Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 6 Binomial Theorem to solve questions creatively.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas

→ Let n be a positive integer and x, a be real numbers then
(x + a)n = nC0. xn. a0 + nC1. xn – 1. a1 + nC2. xn – 2. a2 + ……… + nCr. xn – r. ar + ……… + nCn. x0. an = \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}\) nCr.xn – r. ar. and (x – a)nnC0. xn – (x)nnC1. xn – 1a + nC2 xn – 2. a2 …….. + ( – 1)r nCr. xn – r. ar + ……… + (- 1)n nCn.an

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas

→ The expansion of (x + a)n contains (n + 1) terms.

→ In the expansion, the coefficients nC0, nC1, nC2, ….. nCn are called binomial coefficients and these are simply denoted by C0, C1, C2, …….. Cn,.

→ In the expansion, (r + 1)th term is called the general term. It is denoted by Tr + 1.
∴ Tr + 1 = cCr. xn – r. ar, (0 ≤ r ≤ n)

→ The number of terms in the expansion of (a + b + c)n = \(\frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{2}\)

→ If n is even in the expansion of (x + a)n, the middle term = T\(\left(\frac{n}{2}+1\right)\)

→ If n is odd in the expansion of (x + a)n, it has two middle terms which are T\(\left(\frac{n+1}{2}\right)\), T\(\left(\frac{n+3}{2}\right)\).

→ If \(\frac{(n+1)|x|}{|x|+1}\) = p, a positive integer then pth and (p + 1)th terms are the numerically greatest terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas

→ If \(\frac{(n+1)|x|}{|x|+1}\) = P + F where p is a positive integer and 0 < F < 1 then (p + 1)th the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1 + x)n

→ C0 + C1 + C2 + ………. + Cn = 2n

→ C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 + ……… + (- 1)nCn = 0

→ C0 + C2 + C 4 + …………… = C1 + C3 + C5 + …………….. = 2n – 1

→ \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}\) nCr = 2n

→ \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}\) r. nCr = n. 2n – 1

→ \(\sum_{r=2}^{n}\) r(r – 1). nCr = n(n – 1). 2n – 2

→ \(\sum_{r=1}^{n}\) r2 . nCr = n(n + 1). 2n – 2

→ a. C0 + (a + d). C1 + (a + 2d). C2 + ……… + (a + nd). Cn = (2a + nd) 2n – 1

→ C0Cr + C1Cr + 1 + C2Cr + 2 + ………… + Cn – r. Cn = 2nCn + r

→ If f(x) = (a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ……… amxm)n then

  • Sum of the coefficients = f(1)
  • Sum of the coefficients of even powers of x is \(\frac{f(1)+f(-1)}{2}\)
  • Sum of the coefficients of odd powers of x is \(\frac{f(1)-f(-1)}{2}\)

→ Let n be a positive integer and x is a ,real number such that |x| < 1 then

→ (1 – x)-n = 1 + nx + \(\frac{n(n+1)}{2 !}\) x2 + \(\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{3 !}\) x2 + ……… + ……… + \(\frac{n(n+1)(n+2) \ldots \ldots(n+r-1)}{r !}\) xr + ……. to ∞

→ (1 + x)-n = 1,- nx + \(\frac{n(n+1)}{2 !}\) x2 + …….. + \(\frac{(-1)^{r} n(n+1)(n+2) \ldots(n+r-1)}{r !}\) xr + …….. ∞

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas

→ If |x| < 1, then for p, q ∈ N

→ (1 – x)-p/q = 1 + \(\frac{p}{1 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)\) + \(\frac{p(p+q)}{2 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{2}\) + ………. + \(\frac{p(p+q) \ldots \ldots(p+(r-1) q)}{r !}\) \(\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{r}\) + …….. ∞

→ (1 + x)-p/q = 1 – \(\frac{p}{1 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)\) + \(\frac{p(p+q)}{2 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{2}\) + ………. + \(\frac{(-1)^{r} p(p+q) \ldots(p+(r-1) q)}{r !}\) \(\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{r}\) + …….. ∞

→ (1 + x)-p/q = 1 + \(\frac{p}{1 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)\) + \(\frac{(p)(p-q)}{1 .2}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{2}\) + …………. + \(\frac{(p)(p-q)(p-2 q) \ldots \ldots .[p-(r-1) q]}{(r) !}\) \(\left(\frac{x}{\cdot q}\right)^{r}\) + ……… ∞

→ (1 – x)-p/q = 1 – \(\frac{p}{1 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)\) + \(\frac{(p)(p-q)}{1.2}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{2}\) – …………. + (- 1)r \(\) \(\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{r}\) + ……… ∞

Binomial Theorem for integral index:
If n is a positive integer then (x + a)n = nCo xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2 a2 + . … + nCr xn-rar + …… + nCnan

→ The expansion of (x + a)n contains (n + 1) terms.

→ In the expansion, the sum of the powers of x and a in each term is equal to n.

→ In the expansion, the coefficients nC0, nC1. nC2………….. nCn are called binomial coefficients and these are simply denoted by C0, C1, C2 …. CN.
nC0 = 1, nCN = 1, nC1 = n, nCr = nCn-r

→ In the expansion, (r + 1)th term is called the general term. It is denoted by
Tr+1. Thus Tr+1 = nCrxn-rar

→ (x + a)n = \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}\)nCrxn-rar

→ (x + a)n = \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}\)nCrxn-r(-a)r = \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}\)(-1)n nCrxn-r(-a)r = nC0xnnC1xn-1a + nC1xn-2a2 – ……….. + (-1)n nCn an

→ (1 + x)n = \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}\)nCrxr = nC0 + nC0x + ……….. + nCn xn = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ………. + Cnxn

→ Middle term(s) in the expansion of (x + a)n.

  • If n is even, then (\(\frac{n}{2}\) + 1)th term is the middle term
  • If n is odd, then \(\frac{n+1}{2}\) th and \(\frac{n+3}{2}\) th terms are the middle terms.

→ Numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1 + x)n :

  • If \(\frac{(n+1)|x|}{|x|+1}\) = p, a integer then plu1 and (p + 1) th terms are the numerically greatest terms in the expansion of (1 + x).
  • If \(\frac{(n+1)|x|}{|x|+1}\) = p + F where pis a positive integer and 0< F < 1 then (p+1) th term is the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1 + x).

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas

→ Binomial Theorem for rational index: If n is a rational number and
|x| < 1, then 1 + nx + \(\frac{n(n-1)}{2 !}\) x2 + \(\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3 !}\)x3 + ………… = (1 + x)n

→ If |x| < 1 then

  • (1 + x)-1= 1 – x + x2 – x3 + … + (-1)rxr + …….
  • (1 – x)-1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + … + xr + …….
  • (1 + x)-2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + … + (-1)r (r + 1)xr + ………..
  • (1 – x)-2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + … +(r + 1)xr + ….
  • (1 – x)-n = 1 – nx + \(\frac{n(n-1)}{2 !}\) x2 – \(\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3 !}\)x3 + …………..
  • (1 – x)-n = 1 + nx + \(\frac{n(n-1)}{2 !}\) x2 + \(\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3 !}\)x3 + ………

→ If |x| < 1 an dn is a positive integer, then

  • (1 – x)-n = 1 + nC1x + (n+1)C2x2 + (n+2)C3x3 + ………….
  • (1 + x)-n = 1 – nC1x + (n+1)C2x2(n+2)C3x3 + ………….

→ When |x| < 1
(1 – x)-p/q = 1 + \(\frac{p}{1 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)+\frac{p(p+q)}{2 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{2}+\frac{p(p+q)(p+2 q)}{3 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{3}\) + …………………∞

→ When |x| < 1
(1 + x)-p/q = 1 – \(\frac{p}{1 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)_{+} \frac{p(p+q)}{2 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{2} \quad \frac{p(p+q)(p+2 q)}{3 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^{3}\) + …………………∞

Binomial Theorem:
Let n be a positive integer and x, a be real numbers, then (x + a)n = nC0.xna° + nC1.xna1 + nC2.xn-1a2 + …………… + nCr.xn-rar + ……….. + nCn.x0an
Proof :
We prove this theorem by u sing the principle of mathematical induction (on n).
When n = 1, (x + a)1 =(x + a)1 = x + a = 1C0x1a°+ 1C1x°a1
Thus the theorem is true for n = 1
Assume that the theorem is true for n = k ≥ 1 (where k is a positive integer). That is
(x+a)k = kC0xk.a0 + kC1xk-2a2 + kC2.xk-2a2 + …+ kCr.xk-r.ar + ………….. + kCx0ak

Now we prove that the theorem is true when n = k + 1 also
(x + a)k+1 = (x + a)(x + a)k
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas 1
Therefore the theorem is true for n = k + 1
Hence, by mathematical induction, it follows that the theorem is true of all positive integer n

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Permutations and Combinations Formulas

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Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Permutations and Combinations Formulas

→ Fundamental principle: If a work can be performed in m different ways and another work can be performed in n different ways, then the two works simultaneously can be performed in mn different ways.

→ If n is a non-negative integer then

  • 0 ! = 1
  • n ! = n (n – 1) ! if n > 0

→ The number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken ‘r at a time is denoted by nPr and nPr = \(\frac{n !}{(n-r) !}\) for 0 ≤ r ≤ n.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Permutations and Combinations Formulas

→ If n, r positive integers and r ≤ n, then

  • nPr = n. n – 1Pr – 1 if r ≥ 1
  • nPr = n.(n – 1) n – 2Pr – 2 if r ≥ 2
  • nPr = n – 1Pr + r. (n – 1)P(r – 1)

→ The number of injections that can be defined from set A into set B is n(B)pn(A) n(A) ≤ n(B)

→ The number of bijections that can be defined from set A into set B having same number of elements with A is n(A)!

→ The number of permutations of1n’ dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time.

  • Containing a particular thing is (r) n – 1Pr – 1
  • Not containing a particular thing is n – 1Pr
  • Containing a particular thing in a particular place is n – 1Pr – i.

→ The number of functions that can be defined from set A into set B in [n(B)]n(A)

→ The sum of the r – digited numbers that can be formed using the given ‘n’ distinct non-zero digits (r ≤ n ≤ 9) is (n – 1)P(r – 1) × sum of all n digits × 111 …… 1 (r times)

→ In the above, if ‘0’ is one among the given n digits, then the sum is (n – 1)P(r – 1) × sum of the digits × 111 … 1 (r times) (n – 2)P(r – 2) × sum of the digits × 111 … 1 [(r – 1) times]

→ The number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when repetitions are allowed any number of times is nr.

→ The number of circular permutations of n dissimilar things is (n – 1) !

→ In case of hanging type circular permutations like garlands of flowers, chains of beads etc., the number of circular permutations of n things is \(\frac{1}{2}\) [(n – 1) !]

→ If in the given n things, p alike things are of one kind, q alike things are of the second kind, r alike things are of the third kind and the rest are dissimilar, then the number of permutations (of these n things) is \(\frac{n !}{p ! q ! r !}\)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Permutations and Combinations Formulas

→ The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time is denoted by nCr and nCr = \(\frac{n !}{(n-r) ! r !}\) for 0 ≤ r ≤ n and \(\frac{{ }^{n} C_{r}}{{ }^{n} C_{r-1}}=\frac{n-r+1}{r}\) and nPr = r! nCr

→ If n, r are integers and 0 ≤ r ≤ n then ncr = nCr – 1

→ Let n, r, s are integers and 0 ≤ r ≤ n, 0 ≤ s ≤ n. If nCr = nCs then r = s or r + s = n.

→ The number of ways of dividing ‘m + n’ things (m ≠ n) into two groups containing m, n things is (m + n)Cm = (m + n)Cm = \(\frac{(m+n) !}{m ! n !}\)

→ The number of ways of dividing (m + n + p) things (m, n, p are distinct) into 3 groups of m, n, p things is \(\frac{(m+n+p) !}{m ! n ! p !}\).

→ The number of ways of dividing mn things into m equal groups is \(\frac{(m n) !}{(n !)^{m} m !}\)

→ The number of ways if distributing mn things equally to m persons is \(\frac{(m n) !}{(n !)^{m}}\)

→ If p alike things are of one kind, q alike things are of the second kind and r alike things are of the third kind, then the number of ways of selecting one or more things out of them is (p + 1) (q + 1) (r +1) – 1.

→ If m is a positive integer and m = p1α1, p1α2 …… pkαk where p1, p2 …… pk are distinct primes and α1, α2, …. αk are non-negative integers, then the number of divisors of m is (α1 + 1) (α2 + 1) ……… (αk + 1). [This includes 1 and m].

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Permutations and Combinations Formulas

→ The total number of combinations of n different things taken any number of times is 2n.

→ The total number of combinations of n different things taken one or more at a timers 2n – 1.

→ The number of diagonals in a regular polygon of n sides is \(\frac{n(n-3)}{2}\)

→ Permutations are arrangements of things taken some or all at a time.

→ In a permutation, order of the things is taken into consideration.

npr represents the number of permutations (without repetitions) of n dissimilar things taken r at a time.

→ Fundamental Principle: If an event is done in ‘m’ ways and another event is done in ‘n’ ways, then the two events can be together done in mn ways provided the events are independent.

npr = \(\frac{n !}{(n-r) !}\) = n(n – 1)(n – 2) …………. (n – r + 1)

np1 = n, np2 = n(n-1), np3 = n(n-1)(n-2).

npr = n!

→ \(\frac{{ }^{\mathrm{n}} \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{ }^{\mathrm{n}} \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{r}-1}}\)npn = n!

n+1pr = r. npr-1 + npr

npr = r. n-1pr-1 + npr

npr = r.n-1pr-1 + n-1pr

→ The number of permutations of n things taken r at a time containing a particular thing is r × n-1pr-1

→ The number of permutations of n things taken r at a time not containing a particular thing is n-1pr

  • The number of permutations of n things taken r at a time allowing repetitions is nr.
  • The number of permutations of n things taken not more than r at a time allowing repetitions is \(\frac{n\left(n^{\mathrm{r}}-1\right)}{(n-1)}\)

→ The number of permutations of n things of which p things are of one kind and q things are of another kind etc., is \(\frac{n !}{p ! q ! \ldots \ldots \cdots}\)

→ The sum of all possible numbers formed out of all the ‘n’ digits without zero is (n-1)! (sum of all the digits) (111 ……….. n times).

→ The sum of all possible numbers formed out of all the ‘n’ digits which includes zero is [(n -1)! (sum of all the digits) (111 …………… n times)] – [( n – 2)! (sum of all the digits)(111 ………….. (n -1) times]

→ The sum of all possible numbers formed by taking r digits from the given n digits which do not include zero is n-1pr-1 (sum of all the digits)(111 …………… r times).

→ The sum of all possible numbers formed by taking r digits from the given n digits which include zero is n-1pr-1(sum of all the digits)(111 ……………….. r times) – n-2pr-2(sum of all the digits)(111 ……………….. (r-1) times).

  • The number of permutations of n things when arranged round a circle is (n -1)!
  • In case of necklace or garland number of circular permutations is \(\frac{(n-1) !}{2}\)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Permutations and Combinations Formulas

→ Number of permutations of n things taken r at a time in which there is at least one repetition is nrnpr.

→ The number of circular permutations of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time is \(\frac{{ }^{n} \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{r}}\)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Theory of Equations Formulas

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Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Theory of Equations Formulas

→ If n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ……….. an are real or complex numbers and a0 ≠ 0, then the expression f(x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ……. + an is called a polynomial in x of degree n.

→ f(x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ……. + an = 0 is called a polynomial equation in x of degree n (a0 ≠ 0). Every non-constant polynomial equation has atleast one root.

→ If f(α) = 0 then α is called a root of the equation f(x) = 0.

→ If f(α) = 0 then (x – α) is a factor of f(x).

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Theory of Equations Formulas

Relation between roots and coefficients of an equation:
→ If α β γ are the roots of x3 + p1x2 + p2x + p3 = 0 then sum of the roots s1 = α + β + γ = – p1.
Sum of the products of two roots taken at a time s2 = αβ + βγ + γα = p2.
Product of all the roots, s3 = αβγ = – p3.

→ If α, β, γ, δ are the roots of x4 + p1x3 + p2x2 + p3x + p4 = 0 then sum of the roots s1 = α + β + γ + δ = – p1.
Sum of the products of roots taken two at a time
s2 = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ = p2.
Sum of the products of roots taken three at a time .
s3 = αβγ + βγδ + γδα + δαβ = – p3.
Product of the roots, s4 = αβγδ = p4.

→ For a cubic equation, when the roots are

  • In A.P., then they are taken as a – d, a, a + d.
  • In G.P., then they are taken as \(\frac{a}{r}\), a, ar.
  • In H.P., then they are taken as \(\frac{1}{a-d}, \frac{1}{a^{\prime}}, \frac{1}{a+d}\).

→ For a bi quadratic equation, if the roots are

  • In A.P., then they are taken as a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d.
  • In C.P., then they are taken as \(\frac{1}{a-3 d}, \frac{1}{a-d}, \frac{1}{a+d}, \frac{1}{a+3 d}\).

→ In an equation with real coefficients, imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.

→ In an equation with rational coefficients, irrational roots occur in pairs of conjugate surds.

→ The equation whose roots are those of the equation f(x) = 0 with contrary signs is f(- x) = 0.

→ The equation whose roots are multiplied by kfa 0) of those of the proposed equation f(x) = 0 is f \(\left(\frac{x}{k}\right)\) = 0.

→ The equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of f(x) = 0 is f \(\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\) = 0.

→ The equation whose roots are exceed by h than those of f(x) = 0 is f(x – h) = 0.

→ The equation whose roots are diminished by h than those of f(x) 0 is f(x + h) = 0.

→ The equation whose roots are the square of the roots of f(x) = 0 is obtained by eliminating square root from f(√x) = 0.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Theory of Equations Formulas

→ If f(x) = p0xn + p1xn – 1 + p2xn – 2 + ……. + pn = 0 then to eliminate the second term,
f(x) = 0 can be transformed to f(x + h) = 0 where h = \(\frac{-p_{1}}{n \cdot p_{0}}\).

→ If an equation is unaltered by changing x into \(\frac{1}{x}\) then it is a reciprocal equation.

→ A reciprocal equation f(x) = p0xn + p1xn – 1 + …… + pn = 0 is said to be a reciprocal equation of first class pi = pn – i for all i.

→ A reciprocal equation f(x) = p0xn + p1xn – 1 + …… + pn = 0 is said to be a reciprocal equation of second class if pi = – pn – i for all i.

→ For an odd degree reciprocal equation of class one, – 1 is a root and for an odd degree reciprocal equation of class two, 1 is a root.

→ For an even degree reciprocal equation of class two, 1 and – 1 are roots.

→ If f(x) = 0 is an equation of degree ‘n’ then to eliminate rth term, f(x) = 0 can be transformed to f(x + h) = 0 where h is a constant such that f(n – r + 1)(h) = 0 i.e.,(n – r + 1)th derivative of f(h) is zero.

→ Every nth degree equation has exactly n roots real or imaginary.

→ Relation between, roots and coefficients of an equation.

(i) If α, β, γ are the roots of x3 + p1x2 + p2x + p3 = 0 the sum of the roots s1 = α + β + γ = -p1.
Sum of the products of two roots taken at a time s2 = αβ + βγ + γα = -p2
Product of all the roots, s3 = αβγ= – p3.

(ii) If α, β, γ, δ are the roots of x4 + p1x3 + p2x2 + p3x + p4 = 0 then

  • Sum of the roots s1 = a+P+y+S = -p1.
    s2 = αβ + αγ + αδ + βα + βδ + γδ = p2.
  • Sum of the products of roots taken three at a time
    s3 = αβγ + βγδ + γδα + δαβ = – p3.
  • Product of the roots, s4 = αβγδ = p4

→ For the equation xn + p1xn-1 + p2xn-2 + ……… + pn = 0

  • Σ α2 = p12 – 2p2
  • Σ α3 = -p13 + 3p1p2 – 3p3
  • Σ α4 =p14 – 4p12p2 + 2p22 + 4p1p3 – 4p4
  • Σ α2β = 3p3 – p1p2
  • Σ α2βγ = p1p3 – 4p4

Note: For the equation x3 + p1x2 + p2x + p3 = 0 Σα2β2 — p2 -2p1p3

→ To remove the second term from a nth degree equation, the roots must be diminished by \(\frac{-\mathrm{a}_{1}}{\mathrm{na}_{0}}\) and the resultant equation will not contain the term with xn-1.

→ If α1 , α2 ………………. , αn are the roots of f(x) = 0, the equation

  • Whose roots are \(\) is f\(\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\) = 0
  • Whose roots are kα1, kα2 …,kαn is f\(\left(\frac{x}{h}\right)\) = 0
  • Whose roots are α1 – h, α2 – h, …. αn – h is f(x + h) = 0.
  • Whose roots are α1 + h, α2 + h, ………….. αn + h is f(x – h) = 0
  • Whose roots are α12, α22…. α12 is f (f√y) = 0

→ In any equation with rational coefficients, irrational roots occur in conjugate pairs.

→ In any equation with real coefficients, complex roots occur in conjugate pairs.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Theory of Equations Formulas

→ If α is r – multiple root of f(x) = 0, then a is a (r – 1) – multiple root of f1(x) = 0 and (r-2) – Multiple root of f 11(x) = 0 and non multiple root of fr-1(x) =0.

→ If f(x) = xn + p1xn-1 + …………. + pn-1x + pn and f(a) and f(b) are of opposite sign, then at least
one real root of f(x) =0 lies between a and b.

(a) For a cubic equation, when the roots are

  • In A.P., then they are taken as a – d, a, a + d
  • In G.P., then are taken as \(\frac{a}{r}\), a, ar
  • In H.P., then they are taken as \(\frac{1}{a-d}, \frac{1}{a}, \frac{1}{a+d}\)

(b) For a bi quadratic equation, if the roots are

  • In A.P., then they are taken as a – 3d, a + d, a + 3d
  • In G.P., then they are \(\frac{a}{d^{3}}, \frac{a}{d}\), ad, ad3
  • In H.P., then they are taken as \(\frac{1}{a-3 d}, \frac{1}{a-d}, \frac{1}{a+d}, \frac{1}{a+3 d}\)

→ It an equation is unaltered by changing x into \(\frac{1}{x}\), then it is a reciprocal equation.

  • A reciprocal equation f (x) = p0xn + p1xn-1 + ……………….. + pn = 0 is said to be a reciprocal equation of first class pi = pn-i for all i.
  • A reciprocal equation f (x) = p0xn + p1xn-1 + ……………….. + pn = 0 = 0 is said to be a reciprocal equation of second class pi = pn-i for all i.
  • For an odd degree reciprocal equation of class one, -1 is a root and for an odd degree reciprocal equation of class two, 1 is a root.
  • For an even degree reciprocal equation of class two, 1 and -1 are roots.

→ If f(x) = 0 is an equation of degree ‘n’ then to eliminate rth term, .f(x) = 0 can be transformed to f(x+h) = 0 where h is a constant such that f(n-r+1)(h) =0 i.e., (n – r + 1)th derivative of f(h) is zero.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Formulas

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 3 Quadratic Expressions to solve questions creatively.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Formulas

→ If a, b, c are real or complex numbers and a ≠ 0, then the expression ax2 + bx + c is called a quadratic expression in the variable x.
Eg: 4x2 – 2x + 3

→ If a, b, c are real or complex numbers and a ≠ 0, then ax2 + bx + c = 0 is called a quadratic equation in x.
Eg: 2x2 – 5x + 6 = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Formulas

→ A complex number α is said to be a root or solution of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 if aα2 + bα + c = 0

→ The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are \(\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4 a c}}{2 a}\)

→ If α, β are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then α + β = \(\frac{-b}{a}\) and αβ = \(\frac{C}{a}\)

→ The equation of whose roots are α, β is x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0

→ Nature of the roots: ∆ = b2 – 4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. Let α, β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
Case 1: If a, b, c are real numbers, then

  • ∆ = 0 ⇔ α = β = \(\frac{-b}{2 a}\) (a repeated root or double root)
  • ∆ > 0 ⇔ α and β are real and distinct.
  • ∆ < 0, ⇔ α and β are non- real complex numbers conjugate to each other.

Case 2: If a, b, c are rational numbers, then

  • ∆ = 0 ⇔ α and β are rational and equal (ei) α = \(\frac{-b}{2 a}\), a double root or a repeated root.
  • ∆ > 0 and is a square of a rational number ⇔ α and β are rational and distinct.
  • ∆ > 0 but not a square of a rational number ⇔ α and β are conjugate surds.
  • ∆ < 0, ⇔ α and β are non- real ⇔ α and β are non-real con conjugate complex numbers.

→ Let a, b and c are rational numbers, α and β be the roots of the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0. Then

  • α, β are equal rational numbers if ∆ = 0.
  • α, β are distinct rational numbers if ∆ is the square of a non zero rational numbers.
  • α, β are conjugate surds if ∆ > 0 and ∆ is not the square of a nonzero square of a rational number.

→ If a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0, a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 have two same roots, then \(\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}}=\frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}\)

→ If α, β are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,

  • the equation whose roots are \(\frac{1}{\alpha}, \frac{1}{\beta}\) is f \(\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\) = 0. If c ≠ 0 (ie) αβ ≠ 0
  • the equation whose roots are α + k, β + k is f(x – k) = 0
  • the equation whose roots are kα and kβ is f\(\left(\frac{x}{k}\right)\) = 0
  • the equation whose roots are equal but opposite in sign is f(-x) = 0
    (ie) the equation whose roots are – α, – β is f(-x) = 0.

→ If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are complex roots then for x ∈ R, ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have the same sign.

→ If α and β (α < β) are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then

  • ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ are of opposite sign when α < x < β
  • ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ are of the same sign if x < α or x > β.

→ Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c be a quadratic function

  • If a > 0 then f(x) has minimum value at x = \(\frac{-b}{2 a}\) and the minimum value is given by \(\frac{4 a c-b^{2}}{4 a}\)
  • If a < 0 then f(x) has maximum value at x = \(\frac{-b}{2 a}\) and the maximum value is given by \(\frac{4 a c-b^{2}}{4 a}\)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Formulas

→ A necessary and sufficient condition for the quadratic equation a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 to have a common root is (c1a2 – c2a1)2 = (a1b2 – a2b1) (b1c2 – b2c1).

→ If a1b2 – a2b1 = 0 then common root of a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0, a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is \(\frac{c_{1} a_{2}-c_{2} a_{1}}{a_{1} b_{2}-a_{2} b_{1}}\).

→ The standard form of a quadratic ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ R and a ≠ 0

→ The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are \(\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4 a c}}{2 a}\)

→ For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, sum of the roots = \(-\frac{b}{a}\), product of the roots = \(\frac{c}{a}\).

→ If the roots of a quadratic are known, the equation is x2 – (sum of the roots)x +(product of the roots)= 0

→ “Irrational roots” of a quadratic equation with “rational coefficients” occur in conjugate pairs. If p + √q is a root of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then p – √q is also a root of the equation.

→ “Imaginary” or “Complex Roots” of a quadratic equation with “real coefficients” occur in conjugate pairs. If p + iq is a root of ax2 + bx + c = 0. Then p – iq is also a root of the equation.

→ Nature of the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0

Nature of the RootsCondition
Imagineb2 – 4ac < 0
Equalb2 – 4ac = 0
Realb2 – 4ac ≥ 0
Real and differentb2 – 4ac > 0
Rationalb2 – 4ac is a perfect square a, b, c being rational
Equal in magnitude and opposite in signb = 0
Reciprocal to each otherc = a
Both positiveb has a sign opposite to that of a and c
Both negativea, b, c all have same sign
Opposite signa, c are of opposite sign

→ Two equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0, a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 have exactly the same roots if \(\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}}=\frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}\)

→ The equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0, a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 have a common root, if (c1a2 – c2a1)2 = (a1b2 – a2b1)(b1c2 – b2c1) and the common root is \(\frac{c_{1} a_{2}-c_{2} a_{1}}{a_{1} b_{2}-a_{2} b_{1}}\) if a1b2 ≠ a2b1

→ If f(x) = 0 is a quadratic equation, then the equation whose roots are

  • The reciprocals of the roots of f(x) = 0 is f\(\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\) = 0
  • The roots of f(x) = 0, each ‘increased’ by k is f(x – k) = 0
  • The roots of f(x) = 0, each ‘diminished’ by k is f(x + k) = 0
  • The roots of f(x) = 0 with sign changed is f(-x) = 0
  • The roots of f(x) = 0 each multiplied by k(≠0) is f\(\left(\frac{x}{k}\right)\) = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Formulas

→ Sign of the expression ax2 + bx + c = 0

  • The sign of the expression ax2 + bx + c is same as that of ‘a’ for all values of x if b2 – 4ac ≤ 0 i.e. if the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are imaginary or equal.
  • If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and different i.e b2 – 4ac > 0, the sign of the expression is same as that of ‘a’ if x does not lie between the two roots of the equation and opposite to that of ‘a’ if x lies between the roots of the equation.

→ The expression ax2 + bx + c is positive for all real values of x if b2 – 4ac < 0 and a > 0.

→ The expression ax2 + bx + c has a maximum value when ‘a’ is negative and x = –\(\frac{\mathrm{b}}{2 \mathrm{a}}\). Maximum value of the expression = \(\frac{4 a c-b^{2}}{4 a}\)

→ The expression ax2 + bx + c has a maximum value when ‘a’ is positive and x = –\(\frac{\mathrm{b}}{2 \mathrm{a}}\). Minimum value of the expression = \(\frac{4 a c-b^{2}}{4 a}\)

Theorem 1:
If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are imaginary, then for x ∈ R , ax2 + bx + c and a have the same sign.
Proof:
The root are imaginary
b2 – 4ac < 0 4ac – b2 > 0
\(\frac{a x^{2}+b x+c}{a}=x^{2}+\frac{b}{a} x+\frac{c}{a}=\left(x+\frac{b}{2 a}\right)^{2}+\frac{c}{a}-\frac{b^{2}}{4 a^{2}}=\left(x+\frac{b}{2 a}\right)^{2}+\frac{4 a c-b^{2}}{4 a^{2}}\)
∴ For x ∈ R, ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a have the same sign.

Theorem 2.
If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and equal to α = \(\frac{-b}{2 a}\), then α ≠ x ∈ R ax2 + bx + c and a will have same sign.
Proof:
The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and equal
⇒ b2 = 4ac ⇒ 4ac – b2 = 0
\(\frac{a x^{2}+b x+c}{a}\) = x + \(\frac{b}{a}\)x + \(\frac{c}{a}\)
= \(\left(x+\frac{b}{2 a}\right)^{2}+\frac{c}{a}-\frac{b^{2}}{4 a^{2}}\)
= \(\left(x+\frac{b}{2 a}\right)^{2}+\frac{4 a c-b^{2}}{4 a^{2}}\)
= \(\left(x+\frac{b}{2 a}\right)^{2}\) > 0 for x ≠ \(\frac{-b}{2 a}\) = α
For α ≠ x ∈ R, ax2 + bx + c and a have the same sign.

Theorem 3.
Let be the real roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and α < β. Then
(i) x ∈ R, α < x< β ax2 + bx + c and a have the opposite signs
(ii) x ∈ R, x < α or x> β ax2 + bx + c and a have the same sign.
Proof:
α, β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
Therefore, ax2 + bx + c = a(x – α)(x – β)
\(\frac{a x^{2}+b x+c}{a}\) = (x – α)(x – β)

(i) Suppose x ∈ R, α < x < β
⇒ x < α < β then x – α < 0, x – β < 0 ⇒ (x – α)(x – β) > 0 ⇒ \(\frac{a x^{2}+b x+c}{a}\) > 0
⇒ ax2 + bx + c, a have a same sign

(ii) Suppose x ∈ R, x > β, x > β > α then x – α > 0, x – β > 0
⇒ (x – α)(x – β) > 0 ⇒ \(\frac{a x^{2}+b x+c}{a}\) > 0
⇒ ax2 + bx + c, a have same sign
∴ x ∈ R, x < α or x > β ⇒ ax2 + bx + c and a have the same sign.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Formulas

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 2 De Moivre’s Theorem to solve questions creatively.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Formulas

Statement:
→ If ‘n’ is an integer, then (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
If n’ is a rational number, then one of the values of
(cos θ + i sin θ)n is cos nθ + i sin nθ

nth roots of unity:
→ nth roots of unity are {1, ω, ω2 …….. ωn – 1}.
Where ω = \(\left[\cos \frac{2 k \pi}{n}+i \sin \frac{2 k \pi}{n}\right]\) k = 0, 1, 2 ……. (n – 1).
If ω is a nth root of unity, then

  • ωn = 1
  • 1 + ω + ω2 + ………… + ωn – 1 = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Formulas

Cube roots of unity:
→ 1, ω, ω2 are cube roots of unity when

  • ω3 = 1
  • 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
  • ω = \(\frac{-1+i \sqrt{3}}{2}\), ω2 = \(\frac{-1-i \sqrt{3}}{2}\)
  • Fourth roots of unity roots are 1, – 1, i, – i

→ If Z0 = r0 cis θ0 ≠ 0, then the nth roots of Z0 are αk = (r0)1/n cis\(\left(\frac{2 k \pi+\theta_{0}}{n}\right)\) where k = 0, 1, 2, ……… (n – 1)

→ If n is any integer, (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ

→ If n is any fraction, one of the values of (cosθ + i sinθ)n is cos nθ + i sin nθ.

→ (sinθ + i cosθ)n = cos(\(\frac{n \pi}{2}\) – nθ) + i sin(\(\frac{n \pi}{2}\) – nθ)

→ If x = cosθ + i sinθ, then x + \(\frac{1}{x}\) = 2 cosθ, x – \(\frac{1}{x}\) = 2i sinθ

→ xn + \(\frac{1}{x^{n}}\) = 2cos nθ, xn – \(\frac{1}{x^{n}}\) = 2i sin nθ

→ The nth roots of a complex number form a G.P. with common ratio cis\(\frac{2 \pi}{n}\) which is denoted by ω.

→ The points representing nth roots of a complex number in the Argand diagram are concyclic.

→ The points representing nth roots of a complex number in the Argand diagram form a regular polygon of n sides.

→ The points representing the cube roots of a complex number in the Argand diagram form an equilateral triangle.

→ The points representing the fourth roots of complex number in the Argand diagram form a square.

→ The nth roots of unity are 1, w, w2,………. , wn-1 where w = cis\(\frac{2 \pi}{n}\)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Formulas

→ The sum of the nth roots of unity is zero (or) the sum of the nth roots of any complex number is zero.

→ The cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2 where ω = cis\(\frac{2 \pi}{3}\), ω2 = cis\(\frac{4 \pi}{3}\) or
ω = \(\frac{-1+i \sqrt{3}}{2}\)
ω2 = \(\frac{-1-i \sqrt{3}}{2}\)
1 + ω + ω2 = 0
ω3 = 1

→ The product of the nth roots of unity is (-1)n-1 .

→ The product of the nth roots of a complex number Z is Z(-1)n-1 .

→ ω, ω2 are the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Formulas

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 1 Complex Numbers to solve questions creatively.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Formulas

Definition of a complex number:
→ A number of the type z = x + yi, where x, y ∈ R and i = √- 1 i.e., i2 = – 1 is called a complex number ‘x’ is called real part of z, and ‘y’ is called imaginary part of z. We write x = Re(z) and y = Im(z). A number z = x + yi is said to be purely real iff y = 0 (x ≠ 0) and purely imaginary iff x = 0 (y ≠ 0)
A complex number a + ib is an ordered pair of real numbers. It is denoted by (a, b), a ∈ R, b ∈ R.

→ Two complex numbers z1 = (a, b), z2 = (c, d) are said to be equal iff a = c and b = d.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Formulas

→ If z1 = (a, b), z2 = (c, d) then

  • z1 + z1 = (a + c, b + d)
  • z1 – z2 = (a – c, b – d)
  • z1. Z2 = (ac – bd, ad + bc) and
  • \(\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}=\left(\frac{a c+b d}{c^{2}+d^{2}}, \frac{b c-a d}{c^{2}+d^{2}}\right)\)

Modulus and Amplitude:
→ The modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is defined as a non-negative real number r = \(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\). It is denoted by |z|.

→ Any real number θ satisfying the equation cos θ = \(\frac{x}{r}\), sin θ = \(\frac{y}{r}\) is called an amplitude or argument of z. The unique argument θ of z satisfying – π < θ ≤ π is called the principal argument of z and is denoted by Arg z.

→ The polar form or modulus amplitude form of the complex number
z = x + iy is r(cos θ + i sin θ)

Conjugate of a complex number:
→ If z = x + iy i.e., x, y ∈ R, then the complex number x – iy is called conjugate of z and is written as z̅. The sum and product of a complex number and its Conjugate is always purely real.

Some properties of modulus, amplitude and conjugate:

  • (z̅) = z
  • z + z̅ = 2 Re (z) and z – z̅ = 2 Im (z)
  • \(\overline{Z_{1} Z_{2}}\) = \(\overline{Z_{1}}\) \(\overline{Z_{2}}\)
  • \(\) and \(\) (z2 ≠ 0) and |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
  • zz̅ = |z|2
  • |z| = |z̅|;
  • |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|, |z1 – z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|
  • |z1 – z2| > | |z1| – |z2| |
    In (vii) and (viii) equality holds iff amp (z1) – amp (z2) is an integral multiple of 2π.
  • amp (z1 z2) = amp (z1) + amp (z2) + nπ, for some n ∈ {- 1, 0, 1}
  • amp \(\left(\frac{Z_{1}}{Z_{2}}\right)\) = amp (z1) – amp (z2) + nπ, for some n ∈ {- 1, 0, 1}
  • \(\frac{1}{{cis} \alpha}\) = cis(- α)
  • cis α cis β = cis (α + β)
  • \(\frac{{cis} \alpha}{{cis} \beta}\) = cis (α – β)

De-Moivre’s theorem:

  • If n is any integer, then (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
  • If n = \(\frac{p}{q}\), where p and q are integers having no common factor and q > 1, then cos nθ + i sin nθ is one of the q values of (cos θ + i sin θ)n
  • If z0 = r0 cis θ0 ≠ 0, then the nth roots of z0 are αk = r01/n cis \(\left(\frac{2 k \pi+\theta_{0}}{n}\right)\),
    k = 0, 1, 2, 3 … (n-1)

Cube roots of unity:

  • The cube roots of unity are 1, ω = \(\frac{-1+\sqrt{3 i}}{2}\) and ω2 = \(\frac{-1-\sqrt{3 i}}{2}\)
  • 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and w3 = 1; 1 + ω = – ω 2, 1 + ω2 = – ω, ω + ω2 = – 1
  • Either of the two non-real cube roots of unity is square of the other.
  • For either of the two non – real cube roots a.and of unity α + β = – 1, αβ = – 1, α2 = β, β2 = α and α3 = β3 = 1
  • (-1)1/3 = – 1, – ω – ω2
  • The nth roots of unity are cis\(\left(\frac{2 k \pi}{n}\right)\), k = 0, 1, 2, ….. (n – 1)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Formulas

Formulae:

→ Modulus of Z = \(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\)

→ If \(\sqrt{a+i b}\) = (x + iy), then x = \(\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}+a}{2}}\) and y = \(\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}-a}{2}}\)

→ Conjugate of a + ib = a – ib

→ Conjugate of a – ib = a + ib

→ Any number of the form x + iy where x, y ∈ R and i2 = -1 is called a Complex Number.

→ In the complex number x + iy, x is called the real part and y is called the imaginary part of the complex number.

→ A complex number is said to be purely imaginary if its real part is zero and is said to be purely real if its imaginary part is zero.
(a) Two complex numbers are said to be equal if their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal.
(b) In the set of complex numbers, there is no meaning to the phrases one complex is greater than or less than another i.e. If two complex numbers are not equal, we say they are unequal.
(c) a+ ib > c + id is meaningful only when b = 0, d = 0.

→ Two complex numbers are conjugate if their sum and product are both real. They are of the form a + ib, a – ib.

→ cisθ1 cisθ2 = cis(θ1 + θ2), \(\frac{{cis} \theta_{1}}{{cis} \theta_{2}}\) = cis(θ1 – θ2), \(\frac{1}{\cos \theta+i \sin \theta}\) = cosθ – isinθ

→ \(\frac{a_{1}+i b_{1}}{a_{2}+i b_{2}}=\frac{\left(a_{1} a_{2}+b_{1} b_{2}\right)+i\left(a_{2} b_{1}-a_{1} b_{2}\right)}{a_{2}^{2}+b_{2}^{2}}\)

→ \(\frac{1+i}{1-i}\) = i, \(\frac{1-i}{1+i}\) = i

→ \(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\) is called the modulus of the complex number x + iy and is denoted by r or |x + iy|

→ Any value of 0 obtained from the equations cos θ = \(\frac{x}{r}\), sin θ = \(\frac{y}{r}\) is called an amplitude of the complex number.

→ The amplitude lying between -π and π is called the principal amplitude of the complex number. Rule for choosing the principal amplitude.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Formulas

→ If θ is the principal amplitude, then -π < 0 < π
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Formulas 1

→If α is the principle amplitude of a complex number, general amplitude = 2nπ + α where n ∈ Z.

  • Amp (Z1 Z2) = Amp Z1 + AmpZ2
  • Amp z + Amp z̅ = 2π (when z is a negative real number) = 0 (otherwise)

→ r(cos θ + i sin θ) is the modulus amplitude form of x + iy.

→ If the amplitude of a complex number is \(\frac{\pi}{2}\), its real part is zero.

→ If the amplitude of a complex number is \(\frac{\pi}{4}\), its real part is equal to its imaginary part.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Exercise 2(b) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Exercise 2(b)

I. Find all the values of the following.

Question 1.
(i) (1 – i√3)1/3
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q1(i)

(ii) (-i)1/6
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q1(ii)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q1(ii).1

(iii) (1 + i)2/3
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q1(iii)

(iv) (-16)1/4
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q1(iv)

(v) (-32)1/5
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q1(v)

Question 2.
If A, B, C are angles of a triangle such that x = cis A, y = cis B, z = cis C, then find the value of xyz.
Solution:
∴ A, B, C are angles of a triangle
⇒ A + B + C = 180° ………..(1)
x = cis A, y = cis B, Z = cis C
xyz = cis (A + B + C)
= cos (A + B + C) + i sin (A + B + C)
= cos (180°) + i sin (180°)
= -1 + i(0)
= -1
∴ xyz = -1

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

Question 3.
(i) If x = cis θ, then find the value of \(\left[x^{6}+\frac{1}{x^{6}}\right]\)
Solution:
∵ x = cos θ + i sin θ
⇒ x6 = (cos θ + i sin θ)6 = cos 6θ + i sin 6θ
⇒ \(\frac{1}{x^{6}}\) = cos 6θ – i sin 6θ
∴ \(x^{6}+\frac{1}{x^{6}}\) = 2 cos 6θ

(ii) Find the cube roots of 8.
Solution:
Let x3 = 8
⇒ x = 81/3
⇒ x = (23)1/3 (1)1/3
⇒ x = 2 (1)1/3
Since cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2
∴ The cube roots or 8 are 2, 2ω, 2ω2

Question 4.
If 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that
(i) \(\frac{1}{2+\omega}-\frac{1}{1+2 \omega}=\frac{1}{1+\omega}\)
Solution:
ω is a cube root of unity.
1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q4(i)

(ii) (2 – ω) (2 – ω2) (2 – ω10) (2 – ω11) = 49
Solution:
∵ 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity.
ω3 = 1 and 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
2 – ω10 = 2 – ω9 . ω
= 2 – (ω3)3 ω
= 2 – (1)3 ω
= 2 – ω
and 2 – ω11 = 2 – (ω3)3 . ω2
= 2 – (1)3 ω2
= 2 – ω2
(2 – ω) (2 – ω2) = 4 – 2ω – 2ω2 + ω3
= 4 – 2(ω + ω2) + 1
= 4 – 2(-1) + 1
= 4 + 2 + 1
= 7
∴ (2 – ω) (2 – ω2) (2 – ω10) (2 – ω11) = (2 – ω) (2 – ω2) (2 – ω) (2 – ω2)
= ((2 – ω) (2 – ω2))2
= 72
= 49

(iii) (x + y + z) (x + yω + zω2) (x + yω2 + zω) = x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
Solution:
∵ 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity.
⇒ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1
Now consider,
(x + yω + zω2) (x + yω2 + zω)
= x2 + xyω2 + zxω + xyω + y2ω3 + yzω2 + zxω2 + yzω4 + z2ω3
= x2 + y2 (1) + z2 (1) + xy (ω + ω2) + yz (ω4 + ω2) + zx (ω + ω2)
= x2 + y2 + z2 + xy (-1) + yz (ω + ω2) + zx (-1)
= x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx ……….(1)
L.H.S = (x + y + z) (x + yω + zω2) (x + yω2 + zω)
= (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx) [by (1)]
= x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= R.H.S

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

Question 5.
Prove that -ω, and -ω2 are the roots of z2 – z + 1 =0, where ω and ω2 are the complex cube roots of unity.
Solution:
Since ω and ω2 are the complex cube roots of unity
∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω2 = 1
z2 – z + 1 = (-ω)2 – (-ω) + 1
= ω2 + ω + 1
= 0
∴ -ω is a root of the equation z2 – z + 1 = 0
z2 – z + 1 = (-ω2)2 – (-ω2) + 1
= ω4 + ω2 + 1
= ω3 . ω + ω2 + 1
= ω + ω2+ 1
= 0
∴ -ω2 is a root of the equation z2 – z + 1 = 0

Question 6.
If 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the values of the following.
(i) (a + b)3 + (aω + bω2)3 + (aω2 + bω)3
Solution:
Since 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity
∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1
Now (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ……..(1)
(aω + bω2)3 = [ω(a + bω)]3
= ω3 (a + bω)3
= (1) (a + bω)3
= a3 + 3a2bω + 3ab2ω2 + b3ω3
= a3 + 3a2bω + 3ab2ω2 + b3 ……….(2)
∵ ω3 = 1
and (aω2 + bω)3 = [ω(aω + b)]3
= ω3 (aω + b)3
= (1) (aω + b)3
= a3ω3 + 3a22 + 3ab2ω + b3
= a3(1) + 3a22 + 3ab2ω + b3
∴ (aω2 + bω)3 = a3 + 3a22 + 3ab2ω + b3 ……….(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3)
(a + b)3 + (aω + bω2)3 + (aω2 + bω)3 = 3a3 + 3a2b (1 + ω + ω2) + 3ab2 (1 + ω + ω2) + 3b3
= 3(a3 + b3) + 3a2b (0) + 3ab2 (0)
= 3(a3 + b3)
∴ (a + b)3 + (aω + bω2)3 + (aω2 + bω)3 = 3 (a3 + b3)

(ii) (a + 2b)2 + (aω2 + 2bω)2 + (aω + 2bω2)2
Solution:
(a + 2b)2 = a2 + 4ab + 4b2 ……….(1)
(aω2 + 2bω)2 = a2ω4 + 4abω3 + 4b2ω2
= a2ω3ω + 4ab (1) + 4b2ω2
= a2ω + 4ab + 4b2ω2 ………..(2)
and (aω + 2bω2)2 = a2ω2 + 4abω3 + 4b2ω4
= a2ω2 + 4ab (1) + 4b2ω3ω
= a2ω2 + 4ab + 4b2 (1) ω
∴ (aω + 2bω2)2 = a2ω2 + 4ab + 4b2ω ……….(3)
By Adding (1), (2) and (3)
(a + 2b)2 + (aω2 + 2bω)2 + (aω + 2bω2)2
= a2 (1 + ω + ω2) + 12ab + 4b2 (1 + ω + ω2)
= a2 (0) + 12ab + 4b2 (0)
= 12ab
∴ (a + 2b)2 + (aω2 + 2bω)2 + (aω + 2bω2)2 = 12ab

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

(iii) (1 – ω + ω2)3
Solution:
(1 – ω + ω2)3 = (-ω – ω)3
= (-2ω)3
= -8ω3
= -8(1)
= -8 (∵ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0)

(iv) (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω4) (1 – ω8)
Solution:
1 – ω4 = 1 – (ω3) ω
= 1 – (1) ω
= 1 – ω
1 – ω8 = 1 – (ω3)2 ω2
= 1 – (1) ω2
= 1 – ω2
∴ (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω4)(1 – ω8) = (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω) (1 – ω2)
= [(1 – ω) (1 – ω2)]2
= (1 – ω – ω2 + ω3)2
= [1 – (ω + ω2) + 1] (∵ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0)
= [1 – (-1) + 1]2
= (3)2
= 9
∴ (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω4) (1 – ω8) = 9

(v) \(\left[\frac{a+b \omega+c \omega^{2}}{c+a \omega+b \omega^{2}}\right]+\left[\frac{a+b \omega+c \omega^{2}}{b+c \omega+a \omega^{2}}\right]\)
Solution:
∴ 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity
⇒ ω3 = 1 and 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 ………..(1)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) I Q6(v)

(vi) (i + ω)3 + (1 + ω2)3
Solution:
(i + ω)3 + (1 + ω2)3 = (-ω2)3 +(-ω)3
= -ω6 – ω3
= -1 – 1
= -2
∴ (1 + ω)3 + (1 + ω2)3 = -2

(vii) (1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5
Solution:
(1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5 = (-ω – ω)5 + (-ω2 – ω2)5
= (-2ω)5 + (-2ω2)5
= -32ω5 – 32ω10
= -32(ω5 + ω10)
= -32(ω2 + ω)
= -32(-1)
= 32
∴ (1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5 = 32

II.

Question 1.
Solve the following equations.
(i) x4 – 1 = 0
Solution:
x4 – 1 = 0
⇒ x4 = 1
⇒ x4 = cos 0° + i sin 0°
⇒ x4 = cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ
⇒ x = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ)1/4
= cos \(\frac{k \pi}{2}\), k = 0, 1, 2, 3
i.e., cos 0° + i sin 0°, cos \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) + i sin \(\frac{\pi}{2}\), cos π + i sin π, cos \(\frac{3 \pi}{2}\) + i sin \(\frac{3 \pi}{2}\),
i.e., 1, i, -1, -i = ±1, ±i

(ii) x5 + 1 = 0
Solution:
x5 + 1 = 0
⇒ x5 = -1
⇒ x5 = cos π + i sin π
⇒ x5 = cos(2k + 1) π + i sin(2k + 1) π, k ∈ z
⇒ x = [cos(2k + 1) π + i sin(2k + 1) π]1/5
⇒ x = cis \(\frac{(2 k+1) \pi}{5}\), k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

(iii) x9 – x5 + x4 – 1 = 0
Solution:
x9 – x5 + x4 – 1 = 0
⇒ x5 (x4 – 1) + 1 (x4 – 1) = 0
⇒ (x4 – 1) (x5 + 1) = 0
⇒ x4 – 1 = 0
Solving the roots are ±1, ±i
(see the above problem)
x5 + 1 = 0
Solving the roots are cis \(\frac{(2 k+1) \pi}{5}\)
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (see the above problem)
∴ The roots of the given equation are ±1, ±i, cis (2k + 1) \(\frac{\pi}{5}\), k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
i.e., ±1, ±i, cis(\(\pm \frac{\pi}{5}\)), cis(\(\pm \frac{3 \pi}{5}\))

(iv) x4 + 1 = 0
Solution:
x4 + 1 = 0
⇒ x4 = -1
⇒ x4 = cos π + i sin π
∴ x4 = cos(2kπ + π) + i sin(2kπ + π),
∴ x = [cis(2k + 1)π]1/4
= cis(2k + 1) \(\frac{\pi}{4}\), where k = 0, 1, 2, 3
∴ x = \({cis} \frac{\pi}{4}, {cis}\left(\frac{3 \pi}{4}\right), {cis}\left(\frac{5 \pi}{4}\right)\) and \({cis}\left(\frac{7 \pi}{4}\right)\)
These four values of x are the solutions to the given equation.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

Question 2.
Find the common roots of x12 – 1 = 0 and x4 + x2 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Consider x12 – 1 = 0
⇒ x12 = 1
⇒ x12 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)
⇒ x12 = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ), k is a positive integer
⇒ x = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ)1/2
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) II Q2
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) II Q2.1

Question 3.
Find the number of 15th roots of unity, which are also the 25th roots of unity.
Solution:
The number of common roots = H.C.F of {15, 25} = 5

Question 4.
If the cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2, then find the roots of the equation (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0.
Solution:
Given (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0
⇒ (x – 1)3 = -8
⇒ (x – 1)3 = (-2)3 (1)3
⇒ (x – 1) = (-2) (1)1/3
⇒ x – 1 = -2, -2ω, -2ω2
⇒ x = 1 – 2, 1 – 2ω, 1 – 2ω2
⇒ x = -1, 1 – 2ω, 1 – 2ω2

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

Question 5.
Find the product of all the values of (1 + i)4/5.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) II Q5

Question 6.
If z2 + z + 1 =0, where z is a complex number, prove that
\(\left(z+\frac{1}{z}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{2}+\frac{1}{z^{2}}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{3}+\frac{1}{z^{3}}\right)^{2}\) + \(\left(z^{4}+\frac{1}{z^{4}}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{5}+\frac{1}{z^{5}}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{6}+\frac{1}{z^{6}}\right)\) = 12
Solution:
Given z2 + z + 1 = 0
⇒ z = \(\frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{1-4.1 .1}}{2}\)
= \(\frac{-1 \pm i \sqrt{3}}{2}\)
= \(\frac{-1+i \sqrt{3}}{2}, \frac{-1-i \sqrt{3}}{2}\)
= ω, ω2
∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1
If z = ω then
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) II Q6
= (ω + ω2)2 + (ω2 + ω)2 + (1 + 1)2 + (ω + ω2)2 + (ω2 + ω)2 + (1 + 1 )2
= (-1)2 + (-1)2 + 4 + (-1)2 + (-1)2 + 4
= 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 4
= 12
Similarly If z = ω2 then
\(\left(z+\frac{1}{z}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{2}+\frac{1}{z^{2}}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{3}+\frac{1}{z^{3}}\right)^{2}\) + \(\left(z^{4}+\frac{1}{z^{4}}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{5}+\frac{1}{z^{5}}\right)^{2}+\left(z^{6}+\frac{1}{z^{6}}\right)\) = 12

III.

Question 1.
If 1, α, α2, α3, ……., αn-1 be the nth roots of unity, then prove that 1p + αp + (α2)p + (α3)p + …… + (αn-p)2p = 0
= 0; if p ≠ kn
= n; if p ≠ kn, where p, k ∈ N
Solution:
nth roots of unity are 1, α, α2, ………., αn-1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q1.1
∴ Each term of the series in (1) is 1
Hence the sum of the series 1 + αp + (α2)p + (α3)p + …….. + (αn-1)p
= 1 + 1 + 1 + ……… + 1 (n times)
= n(1)
= n

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

Question 2.
Prove that the sum of 99th powers of the roots of the equation x7 – 1 = 0 is zero and hence deduce the roots of x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q2
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q2.1

Question 3.
If n is a positive integer, show that \((p+i q)^{1 / n}+(p-i q)^{1 / n}=2\left(p^{2}+q^{2}\right)^{1 / 2 n}\) . \(\cos \left(\frac{1}{n}, \tan \frac{q}{p}\right)\)
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q3
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q3.1

Question 4.
Show that one value of \(\left(\frac{1+\sin \frac{\pi}{8}+i \cos \frac{\pi}{8}}{1+\sin \frac{\pi}{8}-i \cos \frac{\pi}{8}}\right)^{8 / 3}\) is -1.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q4
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q4.1

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b)

Question 5.
Solve (x – 1)n = xn, n is a positive integer.
Solution:
Since x = 0 is not a solution of the given equation, it is equivalent to the equation \(\left(\frac{x-1}{x}\right)^{n}=1\)
Clearly \(\left(\frac{x-1}{x}\right)^{n}=1\)
⇒ \(\frac{x-1}{x}\) is an nth root of unity other than one.
Suppose that ω is an nth root of unity and ω ≠ 1.
Then, \(\frac{x-1}{x}\) = ω
⇒ x – 1 = xω
⇒ (1 – ω) x = 1
⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{1-\omega}\), (∵ ω ≠ 1) ……….(1)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q5
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(b) III Q5.1

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a)

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Exercise 2(a) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Exercise 2(a)

I.

Question 1.
If n is an integer then show that (1 + i)2n + (1 – i)2n = 2n+1 cos \(\frac{n \pi}{2}\)
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) I Q1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) I Q1.1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) I Q1.2

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a)

Question 2.
Find the values of the following:
(i) (1 + i√3)3
Solution:
Let 1 + i√3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = 1 and r sin θ = √3
⇒ r2 (1) = 1 + 3 = 4
⇒ r = 2
cos θ = \(\frac{1}{2}\) and sin θ = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)
⇒ θ = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) I Q2(i)

(ii) (1 – i)8
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) I Q2(ii)

(iii) (1 + i)16
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) I Q2(iii)

(iv) \(\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+\frac{i}{2}\right)^{5}-\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-\frac{i}{2}\right)^{5}\)
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) I Q2(iv)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a)

II.

Question 1.
If α, β are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 4 = 0 then for any n ∈ N show that αn + βn = 2n+1 cos(\(\frac{n \pi}{3}\))
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) II Q1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) II Q1.1

Question 2.
If cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 = sin α + sin β + sin γ then show that
(i) cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos(α + β + γ)
(ii) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin(α + β + γ)
(iii) cos(α + β) + cos(β + γ) + cos(γ + α) = 0
Solution:
Given that cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 and sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0
From the hypothesis, we have
(cos α + cos β + cos γ) + i (sin α + sin β + sin γ) = 0
i.e., (cos α + i sin α) + (cos β + i sin β) + (cos γ + i sin γ) = 0
We know that if a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Hence (cos α + i sin α)3 + (cos β + i sin β)3 + (cos γ + i sin γ)3 = 3 (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β) + (cos γ + i sin γ)
i.e., cos 3α + i sin 3α + cos 3β + i sin 3β + cos 3γ + i sin 3γ = 3[cos(α + β + γ) + i sin(α + β + γ)] …….(1)
On equating the real parts on both sides of equation (1) we get
(i) cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos(α + β + γ)
On equation thenmaginary parts on both sides of equation (1) we get,
(ii) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin(α + β + γ)
(iii) Let a = cos α + i sin α then \(\frac{1}{a}\) = cos α – i sin α
b = cos β + i sin β and \(\frac{1}{b}\) = cos β – i sin β
c = cos γ + i sin γ and \(\frac{1}{c}\) = cos γ – i sin γ
Now \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\) = (cos α + cos β + cos γ) – i (sin α + sin β + sin γ)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\) = 0 – i(0)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\) = 0
⇒ bc + ca + ab = 0
⇒ [cos(β + γ) + i sin(β + γ)] + [cos(γ + α) + i sin(γ + α)] + [cos(α + β) + i sin(α + β)] = 0
⇒ [cos(α + β) + cos(β + γ) + cos(γ + α)] + i [sin(α + β) + sin(β + γ) + sin(γ + α)] = 0
By equation real parts on both sides
cos (α + β) + cos (β + γ) + cos (γ + α) = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a)

Question 3.
If n is an integer and z = cis θ, (θ ≠ (2n + 1) π/2), then show that \(\frac{z^{2 n}-1}{z^{2 n}+1}\) = i tan nθ.
Solution:
z = cis θ = cos θ + i sin θ, θ ≠ (2n + 1) π/2
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) II Q3
(∵ i2 = -1)
= i tan(nθ)
= R.H.S

Question 4.
If (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ……… + anxn, then show that
(i) a0 – a2 + a4 – a6 + …….. = \(2^{n / 2} \cos \frac{n \pi}{4}\)
(ii) a1 – a3 + a5 – a7 + ……… = \(2^{n / 2} \sin \frac{n \pi}{4}\)
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) II Q4
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Ex 2(a) II Q4.1

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d)

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(d) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(d)

I.

Question 1.
(i) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points 7 + 7i, 7 – 7i in the Argand diagram.
Solution:
A(7, 7); B(7, -7) represents the given complex numbers in the Argand diagram.
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d) I Q1(i)
O is the mid-point of AB.
Co-ordinates of O are \(\left(\frac{7+7}{2}, \frac{7-7}{2}\right)\) = (7, 0)
Slope of \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}=\frac{7+7}{7-7}=\frac{14}{0}\) = ∞
AB is parallel to Y-axis
PQ is perpendicular to AB
PQ is parallel to X-axis
Slope of PQ = 0
Equation of PQ is y – 0 = 0(x – 7)
i.e., y = 0

(ii) Find the equation of the straight line joining the point -9 + 6i, 11 – 4i in the Argand plane.
Solution:
Given points are -9 + 6i, 11 – 4i
Let A = (-9, 6); B = (11, -4)
Equation of the straight line AB is y – 6 = \(\frac{-4-6}{11+9}\) (x + 9)
⇒ y – 6 = \(\frac{-1}{2}\) (x + 9)
⇒ 2y – 12 = -x – 9
⇒ x + 2y – 3 = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d)

Question 2.
If Z = x + iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents Z, then describe geometrically the locus of z satisfying the equation.
(i) |z – 2 – 3i| = 5
(ii) 2|z – 2| = |z – 1|
(iii) Img z2 = 4
(iv) \({Arg}\left(\frac{z-1}{z+1}\right)=\frac{\pi}{4}\)
Solution:
(i) z = x + iy and |z – 2 – 3i| = 5
|z – 2 – 3i| = 5
⇒ |x + iy – 2 – 3i| = 5
⇒ |(x – 2) + i(y – 3)| = 5
⇒ \(\sqrt{(x-2)^{2}+(y-3)^{2}}\) = 5
⇒ (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25
⇒ x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 6y + 9 = 25
∴ Locus of P is x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0

(ii) 2|z – 2| = |z – 1|
2|x + iy – 2| = |x + iy – 1|
⇒ 2|(x – 2) + iy| = |(x – 1) + iy|
⇒ \(2 \sqrt{(x-2)^{2}+y^{2}}=\sqrt{(x-1)^{2}+y^{2}}\)
Squaring both sides
⇒ 4[(x – 2)2 + y2] = (x – 1)2 + y2
⇒ 4(x2 – 4x + 4 + y2) = x2 – 2x + 1 + y2
⇒ 4x2 + 4y2 – 16x + 16 = x2 + y2 – 2x + 1
∴ Locus of P is 3x2 + 3y2 – 14x + 15 = 0

(iii) Img z2 = 4
∵ z = x + iy
⇒ z2 = (x + iy)2
⇒ z2 = x2 + i2y2 + 2ixy
⇒ z2 = (x2 – y2) + i(2xy)
∴ Img (z2) = 2xy = 4
∴ The locus of P is xy = 2

(iv) \({Arg}\left(\frac{z-1}{z+1}\right)=\frac{\pi}{4}\)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d) I Q2(iv)
Since \({Arg}\left(\frac{z-1}{z+1}\right)=\frac{\pi}{4}\)
∴ \(\frac{2 y}{x^{2}+y^{2}-1}=\tan \frac{\pi}{4}\)
⇒ 2y = x2 + y2 – 1
⇒ x2 + y2 – 2y – 1 = 0
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 2y – 1 = 0.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d)

Question 3.
Show that the points in the Argand diagram represented by the complex numbers 2 + 2i, -2 – 2i, 2√3 + 2√3 i are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Solution:
A(2, 2), B(-2, -2), C(-2√3, 2√3) represent the given complex number in the Argand diagram.
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d) I Q3
AB2 = (2 + 2)2 + (2 + 2)2
= 16 + 16
= 32
BC2 = (-2 + 2√3)2 + (-2 – 2√3)2
= 4 + 12 – 8√3 + 4 + 12 + 8√3
= 32
AC2 = (-2√3 – 2)2 + (2√3 – 2)2
= 12 + 4 + 8√3 + 12 + 4 – 8√3
= 32
AB2 = BC2 = AC2
⇒ AB = BC = CA
∴ ∆ABC is an Equilateral triangle.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d)

Question 4.
Find the eccentricity of the ellipse whose equation is |z – 4| + |z – \(\frac{12}{5}\)| = 10
Solution:
SP + S’P = 2a
S = (4, 0), S’ = (\(\frac{12}{5}\), 0)
2a = 10 ⇒ a = 5
SS’ = 2ae
⇒ 4 – \(\frac{12}{5}\) = 2 × 5e
⇒ \(\frac{8}{5}\) = 10e
⇒ e = \(\frac{4}{25}\)

II.

Question 1.
If \(\frac{z_{3}-z_{1}}{z_{2}-z_{1}}\) is a real number, show that the points represented by the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 are collinear.
Solution:
Let z1 = x1 + iy1; z2 = x2 + iy2; z3 = x3 + iy3
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d) II Q1
Given \(\frac{z_{3}-z_{1}}{z_{2}-z_{1}}\) is a real number.
Imaginary part = 0
⇒ (y3 – y1) (x2 – x1) – (x3 – x1) (y2 – y1) = 0
⇒ (y3 – y1) (x2 – x1) = (x3 – x1) (y2 – y1)
⇒ \(\frac{y_{3}-y_{1}}{x_{3}-x_{1}}=\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}\)
The points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) represents the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 respectively.
Slope of \(\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{AC}}\) = Slope of \(\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{AB}}\)
∴ A, B, C are collinear.

Question 2.
Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers 2 + i, 4 + 3i, 2 + 5i, 3i are the vertices of a square.
Solution:
A(2, 1), B(4, 3) C(2, 5), D(0, 3) represent the given complex number in the Argand plane
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d) II Q2
AB2 = (2 – 4)2 + (1 – 3)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
BC2 = (4 – 2)2 + (3 – 5)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
CD2 = (2 – 0)2 + (5 – 3)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
DA2 = (0 – 2)2 + (3 – 1)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
AB2 = BC2 = CD2 = DA2
⇒ AB = BC = CD = DA ………(1)
AC2 = (2 – 2)2 + (1 – 5)2 = 0 + 16 = 16
BD2 = (4 – 0)2 + (3 – 3)2 = 16 + 0 = 16
AC2 = BD2
⇒ AC = BD …….(2)
By (1), (2)
A, B, C, D are the vertices of a square.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d)

Question 3.
Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers -2 + 7i, \(-\frac{3}{2}+\frac{1}{2} i\), 4 – 3i, \(\frac{7}{2}\)(1 + i) are the vertices of a rhombus.
Solution:
A(-2, 7), B(\(-\frac{3}{2}\), \(\frac{1}{2}\)), C(4, -3), D(\(\frac{7}{2}\), \(\frac{7}{2}\)) represents the given complex numbers in the Argand diagram.
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d) II Q3
∴ AB2 = BC2 = CD2 = DA2
⇒ AB = BC = CD = DA ……….(1)
AC2 = (-2 – 4)2 + (7 + 3)2
= 36 + 100
= 136
BD2 = \(\left(-\frac{3}{2}-\frac{7}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{7}{2}\right)^{2}\)
= 25 + 9
= 34
AC ≠ BD ……..(2)
∴ A, B, C, D are the vertices of a Rhombus.

Question 4.
Show that the points in the Argand diagram represented by the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 are collinear, if and only if there exist three real numbers p, q, r not all zero, satisfying pz1 + qz2 + rz3 = 0 and p + q + r = 0.
Solution:
pz1 + qz2 + rz3 = 0
⇔ rz3 = -pz1 – qz2
⇔ z3 = \(\frac{-p z_{1}-q z_{2}}{r}\) [∵ r ≠ 0]
∵ p + q + r = 0
⇔ r = -p – q
⇔ z3 = \(-\frac{\left(p z_{1}+q z_{2}\right)}{-(p+q)}\)
⇔ z3 = \(\frac{p z_{1}+q z_{2}}{p+q}\)
⇔ z3 divides the line segment joining z1, z2 in the ratio q : p
⇔ z1, z2, z3 are collinear

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d)

Question 5.
The points P, Q denotes the complex numbers z1, z2 in the Argand diagram. O is the origin. If \(\bar{z}_{1} \bar{z}_{2}+\bar{z}_{2} \bar{z}_{1}=0\), show that POQ = 90°.
Solution:
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
Then P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2), O(0, 0)
\(\overline{\mathbf{z}}_{1}\) = x1 – iy1, \(\overline{\mathbf{z}}_{2}\) = x2 – iy2
\(\bar{z}_{1} \bar{z}_{2}+\bar{z}_{2} \bar{z}_{1}\) = (x1 + iy1) (x2 – iy2) + (x2 + iy2) (x1 – iy1) = 0
⇒ x1x2 + y1y2 – ix1y2 + ix2y1 + x1x2 + y1y2 – ix2y1 + ix1y2 = 0
⇒ 2(x1x2 + y1y2) = 0
⇒ x1x2 + y1y2 = 0
⇒ x1x2 = -y1y2
⇒ \(\left(\frac{-x_{1}}{y_{1}}\right)\left(-\frac{x_{2}}{y_{2}}\right)=-1\)
Slope of OP × Slope of OQ = -1
∴ OP, OQ are perpendicular
⇒ ∠POQ = 90°

Question 6.
The complex number z has argument θ, 0 < θ < \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) and satisfy the equation |z – 3i| = 3. Then prove that (cot θ – \(\frac{6}{z}\)) = i
Solution:
Let z = cos θ + i sin θ
Given |z – 3i| = 3.
⇒ |(cos θ + i sin θ) – 3i| = 3
⇒ |cos θ + i(sin θ – 3)| = 3
⇒ \(\sqrt{\cos ^{2} \theta+(\sin \theta-3)^{2}}\) = 3
⇒ cos2θ + sin2θ – 6 sin θ + 9 = 9
⇒ 1 – 6 sin θ = 0
⇒ 6 sin θ = 1
⇒ sin θ = \(\frac{1}{6}\)
since 0 < θ < \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(d) II Q6
∴ cos θ = \(\frac{\sqrt{35}}{6}\)
cot θ = √35
∴ cot θ – \(\frac{6}{z}\) = cot θ – \(\frac{6}{\cos \theta+i \sin \theta}\)
= cot θ – 6(cos θ – i sin θ)
= √35 – 6\(\left[\frac{\sqrt{35}}{6}-i \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right]\)
= √35 – √35 + i
= i
Hence cot θ – \(\frac{6}{z}\) = i

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c)

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(c) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(c)

I.

Question 1.
Express the following complex numbers in modulus-amplitude form.
(i) 1 – i
Solution:
1 – i
Let 1 – i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = 1, r sin θ = -1
⇒ θ lies in IV quadrant
Squaring and adding
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 1 + 1 = 2
⇒ r2 = 2
⇒ r = √2
tan θ = – 1
⇒ θ = \(-\frac{\pi}{4}\)
∴ 1 – i = √2(cos(\(-\frac{\pi}{4}\)) + i sin(\(-\frac{\pi}{4}\)))

(ii) 1 + i√3
Solution:
1 + i√3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = 1 ………(1)
r sin θ = √3 ……..(2)
θ lies in the I quadrant
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 1 + 3
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒ r = 2
Dividing (2) by (1)
\(\frac{r \sin \theta}{r \cos \theta}\) = √3
⇒ tan θ = √3
⇒ θ = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
∴ 1 + i√3 = 2(cos \(\frac{\pi}{3}\) + i sin \(\frac{\pi}{3}\))

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c)

(iii) -√3 + i
Solution:
-√3 + i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = -√3 …….(1)
r sin θ = 1 …….(2)
⇒ θ lies in II quadrant
Squaring and adding (1), (2)
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 3 + 1 = 4
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒ r = 2
Dividing (2) by (1)
\(\frac{r \sin \theta}{r \cos \theta}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
⇒ tan θ = \(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\) and θ lies in II quadrant
⇒ θ = 180° – 30° = 150° = \(\frac{5 \pi}{6}\)
∴ -√3 + i = 2(cos \(\frac{5 \pi}{6}\) + i sin \(\frac{5 \pi}{6}\))

(iv) -1 – i√3
Solution:
1 – i√3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = -1, r sin θ = -√3
Squaring and adding
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 1 + 3
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒ r = 2
∴ cos θ = \(-\frac{1}{2}\), sin θ = \(-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)
⇒ θ = -120° = \(-\frac{2 \pi}{3}\)
∴ -1 – i√3 = 2[cos(\(-\frac{2 \pi}{3}\)) + i sin(\(-\frac{2 \pi}{3}\))]

Question 2.
Simplify -2i(3 + i) (2 + 4i) (1 + i) and obtain the modulus of that complex number.
Solution:
-2i(3 + i) (2 + 4i) (1 + i)
= (-6i – 2i2) (2 + 2i + 4i + 4i2)
= (2 – 6i) (-2 + 6i)
= -4 + 12i – 36i2 + 12i
= 32 + 24i
= 8(4 + 3i)
Modulus = |8(4 + 3i)|
= 8\(\sqrt{(4)^{2}+(3)^{2}}\)
= 8(5)
= 40

Question 3.
(i) If z ≠ 0, find Arg z + Arg \((\bar{z})\).
Solution:
If z = x + iy, then Arg(z) = \(\tan ^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)\)
and \((\bar{z})\) = x – iy, then Arg (z) = \(\tan ^{-1}\left(\frac{-y}{x}\right)\) = –\(\tan ^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)\)
∴ Arg (z) + Arg \((\bar{z})\) = \(\tan ^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)\) + (-\(\tan ^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)\)) = 0

(ii) If z1 = -1 and z2 = -i, then find Arg(z1z2)
Solution:
z1 = -1
⇒ z1 = cos π + i sin π
⇒ Arg z1 = π
z2 = -i
⇒ z2 = \(\cos \left(-\frac{\pi}{2}\right)+i \sin \left(-\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\)
⇒ Arg z2 = \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\)
∴ Arg (z1z2) = Arg z1 + Arg z2
= π – \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
= \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

(iii) If z1 = -1, z2 = i then find Arg\(\left(\frac{\mathbf{z}_{1}}{\mathbf{z}_{2}}\right)\)
Solution:
z1 = -1 = cos π + i sin π
⇒ Arg z1 = π
z2 = i = cos \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) + i sin \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
⇒ Arg z2 = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
∴ Arg\(\left(\frac{\mathbf{z}_{1}}{\mathbf{z}_{2}}\right)\) = Arg z1 – Arg z2
= π – \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
= \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c)

Question 4.
(i) If (cos 2α + i sin 2α) (cos 2β + i sin 2β) = cos θ + i sin θ, then find the value of θ.
Solution:
cos θ + i sin θ
= (cos 2α + i sin 2α) (cos 2β + i sin 2β)
= cos 2α . cos 2β + i sin 2α . cos 2β + i cos 2α sin 2β + i2 sin 2α . sin 2β
= (cos 2α . cos 2β – sin 2α . sin 2β) + i(sin 2α cos 2β + cos 2α sin 2β)
= cos 2(α + β) + i sin 2(α + β)
∴ θ = 2(α + β)

(ii) If √3 + i = r (cos θ + i sin θ), then find the value of θ in radian measure.
Solution:
Given that
√3 + i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
⇒ r cos θ = √3, r sin θ = 1
⇒ r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 3 + 1
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒ r = 2
∴ cos θ = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) and sin θ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
⇒ θ = \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)

(iii) If x + iy = cis α . cis β then find the value of x2 + y2.
Solution:
Given x + iy = cis α . cis β
⇒ x + iy = (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β)
⇒ x + iy = cos(α + β) + i sin(α + β)
Equating real and imaginary parts
x = cos(α + β) and y = sin(α + β)
∴ x2 + y2 = cos2(α + β) + sin2(α + β) = 1

(iv) If \(\frac{z_{2}}{z_{1}}\), (z1 ≠ 0) is an imaginary number, then find the value of \(\left|\frac{2 z_{1}+z_{2}}{2 z_{1}-z_{2}}\right|\)
Solution:
\(\frac{z_{2}}{z_{1}}\), (z1 ≠ 0) is purely imaginary.
We can suppose that \(\frac{z_{2}}{z_{1}}\) = iy, where y ∈ R – {0}
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) I Q1(iv)

(v) If (√3 + i)100 = 299 (a + ib), then show that a2 + b2 = 4.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) I Q1(v)

Question 5.
(i) If z = x + iy and |z| = 1, find the locus of z.
Solution:
Given z = x + iy
Also |z| = 1
⇒ |x + iy| = 1
⇒ \(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}=1\)
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
∴ Locus of z is x2 + y2 = 1

(ii) If the amplitude of (z – 1) is \(\frac{\pi}{2}\), then find the locus of z.
Solution:
Given z = x + iy
z – 1 = x + iy – 1 = (x – 1) + iy
Since Amplitude (z – 1) is \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Real part of z – 1 is zero.
∴ x – 1 = 0
∴ Locus of z is x – 1 = 0

(iii) If the Arg \(\overline{\mathbf{z}}_{1}\) and Arg z2 are \(\frac{\pi}{5}\) and \(\frac{\pi}{3}\) respectively, find (Arg z1 + Arg z2)
Solution:
Arg \(\overline{\mathbf{z}}_{1}\) = \(\frac{\pi}{5}\)
⇒ Arg \(\overline{\mathbf{z}}_{1}\) = -Arg z1 = \(-\frac{\pi}{5}\)
Arg z2 = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
∴ Arg z1 + Arg z2 = \(-\frac{\pi}{5}+\frac{\pi}{3}\) = \(\frac{2 \pi}{15}\)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c)

(iv) If z = \(\frac{1+2 i}{1-(1-i)^{2}}\) then find Arg(z).
Solution:
Given z = \(\frac{1+2 i}{1-(1-i)^{2}}\)
= \(\frac{1+2 i}{1-(1-2 i+i)^{2}}\)
= \(\frac{1+2 i}{1+2 i}\)
= 1
= cos 0° + i sin 0°
∴ Arg (z) = 0°

II.

Question 1.
Simplify the following complex numbers and find their modulus.
(i) \(\frac{(2+4 i)(-1+2 i)}{(-1-i)(3-i)}\)
(ii) \(\frac{(1+i)^{3}}{(2+i)(1+2 i)}\)
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) II Q1(i)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) II Q1(ii)

Question 2.
(i) If (1 – i) (2 – i) ( 3 – i) …… (1 – ni) = x – iy then prove that 2 . 5 . 10 …….. (1 + n2) = x2 + y2.
Solution:
Given (1 – i) (2 – i) (3 – i) (1 – ni) = x – iy
|1 – i| |2 – i| |3 – i| …… |1 – ni| = |x – iy|
\(\sqrt{1+1} \sqrt{4+1} \sqrt{9+1} \ldots \sqrt{1+n^{2}}=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\)
∴ 2 . 5 . 10 ……. (1 + n2) = x2 + y2

(ii) If the real part of \(\frac{z+1}{z+i}\) is 1, then find the locus of z.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) II Q2(ii)

(iii) If |z – 3 + i | = 4 determine the locus of z.
Solution:
Let z = x + iy
Given |z – 3 + i| = 4
⇒ |x + iy – 3 + i | = 4
⇒ (x – 3) + i(y + 1) = 4
⇒ \(\sqrt{(x-3)^{2}+(y+1)^{2}}\) = 4
⇒ (x – 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16
⇒ x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 + 2y + 1 = 16
⇒ x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y – 6 = 0
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y – 6 = 0

(iv) If |z + ai| = |z – ai| then find the locus of z.
Solution:
Let z = x + iy
Given |z + ai | = |z – ai|
⇒ |x + iy + ai| = |x + iy – ai|
⇒ |x + i(y + a)| = |x + i(y – a)|
⇒ \(\sqrt{x^{2}+(y+a)^{2}}=\sqrt{x^{2}+(y-a)^{2}}\)
⇒ x2 + (y + a)2 = x2 + (y – a)2
⇒ (y + a)2 – (y – a)2 = 0
⇒ 4ay = 0
⇒ y = 0
∴ The locus of z is y = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c)

Question 3.
If z = (x + iy) and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z, then describe geometrically the locus of P satisfying the equation.
(i) |2z – 3| = 7
Solution:
|2z – 3| = 7
Let z = x + iy
Given |2z – 3| = 7
⇒ |2(x + iy) – 3| = 7
⇒ |(2x – 3) + i(2y)| = 7
⇒ \(\sqrt{(2 x-3)^{2}+(2 y)^{2}}\) = 7
⇒ 4x2 – 12x + 9 + 4y2 = 49
⇒ 4x2 + 4y2 – 12x – 40 = 0
⇒ x2 + y2 – 3x – 10 = 0
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 3x – 10 = 0
This equation represents a circle.
Centre = (\(\frac{3}{2}\), 0)
Radius = \(\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}-(-10)}\) = \(\frac{7}{2}\) units

(ii) |z|2 = 4 Re(z + 2)
Solution:
|z|2 = 4 Re (z + 2)
Given |z|2 = 4 Re (z + 2)
⇒ |x + iy|2 = 4 Re (x + iy + z)
⇒ (\(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\)) = 4(x + 2)
⇒ x2 + y2 = 4x + 8
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 4x – 8 = 0
This equation represents a circle. Center = (2, 0)
Radius = \(\sqrt{4-(-8)}\) = 2√3 units.

(iii) |z + i|2 – |z – i|2 = 2
Solution:
Given |z + i|2 – |z –  i|2 = 2
⇒ |x + iy + i|2 – |x + iy – i|2 = 2
⇒ |x + i(y + 1)|2 – |x + i(y – 1)|2 = 2
⇒ \(\left[\sqrt{x^{2}+(y+1)^{2}}\right]^{2}\) – \(\left[\sqrt{x^{2}+(y-1)^{2}}\right]^{2}\) = 2
⇒ x2 + (y + 1 )2 – [x2 + (y – 1)2] = 2
⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 – x2 – (y – 1)2 = 2
⇒ 4y = 2
⇒ 2y – 1 = 0
The locus of P is 2y – 1 = 0
This equation represents a straight line parallel to the x-axis.

(iv) |z + 4i| + |z – 4i| = 10
Solution:
Given |z + 4i| + |z – 4i| = 10
⇒ |x + iy + 4i| + |x + iy – 4i| = 10
⇒ |x + i(y + 4)| + |x + i(y – 4)| = 10
⇒ \(\sqrt{x^{2}+(y+4)^{2}}+\sqrt{x^{2}+(y-4)^{2}}\)
⇒ \(\sqrt{x^{2}+(y+4)^{2}}\) = 10 – \(\sqrt{x^{2}+(y-4)^{2}}\)
⇒ x2 + (y + 4)2 = 100 + x2 + (y – 4)2 – 20 \(\sqrt{x^{2}+(y-4)^{2}}\)
⇒ 16y – 100 = – 20\(\sqrt{x^{2}+(y-4)^{2}}\)
⇒ 4y – 25 = -5\(\sqrt{x^{2}+(y-4)^{2}}\)
⇒ (4y – 25)2 = 25[x2 + (y – 4)2]
⇒ 16y2 – 200y + 625 = 25x2 + 25y2 – 200y + 400
⇒ 25x2 + 9y2 = 225
∴ The locus of P is 25x2 + 9y2 = 225
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}}{9}+\frac{y^{2}}{25}\) = 1
This equation represents an ellipse.
Center = (0, 0)
a2 = 9, b2 = 25
We know a2 – b2(1 – e2)
⇒ 9 = 25(1 – e2)
⇒ 1 – e2 = \(\frac{9}{25}\)
⇒ e = 1 – \(\frac{9}{25}\) = \(\frac{16}{25}\)
∴ Eccentricity = \(\frac{4}{5}\) and major axis parallel to y-axis.

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c)

Question 4.
(i) If z1, z2 are two non-zero complex numbers satisfying |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, show that Arg z1 – Arg z2 = 0.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) II Q4(i)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) II Q4(i).1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(c) II Q4(i).2

(ii) z = x + iy and the point P represents z in the Argand plane and \(\left|\frac{z-a}{z+\bar{a}}\right|\) = 1, Re(a) ≠ 0, then find the locus of P.
Solution:
Let z = x + iy and a = α + iβ
\(\frac{z-a}{z+\bar{a}}=\frac{(x+i y)-(\alpha+i \beta)}{(x+i y)+(\alpha-i \beta)}\)
\(\left|\frac{z-a}{z+\bar{a}}\right|\) = 1
⇒ \(\frac{|z-a|}{|z+\bar{a}|}\) = 1
⇒ |z – a| = |z + \(\overline{\mathrm{a}}\)|
⇒ |(x – α)| + i(y – β)| = |(x + α) + i(y – β)|
⇒ \(\sqrt{(x-\alpha)^{2}+(y-\beta)^{2}}=\sqrt{(x+\alpha)^{2}+(y-\beta)^{2}}\)
⇒ (x – α)2 + (y – β)2 = (x + α)2 + (y – β)2
⇒ (x – α)2 = (x + α)2
⇒ (x + α)2 – (x – α)2 = 0
⇒ 4αx = 0
Re(a) ≠ 0
⇒ a ≠ 0
⇒ x = 0
Locus of P is x = 0 i.e., Y-axis

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b)

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(b) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(b)

I.

Question 1.
Write the following complex numbers in the form A + iB.
(i) (2 – 3i) (3 + 4i)
(ii) (1 + 2i)3
(iii) \(\frac{a-i b}{a+i b}\)
(iv) \(\frac{4+3 i}{(2+3 i)(4-3 i)}\)
(v) (-√3 + √-2) (2√3 – i)
(vi) (-5i) \(\left(\frac{i}{8}\right)\)
(vii) (-i) 2i
(viii) i9
(ix) i-19
(x) 3(7 + 7i) + i(7 + 7i)
(xi) \(\frac{2+5 i}{3-2 i}+\frac{2-5 i}{3+2 i}\)
Solution:
(i) (2 – 3i) (3 + 4i) = 6 + 8i – 9i – 12i2
= 6 – i + 12
= 18 – i
= 18 + i(-1)

(ii) (1 + 2i)3 = 1 + 3 . i2 . 2i + 3 . 1 . 4i2 + 8i3
= 1 + 6i – 12 – 8i
= -11 – 2i
= (-11) + i(-2)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q1

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q1.1

(v) (-√3 + √-2) (2√3 – i) = (-√3 + i√2) (2√3 – i)
= -6 + i√3 + i2√6 + √2
= (-6 + √2) + i(√3 + 2√6)

(vi) (-5i) \(\left(\frac{i}{8}\right)\) = \(\frac{-5 i^{2}}{8}\)
= \(\frac{5}{8}\) + i(0)

(vii) (-i)(2i) = -2i2
= -2(-1)
= 2
= 2 + i(0)

(viii) i9 = i4 . i4 . i
= 1 . 1 . i
= i
= 0 + i(1)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b)

(ix) i-19 = \(\frac{1}{i^{19}}\)
= \(\frac{i}{i^{20}}\)
= \(\frac{i}{\left(i^{4}\right)^{5}}\)
= \(\frac{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{i}^{5}}\)
= i
= 0 + i(1)

(x) 3(7 + 7i) + i(7 + 7i)
= 21 + 21i + 7i – 7
= 14 + 28i

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q1.2

Question 2.
Write the conjugate of the following complex numbers.
(i) 3 + 4i
(ii) (15 + 3i) – (4 – 20i)
(iii) (2 + 5i) (-4 + 6i)
(iv) \(\frac{5 i}{7+i}\)
Solution:
(i) Let z = 3 + 4i
\(\bar{z}\) = 3 – 4i

(ii) Let z = (15 + 3i) – (4 – 20i)
= 15 + 3i – 4 + 20i
= 11 + 23i
\(\bar{z}\) = 11 – 23i

(iii) Let z = (2 + 5i) (-4 + 6i)
= -8 + 12i – 20i – 30
= -38 – 8i
\(\bar{z}\) = -38 + 8i
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q2

Question 3.
Simplify
(i) i2 + i4 + i6 + …….. + (2n + 1) terms
(ii) i18 – 3 . i7 + i2 (1 + i4) (-i)26
Solution:
(i) i2 + i4 + i6 + …….. + (2n + 1) terms
= -1 + 1 – 1 + (2n + 1) terms
= -1

(ii) i18 – 3i2 + i2 (1 + i4) (-i)26
= i16 . i2 – 3 . i4 . i3 + i2 (1 + 1) i24 . i2
= 1 . (-1) – 3 . 1 . (-i) + (-1) (2) (1) (-1)
= -1 + 3i + 2
= 1 + 3i

Question 4.
Find a square root for the following complex numbers.
(i) 7 + 24i
(ii) -8 – 6i
(iii) (3 + 4i)
(iv) (-47 + i8√3)
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q4
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q4.1
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q4.2

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b)

Question 5.
Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers.
(i) √5 + 3i
(ii) -i
(iii) i-35
Solution:
(i) √5 + 3i
The multiplicative inverse of x + iy is \(\frac{x-i y}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) I Q5

II.

Question 1.
(i) If (a + ib)2 = x + iy, find x2 + y2
Solution:
(a + ib)2 = x + iy
⇒ a2 + i(2ab) – b2 = x + iy
⇒ (a2 – b2) + i(2ab) = x + iy
⇒ (a2 – b2) + i(2ab) = x + iy
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
x = a2 – b2 and y = 2ab
x2 + y2 = (a2 – b2)2 + (2ab)2
= a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 + 4a2b2
= a4 + 2a2b2 + b4
= (a2 + b2)2

(ii) If x + iy = \(\frac{3}{2+\cos \theta+i \sin \theta}\) then show that x2 + y2 = 4x – 3
Solution:
x + iy = \(\frac{3}{2+\cos \theta+i \sin \theta}\) \(\frac{(2+\cos \theta)-i \sin \theta}{(2+\cos \theta)-i \sin \theta}\)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q1(ii)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q1(ii).1

(iii) If x + iy = \(\frac{1}{1+\cos \theta+i \sin \theta}\), show that 4x2 – 1 = 0.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q1(iii)
Equating real parts on both sides, we have
x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
⇒ 2x = 1
⇒ 4x2 = 1
⇒ 4x2 – 1= 0

(iv) If u + iv = \(\frac{2+i}{z+3}\) and z = x + iy, find u, v.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q1(iv)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q1(iv).1

Question 2.
(i) If z = 3 – 5i Show that z3 – 10z2 + 58z – 136 = 0.
Solution:
Given z = 3 – 5i
⇒ z – 3 = -5i
⇒ (z – 3)2 = 25i2
⇒ z2 – 6z + 9 = -25
⇒ z2 – 6z + 34 = 0
∴ z3 – 10z2 + 58z – 136 = z(z2 – 6z + 34) – 4z2 + 24z – 136
= z(0) – 4(z2 – 6z + 34)
= 0 – 4(0)
= 0
∴ z3 – 10z2 + 58z – 136 = 0

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b)

(ii) If z = 2 – i√7 , then show that 3z3 – 4z2 + z + 88 = 0.
Solution:
Given z = 2 – i√7
⇒ z – 2 = -i√7
⇒ (z – 2)2 = (-i√7)2
⇒ z2 – 4z + 4 = 7i2
⇒ z2 – 4z + 4 = -7
⇒ z2 – 4z + 11 = 0
∴ 3z3 – 4z2 + z + 88 = 3z(z2 – 4z + 11) + 8z2 – 32z + 88
= 3z(0) + 8(z2 – 4z + 11)
= 0 + 8(0)
= 0
∴ 3z3 – 4z2 + z + 88 =0

(iii) Show that \(\frac{2-i}{(1-2 i)^{2}}\) and \(\left(\frac{-2-11 i}{25}\right)\) conjugate to each other.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q2(iii)

Question 3.
(i) If (x – iy)1/3 = a – ib then show that \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}\) = 4(a2 – b2)
Solution:
Given (x – iy)1/3 = (a – ib)
⇒ x – iy = (a – ib)3
⇒ x – iy = a3 – 3a2ib + 3ai2b2 – i3b3
⇒ x – iy = (a3 – 3ab2) – i(3a2b – b3)
Equating real and imaginary parts
x = a3 – 3ab2
⇒ \(\frac{x}{a}\) = a2 – 3b2
y = 3a2b – b3
⇒ \(\frac{y}{b}\) = 3a2 – b2
∴ \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}\) = a2 – 3b2 + 3a2 – b2
= 4a2 – 4b2
= 4(a2 – b2)
∴ \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}\) = 4(a2 – b2)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b)

(ii) Write \(\left(\frac{a+i b}{a-i b}\right)^{2}-\left(\frac{a-i b}{a+i b}\right)^{2}\) in the form of x + iy.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q3(ii)

(iii) If x and y are real numbers such that \(\frac{(1+i) x-2 i}{3+i}+\frac{(2-3 i) y+i}{3-1}=i\), then determine the values of x and y.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q3(iii)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q3(iii).1

Question 4.
(i) Find the least positive integer n, satisfying \(\left(\frac{1+i}{1-i}\right)^{n}\) = 1
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q4(i)

(ii) If \(\left(\frac{1+i}{1-i}\right)^{3}-\left(\frac{1-i}{1+i}\right)^{3}\) = x + iy, find x and y.
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q4(ii)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q4(ii).1

(iii) Find real values of ‘θ’ in order that \(\frac{3+2 i \sin \theta}{1-2 i \sin \theta}\) is a
(a) real numbers
(b) Purely imaginary number
Solution:
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q4(iii)
Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b) II Q4(iii).1

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(b)

(iv) Find the real values of x and y if \(\frac{x-1}{3+i}+\frac{y-1}{3-i}=i\)
Solution:
Given \(\frac{x-1}{3+i}+\frac{y-1}{3-i}=i\)
⇒ \(\frac{(x-1)(3-i)+(y-1)(3+i)}{9-i^{2}}=i\)
⇒ 3x – xi – 3 + i + 3y – iy – 3 – i = 10i
⇒ (3x + 3y – 6) + i(-x + y) = 0 + 10i
Now equating real and imaginary parts
3x + 3y – 6 = 0
⇒ x + y – 2 = 0 ……..(1)
-x + y = 10
⇒ x – y + 10 = 0 ………(2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2x + 8 = 0
⇒ x = -4
From (1),
-4 + y – 2 = 0
⇒ y = 6
∴ x = -4, y = 6

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(a)

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(a) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(a)

I.

Question 1.
If z1 = (2, -1), z2 = (6, 3), find z1 – z2.
Solution:
z1 = (2, -1), z2 = (6, 3)
∴ z1 – z2 = (2 – 6, -1 – 3) = (-4, -4)

Question 2.
If z1 = (3, 5) and z2 = (2, 6), find z1 . z2
Solution:
Given z1 = (3, 5) = 3 + 5i
and z2 = (2, 6) = 2 + 6i
z1 . z2 = (3 + 5i) . (2 + 6i)
= 6 + 10i + 18i + 30i2
= 6 + 28i + 30(-1) [since i2 = -1]
= -24 + 28i
= (-24, 28)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(a)

Question 3.
Write the additive inverse of the following complex numbers.
(i) (√3, 5)
(ii) (-6, 5) + (10, -4)
(iii) (2, 1) (-4, 6)
Solution:
The additive inverse of (a, b) is (-a, -b)
(i) The additive inverse of (√3, 5) is (-√3, -5)
(ii) (-6, 5) + (10, -4)
= (-6 + 10, 5 + (-4))
= (4, 1)
∴ The additive inverse of (4, 1) is (-4, -1)
(iii) (2, 1) . (-4, 6)
= ((2 × -4 – 1 × 6), (1 × -4 + 2 × 6))
= (-8 – 6, -4 + 12)
= (-14, 8)
∴ The additive inverse of (-14, 8) is (14, -8)

II.

Question 1.
If z1 = (6, 3); z2 = (2, -1), find z1/z2.
Solution:
Given z1 = (6, 3) = 6 + 3i
and z2 = (2, -1) = 2 – i

Question 2.
If z = (cos θ, sin θ), find (z – \(\frac{1}{z}\))
Solution:
Given z = (cos θ, sin θ) = cos θ + i sin θ
⇒ \(\frac{1}{z}\) = cos θ – i sin θ
∴ z – \(\frac{1}{z}\) = (cos θ + i sin θ) – (cos θ – i sin θ)
= 2 i sin θ
= 0 + i (2 sin θ)
= (0, 2 sin θ)

Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Complex Numbers Solutions Ex 1(a)

Question 3.
Write the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers.
(i) (3, 4)
(ii) (sin θ, cos θ)
(iii) (7, 24)
(iv) (-2, 1)
Solution:
The multiplicative inverse of the complex number (a, b) is \(\left(\frac{a}{a^{2}+b^{2}}, \frac{-b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\)
(i) Multiplicative inverse of (3, 4) = \(\left(\frac{3}{3^{2}+4^{2}} \cdot \frac{-4}{3^{2}+4^{2}}\right)\) = \(\left(\frac{3}{25}, \frac{-4}{25}\right)\)
(ii) Multiplicative inverse of (sin θ, cos θ) = \(\left(\frac{\sin \theta}{\sin ^{2} \theta+\cos ^{2} \theta}, \frac{-\cos \theta}{\sin ^{2} \theta+\cos ^{2} \theta}\right)\) = (sin θ, -cos θ)
(iii) Multiplicative inverse of (7, 24) = \(\left(\frac{7}{7^{2}+24^{2}}, \frac{-24}{7^{2}+24^{2}}\right)\) = \(\left(\frac{7}{625}, \frac{-24}{625}\right)\)
(iv) Multiplicative inverse of (-2, 1) = \(\left(\frac{-2}{(-2)^{2}+(1)^{2}}, \frac{-1}{(-2)^{2}+(1)^{2}}\right)\) = \(\left(-\frac{2}{5},-\frac{1}{5}\right)\)