కారు 40 మీ/సె వేగంతో ప్రయాణిస్తున్నప్పుడు బ్రేకు వేయగా 8మీ దూరం ప్రయాణించి ఆగినది. కారు త్వరణాన్ని కనుగొనండి. (v² – u² = 2as) (AS 1)
జవాబు:
దత్తాంశం ప్రకారం
u = 40 మీ/సె.; V = 0 (కారు ఆగినది కనుక); S = 8మీ.; a = ?
v² – u² = 2as
0 – 40² = 2 × a × 8
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 13
కారుత్వరణం = 100 మీ/సె².
త్వరణానికి ‘-‘ గుర్తు ఉన్నది కనుక కారుత్వరణం ఋణత్వరణం.

ప్రశ్న 16.
ఒక కణం సమత్వరణ చలనంలో ఉంది. ఆ కణం ‘n’ వ సెకనులో పొందిన స్థానభ్రంశానికి సమీకరణాన్ని ఉత్పాదించండి. [Sn = u + a(n – 1/2)] (AS 1)
జవాబు:
సెకనులో వస్తువు పొందిన స్థానభ్రంశం S = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) + at² (సమచలన సమీకరణం)
∴ ‘n’ సెకనులలో వస్తువు పొందిన స్థానభ్రంశం Sn(sec) = un + \(\frac{1}{2}\) an² ………….. (1)
∴ (n – 1) సెకనులలో వస్తువు పొందిన స్థానభ్రంశం, S(n-1)sec = u (n – 1) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) a (n – 1)²………….. (2)
∴ nవ సెకనులో వస్తువు పొందిన స్థానభ్రంశం Sn = S(a sec) – S(n – 1)sec
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 14

ప్రశ్న 17.
ఒక కణం ‘O’ బిందువు నుండి బయలుదేరి, స్థిర త్వరణంతో చలిస్తూ ‘O’ బిందువును విడిచి పెట్టింది. 5 సెకన్ల తర్వాత దాని వడి 1.5 మీ./సె. 6వ సెకను చివర అది నిశ్చలస్థితికి వచ్చి మరల వెనుకకు తిరిగి చలిస్తుంది. అది నిశ్చల స్థితికి వచ్చేలోపు ఆ కణం ప్రయాణించిన దూరమెంత ? వెనుదిరిగిన కణం ఎంత వేగంతో ‘O’ బిందువును చేరుతుంది? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
5వ సెకనులో వేగం = 1.5 మీ/సె.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 15
6వ సెకనుకు నిశ్చల స్థితికి వస్తుంది.
∴ 6వ సెకనులో తుదివేగం v = 0 మీ/సె.
6వ సెకనులో త్వరణం v = u + at
0 = 1.5 + a.1
∴ a = -1.5 మీ/సె² (∵ 5వ సెకనులో వేగం, 6వ సెకనులో తొలివేగమవుతుంది. కాలం = 6 – 5 = 1 సె॥)
6 సెకనుల తరువాత, వస్తువు నిశ్చలస్థితికి వస్తుంది.
v = 0, a = – 1.5 మీ/సె², u = ? t = 6 సె.
v = u + at
0 = u + (-1.5) × 6
∴ u = 9 మీ/సె.
నిశ్చలస్థితికి వచ్చేసరికి అనగా 6 సెకనులలో వస్తువు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² = 9 × 6 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) ×- 1.5 × 6²
s = 54 – 27 = 27 మీ.

ఇప్పుడు కణం వెనుకకు మరలుతుంది.
v = 0 మీ/సె, t = 6 సె, a = -1.5 మీ/సె².
v = u + at
v = (0 – 1.5 × 6
v = – 9
∴ తిరుగు ప్రయాణంలో వేగం = -9 మీ/సె.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

ప్రశ్న 18.
ఒక కణం స్థిరత్వరణం ‘a’ తో నిశ్చలస్థితి నుండి బయలుదేరి ‘t’ కాలం ప్రయాణించిన తర్వాత దాని త్వరణం దిశ పూర్తిగా వ్యతిరేక దిశలోకి మారింది. కాని దాని త్వరణం పరిమాణంలో ఏ మార్పు లేదు. ఆ కణం తిరిగి బయలుదేరిన బిందువుకు చేరడానికి ఎంత సమయం పడుతుంది? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 16
ఒక కణం ‘a’ వద్ద బయలుదేరినదనుకొనుము.
దాని తొలివేగం u = 0 మీ/సె
స్థానభ్రంశం = 6 మీ.
త్వరణం = a మీ/సె²
కాలము = t సెకనులు

స్థానభ్రంశం s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at = ot – \(\frac{1}{2}\)at
s = \(\frac{1}{2}\)at² ……… (1)
తుదివేగం (v) = u + at = v = at ………… (2)
‘t2‘ కాలం తరువాత దాని దిశను మార్చుకుంటుంది. కాని పరిమాణం సమానంగా ఉంటుంది. అప్పుడు కణం B నుండి Aకి కదులుతుంది.
స్థానభ్రంశం = -s మీ.
త్వరణం = – a మీ/సె²
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 17

ప్రశ్న 19.
ఒక రైలు దాని వడిని 20 సెం.మీ/సె. త్వరణంతో పెంచుకోగలదు. అలాగే తన వడిని 100 సెం.మీ/సె. త్వరణంతో తగ్గించుకోగలదు. అయితే ఒకదానితో ఒకటి 27 కి.మీ. దూరంలో ఉన్న రెండు రైల్వేస్టేషన్ల మధ్య ఆ రైలు ప్రయాణించడానికి పట్టే కనీస కాలం ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
ఒక రైలు త్వరణం α = 20 సెం.మీ/సె²
దాని రుణ త్వరణం β = 100 సెం.మీ/సె²
రెండు స్టేషన్ల మధ్య దూరం s = 2.7 కి.మీ = 27 × 104 సెం.మీ.
రైలు, రెండు స్టేషన్ల మధ్య ప్రయాణించడానికి పట్టే కనీస కాలం t సె|| అనుకొనుము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 18
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 19

ప్రశ్న 20.
50 మీ. పొడవు గల రైలు 10 మీ/సె. స్థిర వడితో చలిస్తుంది. ఆ రైలు ఒక విద్యుత్ స్తంభాన్ని మరియు 250 మీ. పొడవు గల బ్రిడ్జిని దాటడానికి పట్టే కాలాన్ని లెక్కించండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:
(i) రైలు పొడవు = 50 మీ.
రైలు వడి V = 10 మీ./సె.
రైలు విద్యుత్ స్తంభాన్ని దాటుటకు అది ప్రయాణించిన దూరము = రైలు పొడవు (s) = 50 మీ.
∴ రైలు విద్యుత్ స్తంభాన్ని దాటుటకు పట్టు కాలము \(\mathrm{t}=\frac{\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{v}} \Rightarrow \mathrm{t}=\frac{50}{10}=5\) సెకనులు

(ii) బ్రిడ్జి పొడవు = 250 మీ. రైలు బ్రిడ్జిని దాటుటకు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం (s)= రైలు పొడవు + బ్రిడ్జి పొడవు
⇒ s = 50 + 250 = 300 మీ.
రైలు బ్రిడ్జిని దాటుటకు పట్టు కాలము \(\mathrm{t}=\frac{\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{v}} \Rightarrow \mathrm{t}=\frac{300}{10}=30\) సెకనులు

ప్రశ్న 21.
పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా ఒకే ఎత్తు గల మూడు రకాలైన తలాల నుంది, ఒకే రకమైన మూడు బంతులను జారవిడిచినచో, ఏ బంతి త్వరగా నేలను చేరుతుంది? వివరించండి. (AS 2 AS 1)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 20
జవాబు:
మొదటి కొండపై నుండి జారవిడిచిన బంతి ముందుగా నేలను చేరును.

కారణం:

  1. మొదటి కొండపైనున్న బంతి రేఖీయ చలనంలో ఉండును.
  2. కావున దాని వడి మరియు వేగము ఒకే పరిమాణం, దిశ కలిగియుండును.
  3. రెండవ మరియు మూడవ కొండల పైనున్న బంతులు వక్రమార్గంలో ప్రయాణించును.
  4. కావున వీటి వేగ దిశ నిరంతరం మారును.

ప్రశ్న 22.
నిశ్చలస్థితి నుండి బయలుదేరిన ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క వడి ఏకరీతిగా పెరుగుతున్నట్లయితే వస్తువు యొక్క చలనాన్ని చూపే దూరం – కాలం ను గీయండి. (AS 5)
జవాబు:
ఒక కారు క్రింది పట్టికలో చూపిన విధంగా చలిస్తున్నదనుకొనుము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 21

కాలము (t) సెకండ్లలోదూరము (s) మీటర్లలో
00
13
26
39
412
515

ప్రశ్న 23.
ఒక కారు తన ప్రయాణ కాలంలో మొదటి సగం కాలం 80 కి.మీ./గం. వడితోను, మిగిలిన సగం కాలం 40 కి.మీ./గం. వడితోనూ ప్రయాణిస్తే, దాని సరాసరి వడి ఎంత?
జవాబు:
మొత్తం ప్రయాణించిన కాలం = xగం|| అనుకొనుము.
మొదటి సగం కాలం (అనగా \(\frac{x}{2}\)గం॥) లో దాని వడి = 80 కి.మీ | గం||
∴ \(\frac{x}{2}\) గం||లలో ప్రయాణించు దూరం = 80 × \(\frac{x}{2}\) = 40 x కి.మీ/గం.
మిగిలిన సగం కాలములో వడి = 40 కి.మీ/గం.
∴ మిగిలిన \(\frac{x}{2}\) గం||లలో ప్రయాణించిన దూరం = 40 × \(\frac{x}{2}\) = 20 x కి.మీ/గం.
∴ మొత్తం ప్రయాణించిన దూరం = 40x + 20x = 60x కి.మీ.
మొత్తం ప్రయాణానికి పట్టిన కాలం = x గం||
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 22

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

ప్రశ్న 24.
ఒక కారు తాను ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరంలో మొదటి సగం దూరం 50 కి.మీ./గం. వడితోనూ, మిగిలిన సగం దూరం 10 కి.మీ./గం. వడితోనూ ప్రయాణిస్తే, ఆ కారు సరాసరి వడి ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
కారు ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరం = x కి. మీ. అనుకొనుము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 23

ప్రశ్న 25.
ఒక కణం మొదటి 5 సెకనుల్లో 10మీ. దూరం తర్వాత 3 సెకనులలో 10మీ. దూరం ప్రయాణించింది. ఆ కణం సమత్వరణంతో చలిస్తుందనుకొంటే ఆ కణం తొలివేగాన్ని, త్వరణాన్ని మరియు తదుపరి 2కె.లో ప్రయాణించిన దూరాన్ని కనుగొనండి. (AS1, AS7)
జవాబు:
మొదటి 5 సెకన్లలో ప్రయాణించిన దూరం = 10 మీ.
t1 = 5 సె||; s1 = 10 మీ.
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² అని మనకు తెలుసు.
10 = u × 5 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) a . 5²
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 24

తరువాతి 2 సె॥లలో వస్తువు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం కనుగొనుటకు ముందు ఈ రెండు సెకనులకు తొలివేగాన్ని కనుగొనాలి. ఇది 8సె|| తరువాత తుదివేగానికి సమానము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 25

∴ కణం తరువాత 2 సె॥॥లలో 8.33 మీ. దూరం ప్రయాణిస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 26.
ఒక కారు నిశ్చలస్థితి నుండి బయలుదేరింది. అది కొంతసేపు స్థిర త్వరణం “α” తో ప్రయాణించి, ఆ తర్వాత స్థిర ఋణత్వరణం “β” తో చలిస్తూ నిశ్చలస్థితికి వచ్చింది. ఆ కారు యొక్క మొత్తం ప్రయాణ కాలం “t” అయితే, ఆ కారు పొందే గరిష్ఠ వేగమెంత? (AS 2, AS7)
జవాబు:
త్వరణం a = α మీ/సె²
తొలివేగం u = 0 మీ/సె²
కాలం = t1 సె|| అనుకొనుము.
v = u + at సమీకరణం నుండి
⇒ v= 0 + αt1 ⇒ v = αt1
∴ \(t_{1}=\frac{v}{\alpha}\)సె
ఋణత్వరణం = – β మీ/సె²
ఇక్కడ ‘α’ త్వరణంతో ప్రయాణించే వస్తువు తుది వేగమే తిరుగు ప్రయాణంలో తొలివేగం ‘u’ అవుతుంది.
∴ u = αt1 మీ/సె
తుదివేగం v = 0 మీ/సె.
v = u + at సమీకరణం నుండి
0 = αt1 + (-β)t2
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 26

ప్రశ్న 27.
బస్సుకు 48 మీ. దూరంలో ఒక మనిషి నిలబడి ఉన్నాడు. బస్సు బయలుదేరగానే, ఆ వ్యక్తి 10 మీ./సె. స్థిరవేగంతో బస్సు వైపు పరిగెత్తాడు. బస్సు నిశ్చలస్థితి నుండి 1 మీ./సె.² త్వరణంతో చలిస్తుంది. ఆ వ్యక్తి ఆ బస్సు పట్టుకోగల కనీస సమయాన్ని లెక్కించండి. (AS 1 AS 7)
జవాబు:
బస్సును మనిషి n సెకనులలో పట్టుకోగలడు అనుకుందాం.
బస్సు నిశ్చలస్థితిలో ఉన్నది.
u = 0 మీ/సె ; a = 1 మీ/సె²
ఆ బస్సు n సెకనులలో 8 దూరం ప్రయాణిస్తుందనుకొనుము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 27

మనిషి బస్సును పట్టుకోవడానికి పట్టు కనీస సమయం = 8 సె॥

9th Class Physical Science 1st Lesson చలనం Textbook InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 5

ప్రశ్న 1.
ఒక వస్తువు కొంత దూరం ప్రయాణించి తిరిగి బయలుదేరిన చోటుకే చేరుకుంటే దాని స్థానభ్రంశమెంత? ఈ సందర్భానికి నిజ జీవితంలోని ఒక ఉదాహరణ ఇవ్వండి.
జవాబు:
ఒక వస్తువు కొంత దూరం ప్రయాణించి తిరిగి బయలుదేరిన చోటుకి చేరుకుంటే దాని స్థానభ్రంశం ‘సున్న’.
ఉదా : ఒక వ్యక్తి తన ఇంటి నుండి బయలుదేరి మార్కెట్టుకి వెళ్ళి తిరిగి ఇంటికి చేరుకున్నప్పుడు అతని స్థానభ్రంశం ‘సున్న’ అవుతుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

ప్రశ్న 2.
దూరం, స్థానభ్రంశముల పరిమాణములు ఎప్పుడు సమానమవుతాయి?
జవాబు:
ఒక వస్తువు ఒక సరళరేఖ వెంబడి ఒకే దిశలో రెండు బిందువుల మధ్య చలించినపుడు ఆ వస్తువు దూరం, స్థానభ్రంశ పరిమాణములు సమానమవుతాయి.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 6

ప్రశ్న 3.
ఒక కారు 5 గంటల్లో 200 కి.మీ. దూరం ప్రయాణించిన, దాని సరాసరి వడి ఎంత?
జవాబు:
కారు ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరం = 200 కి.మీ
ప్రయాణించిన కాలం = 5 గం||లు
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 28

ప్రశ్న 4.
ఏ సందర్భంలో సరాసరి వేగం శూన్యమవుతుంది?
జవాబు:
ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క స్థానభ్రంశం శూన్యమయినపుడు దాని సరాసరి వేగం శూన్యమవుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 5.
ఒక వ్యక్తి కారులో 25 గంటలు ప్రయాణించాడు. కారు ఓడోమీటర్లో తొలి, తుది రీడింగులు వరుసగా 4849 మరియు 5549 గా గుర్తించాడు. అయితే పూర్తి ప్రయాణంలో అతని సరాసరి వడి ఎంత?
జవాబు:
కారు ప్రయాణించిన దూరము = 5549 – 1849 = 700 కి.మీ.
ప్రయాణించిన కాలము = 25 గం||లు
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 29

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 9

ప్రశ్న 6.
a) రోడ్డుపై అతి వేగంతో ప్రయాణించే వాహనదారులకు పోలీసులు జరిమానా విధించడం మీరు గమనించి ఉంటారు. ఈ జరిమానా వారి వడి ఆధారంగా విధిస్తారా? లేదా సరాసరి వడి ఆధారంగా విధిస్తారా? వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
తక్షణ వడి ఆధారంగా జరిమానా విధిస్తారు.

b) ఒక విమానం ఉత్తర దిశలో 300 కి.మీ/గం. వేగంతోనూ, మరొక విమానం దక్షిణ దిశలో 300 కి.మీ/గం. వేగంతోనూ ప్రయాణిస్తున్నవి. వాటి వడులు సమానమా? లేదా వేగాలు సమానమా? వివరించండి.
జవాబు:

  1. వాటి వడులు సమానము.
  2. వేగము పరిమాణములో సమానము కాని దిశ మాత్రము వ్యతిరేకము.

c) చలనంలో గల ఒక కారులోని స్పీడోమీటరు స్థిర విలువను చూపుతుంది. దీని ఆధారంగా కారు స్థిర వేగంతో చలిస్తుందని చెప్పగలమా? వివరించండి.
జవాబు:

  1. కారులోని స్పీడోమీటరు ముల్లు, కారు వడి యొక్క స్వల్ప మార్పులకు కూడా దాని స్థానాన్ని మార్చుకుంటుంది.
  2. కాని ఈ సందర్భంలో స్పీడోమీటరు స్థిర విలువను చూపిస్తుంది. కావున కారు స్థిర వేగంతో చలిస్తుందని చెప్పవచ్చు.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 11

ప్రశ్న 7.
ఒక చీమ బంతి ఉపరితలంపై కదులుతుంది. దాని వేగం స్థిరమా? అస్థిరమా? వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
వేగం దిశ అస్థిరము.

వివరణ:
చీమ, బంతి ఉపరితలంపై కదులుతున్నది. కావున అది వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో చలించాలి. వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో వేగ దిశ నిరంతరం మారుతుంది. కావున వేగదిశ అస్థిరము.

ప్రశ్న 8.
వడి మారుతూ చలనదిశలో మార్పులేని చలనాన్ని సూచించే సందర్భాలకు ఒక ఉదాహరణ ఇవ్వండి.
జవాబు:
రోడ్డుపై ప్రయాణించే బస్సు

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 13

ప్రశ్న 9.
300 కి.మీ/గం. స్థిరవేగంతో చలించే కారు త్వరణమెంత?
జవాబు:
వేగం = 300 కి.మీ/ గం|| = \(300 \times \frac{5}{18}=\frac{500}{6}=83.33\) మీ/సె॥
వేగము స్థిరంగా ఉన్నది. కావున త్వరణం కూడా స్థిరము.
∴ త్వరణము = 83.33 మీ/సె²

ప్రశ్న 10.
ఒక విమానం వేగం 1000 కి.మీ./గం. నుండి 1005 కి.మీ/గం.కు చేరటానికి 10 సెకనులు పట్టింది. స్కేటింగ్ చేసే వ్యక్తి వేగం శూన్యం నుండి 5 కి.మీ/గం. చేరటానికి 1 సెకను పట్టింది. వీరిలో ఎవరి త్వరణం ఎక్కువ?
జవాబు:
విమానం :
∴ స్కేటింగ్ చేసే వ్యక్తి యొక్క త్వరణం ఎక్కువ.

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఒక వాహన వేగం 100 కి.మీ/గం. నుండి నిశ్చల స్థితికి రావటానికి 10 సెకనులు పట్టిన ఆ వాహన త్వరణం ఎంత?
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 31 AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 32

ప్రశ్న 12.
“స్థానంలో మార్పు ఎంత త్వరితగతిన వస్తుందో తెలిపే భావనే త్వరణం” అని మీ స్నేహితుడు అన్నాడు. మీ స్నేహితుడిని మీరు ఏ విధంగా సరి చేస్తారు?
జవాబు:
“నిర్ణీత దిశలో స్థానంలో మార్పు ఎంత త్వరితగతిన వస్తుందో తెలిపే భావనే త్వరణం”.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 1

ప్రశ్న 13.
భూమి చలనంలో ఉన్నప్పటికీ, ఆ చలనాన్ని మనం ఎందుకు గుర్తించలేకపోతున్నాము?
జవాబు:

  1. భూమి చలనంలో వున్నది.
  2. భూమి మీద ఉన్న మనం కూడా భూమి వేగానికి సమానమైన వేగంతో చలిస్తున్నాము. అనగా భూమికి, మనకు సాపేక్ష చలనం ఉన్నది.
  3. కావున భూమి చలనమును మనం గుర్తించలేకపోతున్నాము.

ప్రశ్న 14.
మీ తరగతి గది గోడలు చలనంలో ఉన్నాయా? లేదా? ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
పరిశీలకుని దృష్టిలో గోడలు స్థిరంగా వున్నాయి.
చలనంలో ఉన్న భూమి దృష్ట్యా చూసినపుడు గోడలు కూడా చలనంలో వున్నాయని చెప్పవచ్చు.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

ప్రశ్న 15.
నిశ్చలస్థితిలో ఉన్న రైలులో మీరు కూర్చుని ఉన్నప్పుడు అది కదులుతున్న అనుభూతిని ఎప్పుడైనా పొందారా? ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
ఒక నిశ్చలస్థితిలోనున్న రైలులో కూర్చుని ఉన్నప్పుడు, అవతలి ట్రాక్ పైనున్న రైలు కదలికలోకి వచ్చినప్పుడు ఇటువంటి అనుభూతి కలుగుతుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 2

ప్రశ్న 16.
ఈ మార్పులు ఎందుకు వస్తాయి?
జవాబు:
భూమి గోళాకారంగా వుందని మనకు తెలుసు. అందువల్ల భూ ఉపరితలంపై గీసిన లంబదిశ భూమి మీద అది గీసిన స్థలంపై ఆధారపడి వుంటుంది. కాబట్టి భూ ఉపరితలంపై ఏ స్థానానికి ఆధారం చేసుకొని దిశను చెబుతున్నామో తెలియనంత వరకు పైకి, క్రిందకి అనే దిశలకు అర్థం లేదు.

ప్రశ్న 17.
ఈ పదాలు సాపేక్షమైనవా? కావా?
జవాబు:
కుడి, ఎడమ; పైకి, కిందకు; పొడవు, పొట్టి అనే పదాలు పరిశీలకుని పరంగా సాపేక్షమైనవి.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 4

ప్రశ్న 18.
ప్రయాణికుడు ఏ సమాధానం ఇస్తాడో మీకు తెలుసా?
జవాబు:
రోడ్డుపై నిలుచున్న పరిశీలకుడి పరంగా కారు చలనంలో వుంటుంది. కాని కారులో ఉన్న ప్రయాణికుడి పరంగా చూస్తే కారు నిశ్చలస్థితిలో వుంటుంది. వస్తు చలనం, పరిశీలకుడిపై ఆధారపడి వుంటుంది. కాబట్టి ‘చలనం’ అనేది పరిశీలకుడు, చలించే వస్తువుల ఉమ్మడి ధర్మం.

ప్రశ్న 19.
చలనాన్ని మనం ఏవిధంగా అవగాహన చేసుకుంటాం?
జవాబు:
పరిశీలకుడి పరంగా ఒక వస్తుస్థానం కాలంతోపాటు నిరంతరం మారుతూంటే ఆ వస్తువు చలనంలో వుంది అంటాము.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 7

ప్రశ్న 20.
ఒక నిర్దిష్ట సమయం దగ్గర కారు వడి ఎంత ఉంటుందో మనం తెలుసుకోగలమా?
జవాబు:
కారు ప్రయాణిస్తున్నప్పుడు ఏ సమయంలోనైనా దాని వడిని మనం స్పీడోమీటరు చూసి నిర్ణయించవచ్చు.

ప్రశ్న 21.
‘t3‘ సమయం వద్ద కారు వడి (తక్షణ వడి) ఎంత?
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 33
ఏదైనా ఇచ్చిన సమయం వద్ద గ్రావాలు, ఆ సమయంలో కారు వడిని తెలుపుతుంది. గ్రాఫ్ పై ఏదైనా ఒక బిందువు వద్ద ఆ గ్రాఫ్ యొక్క వాలును ఆ బిందువు వద్ద గీసిన స్పర్శరేఖతో తెలుసుకోవచ్చు. ఈ వాలు, ఆ సమయంలో ఆ కారు యొక్క వడిని తెలుపుతుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 8

ప్రశ్న 22.
దానికి కట్టిన వస్తువు ఏ దిశలో చలిస్తుంది?
జవాబు:
వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో చలిస్తున్న వస్తువు, ఆ వస్తువును వదిలిన బిందువు వద్ద గీసిన స్పర్శరేఖ దిశలో చలిస్తుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

ప్రశ్న 23.
ఏ రకమైన చలనాన్ని సమచలనం అంటారు? ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
ఒక వస్తువు స్థిరవేగంతో చలిస్తూ వుంటే ఆ చలనాన్ని ‘సమచలనం’ అంటారు.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 9

ప్రశ్న 24.
మీరు గీసిన గ్రాఫ్ ఏ ఆకారంలో ఉంది?

కాలము (t) సెకండ్లలోదూరము (s) మీటర్లలో
00
14
28
312
416

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 34
జవాబు:
సమచలనంలో వున్న వస్తువు చలనానికి గీసిన గ్రాఫు ఒక సరళరేఖను సూచిస్తుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 10

ప్రశ్న 25.
మీరు గీసిన గ్రాఫ్ ఏ ఆకారంలో ఉంది?
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 35
అసమ చలనంలో ఉన్న వస్తువు యొక్క చలనానికి గీసిన గ్రాఫు ఒక వక్ర రేఖ.

ప్రశ్న 26.
ఆ గ్రాఫ్ సరళరేఖ రూపంలో ఉందా? లేదా మరేదైనా రేఖ లాగా ఉందా? ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
అసమచలనానికి గీసిన గ్రాఫ్ ఒక సరళరేఖ కాదు. ఎందుకనగా దాని వడి నిరంతరం, అసమంగా మారుతూ ఉంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 11

ప్రశ్న 27.
వడి స్థిరంగా ఉంది, వేగం నిరంతరంగా మారే సందర్భాలకు కొన్ని ఉదాహరణలివ్వగలరా?
జవాబు:
సమవృత్తాకారచలనంలోనున్న వస్తువుల వడి స్థిరంగా ఉంటుంది. కాని వేగం నిరంతరం మారుతూ ఉంటుంది.
ఉదా: భూభ్రమణం, భూమి చుట్టూ చంద్రుని చలనం మొ||వి.

ప్రశ్న 28.
ఈ చలనంలో రాయి వడి స్థిరమా? ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
రాయి వడి నిరంతరం మారుతూ ఉంటుంది. కావున అది అసమ చలనం.

ప్రశ్న 29.
రాయి చలనదిశ స్థిరంగా ఉంటుందా?
జవాబు:
రాయి చలనదిశ నిరంతరం మారుతూ ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 30.
వడి, చలన దిశలు రెండూ నిరంతరం మారే చలనాలకు కొన్ని ఉదాహరణలివ్వండి.
జవాబు:
రాకెట్ చలనము, క్షితిజ సమాంతరంగా విసిరిన వస్తువు, కాలితో తన్నిన ఫుట్ బాల్, బౌలర్చే విసరబడిన క్రికెట్ బంతి మొదలగునవి.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 12

ప్రశ్న 31.
త్వరణం అనగానేమి? ఒక వస్తువు త్వరణంలో ఉందని ఎలా తెలుసుకోగలవు?
జవాబు:

  1. త్వరణం అనేది ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క వేగంలో మార్పు ఎంత త్వరగా జరుగుతుందో తెలియజేస్తుంది.
  2. ఇది వేగంలోని మార్పు రేటుకి సమానము.
  3. మనం బస్సు లేదా కారులో ప్రయాణించేటప్పుడు బస్సు డ్రైవరు యాక్సలరేటర్‌ను నొక్కితే మనం వెనకకు పడతాం. మనం పొందిన త్వరణం వలన మనం కూర్చొన్న సీట్లను శరీరం గట్టిగా వెనుకకు నొక్కుతుంది. ఈ విధంగా త్వరణం మన అనుభవంలోకి వస్తుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

ప్రశ్న 32.
వస్తువు వడి ఏ బిందువు వద్ద గరిష్ఠంగా వుంది?
జవాబు:
‘B’ వద్ద వస్తువు వడి గరిష్ఠము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 36

ప్రశ్న 33.
వస్తువుకు త్వరణం ఉన్నదా? లేదా?
జవాబు:
చలనంలోనున్న ఏ వస్తువుకైనా త్వరణం ఉంటుంది.

ఉదాహరణ సమస్యలు

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 9

ప్రశ్న 1.
‘h’ఎత్తు గల మనిషి సరళరేఖా మార్గంలో ‘v’ వడితో ‘H’ఎత్తు గల వీధిదీపం కింది నుండి ప్రయాణిస్తున్నాడు. వీధిదీపం నుండి వచ్చే కాంతి ఆ మనిషిపై పడి అతని నీడను ఏర్పరచింది. అతను కదులుతున్నప్పుడు నీదకూడా అతనితో పాటు కదులుతుంది. ఆ మనిషి నీడ యొక్క చివరిభాగంలో గల తల ఎంత వడితో కదులుతుందో కనుక్కోండి.
సాధన:
ఇటువంటి సమస్యను సాధించాలంటే మనిషి, అతని నీడ యొక్క చివరి భాగాల చలనాలను పోల్చాలి. ఇవి రెండూ ఒక మూల బిందువు ‘0’ నుండి చలించడం ప్రారంభించాయనుకొందాం. ఇది పటంలో చూపబడింది. “OD” మనిషి ఎత్తును సూచిస్తుంది. అలాగే OA దీపస్తంభం ఎత్తును (H) సూచిస్తుంది.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 37

‘t’ కాలంలో మనిషి, అతడి నీడ యొక్క చివర భాగంలో గల తల ప్రయాణించిన దూరాలు ‘S’ మరియు ‘S’లు అనుకుందాం.

ఈ చలనం వల్ల పటంలో చూపినట్లు ∆ABD, ∆ACO అనే రెండు సరూప త్రిభుజాలు ఏర్పడతాయి.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 38
S/t అనేది మనిషి నీడ యొక్క చివర భాగంలో తల వడిని తెల్పుతుంది. దీనిని ‘V’ తో సూచిస్తే, పై సమీకరణం నుండి మనం నీడ, యొక్క చివర భాగంలో తల వడి
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 39

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 12

ప్రశ్న 2.
400 మీ దూరంలో గల రెడ్ సిగ్నల్ లైటును చూసి 54 కి.మీ./గం. వేగంతో ప్రయాణించే రైలు ఇంజను బ్రేకులు వేశారు. బ్రేకులు కలుగజేసిన త్వరణం a = 0.3 మీ/సె అయితే 1 నిముషం తర్వాత రైలు ఇంజన్ సిగ్నల్ స్తంభానికి ఎంత దూరంలో ఉంటుంది?
సాధన:
రెడ్ సిగ్నల్ ను చూసినపుడు బ్రేకులు వేస్తే రైలు ఇంజన్ రుణత్వరణంతో చలిస్తుంది. ‘I’ కాలం తర్వాత ఆగిపోయిందనుకుందాం.
తొలివేగం 4 = 54 కి.మీ/గం. = 54 × 5/18 = 15 మీ/సె.
తుదివేగం V = 0 (ఇచ్చిన సందర్భానికి)
a = – 0.3 మీ/సె². (ఇంజన్ ఋణత్వరణంతో చలిస్తుంది.)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 40

1 నిముషం తర్వాత రైలు ఇంజన్, సిగ్నల్ స్తంభానికి మధ్య దూరం I = L – S = 400 – 375 = 25 మీ.

ప్రశ్న 3.
ఒక వస్తువు సమత్వరణంతో సరళరేఖా మార్గంలో ప్రయాణిస్తుంది. ఈ సరళరేఖా మార్గంపై గల రెండు బిందువుల వద్ద వస్తు వేగాలు వరుసగా u, v అయిన ఆ రెండు బిందువులకు మధ్య బిందువు వద్ద వస్తువు వేగం ఎంత?
సాధన:
వస్తువు సమత్వరణాన్ని ‘a’ అనుకుందాం.
ఇచ్చిన బిందువుల మధ్య దూరం ‘s’ అనుకుందాం.
v² – u² = 2as …………. (1)

ఈ రెండు బిందువులకు మధ్యబిందువు వద్ద వస్తువు వేగం v0 అనుకుందాం. (ఆ బిందువును ‘M’ గా పటంలో చూపడం జరిగింది.) అప్పుడు v²0 – u² = 2as/2
సమీకరణం (1) లోని 2as విలువను పై సమీకరణంలో ప్రతిక్షేపించగా
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 41

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 16

ప్రశ్న 4.
నిశ్చలస్థితి నుండి బయలుదేరిన ఒక కారు సమత్వరణం ‘a’ తో ‘t’ కాలం పాటు ప్రయాణించింది. కారు సరళరేఖా మార్గంలో ప్రయాణించినట్లయితే ‘t’ కాలంలో అది పొందే సరాసరి వడి ఎంత?
సాధన:
కారు నిశ్చలస్థితి నుండి ప్రారంభమైంది కాబట్టి దాని తొలి వేగం u = 0
‘t’ కాలంలో కారు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 42

ప్రశ్న 5.
ఒక కణం 9 మీ./సె. వేగంతో తూర్పు దిశలో ప్రయాణిస్తుంది. అది పడమర దిశలో 2మీ./సి². స్థిరత్వరణాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటే దాని ప్రయాణంలో 5వ సెకనులో కణం ప్రయాణించిన దూరం ఎంత?
సాధన:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 43
తొలి వేగం U : + 9 మీ./సె.
త్వరణం a = -2 మీ./సె.²

ఈ సమస్యలో త్వరణం, వేగ దిశలు పరస్పరం వ్యతిరేకంగా ఉన్నాయి. కాబట్టి ఎంత సమయంలో ఆ కణం నిశ్చలస్థితికి వస్తుందో ముందుగా నిర్ణయించాలి. ఆ కాలాన్ని ‘t’ అనుకుందాం.
v = u + at నుండి
0 = 9 – 2t ⇒ t = 4.5 సె.
4.5 సె. నుండి 5 సె. వరకు కణం త్వరణదిశలో చలిస్తుంది. కనుక \(\frac{1}{2}\) సెకనులో అది కదిలిన దూరాన్ని లెక్కిద్దాం.
ఈ సందర్భంలో t = 4.5 సె. వద్ద 1 = 0.
\(\frac{1}{2}\) సె.లో ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరం,
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 44
5వ సెకనులో ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరం s0 అనుకుంటే అది 2s కు సమానం అవుతుంది.
s0 = 2s = 2 (1/4) = 1/2 మీ.

పరికరాల జాబితా

తాడు, రాయి, ఎలక్ట్రికల్ కేసింగ్, స్టీలు పళ్లెం, గాజు గోళీలు, డిజిటల్ వాచ్

9th Class Physical Science 1st Lesson చలనం Textbook Activities (కృత్యములు)

కృత్యం – 1

ప్రయాణించే మార్గాన్ని గీయడం, దూరం – స్థానభ్రంశాల మధ్య తేడాను గమనించడం :
1. దూరం, స్థానభ్రంశాల మధ్య తేడాను గుర్తించడానికి ఒక కృత్యమును తెలిపి, గ్రాఫును గీయుము.
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 45

  1. ఒక బంతిని తీసుకొని క్షితిజ తలానికి కొంతకోణం చేసే విధంగా విసరండి.
  2. బంతి ప్రయాణించిన మార్గాన్ని గమనించి తెల్లకాగితములపై ఆ మార్గాన్ని గీయండి.
  3. ఈ పటం నిర్ణీతకాలంలో బంతి గాలిలో ప్రయాణించిన దూరాన్ని తెలుపుతుంది.
  4. ASB వక్రరేఖ పొడవు బంతి ప్రయాణించిన దూరాన్ని తెలుపుతుంది.
  5. సరళరేఖ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}\) పొడవు బంతి స్థానభ్రంశాన్ని తెలుపుతుంది.

స్థానభ్రంశం :
నిర్దిష్ట దిశలో వస్తువు కదిలిన కనిష్ఠ దూరాన్ని . స్థానభ్రంశమని అంటారు. దీనిని సదిశతో సూచిస్తారు.

దూరం :
నిర్ణీత కాలంలో వస్తువు కదిలిన మార్గం మొత్తం పొడవును దూరము అంటారు.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం

కృత్యం – 2

స్థానభ్రంశ సదిశలను గీయడం : 2. కింది సందర్భాలలో A నుండి B కి స్థానభ్రంశ సదిశలను గీయుము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 46
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 47

కృత్యం – 3

వస్తువు చలన దిశను పరిశీలించుట :
3. వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో చలించే ఒక వస్తువు వేగదిశ, ఆ వృత్తానికి ఏదైనా బిందువు వద్ద గీసిన స్పర్శరేఖ దిశలో ఉంటుందని చూపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. ఒక తాడు చివర ఒక రాయి లేదా ఏదైనా వస్తువును కట్టి, తాడు రెండవ చివరను పట్టుకొని క్షితిజ సమాంతర తలంలో గుండ్రంగా తిప్పండి.
  2. అలా తిప్పుతూ తాడును వదిలి పెట్టండి.
  3. రాయిని మరలా అదే మాదిరిగా తిప్పుతూ వృత్తంలో వేరువేరు బిందువుల వద్ద నుండి తాడును వదలండి.
  4. తాడును విడిచి పెట్టే ప్రతి సందర్భంలో రాయి యొక్క చలన దిశను గమనించండి.
  5. వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో మీరు వదిలిన బిందువు వద్ద గీసిన స్పర్శరేఖ దిశలో ఆ వస్తువు చలించడం మీరు గమనిస్తారు.
  6. కావున వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో చలించే వస్తువు వేగదిశ, ఆ వృత్తానికి ఏదైనా బిందువు వద్ద గీసిన స్పర్శరేఖ దిశలో ఉంటుంది.

కృత్యం – 4

సమచలనాన్ని అవగాహన చేసుకోవడం :

4. సమచలనాన్ని ఒక కృత్యం ద్వారా వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
1. ఒక వ్యక్తి సైకిల్ పై రోడ్డుమీద సరళరేఖా మార్గంలో ప్రయాణిస్తున్నాడనుకుందాం.
2. అతడు వివిధ సమయాల్లో ప్రయాణించిన దూరాలు క్రింది పట్టికలో ఇవ్వబడినవి.

కాలము (t) సెకండ్లలోదూరము (s) మీటర్లలో
00
14
28
312
416

3. పై విలువలకు దూరం – కాలం గ్రాఫ్ గీయండి. అది క్రింది విధంగా ఉండెను.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 48
4. సరళరేఖ రూపంలో గల గ్రాఫ్ ను పరిశీలిస్తే సైకిల్ పై ప్రయాణించే వ్యక్తి సమాన కాలవ్యవధులలో సమాన దూరాలు ప్రయాణించాడని తెలుస్తుంది.
5. అదే విధంగా గ్రాఫ్ నుండి, అతని సరాసరి వడి తక్షణ వడికి సమానమని తెలుస్తుంది.
6. సైకిల్ పై వెళ్ళే వ్యక్తి చలన దిశ స్థిరమని మనం భావిస్తే అతని వేగం స్థిరమని చెప్పవచ్చు.
7. ఒక వస్తువు స్థిరవేగంతో చలిస్తూవుంటే ఆ చలనాన్ని ‘సమచలనం’ అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 5

వాలు తలంపై బంతి చలనాన్ని గమనించుట :

5. వడి మారినప్పటికి చలన దిశ స్థిరంగా వుంటుందని నిరూపించే ఒక సందర్భాన్ని వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 49 AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 50

  1. పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా వాలు తలాన్ని ఏర్పాటు చేయండి.
  2. ఒక బంతిని తీసుకొని వాలుతలం పై చివర నుండి వదిలివేయండి.
  3. పటంలో వివిధ సమయాలవద్ద బంతి స్థానాలను చూపడం జరిగింది.
  4. బంతి గమనాన్ని జాగ్రత్తగా పరిశీలిస్తే, వాలు తలంపై క్రిందికి జారేబంతి వడి క్రమంగా పెరుగుతుందని, బంతి చలన దిశ స్థిరంగా ఉందని మనం గమనించ గలం.
  5. ఇప్పుడు బంతిని తీసుకొని అది కొంత వడి పొందే టట్లుగా వాలుతలం కింది భాగం నుండి పైకి నెట్టండి.
  6. బంతి కొంతభాగం పైకెళ్ళి మరల క్రిందికి రావడం గమనిస్తాము.
  7. ఈ సందర్భాలను గమనిస్తే బంతి వడి మారుతుండడాన్ని, దాని చలన దిశ స్థిరంగా వుండడాన్ని గమనించవచ్చు.

కృత్యం – 6

సమవృత్తాకార చలనాన్ని పరిశీలించుట :

6. “వది స్థిరంగా వుండి, వేగదిశ మారే” సందర్భాన్ని వివరించండి. (లేదా) సమవృత్తాకార చలనాన్ని వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 51

  1. ఒక చిన్న రాయిని తాడుకి కట్టి దీక్షితిజ సమాంతర తలంలో తిప్పండి.
  2. పటంలో చూపినట్లు రాయి చలన మార్గాన్ని, వివిధ స్థానాలలో వేగ సదిశలను గీయండి.
  3. రాయి వడి స్థిరమని భావించండి.
  4. రాయి వృత్తాకార మార్గం చలిస్తుందని మరియు దాని వేగ దిశ నిరంతరం మారుతుందని గమనిస్తాము.
  5. రాయి వడి మాత్రం స్థిరంగా వుంటుంది.
  6. వస్తువు వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో చలిస్తున్నప్పుడు దాని వడి స్థిరంగా ఉన్నా, వేగదిశ మాత్రం నిరంతరం మారుతుందని తెలుస్తుంది.

కృత్యం – 7

గాలిలోకి విసిరిన రాయి చలనాన్ని గమనించుట :

7. వది, చలనదిశలు రెండూ మారే సందర్భాన్ని ఒక ఉదాహరణతో వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 52

  1. క్షితిజ తలంతో కొంత కోణం చేసే విధంగా ఒక రాయిని విసరండి.
  2. అది ఎలా చలిస్తుందో పరిశీలించి, దాని మార్గాన్ని మరియు వేగ సదిశలను చూపే పటం గీయండి.
  3. బంతి వివిధ కాలవ్యవధులలో వివిధ దూరాలు ప్రయాణించి చివరిగా నిశ్చల స్థితికి రావడం గమనిస్తాము. అందువల్ల రాయి వడి స్థిరంగా ఉండదు.
  4. పటంలో చూపిన వేగ సదిశల ఆధారంగా, బంతి చలన దిశ కూడా స్థిరంగా ఉండదని తెలుస్తుంది.
  5. ఈ కృత్యం ద్వారా వడి, చలన దిశలు రెండూ కూడా నిరంతరం మారుతుండడాన్ని గమనించవచ్చు.

ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం

8. వాలు తలంపై కదిలే వస్తువు త్వరణం, వేగాలను కొలిచే విధానాన్ని వివరించుము.
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశం : వాలు తలంపై కదిలే వస్తువు త్వరణం, వేగాలను కొలవడం.

పరికరాలు :
గాజు గోళీలు, ఒకే పరిమాణంలో గల పుస్తకాలు, డిజిటల్ వాచ్, పొడుగాటి ప్లాస్టిక్ గొట్టం, స్టీలు పళ్ళెం.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 53

ప్రయోగపద్ధతి :

  1. సుమారు 200 సెం.మీ. పొడవుగల ప్లాస్టిక్ గొట్టాన్ని తీసుకోండి.
  2. దానిని పొడవు వెంట చీల్చి వస్తువులు కదిలే కాలువ వంటి మార్గంగా మార్చుకోండి. దీనినే ట్రాక్ అంటాము.
  3. ట్రాక్ పై 0 – 200 సెం.మీ. వరకు కొలతలను గుర్తించండి.
  4. ట్రాక్ ఒక చివరను పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా పుస్తకాలపై ఉంచండి. రెండవ చివరను నేలపై వుంచండి.
  5. రెండవ చివర వద్ద స్టీలు ప్లేటును వుంచండి.
  6. ట్రాకను అమర్చేటప్పుడు దాని ‘0’ రీడింగ్ నేలను తాకే వైపు ఉండాలి.
  7. ట్రాక్ లో పట్టే పరిమాణంగల గోళీని తీసుకోండి. 40 cm మార్కు నుండి గోళీని విడిచిపెట్టండి.
  8. గోళీని విడిచిపెట్టిన వెంటనే డిజిటల్ వాచ్ ను ‘ఆన్’ చేయండి.
  9. ఆ గోళీ క్రిందకు వస్తూ నేలపై వుంచిన స్టీలు ప్లేటును ఢీకొని శబ్దం చేస్తుంది. శబ్దం విన్న వెంటనే డిజిటల్ వాచ్ ను ఆపివేయండి.
  10. ఇదే ప్రయోగాన్ని (40cm కొలతతో) 2 లేక 3 సార్లు చేసి గణించిన విలువలు పట్టికలో రాయండి.
    AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson చలనం 54
  11. పై ప్రయోగాన్ని వేర్వేరు దూరాలతో చేసి వాటికి సంబంధించిన విలువలు పట్టికలో రాయండి.
  12. పై విలువలకు s – t గ్రాఫు గీయండి.
  13. ఇదే ప్రయోగాన్ని వేరు, వేరు వాలు కోణాల వద్ద చేసి త్వరణాలను కనుక్కోండి.

పరిశీలనలు:

  1. వాలు పెరిగిన కొద్దీ త్వరణం పెరుగుతుంది.
  2. గాజు గోళీలకు బదులు ఇనుప దిమ్మను వాడినప్పటికీ త్వరణం, వాలుల మధ్య సంబంధం మారదు. (ప్రయోగంలో వచ్చే సంఖ్యాత్మక విలువలు మారవచ్చు.)

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

SCERT AP 9th Class Physics Study Material Pdf Download 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science 2nd Lesson Questions and Answers గమన నియమాలు

9th Class Physical Science 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు Textbook Questions and Answers

అభ్యసనాన్ని మెరుగుపరుచుకోండి

ప్రశ్న 1.
కింది వాటికి కారణాలు వివరించండి. (AS 1)
ఎ) కంబళిని కర్రతో కొడితే, దుమ్ము పైకి లేస్తుంది.
బి) బస్సు పైన వేసిన సామాన్లని తాడుతో కట్టకపోతే పడిపోతాయి.
సి) ఒక పేస్ బౌలర్ బంతి విసిరే ముందు దూరం నుంచి పరిగెత్తుతూ వస్తాడు.
జవాబు:
ఎ) కంబళిని కర్రతో కొడితే అది చలనంలోకి వస్తుంది. కంబళిలోని దుమ్ము కణాలు నిశ్చల జడత్వం వలన నిశ్చలస్థితిలోనే ఉంటాయి కాబట్టి.

బి) బస్సు చలనంలో ఉన్నప్పుడు సామాన్లన్ని కూడా గమన జడత్వం వలన అవి కూడా బస్సు వేగాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి. బస్సు సడన్ గా నిశ్చలస్థితికి రాగానే వస్తువులు మాత్రము గమన జడత్వంలోనే ఉంటాయి కాబట్టి అవి పడిపోతాయి. కనుక.

సి) ఒక పేస్ బౌలర్ బంతి విసిరే ముందు దూరం నుంచి పరుగెత్తుటకు కారణం బంతికి గమన జడత్వంను అందించుటకు
(లేదా) బంతికి ద్రవ్యవేగమును అందించుటకు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
8 కి.గ్రా., 25 కి.గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశులు గల రెండు వస్తువులలో ఏ వస్తువు అధిక జడత్వం కలిగి ఉంటుంది? ఎందుకు? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
25 కేజీల ద్రవ్యరాశిగల వస్తువుకు అధిక జడత్వముండును. ఎందుకనగా జడత్వమును నిర్ణయించునది ద్రవ్యరాశి కాబట్టి.

ప్రశ్న 3.
2.2 మీ./సి. వేగంతో కదులుతున్న 6.0 కి.గ్రాల బంతి యొక్క ద్రవ్యవేగం ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
బంతి వేగం (V) = 2.2 మీ./సె.
బంతి ద్రవ్యరాశి (m) = 6 కిలోలు
బంతి ద్రవ్యవేగము (P) = mv = 6 × 2.2 = 13.2 కి.గ్రా.మీ/సె.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 4.
ఇద్దరు వ్యక్తులు 200N ఫలిత బలంతో ఒక కారుని 3 సెకండ్ల పాటు నెట్టారు. (AS 1)
ఎ) కారుకి అందిన ప్రచోదనం ఎంత?
జవాబు:
వ్యక్తులు ప్రయోగించిన బలం = (F) = 200 N
కాలము = t = 3 సె||
ప్రచోదనము (I) = బలం × కాలం = 200 × 3 = 600 న్యూటన్ – సెకను

బి) కారు ద్రవ్యరాశి 1200 కిలోగ్రాములు అయితే, దాని వేగంలో మార్పు ఎంత?
జవాబు:
కారు ద్రవ్యరాశి = m = 1200 కి.గ్రా.
కారుపై ప్రయోగించిన బలం = 200 N
కాలం = 3 సె.
ప్రచోదనము = ద్రవ్యరాశి × వేగంలోని మార్పు
F × t = m × (v – u)
\(\mathrm{v}-\mathrm{u}=\frac{\mathrm{F} \times \mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{200 \times 3}{1200}=\frac{1}{2}=0.5\) మీ./సె.
∴ వేగంలోని మార్పు = v – u = 0.5 మీ./సె.

ప్రశ్న 5.
0.7 కి.గ్రా ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువులో 3 మీ./సె² త్వరణాన్ని కలుగజేయడానికి ఎంత బలాన్ని ఉపయోగించాలి? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశి = m = 0.7 కేజీలు
త్వరణం = a = 3 మీ./సె².
బలం (F) = ద్రవ్యరాశి × త్వరణం = 0.7 × 3 = 2.1 N

ప్రశ్న 6.
5 కి.గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువు 10 మీ./సె. వేగంతో కదులుతోంది. దానిపై 20 సె.ల పాటు బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించడం వల్ల అది 25 మీ/సె. వేగాన్ని పొందితే, వస్తువుపై ప్రయోగించిన బలం ఎంతో తెల్పండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:
వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశి = m = 5 కి.గ్రా.
వస్తువు తొలి వేగము = u = 10 మీ./సె.
బలం ప్రయోగించబడిన కాలం = t = 20 సె.
వస్తువు తుది వేగము = v = 25 మీ./సె.
వస్తువుపై ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం = F = ma
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 1
∴ వస్తువుపై ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం = 3.75 న్యూటర్లు

ప్రశ్న 7.
న్యూటన్ మూడు గమన నియమాలను ఉదాహరణలతో వివరించండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:
1) న్యూటన్ మొదటి గమన నియమము :
ఫలిత బలం పనిచేయనంతవరకు నిశ్చలస్థితిలో ఉన్న వస్తువు అదే స్థితిలోనూ, సమచలనంలో ఉన్న వస్తువు అదే సమచలనంలోనూ ఉండును.
ఉదా 1 : నిశ్చలంగా ఉన్న ఒక బస్సు ఒక్కసారిగా ముందుకు కదిలితే అందులో నిలబడి ఉన్న ప్రయాణీకుడు వెనుకకు పడతాడు, కారణము బస్సు ఒక్కసారిగా త్వరణాన్ని పొంది ముందుకు కదిలినది, కానీ అందులో వ్యక్తి “జడత్వం” వల్ల తను ముందు ఉన్న స్థానంలోనే ఉండేందుకు ప్రయత్నిస్తాడు. అందువల్లనే వెనక్కి పడిపోతాడు.

ఉదా 2 : బస్సులో ప్రయాణిస్తున్న వ్యక్తి, ఒక్కసారిగా బస్సు ఆగితే ముందుకు పడతాడు, కారణము బస్సు వేగముకు సమాన వేగంతో అతను ప్రయాణిస్తున్నాడు. బస్సు ఒక్కసారిగా ఆగినప్పుడు జడత్వం వలన అతని శరీరం మాత్రం వెంటనే తన గమనస్థితిని మార్చుకోలేదు. అందుకే ముందుకు పడతాడు.

2) రెండవ గమన నియమము : వస్తువు ద్రవ్యవేగంలో మార్పు రేటు, దానిపై పనిచేసే ఫలిత బలానికి అనులోమానుపాతంలో ఉంటుంది. దాని దిశ ఫలిత బలదిశలో ఉంటుంది.
ఉదా 1 : సిమెంట్ గచ్చుపై కంటే ఇసుక నేల మీద దూకడం సురక్షితము. ఎందుకనగా మృదువైన, మెత్తని తలాలు వస్తువుని ఆపడంలో ఎక్కువ సమయం తీసుకోవడం వల్ల “ఆపే దూరం” ఎక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. ఈ విధంగా ద్రవ్యవేగంలో మార్పు రేటు తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. ఫలితంగా కాలికి తక్కువ దెబ్బ తగులుతుంది.

ఉదా 2 : వేగంగా వస్తున్న క్రికెట్ బంతిని “క్యాచ్” చేసేటప్పుడు ఆ వ్యక్తి తన చేతులను వెనుకకు లాగుతాడు. ఈ సందర్భంలో అతడు బంతి వేగాన్ని తగ్గించడానికి ఎక్కువ సమయం తీసుకుంటాడు.

ఇలా చేయడం వల్ల బంతి ద్రవ్యవేగంలో మార్పు రేటు తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది. ఫలితంగా చేతులపై బంతి ప్రయోగించే బలం తగ్గుతుంది.

3) మూడవ గమన నియమము : ఎల్లప్పుడూ చర్యకు దానికి సమానంగా మరియు వ్యతిరేక శిశలో ఉంటుంది. ఇది దృఢ వస్తువులకు మాత్రమే. చర్య, ప్రతిచర్య జంట బలాలు. వాటి పరిమాణం సమానం. దిశలో వ్యతిరేకం మరియు వేరు వేరు వస్తువులపై పని చేస్తాయి. కావున అవి ఎప్పుడూ రద్దు కావు.

వివరణ:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 2

  1. రెండు వస్తువులు పరస్పరం బలాలు ప్రయోగించుకుంటున్నప్పుడు
  2. ప్రతిక్రియ జరిపేటప్పుడు, A వస్తువు B వస్తువుపై కలుగజేసే బలం FAB (చర్య)
  3. B వస్తువు A వస్తువుపై కలుగజేసే బలం FRA (ప్రతిచర్య)
  4. న్యూటన్ మూడో గమన నియమం వలన ఈ రెండు బలాలు పరిమాణంలో సమానంగాను, దిశలో వ్యతిరేకంగాను, ఉంటాయి.
    FAB = – FBA
    చర్య = ప్రతిచర్య
  5. దీనిని బట్య జంట బలాలు ఒకే వస్తువు పై కాక, రెండు వేర్వేరు వస్తువులపై పనిచేస్తాయి.
    ఉదా 1:
    i) పక్షులు ఎగిరేటప్పుడు వాటి రెక్కలతో గాలిని కిందకి నెడతాయి. అప్పుడు గాలి కూడా పక్షిని వ్యతిరేకదిశలో (పైకి) నెడుతుంది.
    ii) రెక్కలు గాలి మీద ప్రయోగించే బలం, గాలి పక్షి రెక్కలపై ప్రయోగించే బలాలు రెండూ సమాన పరిమాణంలో, వ్యతిరేక దిశలో ఉంటాయి.
    ఉదా 2 :
    నీటిలో ఈదుతున్న చేప నీటిని వెనక్కి నీరు చేపని ముందుకు నెట్టే బలం రెండూ పరిమాణంలో సమానంగా, దిశ పరంగా వ్యతిరేకంగా ఉంటాయి. నీరు చేపపై కలిగించే బలం వల్ల చేప ముందుకు కదులుతుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 8.
వేగంగా వెళ్తున్న బస్సు అద్దాన్ని ఒక ఈగ గుద్దుకుంటే, బస్సు మీద, ఈగ మీద ఒకే బలం ప్రయోగించబడుతుందా? ఎందుకు? (AS 1, AS 7)
జవాబు:
న్యూటన్ మూడవ గమన నియమం ప్రకారం బస్సు మీద, ఈగ మీద ఒకే బలం ప్రయోగించబడుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 9.
ఒక బిండిని గుర్రం లాగదాన్ని ‘దివ్య’ చూసింది. గుర్రం ఎంత బలంతో బండిని లాగుతుందో, అంతే బలంతో బండి సర్రాన్ని కూడా లాగుతుందని ఆమె భావించింది. “మరి బండి ఎలా కదులుతుంది?” అని ఆమెకు సందేహం కలిగింది. అంతేగాక ఆమె మదిలో ఎన్నో ప్రశ్నలు తలెత్తాయి. ఆ ప్రశ్నలేవో ఊహించండి. (AS 2)
జవాబు:

  1. గుర్రం ఎంత బలాన్ని నేలపై ఉపయోగిస్తుంది?
  2. గుర్రంకు – బండికి మధ్య ఏ నియమం పనిచేస్తుంది?
  3. గుర్రం ముందుకు ఎందుకు వంగవలసి వస్తుంది?
  4. గుర్రం తక్కువ బలాన్ని ఉపయోగిస్తే బండి కదలదా?
  5. సైకిలులాగా, ఎందుకు తేలికగా గుర్రపు బండి కదలటం లేదు?
  6. మరి బండి ఎలా కదులుతుంది?

ప్రశ్న 10.
గెలీలియో ప్రకారం ఫలిత బలం పని చేయనంతవరకు, వస్తువు దాని స్థితిలోనే కొనసాగుతుందని మనకు తెలుసు. అదే విధంగా అరిస్టాటిల్ ప్రకారం ప్రతి వస్తువు కదులుతూ దానంతట అదే నిశ్చలస్థితికి వస్తుందని కూడా మనకు తెలుసు. వీటిలో ఏది సరైనదో మనం చెప్పగలమా? గెలీలియో తెలిపిన నియమాన్ని మీరు ఏ విధంగా అభినందిస్తారు? (AS 6)
జవాబు:
గెలీలియో, అరిస్టాటిల్ నియమాలలో ఏది సరైనదో మనకు చెప్పడం సాధ్యమే.

  1. భూమి మీద కదులుతున్న ఏ వస్తువైనా క్రమంగా నిశ్చలస్థితికి వస్తుందని మన ప్రాచీన తత్త్వవేత్తల భావన.
  2. ఆ కాలంలో గొప్ప తత్త్వవేత్త అయిన అరిస్టాటిల్ కూడా ఇలాగే ఆలోచించి, కదిలే ఏ వస్తువైనా చివరకు నిశ్చలస్థితికి రావాలి కాబట్టి, వాటిపై ఎటువంటి వివరణా అవసరం లేదని భావించాడు.
  3. ఆ సమయంలో గెలీలియో తన ఆలోచనాత్మక ప్రయోగాలను నునుపుతలం గల వాలు బల్లలపై చేశాడు.
  4. గెలీలియో, తలం ఎంత నునుపుగా ఉంటే వదిలిన గోళీ అంత దూరం ప్రయాణం చేస్తుందని గమనించాడు. ఏదీ అడ్డురాకపోతే గోళీ అనంత దూరం ప్రయాణిస్తుందని వివరించాడు.
  5. ఈ విధంగా ఏ బాహ్య బలం పనిచేయనంత వరకు కదులుతున్న వస్తువు అదే గమన స్థితిలో ఉంటుందని చెప్పడం ద్వారా గెలీలియో ఆధునిక విజ్ఞానశాస్త్రానికి తెరతీశాడు. కావున నేను గెలీలియో ప్రాథమిక ప్రయోగాలను పరిశీలించి, అతనిని అభినందిస్తున్నాను. .

ప్రశ్న 11.
20 మీ./సె. సమ వడితో ఒక కారు పడమర వైపు ప్రయాణిస్తుంటే, దానిపై గల ఫలిత బలం ఎంత? (AS 1, AS 7)
జవాబు:
కారు వడి = 20 మీ./సె.
కారు పడమర వైపు సమ వేగంతో ప్రయాణిస్తుంది, కావున త్వరణము శూన్యము.
∴ ఫలిత బలము = శూన్యము.

ప్రశ్న 12.
30 కి.గ్రాల ద్రవ్యరాశి గల ఒక వ్యక్తి 450 న్యూటన్ల బలాన్ని భరించగల ‘తాడు’ సహాయంతో కొండ ఎక్కుతున్నాడు. అతను సురక్షితంగా ఎక్కడానికి కావల్సిన గరిష్ఠ త్వరణం ఎంత? (AS 1, AS 7)
జవాబు:
వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశి = m = 30 kg
తాడు తన్యత (T) = 450 న్యూ.
త్వరణం = a = ?
T = N = ma
450 = 30 xa
450 a = 30 = 15 మీ./సె

∴ గరిష్ఠ త్వరణం = a = 15 మీ./సె.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 13.
కదులుతున్న రైలులో ఉన్న ఒక ప్రయాణికుడు ఒక నాణాన్ని నిట్ట నిలువుగా పైకి విసిరిన, అది అతని వెనుకవైపు పడింది. ఆ రైలు ఎటువంటి చలనంలో ఉంది? (AS 7)
ఎ) ధన త్వరణం బి) సమచలనం సి) ఋణ త్వరణం డి) వృత్తాకార చలనం
జవాబు:
ఎ) ధన త్వరణం.

ప్రశ్న 14.
నిశ్చలస్థితిలో ఉన్న 1.4 కి.గ్రా.ల ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువు మీద 0.2 సెకన్ల పాటు బలం ప్రయోగించబడింది. బలం ప్రయోగించడం ఆపిన తర్వాత ఆ వస్తువు 2 సెకన్లలో 4 మీ. దూరం కదిలింది. ప్రయోగించిన బల పరిమాణం ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశి = m = 1.4 కి.గ్రా.
బలం ప్రయోగించిన కాలం = t1 = 0.2 సె||
బల ప్రయోగం ఆపిన తర్వాత
వస్తువు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం = 4 మీ.
వస్తువు ప్రయాణించిన కాలం = t2 = 2 సె||
ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం (F) = m . a
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 3
∴ ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం = F = 14 న్యూ.

ప్రశ్న 15.
పటాలలో ఉన్న 2 కి.గ్రా.ల ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువు యొక్క త్వరణాన్ని కనుక్కోండి. (AS 1)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 4
జవాబు:
1) 2 × 10 = 20 kg. ద్రవ్యరాశిపై, 30 N బలం క్రింది వైపు పనిచేస్తుంది.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 5

ప్రశ్న 16.
రెండు రబ్బరు బాండ్ల సహాయంతో సాగదీసి వదిలినపుడు ఒక వస్తువు 2 మీ./సె². త్వరణాన్ని పొందింది. ఇలా చేయడంలో రబ్బరు బాండు ఒక ప్రమాణ పొడవుకి సాగిందనుకుందాం. రెండోసారి నాలుగు రబ్బరు బాండ్ల సహాయంతో రెట్టింపు ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువును లాగితే అది పొందే త్వరణం ఎంత? (రబ్బరు బాండ్లను పైన తెలిపిన ప్రమాణ పొడవుకు సాగదీయాలి.) (AS 1)
జవాబు:
మొదటిసారి రెండు రబ్బరు బాండ్ల సహాయంతో సాగదీసి వదిలినపుడు వస్తువు పొందు త్వరణం 2 మీ/సె².
రెండవసారి నాలుగు రబ్బరు బాండ్ల సహాయంతో రెట్టింపు ద్రవ్యరాశిగల వస్తువును లాగితే పొందు త్వరణం, రెండు సందర్భాలలో ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం సమానము. కావున అవి ఒకే త్వరణాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
∴ కావలసిన త్వరణం = 2 మీ/సె².

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 17.
ఒక గుర్రం స్థిర వడితో బండిని లాగాలంటే అది ఎల్లప్పుడూ నేలపై బలాన్ని ప్రయోగిస్తూ ఉండాలి. ఎందుకో వివరించండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:

  1. గుర్రం, బండిపై బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించగానే, బండి చక్రాలకు రోడ్డుకి మధ్యన గల ఘర్షణ బలం గుర్రం ఉపయోగించిన బలానికి వ్యతిరేకంగా పనిచేస్తుంది.
  2. గుర్రం స్థిరవడితో బండిని లాగాలంటే అది ఎల్లప్పుడూ ఘర్షణ బలానికి సమానమైన బలాన్ని బండిపై ప్రయోగించాలి.

ప్రశ్న 18.
5 N బలం m1 ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువులో 8 మీ./సె². త్వరణాన్ని, m2 ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువులో 24 మీ/సె². త్వరణాన్ని తీసుకురాగలుగుతుంది. రెండు వస్తువులను జతచేసిన వ్యవస్థపై అదే బలాన్ని ప్రయోగిస్తే అది పొందే త్వరణం ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
మొదటి వస్తువుపై ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం = F = 5 N
మొదటి వస్తువు త్వరణం = a = 8 మీ./సె².
న్యూటన్ 2వ నియమం ప్రకారం F = m1a ⇒ m1 = F/a = \(\frac{5}{8}\)
రెండవ వస్తువుపై ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం = F = 5N
రెండవ వస్తువు త్వరణం = a = 24 మీ/సె²
న్యూటన్ 2వ గమన నియమం ప్రకారం F = m2a ⇒ m2 = \(\frac{\mathrm{F}}{\mathrm{a}}=\frac{5}{24}\)
ఈ రెండు వస్తువులను జతచేసిన వ్యవస్థ కావున
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 6

రెండు వస్తువులను జత చేసిన వ్యవస్థపై ఒకే బలం ప్రయోగించడం వలన ఏర్పడు త్వరణము 6 మీ./సె². అగును.

ప్రశ్న 19.
400 గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి గల సుత్తి 30 మీ./సె. వేగంతో కదులుతూ ఒక మేకును తాకింది. మేకు సుత్తిని 0.01 సె.కాలంలో నిశ్చలస్థితికి తీసుకురాగలిగితే, మేకు సుత్తి మీద ప్రయోగించే బలం ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
సుత్తి ద్రవ్యరాశి = m = 400 గ్రా = 0.4 కి.గ్రా
సుత్తి తొలివేగం = u = 30 మీ./సె.
సుత్తి తుదివేగం = V = 0
మేకును సుత్తి తాకిన కాలం = t = 0.01 సె.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 7
∴ మేకు వ్యతిరేకదిశలో సుత్తి పై 1200 న్యూ. బలం కలుగజేయును.

ప్రశ్న 20.
పటంలో ఒక వ్యవస్థ చూపబడింది.
ఈ వ్యవస్థలోని చెక్కదిమ్మల త్వరణాన్ని, తాడులో తన్యతను కనుక్కోండి. (AS 1)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 8
g = 10 మీ/సె² గా తీసుకోండి.
జవాబు:
వ్యవస్థలో m1 = m2 = 3 కి.గ్రా.
త్వరణం = g = 10 మీ/సె²

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 21.
పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా ఘర్షణ లేని సమాంతర తలంపై మూడు చెక్కదిమ్మలను అమర్చి 30 న్యూటన్ల బలంతో తాడుని లాగుతున్నారు. ప్రతి చెక్కదిమ్మ ద్రవ్యరాశి 10 కి.గ్రా. అయితే ప్రతి చెక్కదిమ్మ యొక్క త్వరణం ఎంత? చెక్కదిమ్మలను కలిపిన తాడులో తన్యత ఎంత? (AS 1)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 9
జవాబు:
మూడు చెక్కదిమ్మల ద్రవ్యరాశులు m1, m2 మరియు m3 లనుకొనుము.
∴ m1 = m2 = m3 = 10 కి.గ్రా.
చెక్కదిమ్మలపై పనిచేయు బలం = F = 30 N

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 11

తాడులో తన్యతలు T1 మరియు T2 లనుకొనుము.
మొదటి సందర్భంలో తన్యత = T1 = m1 × a = F
= 10 × 1 = 10 N
రెండవ సందర్భంలో తన్యత = T2 = F = (m1 + m2) a
= (10+ 10) (1) = 20 N

ప్రశ్న 22.
టేబుల్ చివర ఒక దీర్ఘ చతురస్రాకారంలో కత్తిరించిన కాగితాన్ని పెట్టి దానిపై మందమైన ఐదు రూపాయల బిళ్లని పటంలో చూపినట్లు నిలబెట్టండి. మీ వేలితో వేగంగా కాగితాన్ని నెట్టండి. ఈ కృత్యాన్ని జడత్వంతో ఏ విధంగా వివరించగలవు? (AS 2)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 10
జవాబు:
కాగితాన్ని వేలితో గట్టిగా లాగడం వలన కాగితం చలనములోనికి వస్తుంది. ఐదు రూపాయల బిళ్ల నిశ్చల జడత్వం వలన చలనములోనికి రాకుండానే టేబుల్ పై ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 23.
ఏకరీతి గల రెండు గోళాలను తీసుకోండి. గోళాలు కదిలేందుకు వీలుగా మీ నోటు పుస్తకాలను రెండువైపులా పెట్టి చిన్న దారిని ఏర్పాటు చేయండి. ఇప్పుడు దారిలో ఒక గోళాన్ని పెట్టి, రెండవ గోళీతో కొట్టండి. (క్యారంబోర్డు స్ట్రైకర్ తో కొట్టినట్లు) అలాగే ఒక గోళీ స్థానంలో రెండు, మూడు, నాలుగు గోళీలను పెట్టి గోళీలను కొట్టింది. పరిశీలనల నుంచి మీరు ఏం వివరించగలరు? (AS 5)
జవాబు:
న్యూటన్ మూడవ గమన నియమం ప్రకారం ఒక గోళీ రెండవ గోళీ పై బలాన్ని చూపగా, రెండవ గోళీ మూడవ గోళీ పై వ్యతిరేక దిశలో బలాన్ని చూపుతుంది.
చర్య = – ప్రతిచర్య కావున
అదే విధముగా 3వ గోళీ 4వ గోళీ పై, 4వ గోళీ 3వ గోళీ పై చర్యా, ప్రతిచర్యలకు లోనవుతాయి.

ప్రశ్న 24.
1500 కి.గ్రాల ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వాహనం 1.7 మీ/సె². ఋణ త్వరణంలో ఆగడానికి రోడ్డుకి, వాహనానికి మధ్య గల ఇలం ఎంత ఉండాలి? (AS 7)
జవాబు:
వాహన ద్రవ్యరాశి = m = 1500 కి.గ్రా.
ఋణ త్వరణము = – a = – 1.7 మీ/సె².
బలము (F) = ద్రవ్యరాశి × త్వరణం = 1500 × – 1.7 = – 2550 N
∴ రోడ్డుకి, వాహనానికి మధ్యన గల బలం 2550 N లు చలనదిశకు వ్యతిరేక దిశలో పనిచేయును.

ప్రశ్న 25.
ఎత్తులో ఉన్న ఒక హోపర్ ఇసుకను జారవేసే యంత్రానికి కింద ఉన్న ట్రక్కు 20 మీ/సి. సమవేగంతో వెళ్తుంది. సెకనుకు 20 కిలోల చొప్పున ఇసుక ట్రక్కు మీద పడుతుంటే, ఇసుక పడటం వల్ల ట్రక్కు మీద ప్రయోగింపబడిన బలం ఎంత? (AS 7)
జవాబు:
ట్రక్కు వేగము = 20 మీ/సె.
హోపర్ సెకనుకు 20 కిలోల చొప్పున ఇసుకను ట్రక్ పై వేస్తున్నది.
న్యూటన్ రెండవ నియమము ప్రకారం
బలం = ద్రవ్యరాశి × వేగంలోని మార్పురేటు
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 12

కాని ఇసుకను కొంత ఎత్తు నుండి జారవేసే హోపర్ వంటి పరికరాల విషయంలో దాని వేగంలో మార్పుండదు, కాని అది వేసే ఇసుక పరిమాణంలో సెకను, సెకనుకి మార్పుండును. అనగా వేగం స్థిరము, ద్రవ్యరాశిలో మార్పు వస్తుంది.
∴ F = వేగము × ద్రవ్యరాశిలో మార్పురేటు.
F = v × \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{m}}{\Delta \mathrm{t}}\) = 20 × 20
F = 400 న్యూ.
∴ ఇసుక పడటం వల్ల ట్రక్కుపై ప్రయోగించబడిన బలం (F) = 400 న్యూ.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 26.
నిశ్చలస్థితిలో ఉన్న ఇద్దరు స్కేటింగ్ చేసే వ్యక్తులు ఒకరినొకరు తోసుకున్నారు. వీరిలో 60 కి.గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వ్యక్తి 2 మీ/సె. వేగాన్ని పొందితే, 40 కి.గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి గల రెండవ వ్యక్తి పొందే వేగం ఎంత? (AS 7)
జవాబు:
వ్యవస్థలో తొలి ద్రవ్యవేగం = శూన్యము = m1u1 + m2u2
మొదటి వ్యక్తి ద్రవ్యరాశి = m1 = 60 కి.గ్రా,
మొదటి వ్యక్తి తుది వేగము = v1 = 2 మీ./సె.
రెండవ వ్యక్తి ద్రవ్యరాశి = m2 = 40 కి.గ్రా.
రెండవ వ్యక్తి తుది వేగము = v2 = ?
∴ ద్రవ్యవేగ నిత్యత్వ నియమం ప్రకారం
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
m2v2 = -m1v1
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 13

∴ రెండవ వ్యక్తి వ్యతిరేక దిశలో 3 మీ./సె. త్వరణాన్ని కలిగి ఉన్నాడు.

ప్రశ్న 27.
m ద్రవ్యరాశి గల బంతి ‘V’ వడితో గోడను లంబంగా ఢీకొట్టి అదే వడితో వెనుకకు మరలింది. గోడ బంతిపై ప్రయోగించే సరాసరి బలాన్ని మరియు బల దిశను కనుక్కోండి. (అభిఘాత సమయం ‘t’) (AS 7)
జవాబు:
బంతి ద్రవ్యరాశి = m
బంతి తొలివడి = u = – v (↑ ↑)
బంతి తుదివడి = v= v (అదే వడి కావున దిశ వేరే)
ప్రయోగ కాలము = 1 అనుకొనుము.
న్యూటన్ రెండవ గమన నియమం ప్రకారం
∴ F = ma
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 14
బలదిశ గోడ నుండి దూరముగా ఉండును.

9th Class Physical Science 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు Textbook InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 24

ప్రశ్న 1.
టేబుల్ మీది గుడ్డను ఒక్కసారిగా లాగిన, దాని మీద పెట్టిన పాత్రలు దాదాపు కదలకుండా అలాగే ఉండేలా చేసే ట్రిక్ (గారదీ)ని మీరు చూసే ఉంటారు ! ఈ గారడీని సమర్థవంతంగా నిర్వహించడానికి ఏం కావాలి?
జవాబు:
ఒక టేబుల్ క్లాత్, ఏదైనా ఒక వస్తువు కావాలి. ఈ గారడీ చేసే వ్యక్తి గుడ్డను చాలా నైపుణ్యంతో టేబుల్ పై నుండి లాగాలి.

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఎటువంటి గుధ ఉపయోగిస్తావు? దళసరి కాన్వాస్ గుడ్డనా లేదా పల్చని సిల్కు గుడ్డనా?
జవాబు:
దళసరి కాన్వాస్ గుడ్డను ఈ గారడీ చేయడానికి వాడాలి.

ప్రశ్న 3.
టేబుల్ గుడ్డపై పెట్టిన పాత్రలు అధిక ద్రవ్యరాశిని కలిగి ఉండాలా? తక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కలిగి ఉండాలా?
జవాబు:
టేబుల్ గుడ్డపై పెట్టిన పాత్రలు కొద్దిగా ఎక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కలిగి ఉండాలి. తేలికపాటి వస్తువులైన ప్లాస్టిక్ కప్పులు, స్పాంజ్ లు వాడకూడదు.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 4.
గుడ్డను ఒక్కసారిగా ఎక్కువ బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించి లాగాలా? లేదా సున్నితంగా, నిలకడగా బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించాల్సి ఉంటుందా?
జవాబు:
గుడ్డను తక్కువ బలంతో ఒక్కసారిగా లాగండి.

ప్రశ్న 5.
10 కి.మీ./సె. వేగంతో శూన్యంలో ప్రయాణిస్తున్న రాకెట్ నుండి విడిపోయిన చిన్న వస్తువు యొక్క వేగం ఎంత ఉంటుంది?
జవాబు:
నిర్దిష్ట వేగంతో చలిస్తున్న ఒక్క వస్తువు నుండి విడిపోయిన మరొక చిన్న వస్తువు కూడా అదే వేగంతో ప్రయాణిస్తుంది. కావున 10కి.మీ/ సెకను వేగంతో శూన్యంలో ప్రయాణిస్తున్న రాకెట్ నుండి విడిపోయిన చిన్న వస్తువు యొక్క వేగము కూడా 10కి.మీ/సెకన్ ఉంటుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 27

ప్రశ్న 6.
ప్రక్క పటాన్ని గమనించండి. 80 కి.గ్రా.ల ద్రవ్యరాశి గల దృఢమైన వ్యక్తి పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా గరిష్ఠంగా ఎంత బరువును పైకి ఎత్తగలడు?
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 15
జవాబు:
వ్యక్తి అతని బరువుకు సమానమైన భారమును ఎత్తగలడు. ఎందుకనగా ఫలితబలము శూన్యము.
కావున T – mg = 0 = mg = T
ఇక్కడ g = 10, ద్రవ్యరాశి = 80 కి.గ్రా.
∴ T = 80 × 10 = 800 N

ప్రశ్న 7.
తిరుగుతున్న సీలింగ్ ఫ్యాన్ యొక్క ద్రవ్యవేగం ఎంత?
జవాబు:
ద్రవ్యవేగము = ద్రవ్యము X వేగము
∆t = m (v – u)
ఇక్కడ వస్తువు తొలివేగము (u) మరియు తుది వేగము (v)లు సమానము కావున m (v – u) = ∆t = 0
∴ తిరుగుతున్న ఫ్యాను యొక్క ద్రవ్యవేగము శూన్యము.

ప్రశ్న 8.
ఫలిత బలం లేనప్పుడు వస్తువు వక్రమార్గంలో చలించగలదా?
జవాబు:
చలించగలదు. ఉదాహరణకు మనము ఒక వక్రమార్గములో ప్రయాణించుచున్నపుడు, అభికేంద్ర బలము వలన మనము ఆకర్షించబడతాము. అదే సమయంలో మనపై అపకేంద్రబలము పనిచేయును. ఈ ఫలితబలము వలన మన వాహన టైర్లకు, రోడ్డుకు మధ్య ఘర్షణ బలము ఏర్పడును.

ప్రశ్న 9.
తాడు యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశిని విస్మరించినప్పుడు దానిలో ఉన్న తన్యత ఏకరీతిగా ఉంటుందని ఎలా నిరూపిస్తావు?
జవాబు:
ఒక తాడుకు రాయిని కట్టి నీటిలో వ్రేలాడదీసినపుడు దాని ద్రవ్యరాశి గురుత్వాకర్షణ (8)పై ఆధారపడును. అదే విధముగా అదే రాయిని గాలిలో వ్రేలాడదీసిన దాని ద్రవ్యరాశి కూడా ‘g’ పై ఆధారపడును. దీనిని బట్టి తాడు యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశిని విస్మరించినప్పుడు దానిలో ఉన్న తన్యత ఏకరీతిగా ఉంటుందని గ్రహించవచ్చును.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 31

ప్రశ్న 10.
ఒక బంతిపై భూమి ప్రయోగించే బలం 8N అయితే, ఆ బంతి భూమిపై ప్రయోగించే బలం ఎంత?
జవాబు:
బంతిపై ప్రయోగించిన బలం = 8N
బంతి భూమిపై ప్రయోగించే బలం = బంతిపై ప్రయోగించిన బలం = 8N

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఒక చెక్క దిమ్మ క్షితిజ సమాంతర తలంపై ఉంది. దానిపై కిందికి లాగే అభిలంబ బలం గురుత్వాకర్షణ బలం, పైకి నెట్టే అభిలంబ బలం పనిచేస్తాయి. ఆ రెండు బలాలు పరిమాణంలో సమానంగా ఉంటూ, వ్యతిరేక దిశలలో ఉంటాయా? ఆ బలాల జతను చర్య – ప్రతిచర్య జతగా చెప్పవచ్చా? మీ స్నేహితులతో చర్చించండి.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 16
జవాబు:

  1. చెక్కదిమ్మపై గురుత్వాకర్షణ బలం, పైకి నెట్లే అభిలంబ బలం సమానంగా మరియు వ్యతిరేక దిశలలో ఉంటాయి.
  2. ఆ బలాల జతను చర్య – ప్రతిచర్య జతగా చెప్పవచ్చును.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 12.
మంటలను ఆర్పడానికి ఉపయోగించే గొట్టాల నుండి అతి వేగంగా నీరు బయటకు వస్తుంది. ఆ గొట్టాలను పట్టుకోవడం చాలా కష్టం. ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
మంటలను ఆర్పడానికి వాడు గొట్టాలను పట్టుకున్నపుడు అది మన చేతులపై బలాన్ని కలుగజేస్తుంది. ప్రతిచర్యగా మనము ఆ గొట్టముపై బలంను ప్రదర్శించవలెనన్న సాధ్యపడదు. కావున ఆ గొట్టాలను పట్టుకోవడం చాలా కష్టం.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 33

ప్రశ్న 13.
భూవాతావరణంలోకి ప్రవేశించిన ఒక ఉల్క మండిపోయింది. అలా మండినప్పుడు దాని ద్రవ్యవేగము ఏమైనట్లు?
జవాబు:
భూవాతావరణంలోకి రాగానే ఉల్క మండిపోవటం వలన దాని ద్రవ్యవేగము శూన్యమవుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 14.
బంతిని నిట్టనిలువుగా పైకి విసిరినప్పుడు, భూ ఉపరితలం నీ కాళ్లపై ప్రయోగించే అభిలంబ బలంలో ఏమైనా మార్పు వస్తుందా?
జవాబు:
నా శరీరాన్ని తుల్యము (balance) చేయుటకు భూఉపరితలము ప్రదర్శించు అభిలంబ బలము పెరుగును.

ప్రశ్న 15.
చెట్టుపై నుండి జారిపడిన కొబ్బరికాయ నేలని తాకి ఆగిపోయింది. దాని ద్రవ్యవేగం ఏమైందని చెప్పగలం?
జవాబు:
కొబ్బరికాయ నేలను తాకి ఆగిపోవుట వలన దాని ద్రవ్యవేగము శూన్యము అగును.

ప్రశ్న 16.
కొన్ని కార్లలో రక్షణ కొరకు గాలి సంచులు వాడతారు. ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
గాలి సంచులుగల కార్లకు ప్రమాదములు జరిగినపుడు ప్రచోదన కాలము పెరుగుట వలన కారు నడుపు వ్యక్తిపై ప్రయోగించబడు బలము తగ్గి, అతను ప్రాణహాని నుండి రక్షించబడతాడు.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 24

ప్రశ్న 17.
అన్ని వస్తువులూ ఒకే జడత్వాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయా? వస్తువుల జడత్వాన్ని నిర్ణయించే అంశాలు ఏవి? ఉదాహరణతో వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
అన్ని వస్తువులూ ఒకే జడత్వాన్ని ప్రదర్శించవు. జడత్వమును నిర్ణయించు అంశము ఆ వస్తువుకుండే ద్రవ్యరాశి,

ఉదాహరణ :

  1. మైదానంలో ఒక ఫుట్ బాల్ ను కాలితో తన్నినట్లయితే, అది కొంత వేగంతో తన్నిన దిశలో వెళ్తుంది.
  2. అదే పరిమాణము గల ఒక రాయినిగాని తన్నినట్లయితే దాని చలనంలో ఎటువంటి మార్పును గమనించవు మరియు నీ కాలికి దెబ్బ తగులుతుంది.
  3. దీనికి కారణము రాయికి అధిక ద్రవ్యరాశి ఉండటం వలన బంతికి తక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశి ఉండటం వలన త్వరగా స్థితిని మార్చుకోగలిగినది.
  4. ఈ విధంగా పదార్థ ద్రవ్యరాశి వస్తు జడత్వంను నిర్ణయిస్తుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 32

ప్రశ్న 18.
పోల్ వాల్ట్ ఆడేవారు స్పాంజ్ తో చేసిన పరుపు మీద దూకుతారు. ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
స్పాంజ్ పరుపుపై ఫలిత ద్రవ్యవేగము తక్కువగా ఉండును. కావున పోల్ వాల్ట్ ఆడేవారిపై తక్కువ ప్రతిచర్యా బలం పని చేస్తుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 19.
ఇసుక నేల మీద దూకటం సురక్షితమా లేదా సిమెంటు గచ్చుపై దూకటం సురక్షితమా? ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
సిమెంటు గచ్చుపై కన్నా ఇసుకపై దూకటం సురక్షితము. ఎందుకంటే మృదువైన మెత్తటి తలాలు వస్తువుని ఆపటంలో ఎక్కువ సమయాన్ని తీసుకోవటం వల్ల ఆ పేదూరం ఎక్కువగా ఉంటుంది.

ఉదాహరణ సమస్యలు

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 25

ప్రశ్న 1.
సమతలంపై ఉంచిన ‘M’ ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువు పై క్షితిజ సమాంతరంగా 100 బలం నిరంతరంగా ప్రయోగించడం వల్ల ఆ వస్తువు నిలకడగా కదులుతుంది.
ఎ) స్వేచ్ఛా వస్తు పటాన్ని (FBD) (ఒక నిర్దిష్ట సమయం వద్ద ఆ వస్తువుపై పనిచేస్తున్న అన్ని బలాలను చూపే పటం) గీయండి.
బి) ఘర్షణ విలువ ఎంత?
సాధన:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 17
వస్తువు నిలకడగా కదులుతుందని ఇవ్వబడింది. అంటే క్షితిజ సమాంతర, క్షితిజ లంబ దిశలో ఆ వస్తువుపై పనిచేసే ఫలిత బలం శూన్యం అని అర్ధం.

ఆ వస్తువుపై క్షితిజ సమాంతర దిశలో ఘర్షణ బలం (f), నెట్టిన బలం (F). లు పనిచేస్తున్నాయి.

క్షితిజ సమాంతర దిశలో ఫలిత బలం
Fnet, x = 0 అని మనకు తెలుసు.
F + (-f) = 0
F = f

కాబట్టి ఆ వస్తువుపై పనిచేసే ఘర్షణ బలం = 10 న్యూటన్లు.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 27

ప్రశ్న 2.
1కి.గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి మరియు 1 మీటరు పొడవు గల చాప గచ్చుపై పరచబడి ఉంది. చాప ఒక చివరను పట్టుకుని దాని – పొడవు వెంట రెండవ చివరివైపు 1 మీ/సె. స్థిర వడితో చాప మొత్తం చలనంలోకి వచ్చేంత వరకు చాప పూర్తిగా తిరగబడేంత వరకు) లాగాలంటే చాపపై ఎంత బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించాలి?
సాధన:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 18
పటం 10లో చూపిన విధంగా చాప చివర బాగాన్ని 1 మీ/సె. స్థిర వడితో లాగుతున్నప్పుడు చలనం లోకి వచ్చే చాప భాగపు ద్రవ్యరాశి క్రమంగా పెరుగుతూ ఉంటుంది. కాబట్టి ద్రవ్యరాశి స్థిరంగా ఉండదు.

మొత్తం చాప చలనంలోకి రావడానికి పట్టే సమయం,
∆t = చాప చివర భాగం కదలిన దూరం / వడి = 2/1 = 2 సె.
(చాప చివరి భాగం కదిలిన దూరం = 1మీ + 1మీ = 2 మీటర్లు)
న్యూటన్ రెండవ గమన నియమం నుండి
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 19

∆m అనేది ∆t సమయంలో వచ్చే ద్రవ్యరాశిలోని మార్పును సూచిస్తుంది. 2 సెకన్ల కాలంలో ద్రవ్యరాశిలో వచ్చే మార్పు మొత్తం చాప ద్రవ్యరాశికి సమానం.
Fnet = (1 మీ/సె) X (1 కి.గ్రా) / 2 సె. = 1/2 న్యూటన్
క్షితిజ సమాంతర దిశలో ఒకే బలం పనిచేస్తుంది కనుక చాప చివర ప్రయోగించాల్ని బలం 1/2 న్యూటన్.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 28

ప్రశ్న 3.
న్యూటన్ గమన నియమాలను అటవుడ్ ఒక ప్రయోగం ద్వారా నిరూపించాడు. పటంలో చూపినట్లు అటవుడ్ యంత్రంలో కప్పి ద్వారా పంపిన సాగే గుణం లేని ఒక తాడుకు రెండు చివరలలో m1 మరియు m2 ద్రవ్యరాశులు గల భారాలు వేలాడుతుంటాయి. (m1 > m2) అయిన, ఆ రెండు భారాల త్వరణాలను, తాడులో తన్యతను లెక్కించండి.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 20
సాధన:
పటంలో చూపినట్లు తాడులో గల తన్యత ఎల్లప్పుడూ వస్తువులను పైకి లాగుతుంది.
m1 ద్రవ్యరాశి యొక్క FBD ద్వారా ఆ ద్రవ్యరాశిపై తన్యత, (T) పై వైపుకు, దాని భారం (m1 g) కిందవైపుకు పని చేస్తున్నాయని గ్రహించవచ్చు.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 21
m1 పై ఫలిత బలం,
Fnet = m1a
m1g – T = m1a ………….. (1)
m1 పై ఫలిత బలం కలగజేసే త్వరణం ‘a’ m1 కిందకి కదులుతుంటే m2 పైకి వెళ్తుంది. కనుక వాటి త్వరణాల పరిమాణాలు సమానం.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 22
m2 యొక్క FBD పటం నుండి
Fnet = T – m2g = m2a ……………. (2)
(1), (2) సమీకరణాలను సాధించగా
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 23

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 33

ప్రశ్న 4.
12000 కి.గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి (m1) గల ఫిరంగి నున్నని సమాంతర తలంపై ఉంది. అది 300 కి.గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి (m2) గల గుండును క్షితిజ సమాంతర దిశలో v2 = 400 మీ./సె. వేగంతో విడుదల చేస్తే, ఆ ఫిరంగి వేగం (v1) ఎంత?
సాధన:
ఫిరంగి ద్రవ్యరాశి (m1) = 12000 కి.గ్రా
గుండు ద్రవ్యరాశి (m2) = 300 కి.గ్రా
ఫిరంగి వేగము (v1) = ?
గుండు వేగము (v2) = 400 మీ./సె.
ఫిరంగి పేల్చిన తర్వాత దాని వేగం v1 అనుకొనుము.
వ్యవస్థ తొలి ద్రవ్యవేగం శూన్యం.
వ్యవస్థ తుది ద్రవ్యవేగం = m1v1 + m2v2.
రేఖీయ ద్రవ్యవేగ నిత్యత్వ నియమము ప్రకారం
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
m1v1 = – m2v2
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 24

ఫిరంగి పేలిన తర్వాత దాని వేగం = 10 మీ/సె.
ఫిరంగి వ్యతిరేక దిశలో కదులుతుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

పరికరాల జాబితా

చెక్క ట్రాక్, కాగితపు రింగు లేదా బంతి, పెన్నుమూత, గాజు గోళీ, సీసా, క్యారమ్ బోర్డు నమూనా, చెక్క దిమ్మలు, చెక్క స్కేలు, సాగే గుణం లేని తాడు, బెలూన్, స్ట్రా ముక్క, తాడు, రెండు కోడిగుడ్లు, మెత్తని దిండు, కప్పీ, రెండు స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసులు, పరీక్ష నాళిక, రబ్బరు కార్కు, బున్సెన్ బర్నర్, దారము, స్టాండు, నీరు

9th Class Physical Science 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు Textbook Activities (కృత్యములు)

కృత్యం – 1

కాగితపు రింగుపై ఉంచిన పెన్ను మూత చలనాన్ని వివరించటం :

ప్రశ్న 1.
జడత్వాన్ని నిరూపించు ప్రయోగాన్ని తెల్పుము.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 25
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం : వస్తువు యొక్క జడత్వాన్ని నిరూపించుట.

కాగితపు రింగు కావలసిన పరికరాలు :
పెన్నుమూత, కాగితపు రింగు, వెడల్పు మూతిగల సీసా.

పద్ధతి :

  1. ఒక దళసరి కాగితంతో రింగును తయారుచేయండి.
  2. పటంలో చూపినట్లు ఒక సీసామూత మీద ఆ రింగును నిలబెట్టండి.
  3. సీసామూతికి సరిగ్గా పైన పేపరు రింగుపై ఒక పెన్నుమూతను నిలబెట్టండి.
  4. కాగితపు రింగును ఒక్కసారిగా వేగంగా మీ చేతితో లాగండి.
  5. పెన్నుమూత, వెడల్పు మూతిగల సీసాలోనికి పడిపోతుంది.

వివరణ :
పై ప్రయోగాన్ని బట్టి మార్పును వ్యతిరేకించే లక్షణం పెన్నుమూత ప్రదర్శించినది కావున దానికి జడత్వ లక్షణం కలదని చెప్పవచ్చును.

కృత్యం – 2

స్టైకరుతో కొట్టిన కేరమ్ బోర్డు కాయిన్ చలనాన్ని పరిశీలించడం :

ప్రశ్న 2.
స్ట్రైకరుతో కొట్టిన కేరమ్ బోర్డు కాయిన్ చలనాన్ని పరిశీలించు ప్రయోగాన్ని వివరింపుము.
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం :
స్ట్రైకరుతో కొట్టినపుడు కేరమ్ బోర్డు కాయిన్ చలనాన్ని పరిశీలించుట.

కావలసిన పరికరాలు :
క్యారమ్ బోర్డు, కాయిన్స్, స్టైకరు.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 26

పద్ధతి :

  1. క్యారమ్ బోర్డుపై కాయిన్లను ఒకే నిలువు వరుసలో నిలబెట్టండి.
  2. కింది కాయినను స్ట్రైకర్ తో గట్టిగా కొట్టండి.
  3. పటంలో చూపినట్లు కింది కాయిన్ మాత్రమే వరుస నుండి బయటకు వస్తుంది.
  4. క్యారమ్ కాయిన్ల దొంతర నిలువుగా కిందకు దిగింది.

వివరణ :
పై ప్రయోగం ద్వారా వస్తువు పై పనిచేసే ఫలిత బలం శూన్యం అయినదని అర్ధమవుతుంది.

కృత్యం – 3

రెండు చెక్కపెట్టెలను ఒకే బలంతో నెట్టడం :

ప్రశ్న 3.
అధిక ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువు అధిక జడత్వాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటుందని చూపండి.
జవాబు:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 27

  1. రెండు వేరు వేరు ద్రవ్యరాశులు గల చెక్కదిమ్మెలను గచ్చుపై ఒక సరళరేఖపై ఉంచండి.
  2. రెండు దిమ్మలను చెక్క స్కేలు సహాయంతో ఒకే బలంతో ముందుకు నెట్టండి.
  3. తక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశి గల చెక్కదిమ్మ ఎక్కువ త్వరణాన్ని పొంది ఎక్కువ దూరం వెళ్ళింది.
  4. ఎక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశి గల చెక్కదిమ్మ తక్కువ త్వరణాన్ని పొంది తక్కువ దూరం కదులుతుంది.
  5. ఈ పరిశీలన వల్ల ఎక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశి గల వస్తువు ఎక్కువ జడత్వాన్ని పొందుతాయని తెలుస్తుంది.

కృత్యం – 4

ప్రశ్న 4.
ఫలిత బలం – త్వరణం
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 28

నున్నగా ఉన్న తలం మీద ఒక మంచు ముక్క నుంచి నెమ్మదిగా నెట్టవలెను. అది వేగాన్ని ఎలా పుంజుకుంటుందో (ఎలా త్వరణాన్ని పొందుతుందో) గమనించవలెను. ఇప్పుడు ఫలిత బలాన్ని పెంచి, వేగంలో మార్పుని గమనించవలెను.
మంచు ముక్క త్వరణం పెరుగుతుంది.

కృత్యం – 5

ప్రశ్న 5.
ద్రవ్యరాశి – త్వరణం
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 29

ఒక మంచు ముక్కపై కొంత బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించినపుడు, అది త్వరణాన్ని పొందుతుంది. ఇప్పుడు ఎక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశి గల మంచు ముక్కపై దాదాపు అంతే బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించి, త్వరణాన్ని పరిశీలించవలెను.

ఎక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశి గల మంచుముక్క, తక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశి గల మంచు ముక్క పొందిన త్వరణాన్ని పొందలేదు.

గమనించినది :
ద్రవ్యరాశి స్థిరంగా ఉన్నప్పుడు ఫలిత బలం ఎక్కువగా ఉంటే త్వరణం కూడా అధికంగా ఉంటుంది. అలాగే ఫలిత బలం స్థిరమైనప్పుడు ద్రవ్యరాశి ఎక్కువగా ఉంటే ఆ వస్తువుపై పొందిన త్వరణం తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

కృత్యం – 6

రెండు స్ప్రింగు త్రాసులను వ్యతిరేకదిశలో లాగటం :

ప్రశ్న 6.
రెండు స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసుల ద్వారా న్యూటన్ మూడవ గమన సూత్రాన్ని ప్రయోగపూర్వకముగా నిరూపించుము.
(లేదా)
చర్య, ప్రతిచర్య బలాలు పరిమాణంలో సమానమని, దిశలో వ్యతిరేకమని నిరూపించు ప్రయోగమును తెల్పుము.
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం : చర్య, ప్రతిచర్య బలాలను చూపుట.

కావలసిన పరికరాలు : రెండు స్ప్రింగు త్రాసులు, వాటి కొక్కెములు.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 30

పద్ధతి :
వ్యతిరేక దిశలో పనిచేసే బలాలు

  1. ఒకే విధమైన కొలతలుగల రెండు స్ప్రింగు త్రాసులు తీసుకోండి.
  2. వాటి కొంకీలను పటంలో చూపినట్లు కలపండి.
  3. ఇరువైపుల నుండి స్ప్రింగు త్రాసులు పట్టుకొని లాగండి.
  4. అవి రెండూ సమాన రీడింగులను సూచిస్తాయి.
  5. ఆ త్రాసులలోని స్ప్రింగులు ఒకదానిపై ఒకటి సమాన (F1 = F2) దిశలో, వ్యతిరేకంగా (F1 = – F2 ) బలాలు కలుగజేసుకుంటాయి.
  6. ఈ రెండు వ్యతిరేక బలాల్ని కలిపి చర్య – ప్రతిచర్య బలాల జత అంటాము.

కృత్యం – 7

బెలూన్ రాకెట్:

ప్రశ్న 7.
బెలూన్ రాకెట్ ప్రయోగాన్ని న్యూటన్ మూడవ గమన నియమంతో ఏ విధముగా వివరించవచ్చును?
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం :
బెలూన్ రాకెట్ ద్వారా న్యూటన్ మూడవ సూత్రాన్ని పరీక్షించుట.

పరికరాలు :
బెలూన్, దారము, స్ట్రా. టేపు.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 31

పద్ధతి :

  1. ఒక బెలూన్లోకి గాలి ఊది బయటికి వెళ్ళకుండా మూతిని గట్టిగా వేళ్ళతో పట్టుకోండి.
  2. ఒక దారాన్ని స్ట్రా గుండా పంపండి.
  3. పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా బెలూను స్టాకు టేపుతో అతికించండి.
  4. దారం ఒక చివరి కొనను మీరు పట్టుకొని, రెండవ చివరను మీ స్నేహితుడిని పట్టుకోమనండి.
  5. బెలూన్ మూతి వద్ద వేళ్ళను తీసివేయండి. మూతి ఉన్న దిశ ఎడమ దిశ అనుకొనుము.
  6. బెలూన్లోని గాలి మూతి ద్వారా బయటికి కొంత వేగంతో, ఎడమవైపుకు వెళుతుంది.
  7. బెలూన్ కుడి చేతి వైపుకు కదులుతుంది. దానికి అంటిపెట్టుకున్న స్ట్రా కూడా దానితోపాటు వెళు 190ది.

ఈ విధముగా చర్య (గాలి వెళ్ళడం), ప్రతిచర్య (బెలూన్ వెళ్ళడం) సమానముగా ఉండి, వాటి దిశలు వ్యతిరేకముగా కలవని తెలియుచున్నది.

ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం

ప్రశ్న 8.
రెండు విభిన్న వస్తువుల మీద పనిచేయు చర్య, ప్రతిచర్య బలాలను ప్రయోగపూర్వకముగా చూపుము.
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం :
రెండు విభిన్న వస్తువుల మీద పనిచేసే చర్య, ప్రతిచర్య బలాలను చూపుట.

కావలసిన పరికరాలు :
పరీక్షనాళిక, రబ్బరు కార్కు, బున్సెన్ బర్నర్, స్టాండు, దారం.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 32

పద్ధతి :

  1. ఒక పరీక్ష నాళికలో కొద్దిగా నీరు తీసుకొని దాని మూతిని రబ్బరు కార్కుతో మూయండి. –
  2. పటంలో చూపిన విధంగా రెండు దారాల సహాయంతో పరీక్ష నాళికను క్షితిజ సమాంతరంగా వేలాడదీయండి.
  3. బుస్సెన్ బర్నర్ సహాయంతో పరీక్ష నాళికను వేడి చేయండి.
  4. వేడిచేయటం వలన పరీక్షనాళికలోని నీరు ఆవిరైపోతుంది.
  5. ఆ ఆవిరి రబ్బరు కారును బయటకు నెట్టే వరకు పరీక్ష నాళికను వేడి చేస్తూనే ఉండాలి.
  6. కార్కు బయటకు రావడం (చర్య), పరీక్ష నాళిక వెనుకకు జరగడం (ప్రతిచర్య) ఒక్కసారిగా గమనించవచ్చు.
  7. కార్కు ద్రవ్యరాశి, పరీక్షనాళిక ద్రవ్యరాశి కన్నా తక్కువ కావడం వలన పరీక్షనాళిక కన్నా కార్కు ఎక్కువ వేగంతో ప్రయాణిస్తుంది.
    పై ప్రయోగం ద్వారా చర్య, ప్రతిచర్య బలాలను గమనించవచ్చును.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు

ప్రశ్న 9.
గ్రుడ్డును జారవిడవడం
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 2nd Lesson గమన నియమాలు 33
రెండు కోడి గ్రుడ్లను తీసుకొని వాటిని ఒకే ఎత్తు నుండి, ఒకటి గట్టి గచ్చు మీద పడేటట్లుగా, రెండవది మెత్తని దిండు మీద పడేటట్లుగా వదలండి. తలాన్ని తాకిన తరువాత ఆ గ్రుడ్లలో గమనించిన మార్పులు వివరించుము.
జవాబు:

  1. గట్టి గచ్చు మీద గ్రుడ్డు పగిలిపోతుంది కారణం, అధిక బలం అతిస్వల్ప కాలంలో పని చేయడమే.
  2. మెత్తని దిండు మీద పడిన గ్రుడ్డు పగలదు కారణం, తక్కువ బలం ఎక్కువ కాలం పాటు పని చేసింది.

పై రెండు సందర్భాలలో గ్రుడ్డు పగులుతుందా, పగలదా అని నిర్ణయించేది గ్రుడు మీద పనిచేసే ఫలిత బలమే అని తెలుసుకున్నాను.

AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 7 Industries in India

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson Industries in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson Industries in India

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Why government took up the responsibility to set up basic goods industries?
Answer:

  • Basic industries produce essential goods that can form a base to support a large variety of factories.
  • Huge amount of capital is required to set up basic goods industries.
  • Moreover it takes a long time to set up basic industries.
    E.g.: For setting up a power plant for production of electricity, it would require five to ten years.
  • Private industrial groups were not willing to invest in such industries.
  • Hence the Government took up the responsibility to set up basic goods industries.

AP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Why are industries located in specific areas?
Answer:

  • All factories need raw materials from which goods can be produced.
  • Transportation is needed to bring raw materials to factories and transfer finished goods from them.
  • So industries are located in specific areas where raw materials like minerals are available.
  • Industries are also concentrated where infrastructural facilities like transportation electricity, banking services, etc. are available.

Question 3.
What are the basic goods industries? How they are different from consumer goods industries?
Answer:

Basic Goods IndustriesConsumer Goods Industries
1. Factories producing essential goods necessary for industries are called basic goods industries.
E.g.: Machines, electricity, etc.
1. Factories producing goods which for direct consumption are called consumer goods.
E.g.: Soaps, Furniture, TVs, etc.
2. These goods are not for direct consumption.2. These goods are directly consumed by consumers.
3. Basic industries produce essential goods that can farm a base to support a large variety of factories.3. Consumer goods industries did not support any other industries.

Question 4.
Give a list of towns/areas in which some conventional mineral resources are found and ask students to identify then possible industries which can be set up.

Minerals/ ResourcesTowns/areas in which these resources are availableList the kind of industries that can be set up in this area
1. Iron ore
2. Coal
3. Jute
4. Oil
5. Natural Gas
6. Forests
7. Manganese
8. Bauxite

Answer:

Minerals/ ResourcesTowns/areas in which these resources are availableList the kind of industries that can be set up in this area
1. Iron ore1. Singhbhum in Jarkhand
2. Mayurbhanj, Koenjhar in Odisha
3. Raipur and Bastar in Chattisgarh.
4. Bellary and Chikmaglur in Karnataka.
5. Salem in Tamilnadu
6. Khammam in Telangana and Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh.
7. Ratnagiri and Chanda in Maharashtra.
1. Iron and steel industry
2. Heavy machines
3. Tools
4. Weapons
5. Constructions and transport vehicles, etc.
6. Railway coaches, etc.
2. CoalImportant coal fields are
1. Jharia, Chandrapura, Bokaro and Giridhi in Jarkhand.
2. Ranigunj and Asansal in West Bengal.
3. Singrauli and Korba in Madhya Pradesh.
4. Singareni in Telangana
1. Iron and steel industry
2. Thermal power industry
3. Used as fuel in so many other industries.
4. Largely used in railways.
3. JuteWest Bengal, Assom, Bihar and Odisha.Jute industry is concentrated in West Bengal.
1. Jute textiles
2. Bag making
3. Carpet making
4. Door mats, etc.
4. OilGujarat, Assom, Bombay HighDifferent types of industries.
5. Natural Gas1. Cambay and Ankleshwar fields in Gujarat
2. Bombay High in Maharashtra.
Power industry
Fertilizer industry
Used as fuel
6. ForestsForests are found in Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.Forests yield both softwood and hard wood.
Forest based industries are-
1. Paper (softwood trees)
2. Furniture
3. Timber
4. Soaps
5. Match boxes
6. Handicraft
7. Turpentine and
8. Railway sleepers
7. Manganese1. Koenjhar, kalahandi, Mayurbhanj Sundarghar and Thalcher in Odisha.
2. Chitradurg, Shimoga, Chikmanglore, Bellary and Dharwad in Karnataka.
3. Bhalghat, Seori, Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.
4. Singhbum in Jarkhand.
5. Panchamahal in Gujarat.
6. Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts in Andhra Pradesh.
1. Iron and steel industry
2. Chemical industry
3. Bleaching powder
4. Electrical
5. Glass
6. Leather
7. Photography and
8. Metal industry
8. Bauxite1. Palmau, Ranchi, Monghyr and Shahabad in Jarkhand.
2. Balaghat, Jabalpur, Bilaspur and Rajgarh in Madhya Pradesh.
3. Amreli and Kutch in Gujarat.
4. Belgaum in Karnataka.
5. Madurai, Nilgiris and Coimbatore in Tamilnadu.
6. Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh
Used in Aluminium making which in turn used in aircraft, automobiles, ships, utensils, railways, photographic material and electrical goods industry.

Question 5.
Why government in 1990s allowed private industries in many areas which were earlier restricted only to government?
Answer:

  • Indian industry as a result of government’s control was not modernizing fast and was producing goods at high cost and not making technological improvement.
  • Government used to allocate a specifc amount every year to operate these industries.
  • It was expected that these industries become independent, generate revenue for the government.
  • But these government run factories continually require government assistance.
  • Their functioning was much below that was expected.
  • So, in the 1990s a new industrial policy was announced. Many activities which were earlier restricted only for the government are now allowed for the private industries.

AP Board Solutions

Question 6.
What is the impact of industrial development on employment generation?
Answer:

  • An important goal of industrial policies in India was to generate employment opportunities in industrial activities.
  • Raising the proportion of people employed in factories is also generally seen as an important indicator of economic development of a country.
  • Today nearly 2 lakh large factories and 3 crore small manufacturing units are operating in India.
  • These units employ nearly about one-fifth of India’s 460 million workers.
  • Number of employees generated in industrial section has increased from 11% in 1972-73 to 22 % in 2009-10.
  • But large industries began to replace workers with technology. More and more automation has taken place.
  • This has led to almost zero additional employment in large factrories.

Question 7.
What is the impact of industrial development on revenue?
Answer:

  • When goods made in factories and exported to other countries, we get revenue.
  • A few decades before, three-fourths of income from goods exported from manufacturing industries alone.
  • Even today, nearly two-third of goods exports is contributed by industries and particularly small industries.
  • Factory goods exported range from gems, jewellery, chemicals, cars, machinery, cashewnuts, etc.
  • The money or foreign exchange earned in this process enable us to import from other countries a large number of goods that we want from other countries.

Question 8.
“Industrial activities increase environmental problems” Discuss.
Answer:

  • The production process in industries involves the use of electricity and application of different chemicals.
  • In the course of production, these industries release a lot of other materials. They are causing pollution in the industrial locations.
  • The industrialization led to the indiscriminate exploitation of minerals, forests, soils, air, etc.
  • It leads to deforestation and damages the natural habitat of animals.
  • Underground water is being contaminated due to the release of wastes by the industries.
  • Some animals are endangered and some creatures have become extinct.
  • The depletion of ozone layer, pollution of water, air, soil has increased ecological problems.

Question 9.
Write a few slogans on the prevention of environment pollution.
Answer:

  • We were born to help the world, not to destroy it.
  • Only when the last tree has died, the last river has been poisoned and the last fish has been caught, will we realize that we cannot eat money?
  • Save the environment and you will save the life and future.
  • Hungry and the Earth will serve, Thirst and the seas will water I Do you still want to cut that all?
  • Man made global warming, the biggest scan in the history of mankind to fulfil his greediness? Understood this or nature will teach you.
  • Stop pollution – Stop global warming.

AP Board Solutions

Question 10.
Read the para 3 of page 83 and comment on it.

The electronics industrys covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 18 software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years ‘ because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Answer:
IT and electronics are the fast growing segments of Indian industry both in terms of production and exports. This sector is attracting considerable interest not only as a vast market but also as potential production base international companies.

In recent times, software development and IT enabled services have emerged as a niche opportunity for India in the global context.

The Government is taking all necessary steps to make India, a Global IT super power and a front runner in the age of information revolution. It earns a major share of foreign exchange.

Question 11.
Observe the map given on page 95 and locate the iron and steel plants in the India outline map.
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 7 Industries in India 1
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 7 Industries in India 2

Question 12.
Select one agro-based and one mineral based industry in your area.
i) What are the raw materials they use?
ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost?
iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?
Answer:
1. Agro Based :
Nandini Foods.

2. Mineral Based :
Ramagundam Thermal Power Station

Agro BasedMineral Based
1. Raw material: Sugar, powders, chillies, tamarind, oil, etc.Coal, etc.
2. Inputs that involve transportation lost: raw materials, staff and finished goods to market.Raw materials, staff
3. Environmental Norms : Yes, upto some extentYes, but the wastage is sent out into a canal.

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you make a list of products produced by factories for other factories? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

  1. Moulds
  2. Speakers
  3. Spare parts
  4. Tyres, Tubes, etc.

Question 2.
Have you seen machines used in a factory? Make a collage of different kinds of machines that are used. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:
I have seen a welding factory.
Machines in the factory are :

  1. arc welding
  2. resistance welding
  3. laser welding
  4. electron bean welding
  5. stud welding
  6. orbital welding
  7. wave soldering
  8. hot dip brazing
  9. torch brazing
  10. indution brazing
  11. ultrasonic
  12. friction welding

Question 3.
Discuss what is meant by the word “basic”. What are the basic necessities for industries? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

  • “Basic” means the things that are basically necessary.
  • The basic necessities for setting up any industries are machines, electricity, minerals and ores and infrastructural facilities like transport, telephones, etc.

AP Board Solutions

Question 4.
At the time of independence what were the objectives that were desired to be achieved through industrialization? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

  • After 1947, India began many initiatives to promote industrial activities in the country.
  • Major objectives were – to become self-sufficient in meeting our needs and to make the country an industrially developed nation.

Question 5.
Where should the sugar and jaggery mills be ideally located? (Text Book Page No. 80)
Answer:
The sugar and jaggery mills should be ideally located near the crop grown areas.

Question 6.
Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units? (Text Book Page No. 82)
Answer:
Cement manufacturing units can be established near the areas where the raw materials are available in bulk.
Raw materials : Limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum, coal and electric power and transportation facilities.

Question 7.
Can you point out some examples of increase in production of goods that are used in the production of many products by different factories? (Text Book Page No. 90)
Answer:

  1. Steel
  2. Engines
  3. Cement
  4. Bricks
  5. Wood
  6. Glass
  7. Vegetables
  8. Cotton, etc.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. Find out where the plants are located in other states of India. Find their names. (Text Book Page No. 82)
Answer:

  1. Nirman Cements Ltd – Bihar.
  2. Grasim Cements Ltd – Madhya Pradesh
  3. Sagar Cements – Telangana
  4. The India Cements Ltd – Tamilnadu

Question 9.
Fill in the following table. For some industries, you may need to discuss with the teacher. (Text Book Page No. 84)

IndustryStates in which they are currently concentratedWhy they are concentrated in those states?
Chemical Industry
Fertiliser Industry
Cement Industry
Automobiles Industry

Answer:

IndustryStates in which they are currently concentratedWhy they are concentrated in those states?
Chemical IndustryGujaratAvailability of raw material, skilled and unskilled labourers, electricity, water, financial assistance, transport facilities, etc.
Fertiliser IndustryMaharashtra
Cement IndustryRajasthan, Telangana, A.P., M.P, Gujarat
Automobiles IndustryTamilnadu

Question 10.
Observe the following pie charts. (Text Book Page No. 87, 88)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 7 Industries in India 3
a) What are the differences in employment in the three kinds of economic activities that you notice from these pie charts?
Answer:

  • The employment generation in agricultural sector has been decreased from 74% in 1972-73 to 53% in 2009-10.
  • The employment generation in industrial sector has been increased from 11% in 1972-73 to 22% in 2009-10.
  • The employment generation in service sector has shown an increase of 10%.

b) What is the percentage of change in employment by industry?
Answer:
There is a 11% increase in employment generated by industry.

c) Did we expect to see a greater change in employment by industry that did not happen?
Answer:
1) Yes, we expected a greater change in employment by industry. But it did not happen.
2) Large industries began to replace workers with technology. More and more automation has taken place.
3) Hence it did not happen.

Question 11.
Look at the following Graph and answer the following question. (Text Book Page No. 89)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 7 Industries in India 4
What has been the increase in production of cloth over the past 30 years? What would be the impact of this? Discuss in your class. (Text Book Page No. 90)
Answer:
1. The production of cotton cloth was 8000 million square metres approximately in 1980-81. The production went up to 15000 million square metres by 1990-91, to 19000 million square metres by 2000-01. The production has been increased to 31000 million square metres approximately by 2010-11.

2. The production of other cloth material was approximately 2500 million square metres in 1980-81 and that went up to 7000 million square metres by 1990-91, to 20000 million square metres by 2000-01 and to 30000 million square metres approximately
by 2010-11.

AP Board Solutions

Question 12.
Refer the chart that shows the production of cement and steel construct a table to show the increase from 80-81 to present times. Discuss some positive and negative effect of this increase in production. (Text Book Page No. 90)
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 7 Industries in India 5
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 7 Industries in India 6
The positive and negative effects of the increase in production :
1. The increase in the production of cement has positive impact on the development of our country. The infrastructural facilities like buildings, dams, roads etc., are increased due to the increase of production of cement.

2. Negative impact of cement production: The heating of limestone and clay may release mercury into the air which affects the health of the people and pollutes the ground water too.

Steel Production:
1. The increase in the production of steei has impact on the production of other goods, iike heavy tools and machines etc.

2. The steel factories release poisonous gases into the atmosphere and release waste into the streams causing air and water pollution.

Question 13.
Iron is the basic requirement for a large number of goods produced by various factories. Explain this with examples that you see around. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

  • Iron is used in making steel, machinery, tools and weapons.
  • Iron is also used in shipbuilding industry.
  • Iron is also used for many other purposes in constructions and transport.

Question 14.
Make a chart to show how petroleum is the basic requirement for a large number of products. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in the earth. It is refined and used to make so many products. The byproducts are Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, etc.
It is used in:

  1. Petrochemical industry
  2. Plastic making
  3. Lubricating oils
  4. Fertilizers
  5. Asphalt – which is used in road construction
  6. Pesticides
  7. Detergents
  8. Photographic film
  9. Artificial fibres, etc.

AP Board Solutions

Question 15.
Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India? (Text Book Page No. 81)
Answer:

  • India is the developing country, the process of development is a little bit slow than other developed countries.
  • Economy plays a vital role in the development of India economy is good but not best.
  • The steel industry has limited factories in our country.
  • The production is also limited. So the per capita consumption of steel is low in India.

Question 16.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? (Text Book Page No. 79)
Answer:

  • To spend time usefully with some other work,
  • To fight against foreign cloths imported,
  • To encourage village industries,
  • To insist that everyone learn to do his own work like making the yarn for his cloth and
  • To lead a simple life and minimising the needs for living.

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India Activity

Collect the wrappers of a tea packets and tooth paste. Read the wrappers carefully and try to relate to the question below. (Text Book Page No. 77)
Answer:
Student’s Activity

…………..(1)………….. can be considered as a product of agro based industry. …………..(2)………….. can be considered a product of mineral based industry.
Answer:
1) Tea,
2) Toothpaste

AP Board Solutions

Raw material for the tooth paste…………..(1)………….. and …………..(2)…………..
industry. That industry is called key or basic industry. Whereas the tooth paste is a consumer goods and the industry producing such goods is called consumer goods industry.
Answer:
1) Flouride,
2) Calcium

The ownership of industries could be lying with individuals or groups of individuals such as …………..(1)………….. (for the tea packets) and …………..(2)………….. (tooth paste). Such an industry is called a private sector industry whereas if the ownership belongs to the government, it will be called as public sector industry. Two examples of public sector industries are …………..(3)………….. and …………..(4)…………..
Answer:
1) Brookebond,
2) Dabur (Red),
3) Bharat Dynamics Ltd,
4) BHEL Ltd.

Some industries are also owned by large number of people who supply raw materials (milk/sugarcane) or supply their labour (coir) pool their resources to run them. Such industries are called cooperative industries.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions 9th Lesson Floating Bodies

9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson Floating Bodies 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Scientifically what is density?
Answer:
Density is defined as mass per unit volume.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 1

Question 2.
Define relative density.
Answer:
Relative density is the ratio of density of an object to the density of water.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 2

Question 3.
What instrument is used to determine the purity of milk?
Answer:
Purity of milk can be determined by using lactometer.

Question 4.
What instrument is used to know the relative density of liquids?
Answer:
Relative density of liquids can be determined by using hydrometer.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

Question 5.
What is atmospheric pressure?
Answer:
Air in our surroundings exerts pressure on the surface of earth called atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure P0 = ρhg

Question 6.
State Archimedes’ principle.
Answer:
Archimedes’ principle states that when a body is immersed in a fluid it experiences an upward force of buoyancy equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the immersed portion of the body.

Question 7.
State Pascal’s principle.
Answer:
Pascal’s principle states that external pressure applied to an enclosed body of fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid.

Question 8.
What is the principle involved in working of hydraulic lift?
Hydraulic lift works using Pascal’s law.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

Question 9.
In what direction does the buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid act?
Answer:
Buoyant force on an object acts upward direction.

9th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Gravitation 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define density and give its units.
Answer:
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 1
Units : Unit for density is gm/cm³ (or) kg/m³.

Question 2.
Define relative density and give its units.
Answer:
Relative density is the ratio of density of an object to the density of water.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 2
Units : Relative density has no units.

Question 3.
Why does the wooden block float on water even though it is heavier than a marble?
Answer:
The relative density of wooden block is less than the relative density of water whereas relative density of marble (glass) is more than that of water. Hence wooden block floats on water and marble sinks in water.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

Question 4.
What do we mean by ‘heavy’, what do we mean by ‘light’?
Answer:
‘Heavy’ and ‘light’ can be decided based on the density of the object. Among the objects of equal volume, the one which weighs more can be treated as ‘heavy’ and the other one can be treated as ‘light’.

Question 5.
Relative density of silver is 10.8. What is density of silver in S.I. unit?
Answer:
Relative density of silver = 10.8
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 3
Density of water in S.I. system = 0³ kg/m³.
Density of silver = Relative density × Density of water = 10.8 × 10³ kg/m³.

Question 6.
Why does a block of plastic released under come up to the surface of water?
Answer:
Density of plastic is less than water. As the density of water is more than plastic, water exerts upward force which is known as buoyant force. So, the block of plastic come up to the surface of water.

Question 7.
The volume of 50 g. of a substance is 20 cm³. If the density of water is 1 g/cm³, will the substance float or sink?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 4
The density of substance is more than water so the substance sinks in the water.

Question 8.
An iron nail sinks in water. While a large ship floats on the surface of water. Give reason.
Answer:
The weight of water displaced by iron needle is less than its own weight, so it sinks. On the other hand, the ship displaces water more than its own weight, so it floats on water.

Question 9.
The density of gold is 19 g/cm³. Find the volume of 95 g of fold.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 5

Question 10.
A floating boat displaces water weighing 6000 newtons.
a) What is the buoyant force on the boat?
b) What is the weight of the boat?
Answer:
a) By Archimedes’ principles, the buoyant force acting on the object by it.
So, the buoyant force on the boat = 6000 newtons.

b) According to the principle of floating
Weight of object = Weight of liquid displaced by it
⇒ Weight of the boat = 6000 newtons

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

Question 11.
The volume of 50 g. of a substance is 20 cm . If the density of water is 1 g cm-3, will the substance float or sink?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 6
2. Density of water = 1 g cm-3.
As the density of substance is greater than that of water, so, the substance will sink in water.

Question 12.
Write any two differences between density and relative density.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 7

9th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Gravitation 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Derive an expression for atmospheric pressure.
Answer:
1) All objects on the surface of the earth are subject to constant atmospheric pressure.

2) We know that the pressure is thrust (force) per unit area.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 8

Question 2.
How can you measure the atmospheric pressure?
Answer:
1) Atmospheric pressure can be calculated with the help of the height of mercury column.

2) The weight of the mercury column in the tube is equal to the force applied on it by the mercury in the bowl due to atmospheric pressure.
∴ Weight of mercury column (W)
= Mass of mercury (m) × g
= Volume × density × g
= Cross sectional area of the tube × height of the tube × density × g
= Ahρg

Let P0 be the atmospheric pressure.
Force on the column due to atmospheric pressure = P0 A
Then Ahρg = P0 A ⇒ P0 = hρg
Here ‘ρ’ and ‘g’ are constants. So the height of mercury column depends on the atmospheric pressure.
We know height of mercury column h = 76 cm = 76 × 10-2 m
Density of mercury (ρ) = 13.6 gm/cc = 13.6 × 10³ kg/m³3
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/sec2
P0 = hρg = 76 × 10-2 × 13.6 × 10³ × 9.8 = 1.01 × 105 kg m/m²s²
1 kg m\sec² = 1 Newton
P0 = 1.01 × 105 N/m²
This value is called atmospheric pressure.
1 Atmosphere = 1.01 × 105 N/m² = 1.01 × 105 Pascal

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

Question 3.
Calculate the pressure at a depth ‘h’ in a liquid.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 9
1) Let us consider a container which contains a liquid in it of density ‘ p

2) Consider cylindrical column of height ‘h’ from the surface of the liquid of cross sectional area “A”.

3) The volume of the liquid column V = Ah
Mass = Volume x density
⇒ m = Ahρ
Weight W = mg = Ahρg
From Newton’s law the net force on the liquid column is zero, because it is at rest.

4) The forces acting on the water column are
a) Weight (W), vertically down
b) Force on top surface due to atmospheric pressure (P0 A) acting vertically down.
c) Force on the bottom surface of the column due to static pressure of liquid (PA), acting vertically up.

5) From Newton’s law we get

PA = P0A + W ⇒ PA = P0A + hρgA =⇒ PA = A (P0 + hρg)
∴ P = P0 + hρg
P = Pressure at depth h’ from the surface of the liquid
P0 = Atmospheric pressure
∴ The pressure inside the liquid at a constant depth is constant.

Question 4.
Calculate the pressure difference at different levels of depth in fluids.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 10
1) Let us consider a cylindrical column of liquid of height ‘h’ with cross sectional area
‘A’ and let ‘P’ be the density of the liquid.

2) The pressure P1 in the liquid at depth h, is
P1 = P0 + h1ρg ………(1)

3) Similarly pressure P2 in the liquid at depth h2 is
P2 = P0 + h2ρg …………..(2)

4) From (1) and (2), P2 – P1 = h2ρg – h1pg
P2 – p1 = ρg (h2 – h1)

5) From the figure h2 – h1 = h
∴ P2 – p1 = hρg

6) The pressure difference between two levels in that liquid = hρg

7) Here ρ and g are constants, so the pressure difference increases with an increase in depth.

Question 5.
State Pascal’s principle and explain it with an example.
(OR)
Write Pascal’s law. Draw the diagram of any device works based as Pascals’ law.
Answer:
Pascal’s principle :
Pascal’s principle states that external pressure applied to a enclosed body of fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid volume and the walls of the containing vessel.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 11

Explanation :

  1. Look at the figure.
  2. Here we have an enclosed volume of fluid in a U-shaped tube.
  3. The fluid is enclosed in the tube by two leak-proof pistons in each arm.
  4. The ratio of cross-section areas of the right and left tubes is A2 : A1 and A2 > A1
  5. When a force F1 is applied to the left piston, the excess pressure acting on the fluid volume is F1/A1.
  6. According to Pascal’s principle, this excess pressure is transmitted equally throughout the fluid volume.
  7. The excess pressure in the right-side tube (Area A2) is also F1/A1 and since its area is A2, the upward force acting on the right piston is F2 = A2 × F1/A1, which is much larger in magnitude than F1
  8. Thus the application of Pascal’s principle results in a large upward force on the right piston when a small downward force is applied on the left piston.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies

Question 6.
The volume of a solid of mass 500g is 350 cm³.
a) What will be the density of this solid?
b) What will be the relative density of the solid?
c) Will it float or sink in water?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Floating Bodies 12
c) Relative density of solid is greater than the relative density of water. So, it will sink in water.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions 11th Lesson Sound

9th Class Physical Science 11th Lesson Sound 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention two important devices used in SONAR system?
Answer:
Sonar system consists of a transmitter and a detector.

Question 2.
A sound of wavelength 0.6 cm is travelling in air with a velocity of 300 m/s. Is this sound audible?
Answer:
We know that v = nλ
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 22
This sound is not in the audible range. Hence this is not audible.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 3.
How do we get the sensation of sound?
Answer:
Sound travels in air due to the to and fro motion of the air particles, which act upon the ear and produce the sensation of sound.

Question 4.
On which factor does the pitch of a tuning fork depend?
Answer:
The pitch of the tuning fork depends on the length of the prongs.

Question 5.
How does the sound travel?
Answer:
Sound travels^in the form of waves.

Question 6.
What are longitudinal waves?
Answer:
If the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of wave, the wave is called a longitudinal wave.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 7.
Which wave involves change in the density of the medium?
Answer:
Longitudinal wave involves change in the density of the medium.

Question 8.
What do you call the regions formed in longitudinal wave propagation?
Answer:
The regions formed during the longitudinal wave propagation due to change in density are compressions and rarefactions.

Question 9.
When do we call a wave as transverse wave?
Answer:
If the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave, then the wave is called a transverse wave.

Question 10.
What is an echo?
Answer:
A reflection of sound, arriving at the listener in more than 0.1 sec after direct sound is called an echo.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 11.
What is reverberation?
Answer:
A reflection of sound, arriving at the listener, in less than 0.1 sec after direct sound is called reverberation.

Question 12.
What is the audible range of an ordinary person?
Answer:
20 Hz to 20 K.Hz.

Question 13.
Give examples to the animals which produce infrasonics.
Answer:
Animals such as elephants and whales produce infrasonics.

Question 14.
Expand SONAR.
Answer:
SONAR stands for Sonographic Navigation and Ranging.

Question 15.
Define a compression and a rarefaction.
Answer:

  1. Compressions are the regions where density, as well as pressure of particles, is high.
  2. Rarefactions are the regions where the density, as well as pressure of particles, is low.

Question 16.
Define time period of the sound wave.
Answer:
The time taken to complete one oscillation of the density of the medium is called the time period of the sound wave, denoted by T, and unit in S.I. system is second.

Question 17.
Define speed of a sound wave.
Answer:
The distance by which a point on the wave, such as a compression or rarefaction, travels in unit time is called speed of sound wave.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 18.
In which of the three media air, water, or iron sound travel the faster at a particular temperature?
Answer:
Sound travels faster in iron because speed of sound is maximum in solids then liquids and least in gases.

Question 19.
What is audiable range of the average human ear?
Answer:
The audiable range of the average human ear is 20 Hz to 20 KHz.

Question 20.
Flash and thunder are produced simultaneously. But thunder is heard a few seconds after the flash is seen why?
Answer:
Speed of sound is less (i.e., 342 m/s) is less than speed of light (i.e., 3 x 108 m/s). So, thunder is heard a few seconds after the flash is seen.

Question 21.
The frequency of source of sound is 100 Hz. How many times does it vibrates in 1 minute?
Answer:
Frequency (υ) = 100 Hz = 100 vibrations/ second.
Number of vibrations in minute = 100 × 60 = 6000 vibrations/ minute.

Question 22.
Which fundamental particles were discovered by
i) Thomson
ii) Goldstein
iii) Chadwick.
Answer:
i) Thomson – Electron
ii) Goldstein – Proton
iii) Chadwick – Neutron

Question 23.
What is a nucleus?
Answer:
The small positively charged central part of an atom is called nucleus.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 24.
What is an orbit?
Orbit is the path of the electron around the nucleus.

Question 25.
What will the addition of a neutron to the nucleus of an atom do?
Answer:
It will increase the atomic mass of the atom.

Question 26.
Which constituent particles of the atom determine the following
a) size of the atom
b) change on the nucleus?
Answer:
a) Electrons.
b) Protons.

Question 27.
Magnesium atoms has 12 electrons. Which energy shell is incomplete?
Answer:
M – shell is incomplete.

Question 28.
If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the atom?
Answer:
K – 2 ; L – 8.
2 + 8 = 10 is the total number of electrons if K and L – shells are full.

Question 29.
An atom of an element has 7 electrons in its L shell
a) What is its atomic number?
b) State its valency.
Answer:
a) Atomic number = 9 [∴ K : 2 ; L : 7]
b) Valency is ‘I’.

Question 30.
The atomic number and mass number of an element are 11 and 23 respectively. Find the number of neutrons in its nucleus.
Answer:
Number of neutrons (N) = Mass number (A) – Atomic number (Z) = 23 – 11 = 12.

Question 31.
The mass number of chlorine atom is 35 and its atomic number is 17. How will this chlorine atom be represented?
Answer:
\({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\)

Question 32.
What is an anion?
Answer:
When an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is known as anion.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 33.
Give one example each of diatomie and triatomic molecules.
Answer:

  1. Diatomic molecule – Oxygen (O2)
  2. Triatomic molecule – Ozone (O3)

Question 34.
If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element?
Answer:

  1. If Z = 3, the distribution of electrons is (2,1).
  2. Thus the valency of the Element is 1.

Question 35.
Fluorine atom has 9 electrons and 9 protons. How many energy shells it has?
Answer:
Two energy shells. [∴ K = 2 ; L = V]

Question 36.
Which subatomic particle is not present in an ordinary hydrogen atom?
Answer:
Neutron.

Question 37.
What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in the
a) innermost shell of an atom?
b) outermost shell of an atom?
Answer:
a) 2
b) 8

Question 38.
What is the usual symbol for a) an electron b) a proton and c) a neutron?
Answer:
a) electron = e
b) proton = p+
c) neutron = n°

Question 39.
Name the shell of an atom which can accommodate a niaximum of a) 8 electrons b) 18 electrons.
Answer:
a) L-shell

Question 40.
Name the negatively charged particle present in the atones of all the elements.
Answer:
electron (e).

Question 41.
Which part of an atom was discovered by Ruthorford’s alpha particle scattering experiment?
Answer:
Nucleus.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 42.
State the relative mass and charge of a proton.
Answer:

  1. Relative mass = 14
  2. Relative charge = + 1

Question 43.
Name the radioactive isotope which is used in the treatment of cancer.
Answer:
Cobalt – 60.

Question 44.
Which radioactive isotope is used to determine the activity of thyroid gland?
Answer:
Iodine – 131 radioisotope

Question 45.
What name is given to the pair of atoms such as \({ }_{7}^{14} \mathrm{N}\) and \({ }_{7}^{15} \mathrm{N}\)?
Answer:
Isotopes.

Question 46.
Which noble gas has less than 8 electrons in the valence shell of its atom?
Answer:
Helium.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 47.
What is the general name of the elements having 8 electrons in the valence of shell of their atoms?
Answer:
Noble gases.

9th Class Physical Science 11th Lesson Sound 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How can you say that the sound waves are longitudinal?
Answer:

  1. When sound wave passes through air, the layers in the medium are alternately pushed and pulled.
  2. Thus the particles of the medium move to and fro along the direction of propagation.
  3. Therefore sound waves in air are longitudinal.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of a sound wave?
Answer:
The characteristics of a sound wave, which play an important role in describing the nature of a wave are

  1. Wavelength (λ)
  2. Amplitude (A)
  3. Frequency (υ)
  4. Wave speed (v)

Question 3.
Deduce a relationship between time period and frequency of a sound wave.
Answer:

  1. Let the time taken for o oscillations = 1 sec.
  2. The time taken for one oscillation = \(\frac{1}{υ}\) sec.
  3. But the time taken for one oscillation is called the time period (T) and the number of oscillations per second is called the frequency (υ).
  4. Hence frequency and time period are related as T = \(\frac{1}{υ}\) (or) υ = \(\frac{1}{T}\)

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 4.
What is the speed of sound wave in air, water and iron at 20 °C?
Answer:
The speed of sound in air at 20°C is 343.2 m/s.
The speed of sound in water at 20°C is 1484 m/s.
The speed of sound in iron at 20°C is 5120 m/s.

Question 5.
Define echo and reverberation.
Answer:
Echo :
A reflected sound arriving at the position of listener in more than 0.1 s after the direct sound is called an echo’.

Reverberation :
A reflection of sound, arriving at the listener in less than 0.1 s after the direct sound is called reverberation’.

Question 6.
Explain the working of a megaphone and a horn.
(Or)
How multiple reflections of sound are used in working of mega phone and a horn?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 1
In megaphone and a horn, a tube followed by a conical opening reflects sound successively to guide most of the sound waves from the source in the forward direction towards the audience.

Question 7.
Describe the working of a stethoscope.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 2

  1. Stethoscope is a medical instrument used for listening to sounds produced with in the body, chiefly in heart or lungs.
  2. In stethoscopes the sound of the patient’s heartbeat reaches the doctor’s ears by multiple reflection and amplifying the sound.

Question 8.
How the concert hails and cinema halls are designed to use multiple reflections of sound?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 3
Generally the ceilings of concert halls, conference halls and cinema halls are designed such that the sound after reflection reaches all corners of the hall as shown in the figure.

In some halls, a curved ceiling is arranged in such a way that the sound after reflecting from the ceiling spreads evenly across the hall.

Question 9.
What are the medical applications of ultrasound?
Answer:
1) Imaging of organs :
Ultrasonics are useful in Electro Cardio Graphy (ECG) to form an image of heart.

Ultrasonography is used in the formation of images of organs such as liver, gall bladder, uterus, etc. to identify the abnormalities and tumors. Ultrasonography is also used to monitor the growth of a foetus inside the mother’s womb.

2) Surgical use of ultrasound :
Ultrasounds are used in cataract removal, breaking up of stones in kidneys, etc. without surgery.

Question 10.
Show the frequencies of various musical notes in a table.
Answer:
In musical terms, the pitch of the note determines the position of the note on the musical scale which is denoted as :
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 4
The tuning fork set is prepared based on the above frequencies.

Question 11.
Draw a diagram to show wavelength and amplitude of a wave.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 5

Question 12.
Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequency is 220 Hz and speed is 440 m/s in a given medium.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 6

Question 13.
An echo returned in 3s. What is the distance of the reflecting surface from the source, given that the speed of sound is 342 m/s?
Answer:
Speed of sound (v) = 342 m/s, Time taken to heard echo, t = 3 s.
Distance travelled by sound = v × t = 342 × 3 = 1026 m.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 7

Question 14.
What are the range of frequencies associated with (a) infrasonic sound, b) ultrasonic sound?
Answer:
a) For infrasonic sound frequency is less than 20 Hz.
b) For ultrasonic sound frequency is greater than 20 KHz.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 15.
Which characteristic of sound helps you to identify your friend by his voice while sitting with others in a dark room?
Answer:
The pitch of voice differs for person to person which inturn depends on frequency. So, the frequency is the characteristic of sound which helps to identify my friends voice.

Question 16.
A person has hearing range from 20 Hz to 20 KHz. What are the typical wavelength of sound waves in air corresponds to these two frequencies? Take speed of sound in air as 344 m/s.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 8

Question 17.
A sound wave travels at a speed of 339 m/s. If its wavelength is 1.5 cm. What is the frequency of the wave? Will it be audiable?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 9
It is more than 20000 Hz (20 KHz). So the sound is not audiable.

Question 18.
A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo 5 s later. Calculate the speed of sound if the distance of an object from the submarine is 3625 m.
Answer:
Distance of an object from the submarine (d) = 3625 m.
The time taken to receive signal (t) = 5s.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 10

Question 19.
Fill in the following blanks in respect of an atom of an element.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 11
Answer:
Mass number = 23
Atomic number =11
Number of electrons =11
Valency = 1

Question 20.
Write the electronic configurations of the following elements.
a) Carbon
b) Neon
c) Chlorine
d) Calcium
Answer:
a) 2, 4
b) 2, 8
c) 2, 8, 7
d) 2, 8, 8, 2

Question 21.
Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it have?
Answer:
1. Mass number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
⇒ 4 = 2 + No. of neutrons
⇒ No. of neutrons = 4 – 2 = 2
2. Thus, the helium atom has 2 neutrons.

Question 22.
Fill in the following blanks.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 12
Answer:
1. Protons : 10
2. Neutrons : 12
3. Electrons : 10
4. Symbol : Ne

Question 23.
Write the three isotopes of carbon and hydrogen.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 13

Question 24.
Three different atoms of oxygen are represented as \({ }_{8}^{16} O,{ }_{8}^{17} O, \text { and }{ }_{8}^{18} O\).
a) What do the lower figures and upper figures represent ?
b) Give the nuclear composition of \({ }_{8}^{18} \mathrm{O}\).
Answer:
a) Lower figures → Atomic number
Upper figures → Mass number

b) Composition of \({ }_{8}^{18} \mathrm{O}\) → Protons : 8
Neutrons : 18 – 8 = 10

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 25.
An atom of an element has 6 electrons in L shell.
a) What is the atomic number of the element?
b) State its valency.
c) Identify the element and write its name. [ K = 2 ; L = 6 Given]
Answer:
a) Atomic number = 2 + 6 = 8
b) Valency = 2
c) Oxygen atom.

Question 26.
State any two similar properties of isotopes.
Answer:

  1. Isotopes of an element have same atomic number.
  2. Isotopes of an element have similar number of electrons.

Question 27.
If chlorine atom is available in the form of Say, two isotopes \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\) (75%) and \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\) (25%), calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine atom.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 14

Question 28.
Write the name of any two radioactive isotopes.
Answer:
1. Uranium – 235
2. Cobalt – 60

9th Class Physical Science 11th Lesson Sound 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Sound travels in the form of waves”. Justify your argument.
Answer:

  1. Sound is a form of energy which travels through the air and reaches our ears to give the sensation of sound.
  2. There may be two possible ways by which transfer of energy from the source of sound to our ears take place.
    a) Source of sound produces disturbances in air and they strike our ears.
    b) Some particles are shot off from the source of sound and they reach our ears.
  3. If the second explanation is correct, the vibrating body would gradually lose its weight as particles are continuously shot off from it.
  4. This is impossible because it would lead to vanishing of the object.
  5. Hence the first explanation that the sound travels through disturbances in the form of waves is correct.

Question 2.
Mention the industrial applications of ultrasonic waves.
Answer:
1) Drilling holes and making cuts of desired shapes :
a) Holes can also be drilled using ultrasonic vibrations.
b) Ultrasonic cutting and drilling are very effective for fragile materials like glass, etc.

2) Ultrasonic cleaning :
a) Ultrasonics help in cleaning the parts located in hard-to-reach places.
b) The high frequency ultrasonic vibrations knocks off all dirt and grease particles from the objects.

3) Ultrasonic detection of defects in metals :
The defects in the metallic structures, which are not visible from the outside, can be detected by ultrasonic waves.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound

Question 3.
Draw the graphical representation of
a) Lower pitch, higher pitch
b) Louder sound, soft sound
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 15

Question 4.
Draw the graphical representation of sound wave produced by a tuning fork, a violin and a piano playing the same note with equal loudness.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 16

Question 5.
Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 21
a) Give the mass number of X and Y.
b) What is the relation between the two species ?
Answer:
a) Mass number of X = 6 + 6 = 12
Mass number of Y = 6 + 8 = 14

b) Since X and Y both have atomic numbers as 6 but mass numbers are different.
∴ These are isotopes to each other.

Question 6.
How will you find the valency of Magnesium, Sulphur, and Chlorine?
Answer:
Electronic configuration
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 17

  1. Valency of Magnesium = 2
  2. Valency of Sulphur = 8 – 6 = 2
  3. Valency of Chlorine = 8 – 7 = 1

Question 7.
For the symbol H, D and T tabulate three sub-atomic particles found in each of them.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 18

Question 8.
Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 19

Question 9.
Observe the following table and answer the following questions.

XY
Electrons88
Protons88
Neutrons89

a) What is the mass number of X?
b) What is the mass number of Y?
c) What is the relation between X and Y?
d) Which element do they represent?
Answer:
a) Mass number of X = 16 (∵ number protons + number neutrons)
b) Mass number of Y = 17
c) Isotopes
d) Oxygen (168O)

Question 10.
Draw the diagrams of the three isotopes of hydrogen and label the parts.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sound 20

Question 11.
Explain why, Sodium ion, Na+ has completely filled K and L shells.
Answer:

  1. A sodium ion, Na+ has 10 electrons in it.
  2. Now, the maximum capacity of K shell is 2 electrons and that of L shell is 8 electrons.
  3. Taken together, the maximum capacity of K and L shells is 2 + 8 = 10 electrons.
  4. A sodium ion Na+ has completely filled K and L shells because its 10 electrons can completely fill up K and L shells.