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AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Reproduction in Plants Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 12th Lesson Reproduction in Plants

7th Class Science 12th Lesson Reproduction in Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Do all flowers have same parts? Give examples of some flowers and explain your answer.
Answer:

1. All flowers do not have the same parts.
2. The stamens are the male reproductive part and the Pistil is the female reproductive part..
3. The flowers which contain either only the pistil or only the stamens are called unisexual flowers.
   Eg: Corn, papaya, cucumber … etc.
4. The flowers which contain both stamens and pistil are called bisexual flowers.
   Eg: Mustard, rose, petunia …. etc.
5. A flower that has four or more whorls is called a complete flower.
   Eg: Datura, ipomea, Hibiscus … etc.
6. A flower in which any of these four whorls is missing is an incomplete flower.
   Eg: cucumber, bottle gourd, papaya.

Question 2.
Differentiate between
a. Bisexual flowers, Unisexual flowers.
b. Complete flower, incomplete flower.
c. Male flower, female flower.
d. Sexual reproduction, Asexual Reproduction.
e. Self pollination, Cross pollination.
Answer:
a)

1. Bisexual flowers: A flower that has both stamens and pistil is called bisexual flower.
   eg: Datura, hibiscus, ipomea etc.
2. Unisexual flowers: A flower which has either stamens or pistil is called unisexual flower.
   eg: Cucumber, bottlegourd, bittergourd etc.

b)

1. Complete flowers: A flower that has four or more whorls is called a complete flower.
   eg: Datura, ipomea, hibiscus… etc.
2. Incomplete flowers: A flower which has either stamens or pistil is called unisexual flower.
   eg: Cucumber, bottlegourd, bittergourd etc.

c)

1. Male flower: The flowers which has stamens (androecium) only are male flowers.
2. Female flower: The flowers which has pistil (gynoecium) only are female flowers.

d)

1. Sexual reproduction: New plants are obtained from seeds. New individual has characters of both the parents.
2. Asexual reproduction: Plants can give rise to new plants without seeds. Characters of the new individual are the same as that of the only parent.

e)

1. Self pollination: In self pollination pollen grains of the same flower reaches the stigma. No Agency is required.
2. Cross pollination: In cross pollination, the pollen grains of another flower either on same or other plant reaches the stigma. Agencies are required.

Question 3.
What happens when a pollen grain falls on a stigma?
Answer:

1. When a pollen grain falls on a stigma the pollen grain germinates and a pollen tube comes out.
2. The pollen tube grows and approaches through the style to ovary, carrying male ‘ gametes with it, where it enters the ovule.
3. Inside the ovule, there is a female gamete or egg.
4. The male gamete fuses with the female gamete.
5. This process is called fertilization.

Question 4.
What helps to bring pollen grains to the stigma?
Answer:
Agencies like water, wind, air, animals, humans and insects help to bring pollen grains to the stigma.

Question 5.
Explain the method of sexual reproduction in plants.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction in plants:

1. New plants are obtained from seeds.
2. Two parents are required to produced an individual.
3. Takes place with the help of specialised sex cells.
4. New individual has the characters of both the parents.

Question 6.
Can plants produce new plants even without seeds ? Explain the methods with examples.
Answer:

1. Plants can give rise to new plants without seeds.
2. The new individual comes from a single parent.
3. No sex cells are required.
4. Characters of the new individual are same as that of the only parent.
5. A potato has a number of small depressions on its surface. These are called eyes.
6. Cut the potato into pieces such that there is an eye in each piece, If it is put in a cup containing soil and water we find potato plants sprout.
7. We find baby plants on the edge of the leaves of the plant Bryophyllum.
8. We grow plants like rose, hibiscus and Jasmine by cutting a small branch and planting them in the soil.

Question 7.
Draw the diagram of any flower showing its parts.
Answer:

Question 8.
Do all plants reproduce in the same way? Explain with examples.
Answer:

1. All plants do not reproduce in the same way. Given below the plants and their parts which can reproduce.
2. Vegetative reproduction in some plants.
   

   Plant	Part of the plant
   Sweet potato, dahlia, carrot, turnip, radish	New plants grow from the modified root.
   Potato	New plants grow from eyes in the tuber which is a modified stem.
   Onion, garlic, tuberose, lilies, gladioli	New plants grow from bulbs, or corms (gladioli), which are modified stems.
   Bryophyllum (sprout leaf plant), begonia	New plants grow from buds on the leaf
   Sugarcane	Stem grows roots, at the nodes
   Mint, strawberry, chrysanthemum, raspberry	Stem creeps along the ground and strikes roots at the nodes.

Question 9.
Karthik saw a cucumber plant in the kitchen garden. He identified two types of flowers – some flowers had a small swollen structure behind them while some did not. He removed all the flowers which did not have the swollen structure behind them thinking that they were of no use.

• Which flowers did he remove?
• What are the flowers which had a small fruit behind them?

Answer:

1. Karthik removed all the male flowers which did not haye swollen structures.
2. He felt that these flowers were of no use.
3. Female flowers had a small fruit behind them..

Question 10.
What are the agents of pollination?
Answer:
Air, water, animals, insects, humans act as agents of pollination.

Question 11.
Differentiate between self pollination and cross pollination.
Answer:

Question 12.
Name the parts of the following plants from which they propogate vegetatively
a) Potato b) Bryophyllum
Answer:
a) Potato:

1. It has a number of small depressions on its surface. These are known as eyes.
2. Potato plants sprout through these eyes.

b) Bryophyllum: 1) on the edge of the leaves of Bryophyllum, the plant Bryophyllum reproduces.

Question 13.
What am I?
a) I am formed by the fusion of male and female parts.
b) I am a part of the plant that can travel a long distance and grow to a baby – plant.
Answer:
a) Zygote is formed by the fusion of male and female parts.
b) Seed.

Question 14.
Fill in the blanks.
a) Flowers containing both male and female parts are called ……….
b) Pollen grain from the anther of one flower that reaches the stigma of another flower is called ……….
c) From ………. part of Bryophyllum new plants are produced.
d) Agents of pollination are ……….
e) Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma is called ……….
Answer:
a) Bisexual flowers
b) Cross-Pollination
c) leaves
d) Air, water, animals, insects, humans
e) Pollination

Question 15.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 16.
Observe the following figures. What difference do you observe? Write in your notebook.
(OR)
Look at the pitcure ‘a’ and ‘b’. Write the process of pollination seen in both.

Answer:

1. Fig a: This figure represents the self – pollination taking place.
2. Fig b: This figure represents the cross- pollination taking place.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2

10th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Russian revolution brought in many changes in their society. What were they? And what challenges did they face?
Answer:

1. Russian socialist revolution happened in two phases in March 1917 and in November 1917.
2. They planned rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
3. Thousands of large farmers resisted collective farms.
4. After initial period of decline agricultural production soon rose.
5. All industries were owned by state which sold products to the consumers directly.
6. The USSR achieved full employment for all its citizens and improved their standards of living.
7. It also managed to universalise literacy and primary education.

Challenges faced by them :

1. Rapid construction led to poor working conditions.
2. Low standard of living.
3. Unemployment.
4. Lack of educational facilities.
5. Lack of proper health care.

Question 2.
Compare different points of view about Great Depression, which one would you agree with? Why?
Answer:

1. The Great Depression lasted between 1929 to 1939.
2. It was triggered by decline in demand and fall of prices.
3. Maxist Economists argued that it was because of capitalism and can be got rid of only with socialism.
4. Economist JM Keynes argued state shall play a crucial role and intervene effectively.
5. During decline state shall invest and generate employment and help people to earn money and demand goods in market.
6. The countries like USA, England and Germany followed this way and stood successful in coming out of Great Depression.
7. I would agree with it as it is result oriented.

Question 3.
In what ways were Jews persecuted during the Nazi Germany? Do you think in every country some people are differentiated because of their identity?
Answer:

1. Jews were merely 0.75% of the population of Germany.
2. Nazi ideology depended on majoritarian principles.
3. To build the racial supremacy of Germans they committed mass extermination of minority communities.
4. They arbitrarily arrested Jews and put them in concentration camps.
5. Hitler blamed that Jews were the main cause of all problems.
6. He also said communism and capitalism were conspiracies of Jews.
7. In the holocaust the killed Jews were around 6 millions.
8. There may be instances in some countries where the people differentiated of their identities.

Question 4.
List the measures taken under idea of welfare state under Great Depression and explain how similar or different they are from that of the reforms that emerged under the USSR?
Answer:

1. Different measures were taken under the idea of welfare state.
2. These basically consisted of unemployment insurance and old age pension schemes.
3. Others are like sickness coverage, health schemes, child care, etc.
4. A certain basic minimum dignified life for all citizens was ensured by the state.
5. State took care of their most elementary needs like food, housing, health, child and old age care and education.
6. There are certain similarities between these and the USSR reforms like state providing employment to all and health care, education, etc.
7. More are different from that of the USSR like unemployment insurance, and old age pension schemes, etc.

Question 5.
What challenges were faced by Germany during Great Depression and how did Nazi rulers and Hitler make use of it?
Answer:

1. Before Great Depression the USA gave loans and rescheduled the payments of war damage till 1928.
2. But America deeply affected by Great Depression, So German economy was worst hit.
3. Workers lost jobs and were paid reduced wages.
4. Men hanged placards around their necks ‘saying’ willing to do anywork.
5. Youth took to criminal activities and there was total despair in society.
6. Salaried employees and pensioners saw their saving diminished when the currency lost its value. Middle class were alarmed as their savings were diminishing.
7. Peasantry was effected by fall in prices. Small businessmen, the self-employed and retailers suffered as their business got ruined. Women were unable to fill their children’s stomach.
8. All the above causes led to political instability.
9. In these situations Hitler promised employment for those looking work and a secure future for youth.
10. He promised to undo the injustice of the Versailles treaty and weedout all foreign influences.
11. Thus Nazi party’s vote share rose from 2.6% in 1928 to 37% in 1932, becoming the largest party.

Question 6.
What were the political changes brought under the Nazi rule? Often people argue that a single powerful leader can resolve the problems of a country. Based on the experiences narrated in the context of Nazi Germany how do you respond to this vision ?
(OR)
What were the policies implemented by the Nazis in Germany before the World War II?
Answer:

1. Hitler came to power and immediately tried to dismantle parliament and start autocratic rule.
2. Made arbitrary arrest of political opponents and put them in concentration camps.
3. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed which empowered Hitler to sideline parliament and rule by decree.
4. All political parties and trade unions were banned except Nazi and its allies.
5. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
6. Special security forces like Gestopo were created.

My response:

1. If power is given to a single leader it leads to dictatorship, undemocratic, autocratic rule.
2. If creates horror, fear and finally leads to destruction as it happened to Hitler and Germany. So it is not good. Everyone needs freedom.

10th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 190

Question 1.
Read the two views on the revolution in the countryside(The October Revolution and the Russian Countryside: Two Views). Imagine yourself to be a witness to the events. Write a short account from the standpoint of:

1. an owner of an estate
2. a small peasant
3. a journalist.

Answer:
1) Standpoint of an owner of estate:

1. The days after revolution were unbearable, because peasants who used to work in my estate land now revolted against me.
2. They came inside my house and looted everything from me and distributed among them.
3. My family had worked many years together to earn such huge property which this men took over-night.

2) Standpoint of a small peasant:
‘Long live revolution’. The time has come for the landless to own some land. There would be no landowner to press for heavy rents. No Feudal lord, now able to force to work under him.

3) Standpoint of a journalist:
What once all believed to be a miracle, now came into reality.
Peasant with a smile on his lips, anticipating what is in stores for him.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 192

Question 2.
Make a brief assessment of the Soviet experiment. How far was it successful in building a world based on equality, freedom and prosperity?
Answer:

1. Soviet Russia under Stalin experimented a planned development.
2. It opted for both rapid industrialisation and collectivisation of agriculture.
3. It was able to achieve full employment for all its citizens.
4. It was able to improve their standard of living substantially.
5. It also managed to, universalise literacy and elementary education.
6. It did not give ordinary liberty to the citizens and done away with the opposition.
7. It forced large scale execution of opposition leaders.
8. It brought prosperity among the society, but the freedom was not bestowed on them and doing away with any opposition was not the sign of equality.

Question 3.
Do you think it is justified to execute thousands of people for the sake of such experiments?
Answer:

1. I don’t think it is justified to execute thousands of people for the sake of such an experiment.
2. The USSR regime under Stalin experimented collectivisation of farming.
3. Thousands of large farmers renserved it and were imprisoned, depored and even put to death.
4. Ordinary democratic liberties were denied to the citizens.
5. They have done away with any opposition through the use of force including large scale execution of opposition leaders.
6. Rapid construction of economy led to poor working conditions, workers lived hard lives.
7. Many intellectuals and others horrified by the violent elimination of opposition and denial of multiparty democracy and freedom in the USSR.

Question 4.
What were the criticisms raised against communist system?
Answer:

1. There were many criticisms raised against communist system in the USSR.
2. There was a dictatorship in Russia.
3. The citizens were denied ordinary democratic liberties.
4. This was done through the use of force including large scale executions of opposition leaders.
5. Life of individual was completely controlled by the state.
6. Some economic policies of the government brought terrible misery to the people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 194

Question 5.
imagine yourself to be a worker who lost job suddenly and has no employment for the next few years. Write an account of a day in your life in first person.
Answer:

1. I am Narendra Srivastav.
2. I had lost my job last year when there was a recession in the software industry.
3. I have been making efforts ever since I lost the job.
4. Many interviews I have attended but nothing was materialized.
5. With this unemployment financial problems are looming large at me.
6. Being unable to shy away from family responsibilities I was prepared to do any work.
7. Still acquiring any job is looking a herculean task.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself to be a farmer who finds that the price of his crop has fallen to less than half.
Write your reaction in three hundred words.
Answer:
As everyone made more profits in the crop of tomatoes last year, I decided to go ahead with it. But now I am repenting a lot. Before a month it was sold at Rs. 40 per kg and I believed that this rate may prevail. But due to the influx of tomatoes from the borders of Karnataka, now the rates were less than 10 Rs. per kg. This volatile change in the price of a crop is a matter of discontentment. There were demands overseen for a fair price for the crop. At times unable to get the amount of picking up of tomato and transporting to the market we left them like that on the farm. Sometimes we have dumped alongside the road when it was believed that it would not rise the transport charges to the Market.

We have been making a number of requests to the government to set up a minimum support price for the crop of tomatoes for years. But it was unheeded by the government. The input expenditure is mounting like a steep cliff with increases in the prices of fertilizers and pesticides and even the rates of agricultural labourers. But the outcome of the crop and the price at which it was sold were the concerns of sorrow.

We strongly recommend the government take appropriate action at the earliest possible time to bail out us from these difficult situations. We, the farming community should learn from our mistakes. We should adopt a scientific approach in selecting the crops to be grown, instead of running behind the crops which gave higher returns the previous year. I request everyone to our mite in non-repetition of this difficulty once we faced and strive for prosperous crop raising.

(OR)

My name is Perayya. I am a farmer in East Godavari district. Due to sufficient rainfall our fields are with good yield. This morning I read in the newspaper that the prices of our crops are suddenly fallen due to some economic reason. I am shocked by reading the news. I am planning to market my yield to repay my loans. But the news made me mad. For the last three years there are no rains and no crops. The loan amount in the Bank is increasing day by day. Now the things are going on like this. I have no other source. How can I come out of all these problems?

I request the government to take appropriate action at the earliest possible time to bail out the farmers like me from these difficult situations.

Question 7.
What aspects of the Welfare State do you find functioning in India today? (OR)
India is functioning as a welfare state in certain aspects. What are those aspects?
Answer:

1. India is providing the people a number of social security schemes.
2. It is providing old age pensions.
3. It is providing women and child care facilities.
4. It is providing health care facilities to the poor and downtrodden.
5. It is providing food security to people.
6. It is running housing schemes for rural and urban poor independently.
7. It is providing free and compulsory education for the children of 6 to 14 years age group.
8. It is striving to provide employment to abled persons.

Question 8.
Read the message “From Hitler’s speech” on text page no. 194 and answer the following question. Is Hitler promoting the idea of World conquest here? Do you think world should belong to those who have power and strength alone?
Answer:

1. Hitler is promoting the idea of world conquest here.
2. With courage in hearts people can conquer the earth.
3. Nation must be vigorous to conquer the world.
4. I don’t think that the world should belong to those who have power and strength alone.
5. All are universal human beings. One should respect the sovereignty of other.
6. Power and strength alone are not eternal.
7. World should belong to all who respect the right of others.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 195

Question 9.
Do you agree with the view that women should confine themselves to pain and suffering of bringing up the children?
Answer:

1. It is not fair that women should confine themselves to the pain and suffering of bringing up the children.
2. As children below certain age cannot do their works independently. So there should be parents ” or elders to assist them.
3. To make them learn the dos and donots, they should spare the time.
4. As a social norm, men are ekeing out a living, women are entrusted the responsibility of upkeep.
5. Now the time has changed women are taking up careers.
6. So mutual adjustment and understanding helps in the bringing up of the children.

Question 10.
Do you think men and women can participate equally in all aspects of life including child rearing and work in factories, offices, and fields ?
Answer:

1. We are living in a society customized to beliefs that men are the bread earners and women manage the family.
2. Though now we are making attempts to come out of this, it takes much time for the transformation.
3. As of now, we cannot say that both are participating equally.
4. The system of marriage and living together with family may not allow the men and women equal participation in all aspects of life including child rearing and work in factories, offices and fields.

(OR)

Yes, I think men and women can participate equally in all aspects of life. But one thing, should be remembered that women are physically weak when compared to men. Men are mentally weak when compared to women. Men and women can participate.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 197

Question 11.
Nazi ideology depended on majoritarian principles. Jews were merely 0.75 percent of the population in Germany. Apart from Jews others who opposed Nazi’s were also punished. How does the pastor capture this?
Answer:

1. Nazi ideology depend on majoritarian principles.
2. Jews and others who opposed Nazis were also punished.
3. The paster captured this in a very,dramatic manner.
4. He observed an absence of protest, an uncanny silence amongst ordinary Germans.
5. That is because Nazi empire committed brutal and organised crimes against people.
6. He satired that Nazi regime done away with communists, social democrats, trade unionists and Jews and finally when they came for him there was no one who could stand up for him.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 199

Question 12.
In what ways was the Second World War a logical outcome of Hitler’s ideology and economic policies?
Answer:

1. In many ways the Second World War was a logical outcome of Hitler’s ideology and economic policies.
2. He aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme.
3. It produced German superhighways and the people’s car, Volkswagen.
4. This period saw an improvement of living standards of Germans.
5. He sought to reverse the country’s economic crisis by waging war against other nations.
6. Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory.
7. By 1939, he attacked Poland, which triggered off the Second World War.

Question 13.
Why do you think Hitler wanted to target Jews as the enemy of German people?
Answer:

1. There was a conflict between Christianity and Judaism and they were social, economic and sometimes political conflicts.
2. Hitler hated Jews for their race.
3. He believed that the Jews were not just the followers of an abhorrent religious doctrine, or that the Jews had grabbed too much economic influence, or even that they were too intrensive in politics or culture.

Question 14.
Find out more about “Holocaust” and “Auschwitz camps” and prepare a project report based on it.
Answer:

1. Holocaust (Holocaust: Ha-Shaoh’ in Hebrew) is persecution of Jews by Nazis.
2. It was taken place between 30 Jan 1933 to 8 May, 1945 in particular in Germany and in general world wide.
3. An estimated 6 million Jews were killed among them were 1.5 million children.
4. Along with Jews Nazis killed around 6 million Christians through out the world.
5. Nazis made the propaganda that Jews were their misfortune.
6. Nazis made them isolated from the society.
7. Nazis confined Jews of poland to Ghettos.
8. They were sent to concentration camps.

Auschwitz Camp:

1. Auschwitz was the place where Nazis had concentration camps and conducted the genocide.
2. It had 3 main camps and 45 satellite camps.
3. Auschwitz I was the camp where the prisoners of war from Poland were kept.
4. Auschwitz II camp was also called ‘Biskenau’ was the camp of Jews world wide.
5. Auschwitz III was a labour camp to staff an JG Farben Factory.
6. These camps were In operation during May 1940 to January 1945.
7. It is estimated that nearly 101 million people from all who opposed Nazis and others were brought to and tried and persecuted in these camps.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 200

Question 15.
Compare the experiences of the USSR and Germany after the First World War. What similarities and differences do you find between them?
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both of them suffered heavy losses in the World War – I.
2. Both the empires were replaced by powerful dictatorial rulers i.e., Stalin in the USSR and Hitler in Germany.
3. Both of them tasted a steady progress.

Differences:

Question 16.
The experience of war and depression gave rise to many new alternative models of national development -what were these and what were their limitations?
Answer:

1. The experience of war and depression gave rise to many new alternative models of national development.
2. Devising planned economy with Five Year Plans etc. and state to maintain a balance between demand and supply.
3. Idea of welfare state coming into prominence by providing food, housing, health, child and old age care and education.
4. Government aimed at full production and full employment through a state funded work creation Programme.
5. These models of development definitely have limitations like death of funds, dedication of bureaucracy, support from the political opposition, cooperation from the people, etc.

Project work
Discuss the images given on Text Page 201. Try to collect more images regarding this period.

Answer:
Students’ Activity

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 1 Food Components

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 1st Lesson Food Components

7th Class Science 1st Lesson Food Components Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What type of food is required to keep us healthy?
Answer:

1. Generally every food item contains all the components of food.
2. But some components may be more while some may be less.
3. We require different quantities of carbohydrates, proteins and fats according to age and need of individuals.
4. Growing children and adolescents need more protein-containing food like milk, meat, pulses etc.
5. We also need minute quantities of some other components called vitamins and minerals to keep us healthy.

Question 2.
What are roughages? In what way are they useful to us?
Answer:

1. There are some components of food that are necessary for our body called roughages or dietary fibres.
2. Vegetables like a ribbed gourd, bunch beans, lady’s finger or some boiled sweet potato etc. are called roughages.
3. Roughages are a kind of carbohydrate that our body fails to digest.
4. They help in free bowel movement in the digestive tract and prevent constipation.

Question 3.
Mention some sources of roughages.
Answer:
Sources of Roughages:

1. Bran, shredded wheat, cereals, fruits and vegetables, sweet and plain potato, peas and berries, pumpkins, palak, apples, banana, papaya and many kinds of beans are the sources of roughages.
2. We must take care to include sufficient fibre foods in our daily diet.

Question 4.
Why should we eat fruits with peels? What should be done before eating them.
Answer:

1. Generally we have a habit of eating some fruits without peels.
2. We eat banana without peel but fruits like apples, grapes, sapota are eaten along with peels.
3. Most of the vegetable are also used along with peels, sometimes we make some special dishes like chutneys etc., with peels.
4. So don’t peel or discard outer layers of fruits or vegetables.
5. They are rich in nutrients.
   
6. Peel contains fibre which helps in digestion.
7. But now a days farmers use many pesticides in the fields.
8. They are very dangerous for our health so we must wash fruits and vegetables with salt water thoroughly.
9. Then only it becomes safe to eat them along with peels.

Question 5.
Do fruits and vegetables contain water in them? Give some examples of such fruits.
Answer:

1. Water is also an essential component needed by our body.
2. We should drink sufficient water for our body.
3. We get water from fruits and vegetables also.
   
4. Most fruits and vegetables contain water.
5. Cut these fruits and vegetables. We find water in them.
6. Most vegetables like potatoes, beans, kheera, tomatoes, gourds and fruits like apples, papaya and melons etc., contain water.

Question 6.
Why does our body need water? Explain with an example.
Answer:

1. Take a piece of sponge and try to move it in a pipe.
2. It moves with some difficulty. Remove the sponge from the pipe, dip it in water and try to move it again in the pipe.
   
3. It moves freely or smoothly.
4. Water is food and it also helps the food to move easily in the digestive tract.
5. Water helps in many other processes in our body as well.
6. Hence, we must drink plenty of water.

Question 7.
How would you make your diet a balanced one?
Answer:

1. Taking green salads and vegetables everyday.
2. Taking foods like cereals, pulses, milk etc., adequately.
3. Taking a bit of fat (Oil, Ghee, Butter etc.)
4. Don’t forget to supplement your daily diet with green salads and vegetables.

Question 8.
Write the history of food and nutrition.
Answer:
History of food and nutrition:

1. Until about 170 years ago there was little scientific knowledge in the West about nutrition.
2. The founder of modern science of nutrition was Frenchman named Lavoisier (1743 to 1793) whose contribution paved new ways to nutrition research.
   
3. In the year 1752 James Lind’s discovered “Scurvy” which could be cured or prevented by eating fresh fruits and vegetables.
4. It was known that diseases could be cured by eating certain kinds of foods.
5. In 19th century it was known that the body obtains food from three substances namely proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Question 9.
How do you test the presence of starch in the food item given to you.
Answer:
Test for Starch: N – line Preparation of dilute iodine solution

1. Take a test tube or a cup and add few drops of Iodine solution to it.
2. Then dilute it with water till it becomes light yellow / brown in colour.
   
3. Take a sample of food item in the test tube.
4. Add a few drops of dilute Iodine solution on the sample we have collected.
5. Observe the change in colour.
6. If the substance turns dark-blue or black, it contains starch.

Question 10.
Describe how do you test the presence of fats in the food item given to you.
Answer:
Test for fats:

1. Take a small quantity of each sample.
   
2. Rub it gently on a piece of paper.
3. If the paper turns translucent the substance contains fats.

Question 11.
What test do you conduct to detect the presence of proteins in the food item given to you?
Answer:
A) Preparation of solutions:

1. Preparation of 2% copper sulphate solution: To make 2% copper sulphate solution dissolve 2 gms of copper sulphate in 100 ml. of water.
2. To make 10% of sodium hydroxide solution: Dissolve 10 gms of sodium hydroxide in 100 ml. of water.

B) Test for proteins:

1. If the substance to test is a solid, grind it into powder or paste.
2. Add a little of it in the test tube and add 10 drops of water to the powder and stir well.
3. Add 10 drops of this solution in a clean test tube. Add 2 drops of copper sulphate solution and 10 drops of sodium hydroxide solution to the test tube and shake well.
4. Change of colour to violet or purple confirms presence of protein.

Question 12.
What do the above tests confirm?
Answer:

1. The above tests show the presence of components of food which are usually present in larger amounts as compared to others,
2. All types of food that we eat contain all the above-mentioned food components.
3. The quantity of each component varies from type to type.

Question 13.
Collect some food packets like chips, coffee, milk, juice … etc., and put a tick mark if you find the listed food components present in food items.
Answer:
Table: Food items and components

Question 14.
What are the components found in biscuits?
Answer:
In biscuits the following components are present.

1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. fat
4. sugars
5. saturated fatty acids
6. mono unsaturated fatty acids
7. poly unsaturated fatty acids
8. trans-fatty acids
9. cholesterol
10. calcium
11. iron
12. iodine
13. vitamins.

Question 15.
What components are most common in your list?
Answer:
The common components in the list are

1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. fats
4. sugars
5. minerals and
6. vitamins.

Question 16.
Do you find any vitamins and minerals in the biscuits? What are they?
Answer:

1. I find vitamins and minerals in the biscuits.
2. They are
   a) Vitamin – D, Vitamins B, B₆ and B₁₂
3. a) Calcium, b) Iron, c) Iodine are the minerals present.

Question 17.
Where do you write salt and sugar? Why?
Answer:

1. Salt and sugar are written separately.
2. These two components are not present in all the food items as common.

Question 18.
Are there any food items with similar components?
Answer:
Many ready made food items packed will have similar components.

Question 19.
What are the essential components of food?
Answer:

1. Our food consists of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2. Besides these, water and fibres are also present.

Question 20.
Different food items are given in the table below. Find out the type of components in them and fill the information on the basis of your observations.
Answer:
Table: Testing of food items for carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Question 21.
Which foods show the presence of starch?
Answer:

1. Rice (78.2%)
2. Potato (22.6%)
3. Milk (5%)
4. Curd (3%)
5. Egg (0%)

Question 22.
What nutrients are present in milk?
Answer:
In buffalo’s milk

1. Minerals are present (0.8%)
2. Calcium (210 mg per 100 g) is present
3. Phosphorus (130 mg per 100 g) is present
4. Iron (0.2 mg per 100 g) is present.

Question 23.
Which components of food could you identify in potatoes?
Answer:
The following components are identified in potatoes.
a) (1.6 gm per 100 gm) proteins.
b) (0.1 gm per 100 gm) fat
c) (0.6 gm per 100 gm) minerals
d) (0.4 gm per 100 gm) fibre
e) (22.6 gm per 100 gm) carbohydrates
f) (10 mg per 100 gm) calcium
g) (40 mg per 100 gm) phosphorus
h) (0.48 mg per 100 gm) iron

Question 24.
Which food item contain more fat?
Answer:
Buffalo’s milk contains more fat (6.5 gm / 100 gm)

Question 25.
Which food items contain more protein?
Answer:
a) Rice contains proteins of 6.8 gm / 100 gm
b) Potato contains proteins of 1.6 gm / 100 gm.
c) Milk contains proteins of 4.3 gm / 100 gm
d) Curd contains proteins of 3.1 gm / 100 gm.
e) Egg contains proteins of 13.3 gm / 100 gm.
So egg and milk contain more proteins compared to other food items.

Question 26.
Why should we eat food?
Answer:
We should eat food because food supplies the energy we need to do many tasks in our day to day activities.

Question 27.
Do we need energy while sleeping?
Answer:

1. While we are sleeping, we breathe.
2. The circulation of blood in our body goes on.
3. So we need energy while we are sleeping.

Question 28.
Suppose you do not get food for lunch how do you feel?
Answer:

1. If I do not get food for lunch, I shall be very much tired and exhausted with lack of supply of energy at the end of the day.
2. I shall feel very weak. The hunger will be in an alarming condition.
3. I shall be ready to eat anything that is available.

Question 29.
If you do not get food for many days what will happen to you?
Answer:

1. If I do not get food for many days, I shall become very weak and the resistive power of my body decreases very much.
2. The energy resources in my body will also be exhausted.
3. There will be a danger to my life.

Question 30.
Mention some food items which keep you healthy.
Answer:
Dry fruits like dates, plums, raisins, cashew nuts, pistachios, etc., also keep us healthy.

Question 31.
Is balanced diet cheap? Explain.
Answer:

1. Scientists have found out that a balanced diet need not necessarily be costly.
2. Everyone can afford it, even the poor.
3. If a person eats dal, rice, rotis, green vegetables, little oil and jaggery all the food requirements of the body are fulfilled.
4. Just balancing our diet with different kinds of foods is not enough.
5. It should be cooked in a proper way.

Question 32.
List the food items eaten by you yesterday from breakfast to dinner.
a) Does your diet contain all necessary components of food in it.
Answer:
Following is the list of the food items eaten by me yesterday.

a) Yes, my food contains all necessary components of food.

Question 33.
Look at the food ‘THAU’ with many food items and list out the food items and food components in it. You need not eat all items as shown in the “THAU” rather you should ensure that your food contains all food components everyday in adequate quantity. For example, a diet containing food items having more of carbohydrates and protein along with a little fat, vitamins and minerals makes a balanced diet.

Answer:

Question 34.
How and why the nutrients in the food are lost?
Answer:
You know many nutrients are lost by over cooking, re-heating many times, washing the vegetables after cutting them into small pieces.

Question 35.
Write which foods are to be eaten moderately, adequately, plenty and sparingly.
Answer:

1. Foods like cereals, pulses, milk etc. should be taken adequately.
2. Fruits, leafy vegetables and other vegetables should be used in plenty.
3. Cooking oils and animal foods should be used moderately.
4. Vanaspathi, Ghee, Butter, Cheese must be used sparingly.

Question 36.
Why should we avoid Junk foods?
Answer:

1. If we are eating only pizzas and sandwiches daily.
   
2. Our body is being deprived of other food substances.
3. Junk food causes damages to our digestive system.
4. It is better to avoid eating junk food.

Question 37.
On what factors do the food habits of people depend?
Answer:

1. Food habits of the people depend upon climatic conditions and cultural practices of the particular place.
2. We eat rice in large quantities but people living in north India eat chapathies as daily food.
3. Because wheat is grown widely in that region.
4. The way of cooking and eating food also reflects the cultural practices of people.

Question 38.
Kiran wants to know about nutrients in the milk. He added 2 drops of Copper Sulphate solution and 10 drops of Sodium Hydroxide solution to the Milk. What colour he may have observed in it? Which nutrient does he find in the milk?
Answer:

1. Take 10 drops of milk in a clean test tube.
2. Add 2 drops of Copper Sulphate solution and 10 drops of Sodium Hydroxide solution to the test tube and shake well.
3. We observe the change of colour to violet or purple.
4. The colour confirms presence of proteins in milk.

Question 39.
Who need the highest proportion of Proteins in their daily diet-a 15 year old boy, a 55 year old female writer and 35 year old male bank officer? Explain why.
Answer:

1. The boy with an age of 15, requires high quantity of proteins in his diet.
2. Because proteins are very essential for his physical growth.
3. The boy is in adolescence, hence he has rapid physical growth. So, he needs high quantity of proteins in his diet.

Question 40.
We are suffering from various gastro intestinal diseases. What precautions do you take to avoid these diseases?
Answer:

1. We should take healthy nutritious diet.
2. We should consume high fibre content food like leafy vegetables. They have roughages. They are very helpful in preventing constipation.
3. Avoid junk foods completely.
4. We should cultivate healthy food habits.

Question 41.
You did an experiment in your classroom to test the proteins. In that
i) What apparatus did you use in that experiment?
ii) What are the solutions you prepared?
iii) What change did you observe in the colour?
iv) What precautions did you take in this experiment?
Answer:
a) Test tubes, Dropper.
b) 2% Copper Sulphate solution and 10% Sodium Hydroxide solution.
c) Violet or purple colour.
d) Take care of measuring chemicals while preparing the solutions.

Question 42.
What are the major nutrients found in our food?
Answer:
There are three major nutrients present in our body. They are: 1) Carbohydrates, 2) Proteins and 3) Fats.

Question 43.
Define the term balanced diet. Which food items are to be eaten moderately, ade¬quately, plenty and sparingly to make our diet a balanced one?
Answer:

1. The diet that is with all the required nutrients in adequate quantities is called balanced diet.
2. Energy is required according to the age and nature of work.
3. Carbohydrates provide energy and are present in cereals, pulses, milk etc. They should be taken adequately.
4. Vitamins, minerals available in vegetables, fruits and leafy vegetables should be used in plenty.
5. Fats present in cooking oils and animal foods should be used moderately.
6. Vanaspati, ghee, butter and cheese must be used sparingly.

Question 44.
Madhavi eats only biryani and chicken daily. Do you think it is a balanced diet? Why? If not, write a few suggestions to make her diet a balanced diet.
Answer:

1. Madhavi’s diet is not a balanced diet.
2. We should take a balanced diet containing all the nutrients.
3. Madhavi can get only carbohydrates, proteins and fats in large quantities through her meal.
4. This diet leads to obesity in future.
5. Madhavi should take fruits, vegetables, in order to get vitamins and minerals as well as roughages.

Question 45.
How do you test the presence of starch in the food item given to you? (OR) Write the procedure of test for carbohydrates conducted in your classroom.
Answer:
Test for Starch: N – line Preparation of dilute iodine solution

1. Take a test tube or a cup and add few drops of Iodine solution to it.
2. Then dilute it with water till it becomes light yellow/brown in colour.
   
3. Take a sample of food item in the test tube.
4. Add a few drops of dilute Iodine solution on the sample we have collected.
5. Observe the change in colour.
6. If the substance turns dark-blue or black, it contains starch.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Respiration in Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 11th Lesson Respiration in Organisms

7th Class Science 11th Lesson Respiration in Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks and give reasons.
i) ……… are the respiratory organs of fish.
ii) In a cockroach, a network of ……… is found.
iii) ……… are found on leaves for the exchange of gases.
Answer:
i) Gills
ii) respiratory tubes
iii) Stomata
i) Reason: The gills absorb the oxygen that is dissolved in the water.
ii) Reason: Respiratory tubes help the cockroach to breath.
iii) Reason: Exchange of air in leaves takes place continuously through stomata.

Question 2.
Select correct answer and give reasons.
i) The process which involves the exchange of gases is called ( )
a. Respiration
b. Circulation
c. Digestion
d. Breathing
Answer:
a. Respiration
Reason: Exchange of gases takes place only in respiration by the oxidation of food material.

ii) During inspiration air passes into lungs due to ( )
a. Increased volume of thoracic cavity
b. Fall in pressure inside the lungs
c. Increase in the volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
d. Muscular expansion of lungs
Answer:
c. Increase in the volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
Reason: If volume increases, pressure will be decreased. Hence gases occupy the lungs by inspiration.

iii) Roots respire through ( )
a. Spiracles
b. Lenticels
c. Stomata
d. Air spaces
Answer:
b. Lenticels
Reason: Leaves are surrounded by epidermis with numerous pores called stomata. But, stems and roots covered by bark with lenticels. Hence roots respire through lenticels.

iv) Which of the following animals breathe through their skin and lungs? ( )
a. Fish
b. Frog
c. Snake
d. Earthworm
Answer:
b. Frog
Reason: Frogs can respire through lungs and skin. In rest both hibernation and aestivation frog lives in burrow of the soil, there it respires through skin and respire by lungs in water as well as on land.

v) What happens to lime water, when we exhale air into it? ( )
a. Remains same
b. Turns blue
c. Turns milky
d. Becomes colourless
Answer:
c. Turns milky
Reason: Lime water turns into milky by the action of carbon dioxide. Exhale air consists more carbon dioxide.

vi) Plants respire through ( )
a. Cells
b. Stomata
c. Gills
d. Gill membrane
Answer:
b. Stomata
Reason: Plants only having minute pores called stomata help in exchange of gases.

vii) The respiratory organs in cockroach are ( )
a. Lungs
b. Gills
c. Lenticels
d. Spiracles
Answer:
d. Spiracles
Reason: Cockroach is surrounded by hard coat and it has small openings to outside on either side of the body called spiracles. Spiracles exchange the gases in cockroach.

Question 3.
What is respiration? How is it different from breathing?
Answer:
Respiration:

1. It is oxidation of food to form carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy.
2. It is a biological process.
3. Energy is released in the form of ATP.
4. Enzymes are involved in this process.

Breathing:

1. It is simply an intake of fresh air and removal of foul air.
2. It is a physical process.
3. No energy is released rather used.
4. No Enzymes are involved in the process.

Question 4.
Frogs breathe through their skin as well as their lungs. Explain.
Answer:

1. Frog breathes, with its Lungs when it is on land.
2. When it goes deep under ground and sleeps twice every year, its moist skin takes over the function of its lungs.

Question 5.
If you want to know about ‘Actions of gases in lungs’. What questions you would like to ask?
Answer:
The following questions I would like to ask.

1. What will happen to the gases in the Lungs?
2. How are the gases transferred to different parts of the body?
3. In return what comes to the lungs?
4. How are the gases return to the Lungs?

Question 6.
If you did this experiment of respiration with fruits and dry leaves, what would the result be? Explain.
Answer:

1. In dry leaves respiration do not take place.
2. In fruits also this biochemical process “ceases.

Question 7.
It is very interesting to watch fishes in an aquarium. Make your own bottle aquarium.
Answer:
The student can do it.

Question 8.
Do you find any relation between plants and animals by their respiration and photosynthesis?
Answer:

1. Respiration is observed both in plants and animals.
2. Photosynthesis is the process we observe in plants. By this process, plants prepare their own food.
3. Animals cannot produce their own food. They depend on plants and other animals.
4. Oxygen is given out in photosynthesis and photosynthesis occurs in the day time.
5. Oxygen is taken in in respiration and energy is released.

Question 9.
As if wondered how plants and animals which live underwater also respire. Do you know how?
Answer:

1. Some plants can survive underwater taking the oxygen dissolved in water.
2. Some animals living underwater have special respiratory organs to take in the dissolved oxygen in water.
3. Thus plants and animals which live underwater can survive.

Question 10.
Imagine the lungs and size of an elephant. Is there any relation between body size and lung size? Collect information from School Library or Internet.
Answer:
The elephant is the only mammal whose pleural space is absent. The lungs are more elastic and are connected by connecting tissues to the thorax and diaphragm. Its wide capacity of air filling is 310 litres for one to breathe. The size of the lungs is always proportionate to the size of the body of all terrestrial animals whose respiration is pulmonary. The elasticity of the elephant lungs is more convenient to the movement of the body. The absence of pleural space helps in adjustment and applying negative force on lungs when the trunk raises up to the maximum height.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Nutrition in Plants Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 10th Lesson Nutrition in Plants

7th Class Science 10th Lesson Nutrition in Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
A potted plant is kept in light for a day and one of its leaves is tested for starch. The same plant is kept in the dark for two days and another leaf is tested for starch. Will there be a difference in the results of the two experiments? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

1. The leaves of the plant kept in light for a day are tested for starch.
2. In the test it is found that the leaves contain starch.
3. The leaf of the same plant when kept in dark for two days is tested for starch.
4. In the test it is found that the leaf does not contain starch.
5. Leaves of plant is the presence of sunlight prepare Glucose.
6. This glucose is then converted into starch.
7. In the absence of light plants cannot prepare glucose and then starch.

Question 2.
What happens if leaves of a green plant are coated with oil?
(Hint: What will be the effect on stomata ?)
Answer:

1. If leaves of a green plant are coated with oil the pores of the stomata which are useful for the exchange of gases from the atmosphere are covered with oil.
2. When the pores of the leaves are thus covered by oil, the leaves fail to carry out photosynthesis.
3. The plant therefore cannot prepare its own food through leaves.

Question 3.
Do you think saprophytes help us in keeping the environment clean?
(Hint: What do saprophytes feed on ?)
Answer:

1. Saprophytes feed on dead and decaying organism.
2. So they help in keeping the environment clean.

Question 4.
Differentiate between following with some examples.
a) Parasite and saprophyte
b) Host and parasite
Answer:
a)

b)

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks and give reasons :
(i) Green plants are ………… in nature
(ii) The food synthesized by the plants is stored as …………
(iii) Saprophytes depend on ………… for food.
Answer:
i) Autotrophs: Because green parts of a plant make glucose, starch, and other food materials
by the process, photosynthesis, using carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight.
ii) starch: Starch is formed by combining carbon dioxide, water and light.
iii) dead and decaying matter: These types of plants do not contain chlorophyll so they simply absorb organic material from decaying matter.

Question 6.
Name the following:
a) Pores through which leaves exchange gases.
b) Plants that act as scavenger of nature.
c) Those plants that share food and shelter.
d) Plants which cannot make their own food and obtain it from host.
Answer:
a) Stomata are the pores through which leaves exchange gases.
b) Saprophytes are the plants that act as scavenger of nature.
c) Host plants are those plants that share food and shelter.
d) Parasitic plants are the plants which cannot make their own food and obtain it from host.

Question 7.
Tick the correct answer
i) Cuscuta is an example of
A) Autotroph B) Parasite C) Saprophyte D) Symbiont
Answer:
B) Parasite

ii) Haustoria are
A) Roots B) Stems C) Leaves D) All of them
Answer:
A) Roots

iii) Raw materials involved in the process of photosynthesis
A) Carbon dioxide B) Water C) Sun light D) All of them
D) All of them

Question 8.
Circle the insectivorous plant among the plants given below.
A) Hibiscus B) Teak C) Nepanthis D) Aloevera
Answer:
C) Nepanthis

Question 9.
Collect information about experiments of Joseph Priestly and Ingen Houz from Internet and make a brief note on them.
Answer:
a)

1. It was Priestley who carried out a sequence of experiments.
   
2. He could demonstrate that what animals were doing to the air was being reversed by plants.
3. That is, according to him, if animals were making the air impure, plants were making it pure.

b)

1. Ingenhouz tried to repeat Priestley’s experiments under different conditions and found that only the green parts of plants when exposed to sunlight could do that.
   
2. Several scientists started working on what green plants were doing with water and air and sunlight and till date we know that-
3. Green parts of plants use carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight (as well as other sources of light) along with water to make glucose, starch and other food materials.
4. This process of making food materials is called photosynthesis and such plants are called Autotrophs.

Question 10.
Do you agree with Von Helmont? If nutrients absorbed by plants from soil is equal to the mass of plant/tree what will happen? Think and write your hypothesis.
Answer:

1. We agree with Von Helmont.
2. If nutrients absorbed by plants from soil is equal to the mass of the plant by now all the nutrients in the soil might have exhausted.
3. Plants are oxygen factories providing enough oxygen in the atmosphere for living organism to survive.
4. Plants prepare their own food and for others by the process of photosynthesis making use of sunlights.

Question 11.
Why are some plants called insectivorous plants? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Some plants not only manufacture their own food but also obtain a part of their nutrition from insects.
2. Leaves of these plants are specially modified to trap insects.
3. These plants grow in areas deficient in nitrogen.
4. Hence they meet their nitrogen requirements from insects.
5. So they are called insectivorous plants.

Question 12.
Designery leaves – select any broad-leaved potted plant. Cut a cardboard with a design of your choice and seal the selected leaf with the card board. Let the plant stand under the sun for a week then remove the card board you will get designery leaves plant. Try to make more leaves with designs and display your plant but don’t forget to present your writeup.
Answer:
The student can do this.

Question 13.
Collect a leaf. Take peels from both sides of the leaf and observe stomata size, shape and number under microscope with the help of your class teacher and write your findings.
Answer:
Either surfaces of the leaf is surrounded by thin layer of epidermis which shows small tiny pores called as stomata. More number of stomata observed on ventral surface and little number of stomata observed on dorsal surface.
The shape is similar but the coloration is thick towards dorsal and thin towards ventral surface. It means more number of chloroplasts present at dorsal and little number towards ventral. Size of stomata is same and no differentiation.

Question 14.
Prathima said “Mushrooms also a plant” is she correct? How would you support
Answer:

1. Prathima is correct. ‘Mushroom is a plant’.
2. Mushrooms grow on rotting wood during the rainy season.
3. Mushrooms are not like green plants as they lack chlorophyll.
4. They can not make food by photosynthesis. They are saprotrophs.

Question 15.
Photosynthesis is the way plants make food in every leaf by using different items. Write your feelings on this.
Answer:

1. Plants make use of Carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to prepare their food and release oxygen.
2. Really it is a great thing. The plants are otherwise called oxygen factories.
3. We owe a lot to the plant kingdom for many reasons.
   a) They provide us food and shelter.
   b) They produce oxygen which is very important for all of us.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 10th Lesson Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 10th Lesson Globalisation

10th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?
Answer:

1. After Independence, it had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. Because to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
3. Industries were just coming up, with foreign competition, they may not survive.
4. Indian government levies tax on foreign goods.
5. And because of tax, prices of those goods become high.
6. Our goods will prosper.
7. Tax on imports is thus a barrier.
8. Around 1991, Indian government decided that the time had come for foreign competition.
9. It believed competition would improve our goods’ quality.
10. So it wished to remove these barriers.

Question 2.
How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?
Answer:

1. Flexibility in labour laws help companies to reduce the cost of labour for the company by negotiating the wages and other conditions.
2. Governments allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment.
3. Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly.
4. That is for short periods when there is intense pressure of work.
5. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.
6. Foreign companies are demanding further flexibility in labour laws.

Question 3.
What are the various ways in which MNCs set up or control the production in other countries?
Answer:

1. At times, MNCs set up production jointly with the local companies of other countries.
2. The local companies benefit with additional investments and technology of MNCs.
3. MNCs buy local companies and then to expand production.
4. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so.
5. Large MNCs place orders with small producers.
6. They sell them under their brand.

Question 4.
Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?
Answer:

1. Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. As most of the MNCs are owned by these developed countries they can expand into developing countries.
3. With huge wealths greater than the budgets of many developing countries, they can influence the power.
4. They will see the decision of polity were made in their favour.
5. Companies from developing countries may not be competing with MNCs in technology and marketing.
6. MNCs can capture the entire marketing potential of developing countries.
7. This will result in decay of the economy of indigenous developing countries.
8. They should demand proper share for their indigenous industries in marketing in their countries and in developed countries.

Question 5.
“The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
Answer:

1. The impact of globalisation has not been uniform in India.
2. It is advantageous to well-off section in the urban areas.
3. They enjoy improved quality and lower prices of several products.
4. Industries like cellphones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or banking in urban areas are developed.
5. Several top Indian companies benefit from increased competition.
6. Some large Indian companies emerged as MNCs.
7. Wide opportunities for IT, data entry, accounting etc. fields.
8. Thousands of small producers closed their units and met losses.
9. Many employees lost their employment and workers saw their rights erode.

Question 6.
How has the liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Answer:

1. Liberalisation of trade and investment policies has helped the globalisation process.
2. It opened the gates for MNCs to set up and produce and market goods at cheap production costs.
3. It resulted in greater integration of production and markets across the country.
4. MNCs are playing a major role in the globalisation process.
5. More and more goods, services, investments and technology are moving between countries.
6. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back.

Question 7.
How does foreign trade lead to the integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example other than those given here.
Answer:

1. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producer to reach beyond the domestic markets.
2. For the buyers, trade expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
3. Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.
4. Walmart is an American retail market giant.
5. The UPA government at the centre accepted for foreign investment in the retail sector.
6. So, Walmart in collaboration with Bharati set up many retail outlets across the country.
7. There is a wide choice for Indian retail consumers.

Question 8.
Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

1. Globalisation has started, thus, it will continue in the future.
2. From 20 years now, the world would be a better one.
3. The developed countries continue to expand their MNCs.
4. They will try to capture the market of developing countries.
5. The developing countries in turn, fight for a better deal.
6. Over a period of time, they develop their economy and demand better place along with developed countries.

(OR)

1. Globalisation has started, thus it will continue in the future:
2. After 20 years, the native companies have no capacity to compete with MNCs and they will close.
3. People also will attract to foreign goods.
4. In health and education also MNCs will enter. Even though in Indian Railways also MNCs will enter.
5. Totally, the Indian people lost their culture and tradition.

Question 9.
Supposing you find two people arguing: One is saying globalisation has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop. How would you respond to these arguments?
Answer:

1. I would support the second person.
2. Globalisation is helping India develop.
3. It brought many opportunities in IT, call centres, data entry, insurance and banking etc.
4. Many Indian companies became MNCs and are earning huge profits.
5. Many other Indian companies benefited with additional investment and technology from MNCs worldwide.
6. MNCs developed land and infrastructural facilities here.
7. Thus, India is developing due to globalisation.

(OR)
The benefits of globalisation have been unevenly distributed. It has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and huge wealth. Certain services, enabled with technology have expanded.
On the other hand, thousands of small producers and workers have seen their employment and worker’s rights erode. It explains to understand the two-sided nature of globalisation.

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks.
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of —(i)—. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing —(ii)— with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India.
MNCs are investing in India because —(iii)—. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising —(iv)— and —(v)— has meant greater —(vi)— among the producers.
Answer:
(i) globalisation;
(ii) foreign trade;
(iii) they have access to cheaper labour;
(iv) prices;
(v) standards;
(vi) competition

Question 11.
Match the following.

Answer:
(i) – b
(ii) – e
(iii) – d
(iv) – c
(v) – a

10th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Globalisation InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 131

Question 1.
Choose any one single item like Mobile phones or vehicles; identify the number of Brands available in the market. Are they owned and manufactured in India or abroad? Discuss with your parents or other adults and find out how many such brands were available 30 years ago.
Answer:

1. There are many mobile phone brands available now in our country.
2. Few of them are owned by and manufactured in our country.
3. Whereas most of them are owned by other nations and manufactured either here or abroad.
4. Brands are like Samsung, Nokia, LG, Karbon, Zen, Apple, i Phone, Sony, Panasonic, Infinix are a few of them.
5. Apple and i Phone are American brands; Nokia from the Philippines; LG and Samsung are of South Korea; Panasonic from Japan; Karbon and Zen, etc. are from China and Infinix and such mobiles are from India.
6. 30 years ago no cellular or mobile phone was available in India.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 133

Question 2.
Would you say Ford Motors is an MNC? Why?
Answer:

1. I would say Ford Motors is an MNC.
2. It is one of the world’s largest automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries.
3. It was selling 27,000 cars in Indian Market by 2004.
4. By the year 2004, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa, Brazil and Mexico.

Question 3.
What is foreign investment? How much did Ford Motors invest in India?
Answer:

1. The money that MNCs spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called foreign investment.
2. Ford motors came to India in 1995.
3. It spent Rs. 1700 crore to set up a large plant near Chennai.
4. This was done in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 134

Question 4.
By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the advantage not only of the large markets that countries such as India provide but also the lower costs of production. Explain the statement.
Answer:

1. MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the large markets in India by setting up their plants here.
2. They also lower their cost of production. i
3. It is estimated that 50%-60% money they have saved on production by producing in India.
4. As labour is cheap here, other resources are also cheap. So they are producing goods at lower cost.
5. Apart from this, they are provided with educated youth in employment for lesser wages compared to other countries.
6. As the population in India and China alone accounts to 30% of the world population and Forbes surveys show that numbers of millionaires are increasing in these countries.
7. So MNCs have concentrated on tapping the markets here.

Question 5.
Why do you think the company wants to develop India as a base for manufacturing car components for its global operations? Discuss the following factors :
(a) cost of labour and other resources in India
(b) the presence of several local manufacturers who supply auto parts to Ford Motors
(c) closeness to a large number of buyers in India and China
Answer:

1. The company Ford Motors wants to develop India a base for manufacturing car components for its global operations.
2. In India the cost of labour is cheap.
3. The costs of other resources is also cheap in India.
4. India thus provides the advantage of being a cheap manufacturing location.
5. Another reason is that in India the presence of several local manufacturers who supply auto parts to Ford Motors.
6. It is another reason that in India and China there is presence of buyers in large numbers.

Question 6.
In what ways will the production of cars by Ford Motors in India lead to interlinking of production?
Answer:
The company is making engines and body at its plant. It is processing other components from various suppliers which operate in India. Even designing some of the new models has been done in India. So India is providing a perfect base for all the operations related to productions of cars for the Ford Motor. Hence it can be said that proper interlinking of production is happening in India for this company.

Question 7.
In what ways is an MNC different from other companies?
Answer:

1. An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
2. Other company owns and controls production in only one country.
3. MNCs set up offices and factories where they get cheap labour.
4. They try to earn more profits.
5. The production process of MNCs is divided into small parts and spread across the globe.
6. Other companies tend to produce at a single place.
7. MNCs are rich and sound in technology.
8. Other companies may not be rich that much and may not possess such sound technology.

Question 8.
Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese or European, such as Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia. Can you guess why?
Answer:

1. Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese or European.
2. Because they are developed countries and MNCs have wealth exceeding the entire budgets of developing countries.
3. Those countries force developing countries to liberalize their foreign trade.
4. They place orders with small producers and sell these under their brand.
5. They have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery, and labor conditions for those distant producers.

Question 9.
What was the main channel connecting countries in the past? How is it different now?
Answer:

1. For a long time trade has been the main channel of connecting countries.
2. India had trade routes to both East and West.
3. It is different now, as the channel of connecting countries is now foreign trade.
4. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.
5. For buyers, foreign trade expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.

Question 10.
Distinguish between foreign trade and foreign investment.
Answer:

Question 11.
In recent years China has been importing steel from India. Explain how the import of steel by China will affect:
(a) steel companies in China.
(b) steel companies in India.
(c) industries buying steel for production of other industrial goods in China.
Answer:

1. In recent years China has been importing steel from India.
2. Steel companies in India strive to supply the best quality steel at possible cheaper rates.
3. They are able to expand their market.
4. They will compete with the steel companies in China and want to continue with exports.
5. On the other hand, Chinese steel companies try to compete with Indian steel companies.
6. They try to better the quality of steel and sell at cheaper prices.
7. There may be technological interchange.
8. The companies which produce other goods, but purchase steel from India, located in China try to make use of imported steel.
9. Thus, we could see varying impacts of this activity.

Question 12.
How will the import of steel from India into the Chinese markets lead to the integration of markets for steel in the two countries?
Answer:

1. In recent years China has been importing steel from India.
2. Indian cement producers found market outside our country.
3. Chinese have now got a choice of opting for cement produced beyond their state.
4. Thus it results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in these two countries.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 136

Question 13.
What is the role of MNCs in the globalisation process?
(OR)
How are multi-national companies promoting Globalisation? Explain.
Answer:

1. Multi-National Companies (MNCs) are looking for cheap locations for their production.
2. Foreign investment in developing countries has been raising.
3. A large part of the foreign trade is controlled by MNCs.
4. More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries.
5. MNCs, bring not only their products to a country but also the new business policies and cultures.
6. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back by MNCs. Thus, MNCs are playings major role in the globalisation process.
7. MNCs are helping in increasing competitiveness among native companies.
8. Latest models of vehicles in different countries are introduced by the MNCs in the globalisation process.

Question 14.
What are the various ways in which countries can be linked?
Answer:

1. There are various ways in which countries can be linked.
2. One is the flow of trade in goods as well as services.
3. The second is the flow of labour, i.e., the migration of people in search of employment.
4. The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
5. The fourth is ideas are also being shared and expanded.

Question 15.
Choose the correct option: Globalisation, by connecting countries, results in
(a) lesser competition among producers.
(b) greater competition among producers.
(c) no change in competition among producers.
Answer:
The correct option is (b). Globalisation, by connecting countries, results in greater competition among producers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 137

Question 16.
In the following example, underline the words describing the use of technology in production.
Answer:
A news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in Delhi. The text of the magazine is sent through Internet to the Delhi office. The designers in the Delhi office get instructions on how to design the magazine from the office in London using telecommunication facilities. The designing is done on a computer. After printing, the magazines are sent by air to London. Even the payment of money for designing and printing from a bank in London to a bank in Delhi is done instantly through the internet (e-banking).

Question 17.
How is information technology connected with globalisation? Would globalisation have‘been possible without the expansion of IT ?
Answer:

1. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.
2. The developments in information technology are even more remarkable.
3. To contact one another around the world and to access information instantly telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax, etc. are used.
4. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity.
5. To share information and to know almost anything you want, Internet is useful.
6. So, globalisation would not have been possible without the expansion of Information Technology.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 138

Question 18.
What do you understand by the liberalisation of foreign trade?
Answer:

1. The Indian government, after independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. This was necessary to protect from foreign competition.
3. Around 1991, the government decided that the time had come for foreign competition.
4. So, barriers on foreign trade were removed to a large extent.
5. Goods can be exported and imported easily.
6. Foreign companies could set up factories and offices here.
7. This removing of barriers set by the government is liberalisation.

(OR)
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and foreign investment is known as liberalisation of foreign trade.

Question 19.
Tax on imports is one type of trade barrier. The government could also place a limit on the number of goods that can be imported. This is known as quotas. Can you explain, using the example of Chinese toys, how quotas can be used as trade barriers? Do you think this should be used? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Quotas can be used as trade barriers.
2. They can restrict the influx of foreign goods which is helpful for the prosperity of same goods of our make.
3. I think this should be used, but to a considerable extent.
4. That allows our producers to compete with foreign producers.
5. The quality of goods can be improved and prices also to be brought down with competition.
6. If quotas were adopted with regard to Chinese toys, so many Indian toy-makers would not have perished.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 139

Question 20.
Fill in the blanks.
WTO was started at the initiative of —(i)— countries. The aim of the WTO is to —(ii)—. WTO establishes rules regarding —(iii)— for all countries, and sees that —(iv)— . In practice, trade between countries is not —(v)—. Developing countries like India have —(vi)—, whereas developed countries, in many cases, have continued to provide protection to their producers.
Answer:
(i) developed;
(ii) liberalise international trade;
(iii) international trade;
(iv) these rules are properly obeyed;
(v) fair;
(vi) removed trade barriers.

Question 21.
What do you think can be done so that trade between countries is fairer?
Answer:

1. Many decisions that affect large parts of the world are taken by institutions of global governance.
2. They believe that the same set of rules and regulations are followed by all countries.
3. But, in practice, developed countries are not abided by them and still forcing the developing countries to follow those rules.
4. To avoid this, the institutions of global governance shall see that all countries are in same plane.
5. The developing countries should come together to resist the inequality meted out to them by other countries.
6. Then only the trade between countries will be fairer.

Question 22.
In the given example on the left (For example, refer to textbook on P. 139 – The agriculture sector ——– and fair trade ?) we saw that the US government gives massive sums of money to farmers for production. At times, governments also give support to promote the production of certain types of goods, such as those which are environmentally friendly. Discuss whether these are fair or not.
Answer:

1. Governments give support to promote certain goods, if they are environmentally friendly.
2. It is fair on the part of government.
3. It encourages many people to purchase them which does not cause any harm to environment.
4. The producers of those goods, as they get support from the government, can withstand the initial troubles.
5. It inspires others to invent many more goods which are environmentally friendly.
6. It emulates other producers towards eco-friendly products.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 140

Question 23.
How has competition benefited people in India?
Answer:

1. The competition in globalisation has benefited people in India.
2. It has been of advantage to consumers.
3. The well-off sections in the urban areas have a greater choice.
4. They now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products.
5. These people today enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier.

Question 24.
Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs? How would it benefit the people in the country?
Answer:

1. Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals.
2. They are spreading their operations worldwide.
3. More Indian companies should emerge as MNCs.
4. A host of services like IT, data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are done cheaply and exported.
5. The people of the country would benefit from it.
6. They get quality goods and services at lower prices.

Question 25.
Why do governments try to attract more foreign investment?
Answer:

1. The central and state governments are trying to attract more foreign investment.
2. Because this investment boosts the infrastructural facilities in our country.
3. MNCs share with our companies the latest technology.
4. So governments are providing world-class facilities, tax exemptions, flexibility in labour laws etc. to attract more foreign investment.

Question 26.
Elsewhere we read what may be development for one may be destructive for others. The setting of SEZs has been opposed by some people in India. Find out who are these people and why are they opposing it.
Answer:

1. What may be development for one may be destructive for others.
2. The setting of Special Economic Zones has been opposed by some people.
3. SEZs need not pay taxes for first five years.
4. SEZs have labour laws flexible.
5. SEZs have world-class facilities.
6. People are against SEZs as many companies which set up SEZs are not functioning well.
7. They were provided exemptions at the expense of other companies.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 141

Question 27.
What are the ways in which Ravi’s small production unit was affected by rising competition?
Answer:

1. Ravi’s small production unit produced capacitors.
2. In 2001 government allowed imports of capacitors.
3. MNCs forced his clients to buy capacitors from them at half of the price of capacitors of Ravi.
4. Ravi now produces less than half the capacitors he produced previously.

Question 28.
Should producers such as Ravi stop production because their cost of production is higher compared to producers in other countries? What do you think?
Answer:

1. Producers like Ravi should not stop production because the cost of production is higher compared to producers in other countries.
2. The government should arrange Ravi, the technology with which he could compete the MNCs.
3. At the same time some restrictions must be put on MNCs without affecting norms of WTO.
4. People should be encouraged to purchase the capacitors produced by Ravi.

Question 29.
Recent studies point out that small producers in India need three things to compete better in the market:
(a) better roads, power, water, raw materials, marketing and information network,
(b) improvements and modernisation of technology, and
(c) timely availability of credit at reasonable interest rates.
Explain how these three things would help Indian producers?
Answer:

1. Small Indian producers are now unable to compete with MNCs.
2. If they are provided with good roads, water, power, raw materials, marketing and information network, they would better compete with the MNCs.
3. The technology that which they are using should be improved and modernised in order to compete with MNCs.
4. They should be provided with credit with less rate of interest, which help them to compete I with the MNCs.

Question 30.
Do you think MNCs will be interested in investing in these? Why?
Answer:

1. The MNCs definitely are not interested in investing in these.
2. Always MNCs invest with the aim of getting more profits, they won’t think of providing infrastructure.
3. If they try to provide these things, it would be useful to small Indian producers.
4. So, they do not show any interest in investing in these.

Question 31.
Do you think the government has a role in making these facilities available? Why?
Answer:

1. The government has a role in making these facilities available.
2. If the government makes these facilities available, then many small Indian producers develop themselves.
3. They would be able to compete with foreign MNCs.
4. As governments are nowadays welfare states, they have a role in making these facilities available.

Question 32.
Think of any other steps that the government could take. Discuss.
Answer:

1. The government could impose sanctions or restrictions on MNCs.
2. Make that MNCs should behave with corporate social responsibility.
3. Government should protect the interests of the people and see that MNCs prosper.
4. It should adopt the policy which provides for mutual consent.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Correct the false statements,
(a) At the beginning of 20th century disparity across the world was marked by west and the rest.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(b) 20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new kingdoms,
Answer:
20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new countries, the colonies rose to independence.

(c) Socialist societies wanted to build on the idea of equality and fraternity.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(d) Army members of countries fighting belonged to many different countries and not Just those which directly participated in the war.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(e) After or during the First World War many countries changed over from monarchy rule to democracies.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

Question 2.
Make a table to show allies, axis and central powers, participated with following countries on different sides of the world wars: Austria, USSR(Russia), Germany, Britain, Japan, France, Italy, USA.
Answer:

Question 3.
How did the idea of nation-states and nationalism influence desire for war during World Wars? (Or) How did Aggressive nationalism lead to World Wars?
(OR)
How did the idea of Nationalism lead to the World Wars?
Answer:

1. The ideology of nationalism was a positive impulse.
2. It was the foundation of modern nation-states.
3. But later it became aggressive nationalism.
4. It is used to create pride in oneself and hatred against neighbours.
5. Fascists in Italy tried to build images of victories with it.
6. Nazis of Germany mobilised Germans against other nations of Europe.
7. These incidents led to World War.
8. Thus, we can say the idea of nation-states and nationalism influenced the desire for war during World Wars.

Question 4.
Write a short note on various causes of two World Wars. Do you think any of these features are prevalent even today in countries around the world? How?
Answer:

1. Two World Wars have various causes for their outbreak.
2. They have some immediate provocation and some long-term causes.
3. Among long-term causes aggressive nationalism, imperialism, secret alliances, militarism, the Treaty of Versailles, failure of League of Nations, German challenge to vengeful domination and fear of communism are there to be named.
4. I don’t think any such features are prevalent in nations around the world now.
5. But few developed nations are after the natural resource reserves of various other nations and damaging their sovereignty.

Question 5.
What are the different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century? (OR)
“Second World War ended imperialism” justify it. (OR)
Describe the consequences of the World Wars.
Answer:

1. There were different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century.
2. They showed the dangers of undemocratic governments.
3. They strengthened the case for democratisation of power.
4. They put an end to several empires like Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman and German empires.
5. These empires were replaced by democracies.
6. Colonies demanded self-government from colonialists.
7. With the process of decolonization, hundreds of new countries were born.
8. The League of Nations and the United Nations Organization were formed after the World War I & II.
9. The map of eastern and central Europe was redrawn on the basis of nationality, economic viability and military security.
10. These were the impacts of wars during the first half of the 20th century.
11. After a long struggle for political right the right to vote – British women got these rights in 1918.

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 176 & 177

Question 1.
Look at some of the pictures given below, connect them with one or the other point mentioned and write a short note on each of them.
(a) Observe the picture of 1934 rally of Hitlers Nazi party at Nurnberg. Compare it with the political party rallies you have seen.
Answer:

1. Political rallies conducted during the time of Hitler and that they are conducted now will definitely bear similarities.
2. But the political fervour with which Nazis worked could not be seen now.
3. Nazis under Hitler thought militarism and race superiority as their Agenda.
4. Now political parties work for harmony and equality of all.
5. Their approach may fit the period when they formed government.
6. Now political rallies are conducted in peaceful manner moving towards democracy.

(b) Famous photograph of Polish immigrant Florence Owens during Depression by Dorothea Lange.
It depicts destitute pea pickers in California, March 1936. What would she be thinking?
Answer:

1. Great Depression during 1929 – 30 ramshackle world economy.
2. Many industries were closed and many more were taken away of their employment.
3. Many were forced to take up the menial jobs like pea picking, etc.
4. This picture depicts one such woman with her children in deep grief.
5. She had migrated from Poland to California and was employed as pea picker.
6. The picture depicts her sorrow of what happened and worries about the future.

(c) Atom Bomb in Nagasaki, also look at the picture at end of the chapter which shows the effect of this bomb.
Answer:

1. Towards the end of the Second World War, America dropped two small atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan.
2. They killed immediately between 1,50,000 to 2,46,000 people.
3. The after-effects of these bombings, like leukaemia and cancer, lingered on for decades.
4. From then, there is always the fear hanging around the world of another atom bomb dropping or a Third World War.

(d) A painting by Kustodiev in 1920 on The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. What is the artist trying to say? Who the giant leader could be?
Answer:

1. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia came in 1917.
2. People revolted against the Tsarist Regime.
3. Bolshevik party promised people; food to starving people; land to peasants; power to Soviets and withdraw from World War.
4. They confiscated all private factories, mills and industries and rationalised them.
5. The portrait could be of Lenin.

(e) A cartoon in German with caption “Buy from the Jews, betray your people” 1929. What bias does it show?
Answer:

1. The bias it shows is not to buy any product from Jews in Germany.
2. That act of purchasing could prove them to be traitors of Germany.
3. Germans under Hitler exhibited racial supremacy of Nordic.
4. They developed wanton hatred towards Jews.
5. In the later days, nearly 60 lakh Jews were killed by Nazis, followers of Hitler.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 179

Question 2.
Find out: How long did the India Pakistan war last in 1971? How many people were killed? (Or) “1971 a year of war and liberation.” Explain.
Answer:

1. Actually East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) people were fighting for liberation from Pakistan from March 1971.
2. India joined the war supporting East Pakistan on 3rd December 1971 and ended on 16the December 1971.
3. The war lasted for only 13 days. It is considered to be one of the shortest wars in the history.
4. 3,843 Indian soldiers lost their lives whereas 9000 Pakistani soldiers were killed.
5. 9,851 Indians and 4,350 Pakistani’s were wounded.
6. 97,368 Pakistani’s were taken as prisoners of war.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 181

Question 3.
In what ways do you think industrialisation has created the conditions for modern wars?
Answer:

1. Industrial capital developed in European countries like Britain, Germany and the USA.
2. They needed markets for their products and access to raw materials.
3. Accumulated capital in Banks was also to be put in safe investment opportunities in colonies. This led to imperialism.
4. Governments of these countries acted in interests of capitalists to increase their colonies.
5. New industrial powers like Germany, Italy and Japan competed with them.
6. This created much stress and often led to wars.

Question 4.
Do you think the love for one’s country among people of different countries leads to wars?
Answer:

1. Love for one’s country is a positive impulse.
2. If one lives among people of different countries also, love for his country will not harm.
3. But love for one’s country, at times is associated with hatred against neighbours.
4. Then it would not be a positive impulse.
5. It will make the living of one even in his own country miserable.
6. He cannot live comfortably with such kind of people.
7. This type of aggressive nationalism, at times disturbs the peaceful co-existence and leads to wars.

Question 5.
If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, should the other country also respond aggressively? Can there be other ways of handling the problem?
Answer:

1. If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, the other country should not respond aggressively.
2. There can be other ways of handling this problem.
3. If both the countries are members of any institution of world governance like UNO, then going there is the better option.
4. UNO tries to sort out the problem and comes up with just solution.
5. If any of the country does not happen to be a member of UNO, then arbitration is the best policy.
6. Both of them should have an agreeable third party country to mediate and both of them should abide by its solution.

Question 6.
Do you find the presence of aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today too? Give examples and discuss in the class.
Answer:

1. We may find traces of such things now.
2. In perfect sense, we may not find aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today.
3. We can see countries like China, which are denying countries like Tibet of their sovereignty.
4. We can see countries like the USA which are interfering in affairs of other countries like Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Libya, etc.
5. We find some countries interfering in the affairs of other countries with a view to over power the natural resources present there.

Question 7.
Find out about some of the wars fought during the last ten years and see to what extent these four factors caused them.
Answer:

1. The four factors were aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism.
2. The USA was involved in most of the wars that were fought during the last ten years.
3. Iraq War: The USA attacked Iraq blaming the regime of Saddam Hussein in 2003. From then till 2011 American forces were there in Iraq. They tried Saddam and executed him.
4. War in North West Pakistan: Taliban, a militant Islam Group formed for separate nation from Pakistan and fighting with it from 2004. The USA sent troops to quell the agitation. But it Is not decimated yet.
5. Somalia War (2006 – 2009): There were ethnic differences led to large scale fighting In Eastern Africa in countries like Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritria, etc.
6. An Islamic militant outfit Al-Queida (under Osama Bin Laden once) intruded Into Yemen in 2010.
7. In 2007 there occurred Transahara War in Northern African countries Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania, etc.
8. Most of these wars are of militant nature.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 183

Question 8.
Some organs of the League of Nations like the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) continue to function to this day. Find out about their activities and prepare a project report on one such organ.
Answer:
Some organs of the League of Nations are functioning till date. A few of them are ILO, WHO and IG, etc. World Health Organisation (WHO) played an Important role in providing good healthy conditions to most of the third world countries. Dreadful diseases like cholera, smallpox, polio, etc., were checked. In recent years WHO is fighting against AIDS and heart diseases. In Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, the WHO suggested measures and advised to start an international school for infant and child welfare at buenos. Aires, and a public health school at Rio-de-Janerio, the capital of Brazil.
(OR)
Some activities of U.N.O:

1. Skills development, job creation and elimination of work force inequalities.
2. Ensuring equal access of women to the labour market and social security.
3. Integration of youth through education, etc.

Question 9.
Do you think the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany in 1919?
Answer:

1. The peace treaty after 1st World War imposed inhumane and humiliating terms on Germany.
2. Germans thought that the Treaty of Versailles was a diktat imposed on them.
3. Germans were asked to return colonies like Alsace and Lorraine.
4. Germany was asked to pull down its army strength to 1 lakh from 9 lakhs.
5. It was asked not to have submarines and restrictions were imposed on its naval strength.
6. This humiliating terms of Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of Hitler.
7. He recovered all the territories lost due to Treaty of Versailles.
8. Hence we can conclude that the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany.

(OR)

It is right upto some extent. But the considerations might not be accepted by the dictator Hitler. Pacifying nature should be in both the sides.
I think the considerations could have postponed the World War – II.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy

10th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and the details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Rampur.
a. Location :
b. Total Area of the Village:
c. Land Use (in hectares):

Answer:
a. Location: RAMPUR
b. Total Area of the Village: 290 hectares
c. Land Use (in hectares):

Question 2.
Why are the wages for farm labourers in Rampur less than minimum wages?
Answer:

1. Farming requires a great deal of hard work.
2. Many landless farm labourers work on daily wages in Rampur.
3. They must regularly look for work.
4. Their wages are less than what the Uttar Pradesh government has set as minimum wages for labourers.
5. There is heavy competition for work among form labourers in Rampur.
6. So they agree to work for lower wages.

Question 3.
Talk to two labourers from your region. Choose either farm labourers or labourers working at construction sites. What wages do they get? Are they paid in cash or kind? Do they get work regularly? Are they in debt?
Answer:

1. Raju is a farm labourer.
2. He gets wages ₹ 200 per day.
3. He is paid in cash.
4. He does not get work regularly,
5. He is in debt.
6. Mohan is labourer at the construction site.
7. He is paid ₹ 350 per day.
8. He gets work regularly.
9. He is paid in cash.
10. He is not in debts.

Question 4.
What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain.
Answer:

1. There are different ways of increasing production in the same piece of land.
2. Multiple cropping i.e., growing more than one crop on the same piece of land is one such thing.
3. Modern farming method i.e., use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, assured irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides is another such technique.

Question 5.
How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?
Answer:

1. The medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming for the capital of farming.
2. They are able to arrange for seeds, fertiliser, pesticide, payments to labour etc.
3. They have tractors, threshers and harvesters as well as tubewells.
4. In contrast to this, small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for working capital.
5. They borrow money for inputs for cultivation.
6. The rate of interest is very high on such loans.
7. They are put great distress to repay the loan.

Question 6.
On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?
Answer:

1. Savita got a loan from Tejpal.
2. He imposed many conditions to give her loan.
3. He agreed to give loan at 36% per annum interest rate.
4. He also sought a promise from Savita that she should work on his field as a farm labourer during the harvest season at ₹ 100 a day.

Question 7.
Talk to some elderly persons in your region and write a small report on the changes in irrigation and changes in production methods during the last 30 years.
Answer:
I met Koya Sunil Kumar of Krishna district and Yeluri Rajakumar of Guntur district to conduct the survey.
Changes in irrigation:

1. Thirty years back, there were no proper irrigation facilities.
2. Canals were not dug completely.
3. Not only that there were very few tubewells, that too were owned by the government.
4. The system of production was customary and the yield was also not great. All the villages were not completely electrified.
5. Last thirty years saw a great improvement.
6. Now there were canals dug. Many tubewells were dug by medium and large farmers.
7. The system of production also saw few changes.
   Changes in production method :
8. Modern farm methods like the usage of High Yield Varieties, use of pesticides, fertilizers and water management and machinery for all activities of farming like harvesters, threshers, sowing and weeding machines came into existence.

Question 8.
What are the main non-farm production activities taking place in your region? Write a brief report on any one such activity.
Answer:

1. Many non-farm activities are taking place in this region.
2. Shopkeeping, small scale manufacturing, transport and handlooms etc. are famous among them.
3. Handloom working involves entire families in looming.
4. They work under contractors, who provide them with raw material and collect the finished handlooms.
5. He pays them less wages.
6. Workers cannot weave for themselves and market their handlooms.

Question 9.
Imagine a situation where labour is the scarce factor of production instead of land. Would the story of Rampur be different? How? Discuss in class.
Answer:

1. Usually land is a scarce factor of production.
2. If we imagine labour to be the scarce factor, the story of Rampur would be different.
3. The wages for the labourers will be high.
4. Not only farm labourers other labourers also get a benefit.
5. Government also fixes higher minimum wages.

Question 10.
Gosaipur and Majauli are two villages in North Bihar. Out of a total of 850 households in the two villages, there are more than 250 men who are employed in rural Punjab and Haryana or in Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Hyderabad or Nagpur. Such migration is common in most villages across India. Why do people migrate? Can you describe (based on your imagination and previous chapter) the work that the migrants of Gosaipur and Majauli might do at the place of destination?
Answer:

1. Migration is common in most villages in India.
2. Usually the distress of rural unemployment drives men to migrate.
3. They migrate in search of employment.
4. Many urban migrants get employment in the unorganised sector.
5. They work as rickshaw pullers, hawkers, daily labour, casual labour in many unorganised sectors

Question 11.
Land is also required for produc&>n of goods in an urban area. In what ways is the use of land different from a rural area?
Answer:

1. Land is required for production of goods in an urban area.
2. But the use of land in urban area is different from that of a rural area.
3. In urban area land is mostly used for non-farm production activities.
4. They are like industrial complexes, commercial complexes, dairies, small, medium and large scale manufacturing units, market yards, shops etc.
5. Whereas in the village most land is under land farming activity.
6. Thus we can say that land is also required for production of goods in an urban area.

Question 12.
Read again the meaning of “land” in the production process. Give three examples, other than agriculture, where this requirement is most significant in the process of production.
Answer:

1. Land is the most crucial factor necessary for farm production.
2. Land is required most significantly in the process of production other than agriculture also.
3. Non-farm activities also require land.
4. To establish any small scale manufacturing unit, land is required.
5. To set up and operate a dairy, land is required.
6. To set up any shop or market yard, land is required.

Question 13.
Water, a natural resource for production, particularly agricultural production, now requires greater capital for its use. Can you explain the statement?
Answer:

1. Water is the natural resource required for agricultural production.
2. But now it requires greater capital for its use.
3. People now use electricity-run tubewells for irrigation.
4. The electricity charges are more. ‘
5. Farmers are setting up their own tubewells.
6. In situations of power cut, they use diesel to run motors to draw water from the tubewell.
   So, now it requires greater capital for its use.

10th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 115

Question 1.
What do you know about agriculture? How do crops change in various seasons? Do most people depending on agriculture belong to land owning groups or are laborers?
Answer:

1. Land is the most crucial factor necessary for agriculture.
2. Well developed irrigation facilities help us in changing of the crops in various seasons.
3. Villages like Rampur has the land where even three crops can be grown during a year’s three seasons.
4. Most people that depend on agriculture are landless labourers.
5. Majority of the working people are dependent on farming for their livelihood.
6. The well-being of these people is closely related to the production on the farms.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 117

Question 2.
Looking at your state or district physical map and identify areas that are well irrigated. Does your region fall under this category?
Answer:

1. Well irrigated areas in India are Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
2. Moderate to high irrigated areas are Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
3. In our state most of the region is tank irrigated.
4. Quite a considerable region is under canal irrigation.
5. Our region falls under this category.

Question 3.
The following table shows the land under cultivation in India in units of million hectares. Plot this on the graph provided. What does the graph show? Discuss in class.

Answer:

1. The graph shows that the cultivated area from 1970 to 2010 remained the same.
2. New area was not brought under cultivation.
3. Even some area was brought, the same amount of area from cultivated land was used as non¬farm area.
4. The area of the country is not extending.
5. The demand for non-farm land is also increasing.
6. So there was no growth recorded in cultivated area for the last 40 years or so.
   

Question 4.
You have read about the crops gr^nin Rampur. Fill the following table based on information? on the crops grown in your region.
Answer:

Question 5.
What are the reasons for multiple cropping in cultivation?
Answer:

1. The cultivation which is under multiple cropping has many reasons for it.
2. It has a well-developed irrigation system.
3. Different crops are grown in three crop seasons.
4. It increases the production from the land.
5. They may have two main crops and a third crop.
6. There is no land that is left idle.
7. There is no possibility of expansion in land area under cultivation.
8. The plants grown also used as cattle feed.

(OR)

The factors that contribute to the multiple cropping in village areas.

1. Availability of more labour.
2. Availability of irrigation facilities.
3. Availability of fertile soil.
4. Experienced farmers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 118 & 119

Question 6.
In the map given below, shade the small plots of land.
Answer:
Students’ Activity

Question 7.
Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots of land?
Answer:

1. Not all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation.
2. The upper caste families own a majority of the land in the village.
3. They have land extending over 10 hectares or more.
4. Many families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares.
5. Cultivation of such plots doesn’t bring adequate income to the farmer family.
6. Even these small plots were divided among sons when their father was dead.
7. Thus so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots.

Question 8.
The distribution of farmers in lndj£ and the amount of land they cultivate are in the following table and pie-charts.
What do the arrows indicate? Would you agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India? Explain. (OR)
a) Who are called small farmers?
b) Would you agree that the distribution of culivated land is unequal in India? Explain.
Answer:

1. The arrows indicate that 87% of the total farmers are cultivating only 48% of the total cultivated land.
2. The remaining 13% of the farmers are cultivating the remaining 52% of the land.
3. This indicates that there is no equal distribution of land among farmers.
4. I would agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India.

(OR)
a) The farmers who possess less than 2 hectares of land.
b) Yes. I agree because 87% of farmers are cultivating only 48% of land. On the other hand only 13% of farmers are cultivating 52% of land.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 120

Question 9.
Small farmer, Big farmer. After reading next section (Labour for the Farm’ on Text P. 121) write a caption that would describe their relation with the factors of production.
Answer:
Small farmer should carry the field while the field carries big farmer.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 121

Question 10.
Why are farm labourers like Dala poor?
Answer:

1. Dala is a landless farm labourer who works on daily wages in Rampur.
2. He must regularly look for work.
3. His wages are less that government fixed minimum wages.
4. There is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Rampur.
5. So they agree to work for low wages.
6. As machines are increasing, the number of days of work available to a worker is very low.
7. Thus farm labourers like Dala are poor.

Question 11.
What do the large and medium farmers in Rampur do to get labour for their farms? Compare with your region.
Answer:

1. Medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming.
2. They make that money as the working capital needed for farming.
3. They agree to give small farmers the loan at 36% per annum interest rate for four months, which is very high.
4. They also take promise from the small farmers to work on their lands as farm labourers during the harvest season for ₹ 100/- a day, which is quite low.
5. Thus they have the required labour.
6. In our region also that is one practice.
7. They get landless labourers for less wages.

(OR)
The large and medium farmers offer lower wages to get labour for their farms.
In our region most of the villagers are job holders in the nearest town. So there is no such competition. The farm labourers are less in number. So they get better wages.

Question 12.
Fill in the following table :
Answer:

Question 13.
What are the ways of providing labour, in the production of goods or services that you observe in your region?
Answer:

1. In our area farm activities are more prominent.
2. Different crops are grown here in different seasons.
3. Crops like rice, turmeric, banana, maize, cauliflower, cabbage, jasmine, etc. are grown here.
4. Labour is provided to the farmers here.
5. Other non-farm activities also are here like Coca-Cola factory where cool drinks are manufactured.
6. Many shopkeepers, small manufacturing units, dairies, transport facilities are present which are provided with labour.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 122

Question 14.
Read the following table.
Answer:

1. For every activity mentioned above in the farms, daily wages decided by government are less, they seem to be. However, there is a lot of variation across regions.
2. For ploughing men get more than the amount mentioned above.
3. For sowing and weeding also more earnings will be here.
4. Here all activities are charged per acre and distributed among those who worked there.
5. So, comparatively they earn more compared to those mentioned wages of government.

Question 15.
Find out the minimum wage and compare with this.
Answer:

1. Minimum wage mentioned above is ₹ 118 for women for threshing.
2. Whereas women here is get more than that nearly ₹ 300/- per day when they are doing threshing work.
3. So the amount they get here is more than that was listed by government.

Question 16.
Why do you think men receive a higher wage than women for the same job? Discuss.
Answer:

1. There are works in farming like ploughing fixed for men.
2. There are several others like transplanting and picking cotton are fixed for women.
3. But the remaining farm works can be done by both men and women.
4. Among them also more wages were set up by the government for men compared to women.
5. Because men are physically strong.
6. With that energy they got, they complete the works neatly and quickly.
7. Thus men receive higher wage than women.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 124

Question 17.
Surplus and Capital for Production
Consider three farmers. Each has grown wheat on his field though the production is different as in Column 2. To analyse the situation faced by different farmers we need to assume that some conditions are the same for all. To keep things simple, let us suppose the following conditions:

1. The consumption of wheat by each farmer family is the same (Column 3).
2. The whole of surplus wheat this year is used as seeds for working capital for the next year’s production by all the farmers. They also have land to do so.
3. Also suppose, production output is twice the working capital used in production in all the farms. There is no sudden loss in production.

Complete the table.
Answer:

a) Compare the production of wheat by the three farmers over the years.
Answer:

1. Farmer 1 will have more surplus over the years.
2. Farmer will have surplus which is enough for next year’s capital.
3. Farmer 3 will have to borrow the capital from second year onwards.

b) What happens to the Farmer 3 in Year 3? Can he continue production? What will he have to do to continue production?
Answer:

1. The farmer 3 in year 3 will not have any capital.
2. He cannot continue production like that.
3. He will have to borrow capital for third year.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 126

Question 18.
What physical capital did Mishrilal need to set up this process?
Answer:

1. Mishrilal set up the process wherein he can prepare jaggery.
2. Earlier sugarcane was crushed by using bullocks.
3. But these days people prefer to do it by machines.
4. Mishrilal has purchased mechanical sugarcane crushing machine run on electricity.
5. That is the physical capital he needed to set up this process.

Question 19.
Who provides the labour in this case?
Answer:

1. The labour in this case is provided by Mishrilal himself.
2. At times, he may be supported by his family members.

Question 20.
Why is Mishrilal unable to increase his profit? Think of reasons when he could face a loss.
Answer:

1. Mishrilal prepares jaggery from sugarcane with a machine.
2. He sells it to traders at Jahangirabad.
3. He uses the sugarcane he has cultivated and also buys sugarcane from others.
4. Thus he is making a small profit.
5. His production is in small scale, he also buys from others, the sugarcane and there is mechanism to provide him with minimum support price.
6. He sells to traders at Jahangirabad which results in transportation expenses.
7. So he is unable to increase his profit.
8. He could face loss when the prices of jaggery in the marked are decreased sharply.

Question 21.
Why does Mishrilal sell jaggery to traders in Jahangirabad and not in his village?
Answer:

1. Mishrilal sells jaggery to traders in Jahangirabad.
2. He cannot sell all the jaggery he has made in Rampur itself.
3. So he would sell it to the traders of Jahangirabad.

Question 22.
On whose land is the shop located?
Answer:
The shop is located on the land of the shopkeeper.

Question 23.
Who supplies labour to these small shops selling eatables?
Answer:
1) These small shops selling eatables are run by the shopkeepers.
2) They are assisted by the woman and the children in the family.

Question 24.
Guess what working capital would such shops require.
Answer:

1. Shopkeepers buy goods that villagers produce.
2. They supply it to shops/markets in bigger villages/towns.
3. They sell wide range of small items like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries, candles, notebooks, pen, pencil and even some cloth.
4. Shopkeepers need working capital to buy and stock all these to sell off.

Question 25.
List the physical capital items.!?
Answer:

1. They need shop set up that is prepared.
2. Different almirahs, boxes, weights and measures like balance, stones etc.

Question 26.
From a hawker in your area find out the daily sales. How will you find out if there is some savings? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. Srinivas is a hawker from our area.
2. He has a fruit vending career,
3. He invests nearly a thousand rupees to buy fruits like guava, apple or orange etc.
4. He sells and makes a profit of nearly ₹ 400 per day.
5. It is learnt that he has some savings around ₹ 50,000 after meeting all his family expenditures.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 127

Question 27.
What is Kishore’s fixed capital?
Answer:

1. Kishore bought a buffalo.
2. He attached a wooden cart to his buffalo.
3. Buffalo and cart are the only fixed capital of Kishore.

Question 28.
What do you think would be his working capital?
Answer:

1. He gets the fodder for the buffalo.
2. He takes care of the minor repairs of the wooden cart.
3. These would be his working capital.

Question 29.
In how many production activities is Kishore involved?
Answer:

1. Kishore is involved in four different production activities.
2. With his buffalo and wooden cart he transports various items.
3. Once in a week, he goes to Ganges to bring clay for the potter to prepare pots.
4. Sometimes he goes to Jahangirabad with a load of jaggery or other commodities.
5. Every month he gets some work in transport.

Question 30.
Would you say that Kishore has benefited from better roads in Rampur?
Answer:

1. Kishore has definitely benefited from the better roads in Rampur.
2. Because of them he is able to transport various items and people.
3. He is able to earn more than what he used to do some years back.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reflection of Light Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 9th Lesson Reflection of Light

7th Class Science 9th Lesson Reflection of Light Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Vidya made a Periscope making slits like this as shown in the figure. Will it work or not? Explain your answer.
Try to make a periscope like this and see whether it works or not?

Answer:

1. The periscope does not work.
2. The slits made must be parallel to each other.
3. If the slits are parallel then the mirror strips placed in them will give reflections property and the image of the object can be seen.

Question 2.
i) Draw reflected ray in the figure given here.

Answer:

1. The angle of incidence ∠i = 45° = angle of reflection = ∠r = 45°C
2. OR is the incident ray
3. RB is the reflected ray
4. NR is the normal drawn to the reflecting surface.
   

ii) Mark the position of the image in the figure given here by dotted lines.

Answer:
The position of the image is shown by dotted lines.

Question 3.
How do you relate to the angle of reflection and angle of incidence? What will be the angle of reflection when the angle of incidence is i) 60° ii)0°?
Answer:
Angle of incidence ∠i = angle of reflection ∠r
If ∠i = 60° then ∠r = 60°
If ∠i = 0° then ∠r = 0°

Question 4.
Imagine that your sister is viewing a cricket match on a TV and you are viewing the same cricket match in a mirror which is opposite to the TV. What difference do you notice in the match?
Answer:

1. The image of an object in a mirror will have lateral inversion.
2. The cricket match my sister is viewing on a T.V. is the object.
3. The cricket match I am viewing in a mirror is its image.
4. So the match appears to me is a lateral inversion position.

Question 5.
Write the mirror image of your name.
………………………………. (in English)
………………………………. (in Telugu)
Answer:
The student can write his name both in English and Telugu in a lateral inversion way so that it is visible in the right way in the mirror.

Question 6.
You are given the mirror image of a name. Can you find out the actual name?

Place a mirror in front of this figure and check your answer.
Answer:
If this name is seen in a mirror it appears as SURYA.

Question 7.
Get three mirror strips, two rubber bands, card board sheet, translucent paper, and broken bangle pieces and make a Kaleidoscope.
(OR)
Write the procedure of making a Kaleidoscope using the following three mirror strips, two rubber bands, cardboard sheet, translucent paper and broken bangle pieces.
Answer:
1) The student can make a Kaleidoscope with the material supplied.
2) The student can follow the following procedure to make it.
Making a Kaleidoscope :

1. Take three mirror strips of the same size.
2. Tie these strips with rubber bands to form a triangular tubfe as shown in figure (a).
   
3. While tying the strips together, remember to keep their reflecting surfaces facing each other inside the tube.
4. Cover one end of the tube with translucent paper using a rubber band.
5. Cover the second end with card board sheet and make a hole in it.
6. So that we can look inside it. Our kaleidoscope is ready.
7. Now put few small pieces of coloured glass bangles inside the. triangular tube as shown in figure (b).
   
8. Look at the bangle pieces through the hole as shown in figure (c).
   
9. Shake the kaleidoscope and try to see through the hole slowly rotating it.
10. We shall be viewing so many designs and bangle pieces.

Question 8.
Observe the following figures.

How many images would you observe in the mirrors in the above cases? Write your guesses.
Fig-1 ……………………………
Fig-2 ……………………………
Do experiments and check whether your guesses are correct or not? Give reasons.
Answer:
1) Fig. (a): In fig a: We observe only one image of the candle behind the mirror at a distance of 30 cm. from the mirror.
2) Fig. (b): We observe only 3 images of the candle in the two mirrors arranged at an angle of 90° to each other.
I have done the experiments and my observations are found to be true with my guesses.

Question 9.
Write examples of multiple images formed in your daily life.
Answer:

1. In sweet shops mirrors are arranged in such a way that multiple images of the sweets are made visible to the customers.
2. In ice-cream parlours and cool drink’s shops also plane mirrors are arranged in parallel on the walls of the room. These mirrors give .multiple images of the customers making them feel that the shop is full of customers.
3. In barber’s shop mirrors are arranged in such away that the customer can view his images in all directions.

Question 10.
Observe the figure and identify which type of mirror is used. How do you justify.

Answer:

1. A doncave mirror is used to note the image of the flame of the candle on a screen.
2. A concave mirror forms the real image of an object.
3. We know images that can be caught on a screen are called real images.

Question 11.
Sai lighted a candle in his house when power went off. His mother placed it in front of a mirror. Sai observed something that excited him. What change would have excited Sai? Some questions came to his mind. Can you guess the questions? Write a few such questions.
Answer:

1. When the power is off, the room becomes dark and no object is visible.
2. When a lighted candle is put infront of the mirror, light falling from it on all objects are visible in the mirror.
3. The following questions are likely to arise in the mind of Sai.
   a) Why are only some images of the objects in the room are visible in the mirror?
   b) What relation exists between the light of the candle and mirror exists?
   c) Why not the images of all objects seen in the mirror.
   d) What is important for the visibility of the objects?

Question 12.
Unexpectedly some water sprinkled on a mirror while Madhu was shaving his face. Did he observe any difference in his image? If yes, explain why?
Answer:

1. When water is sprinkled on a mirror the plane surface of the mirror is disturbed.
2. So the clarity in the images goes away and due to reflection taking place in a scattered way, the image becomes dull arid unclear.

Question 13.
Imagine that all the houses in your street have elevation with mirrors. Suppose you and your friends are walking in the street. Would you experience any difficulties when you walk through that street? Predict and explain. Is it difficult for birds to live or fly in that street? Why?
Answer:

1. We experience difficulties when we walk through the street where all houses have elevation with mirrors.
2. Due to the formation of multiple images of the people walking in the street, they often were put to confusion.
3. It is difficult for birds to live or fly in that street as the reflections will give confusion to them.

Question 14.
Take an empty toothpaste box and two mirror strips of the required size and make a periscope.
Answer:
Close both ends of the box. Draw squares at both ends. Draw the diagonal to these squares. Slit the diagonals with a blade. The slits should equal to the length of the mirror strips. Fix the mirror strips in these slits. Take care to see that these mirror strips lie parallel to each other, with their reflecting surfaces facing each other. Fix the mirror strips firmly to the box with a few drops of molten wax from a burning candle or fevicol. Cut out two widows on the narrow sides of the box. The windows should open directly on the reflecting surfaces of the mirror strips. Now the periscope is ready to see.

Question 15.
What is the angle between two plane mirrors when there are five images?
Answer:
When the angle between two plane mirrors is 60° then five images of an object are formed in the mirrors.

Question 16.
What is the difference between convex and concave mirrors? Draw the diagrams of concave and convex mirrors.
Answer:

1. A concave mirror forms the real image of an object.
2. A convex mirror forms the virtual image of an object.
3. 
   1) Concave mirror
   2) Convex mirror
4. The reflecting surface of the mirror is concave in the case of a concave mirror.
5. The reflecting surface of the mirror is convex in the case of a convex mirror.

Question 17.
Where do you find irregular reflection in daily life? Give some examples.
Answer:

1. Irregular reflection is observed in the window glass which is rough.
2. Glass mirror on which water is sprinkled. This also makes irregular reflection.

Question 18.
Mirrors help us to see all the objects around us without turning our heads. Write about the role of mirrors in opr life.
Answer:

1. Convex mirror is used as a side view mirror in motor vehicles.
2. A convex mirror can show the image of a large area as a small image.
3. This property of the convex mirror is made use of in seeing all objects behind without turning our head..
4. When we stand in between parallel mirrors also we could see our front and back.
5. I appreciate the wonderful usefulness of role of mirrors in our life.

Question 19.
Army people can see their enemies while hiding themselves with the help of periscopes. Write about the use of periscope for their security.
Answer:

1. If the soldier is infront of his enemy, there will be a danger to his life.
2. Army people make use of periscope to see their enemies by hiding themselves.
3. This periscope is a gift made by making use of the properties of mirrors.
4. I really appreciate the utility of the periscope.

Question 20.
Imagine what would happen if there are no rearview mirrors attached to vehicles and there are no concave mirrors in the headlights of the vehicles. Write about the role of convex and concave mirrors in safe driving.
Answer:

1. If there are no rearview mirrors attached to vehicles, it would be impossible for the vehicle drivers to know about the coming vehicles behind him.
2. This may lead to accidents.
3. If there are no concave mirrors in the headlights of the vehicles, then the light focused by the lights may not have enough intensity.
4. This results in not getting a clear vision of long distances during night times when drivers drive their vehicles.
5. As a result, drivers cannot travel with the present speed.
6. The service rendered by convex and concave mirrors is really wonderful.

Question 21.
While constructing a new house, Kishan’s uncle rejected his wife’s request of glass elevation to the building, saying that “It is harmful to the birds and also ourselves”. Why would you support the decision of Kishan’s uncle?
Answer:
Kishan’s uncle took a good decision which might be appreciable.
Nowadays people prefer the decoration of houses exterior and interior. This may cause more life-threatening to other living forms. If you elevate the house with mirrors, it creates lot of inconvenience to you. The birds, creatures suffer a lot by the reflection and creation of multiple images. The plain mirrors may reflect light during day and night.
So, Kishan’s uncle’s decision is really good and I support it.

Question 22.
Collect information from your elders and shopkeepers about where we use more mirrors and why?
Answer:
We use more mirrors in

1. Sweet shops
2. Ice parlours
3. Optical shops where spectacles are sold.
4. In hair cutting saloons.

Question 23.
Collect information about which objects of your school and home work like a mirror and why? Identify the similarities among those objects.
Answer:

1. School bell works like a convex mirror.
2. The outer wall of the cylindrical drum made of stainless steel works like a convex mirror.
3. The outer portion of the spoon is like a convex mirror where as the inner portion of the spoon is like a concave mirror.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What main criterion is used by the World Bank in classifying different counties? What are the limitations of the above criterion, if any?
Answer:

1. The main criterion that is used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.
2. It is otherwise called the average income.
3. It is calculated as the total income of the country divided by the total population.
4. It Is a better Indicator of development than the total income of the country.
5. There are limitations in this criterion also.
6. Average Income may be useful for comparison, it hides disparities.
7. It does not tell us how the total income is distributed among people.
8. It does not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.

Question 2.
Usually, behind each social phenomenon, there would be several contributing factors, and not one. What, in your opinion, are the factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:
There are so many factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh. They are:

1. The development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh is called ‘the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh.
2. The government started schools and made education largely free or cost very little for parents.
3. It tried to ensure that these schools with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water etc.
4. It has the distinction of one of the highest spending states from the government budget on the education of each child.
5. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias.
6. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for boys.
7. Himachali mothers expect their daughters to work outside the home after marriage.
8. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and became a social norm.

Question 3.
In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:

1. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development has three factors.
2. They are:
   • a) to compare countries based on the educational levels of people.
   • b) their health status
   • c) per capita income.
3. It included health and educational indicators to income.
4. It termed its report to be Human Development Report.
5. Whereas the criterion used by the World Bank is per capita income only.
6. It did not include educational and health indicators.
7. It termed its report to be World Development Report.
8. In this way the criteria used by the UNDP and the World Bank for measuring development are different.

Question 4.
Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in the chapter that should be considered in measuring human development?
Answer:

1. The aspects that are considered in measuring human development are per capita income by World Bank.
2. Along with per capita income, the education levels of people and health status are considered by the UNDP.
3. There are other aspects to be considered.
4. Standard of life is one aspect to be considered.
5. Another aspect to be considered is the availability of electricity.
6. Transportation is also one among them.
7. Sanitation facilities is one such aspect.
8. Availability of irrigation facilities and housing etc. are few other aspects to be considered in measuring human development.

Question 5.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:

1. We use averages for comparison.
2. Averages are better indicators than total.
3. There are limitations to their use.
4. They also hide disparities.
5. They do not tell us how the total is distributed among people.
6. They do not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.
7. Example:
   
8. Both the countries have the same average income of ₹ 25,000
9. Country X-has more equitably distributed income.
10. Country Y has one rich and more poor persons.

Question 6.
What lessons can you draw about the importance of income from the fact that Himachal Pradesh with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab?
Answer:

1. Both the government and the people of Himachal Pradesh are keen on education.
2. The government started schools and filled them with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets and drinking water, etc.
3. The government spent the highest on the education of each child.
4. The people of Himachal Pradesh showed less gender bias.
5. Himachali women worked outside and had greater say in children’s education, health, birth and upkeep, etc.
6. Himachali women have high involvement in social life and village politics.
7. The above were not the same with Punjab.
8. Thus, even with low per capita income Himachal Pradesh has a better human development ranking than Punjab.

Question 7.
Based on the figures in Table 6, fill the following :

Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, ——– girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached ———- out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only ——— out of 100 in the year 2006.
Answer:
Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, 39 girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached 60 out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only 57 out of 100 in the year 2006.

Question 8.
What is the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomes can make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was it necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:

1. The per capita income of Himachal Pradesh in 2012 is Rs. 74,000.
2. Higher-income can make it easier for parents to send their children to school.
3. If the incomes are meagre, then parents cannot spend money on the education of their children.
4. Then children ought to supplement with their labour to run the family.
5. If higher incomes are there for family, these can be avoided.
6. Himachal Pradesh had very low levels of education at the time of independence.
7. Being a hilly region, with low density of population in many villages, the spread of schools is a big challenge.
8. So, it was necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 9.
Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls education as compared to boys?
Answer:

1. Parents give less priority to girls education compared to boys.
2. The main reason behind this is gender bias.
3. Parents believe that boy is their heir and spreads their clan.
4. This very notion imbibes into children as father is the decision maker in the family.
5. As marriage institution provides for the girl to live with husband’s family, her parents take less care about her education.
6. Well educated girl needed to be married off to still better educated suitor, an expensive affair.
7. Girls are engaged in taking care of their smaller siblings, which obstructs their educational chances.
8. In rural areas girls are married off at early ages, which prevents their education.

Question 10.
What is the relationship between women’s work outside their homes and gender bias?
Answer:

1. Our families are patriarchial, so men work outside and women manage the house.
2. For their household chores women are not paid.
3. But nowadays women are employed outside.
4. They are economically independent and self-confident.
5. They have greater say in household decisions including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc.
6. Whereas this is not the case with housewives.
7. Educated mothers expect their daughters to work outside after marriage.
8. Thus, women working outside need not bear the dent of gender bias.

(OR)

1. There is a clear visibility of gender bias at the work places outside homes.
2. Though men and women do the same kind of work, women are paid less than men.
3. Especially in the farm activities in rural areas, women wages are very low compared to men.
4. For some activities we find only men or women attending.
   Eg: Ploughing – men.
   Cotton balls plucking – women.

Question 11.
Right to Education Act, 2009 (RTE) declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 years have the right to free education. And the government has to ensure the building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood, appoint properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. In the light of what you have read in this chapter and already know, discuss and debate the importance of this Act for
(i) children, and (ii) human development.
Answer:
Importance of RTE Act for children :

1. It makes all children have a chance to study.
2. Children from hilly areas, rural areas and areas with low density of population are not deprived of schools.
3. Schools are provided with minimum facilities of teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water, etc.
4. Schooling becomes a social norm.
   Importance of RTE Act for human development:
5. As the UNDP is using the educational levels of people as the measure of development, it promotes human development.
6. Expected years of schooling will increase in turn promotes human development.
7. Promotes human development by increasing the average years of schooling.
8. Education imparts the ideals of human development.

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.14

Question 1.
Complete the table with developmental goals of different categories of persons.

Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.17

Question 2.
Read the newspaper report given on Text Page 16 and answer the following questions.
(i) Who are the people benefited and who did not ?
Answer:

1. The local company owners and multinational company were the people who benefited.
2. They dumped their waste without much difficulty.
3. The innocent people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.
4. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting and diarrhoea etc.

(ii) What should be the developmental goals for this country ?
Answer:
The developmental goals for this country are
a) The government should Impose strict rules and regulations regarding “the disposal of waste”
b) The government should safeguard the environment and check air and environment pollution.
c) The companies who violate rules, should be punished severely.

(iii) What can be some of the developmental goals for your village or town or locality ?
Answer:
Some of the developmental goals for our village can be

1. to be provided with safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
2. to start a primary health centre with minimum facilities.
3. to recruit sufficient teachers and provide other facilities to schools.
4. to provide employment to eligible youth.

(iv) What are the issues of conflict between the government and the people living in regions of nuclear power plant ?
Answer:

1. The Issues of conflict between the government and the people living in the regions of Nuclear Power Plant are
   (a) Safety
   (b) Security and
   (c) Livelihood.
2. People also suggested the government to look to renewable energy as an alternative.

(v) Do you know of any such controversy around development projects/policies? Find out the debates on either side.
Answer:

1. One such controversy around development project is Narmada River Project in Gujarat.
2. Government aimed at large electricity to be produced with this project would serve the power needs of the state.
3. It also provides many small dams for irrigation water.
4. On the other hand, people under the leadership of Medha Patkar set up Narmada Bachao Andolan and fought with the government.
5. They are fighting for the people displaced, their lands evacuated and villages that are going to be submerged.
6. They have also concern over ecological imbalances and loss to the tribal culture.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.18

Question 3.
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why ?
a. Because people are different.
b. Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:

1. Different persons have different notions of development or progress.
2. Each one of them seeks different things.
3. They seek things which can fulfil their aspirations or goals.
4. The explanation ‘because life situations of persons are different1 is more important.
5. Because each one has developmental goal based on life situation.

Question 4.
Do these two statements mean the same thing? Justify your answer.
a) People have different developmental goals.
b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:

1. Both statements do not mean the same thing.
2. People seek different things which can fulfil their aspirations or desires, thus different developmental goals.
3. In fact, at times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
4. So the developmental goals are always not conflicting.
5. So, it is wrong to say both are correct at the same time.

Question 5. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:

1. Work at a place where discrimination is prevalent.
2. A job at a far off place when family needs him.
3. A job offers high pay, but no job security and no time for family.
   Income alone is not sufficient for development.

Reasons:

1. There are many other non-materialistic values like equality, freedom etc. without these values development is impossible.
2. Without basic health facilities people cannot contribute much to the National Income and thus no development takes place.
3. Without education there will be less human resources and hence no development takes place.

Question 6.
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section (Income and Other Goals) in your own words.
Answer:

1. People always want more income and get material things.
2. But they also need non-material things to lead a quality life.
3. Things like freedom, security, equal treatment, respect from others and no discrimination are a few of them.
4. They want good working atmosphere and an opportunity to learn.
5. Women who are working outside the home earns great respect in family and society.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 20

Question 7.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations other than what is given here.
Answer:

1. Average marks in each subject in the class.
2. Average persons living in a square kilometre area to find out the population density of a state.
3. Average speed of a vehicle in its journey.

Question 8.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:

1. For comparison in the development of two countries total income is not a useful measure.
2. Countries have different populations.
3. So, comparing total income, will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
4. Hence, we compare the average incomes.

Question 9.
Suppose the records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:

1. Records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period.
2. From that, we cannot conclude that all sections of the economy have become better.
3. Example : Average income of country A.
4. Above example proves that only one section’s exponential growth has led to constant increase in average income.
5. All the sections of economy have not become better.

Question 10.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per World Development Report, 2012.
Answer:
The per capita income level of middle income countries as per World Development Report, 2012 is above US $ 1,035 per annum and below US $ 12,600 per annum.

Question 11.
Write a paragraph on your notion of what India should do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
To become a developed country India should be 100% literate. We are a resource rich country. We shall make optimum use of them. The governance should be transparent. We shall provide our youth with a gainful employment. We shall encourage students to pursue the careers of scientists to serve our country. We should adopt technology in agriculture. We shall promote industrial and service sectors.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 22

Question 12.
Look at the data in Tables 3 and 4 (given on Page No. 20 & 21 in Textbook). Is Punjab as ahead of Bihar in literacy rate, etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?

Answer:

1. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in terms of per capita income.
2. It is Rs. 78,000 for Punjab, whereas it is Rs. 25,000 only for Bihar.
3. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in both literacy rate and net attendance rate.
4. They are for Punjab 77 and 76 respectively, whereas for Bihar are 64 and 56 only.
5. Punjab is ahead of Bihar even in Infant Mortality Rate.
6. Punjab has less (42) IMR, whereas Bihar has 62IMR.

Question 13.
Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:

1. Park facility for the people of a colony.
2. Electricity facility for the people of a village.
3. Over head water tanks for the people of a village.
4. Lift facility for the residents of an apartment.

Question 14.
Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:

1. Much of the population of our country fall under below poverty line.
2. So the availability of good health and educational facilities mostly depend on the money spent by the government.
3. The other factors could be like health insurance schemes which are of the paid premiums of the individuals.
4. The rich sections of people who could meet the expenses on their own.

Question 15.
For a family in rural area in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in 2009-2010, rice purchased from ration shops account for 53 and 33 per cent respectively. The rest they buy from markets. In West Bengal and Assom, only 11 and 6 per cent of rice is purchased from ration shops. Where would people be better off and why ?
Answer:

1. The people are better off in West Bengal and Assom.
2. The people who are buying rice from market in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are 47 and 67 per cent respectively.
3. Whereas the people who are buying rice from market are 89 and 94 per cent respectively for West Bengal and Assom.
4. That means more people are purchasing rice from market in West Bengal and Assom.
5. So, we can say the people of West Bengal and Assom are better off.

Project work

Here is an illustration showing different sources of livelihoods. Create a similar illustration and write caption that would describe their notion of development.

Answer:
Self Activity

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 8 Air, Winds and Cyclones Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 8th Lesson Air, Winds and Cyclones

7th Class Science 8th Lesson Air, Winds and Cyclones Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Fill the missing words in the blank spaces in the following statements.
a) Wind is ………….. air.
b) Winds are generated due to ……….. heating on the earth.
c) Near the earth’s surface ………. air rises up whereas ………. air comes down.
d) Air moves from a region of ……….. pressure to a region of ……….. pressure.
Answer:
a) moving
b) uneven
c) hot, cold
d) high, low

Question 2.
Suggest two methods to find out wind direction at a given place.
Answer:
Two methods to find out wind direction are:

1. Using an anemometer.
2. A simple method is to hold some dust and release in the air. Dust will fly in the direction of wind flow.

Question 3.
State two experiences that make you think that air exerts pressure (other than those given in the text).
Answer:
a) Experiment 1:

1. When we fill air in a balloon, it inflates due to pressure exerted by air.
2. When it is overfilled with air, it bursts due to excess of air pressure.

b) Experiment 2: When a banner is hanging in open air, it tears due to the pressure exerted by air.

Question 4.
While constructing a house, where do we construct ventilators; why?
Answer:

1. Warm air rises upwards and cool air comes downwards.
2. To make a stream of cool and fresh air to flow in continuation into the house through the windows, there must be some ventilators in the upper parts of the walls of the house.

Question 5.
Explain why holes are made in banners and hoardings hanging in the open.
Answer:

1. Air exerts pressure.
2. If there are no holes in the banners and hoardings, they will be damaged.
3. To make them safe, holes are made to give the air a safe passage.

Question 6.
How will you help your neighbours in case of cyclone approaches your village/ town?
Answer:

1. We help and cooperate our neighbours.
2. We help in making necessary arrangements to shift their essential household goods, domestic animals and vehicles etc., to safer places.
3. We suggest them.
   a) to avoid driving on roads as flood water standing on roads might have damaged the roads.
   b) not to drink water which might have been contaminated.
   c) advise them not to touch fallen power lines and wet switches.
   d) exhorts them not to go out for fun.

Question 7.
In the day time, when we go to the sea the air blows towards us and does not go towards the sea. Explain.
Answer:

1. The land heats up faster than sea, so warm air rises over the land during the day as it is warmed by the sun.
2. This can create a sea breeze which is gentle breeze blowing into the land.
3. So air blows towards us and does not go towards the sea during day time.

Question 8.
Which of the statements given below is correct?
a) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean.
b) In summer the winds flow from the land towards the ocean.
c) A cyclone is formed by a very high pressure system with very high speed winds revolving around it.
d) The coastline of India is not vulnerable to cyclones.
Answer:
The only correct statement is
a) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean.

Question 9.
Collect the particulars of different cyclones and names given to them and display them in the class.
Answer:

Question 10.
Play the role of a news reader giving weather report and cyclone warnings.
Answer:
Student Activity.

Question 11.
Read the following procedure and make your own anemometer.
Answer:
Collect the following items

1. (a) 4 small paper cups
   (b) Two strips of the cardboard 20 cm long, 2 cm width
   (c) Gum
   (d) Stapler
   (e) Sketch pen
   (f) sharpened pencil.
2. Take a scale draw crosses under the card board strips as shown in figure.
   
3. Fix the strips at the centre, putting one over the other they make a ’+’ sign. Now fix the cups at the ends of the strips.
4. Colour one cup with sketch pen. All four cups should face in the same direction.
5. Push a pin through the centre of the strips and attach the strips to the sharpened pencil.
6. Check that the strips rotate freely and when you blow on the cups.
7. Your anemometer is ready. Counting the number of rotations for a minute will give you an estimate the speed of the wind.
8. The student can thus find the speed of the wind.

Question 12.
Collect some articles and photographs from newspapers and magazines about storms and cyclones. Make a story on the basis of what you learnt in this chapter.
Answer:
This can be done by the student independently.

Question 13.
Interview eye witnesses to collect the actual experiences of people affected by a cyclone.
Answer:
A cyclonic storm creates terror. The wind flow is very high with lot of fearing sound. Small houses like huts and sheds collapsed. There is no power to know the information about cyclone. Nobody is ready to come out to rescue the victims. Heavy rain causes flooded roads. No food and no water to drink. We came outside after the cyclone. It seemed our village was a big river.

Question 14.
More fun with air.
A) Do the following activities and write your findings.

1. Take an empty bottle and place it on the table as shown in figure.
   
2. Place a cotton ball just inside its mouth.
3. Now try to blow air on the ball to send it into the bottle, and then try the activity with bottles of different sizes.
4. Throw a challenge to your friends whether they can send the cotton ball inside the bottle by blowing air,
5. Are you surprised? Why did this happen? Think about it and discuss with your friends.

B) Can you blow out the ball from funnel?

1. Take a funnel and ball, keep the funnel in your mouth as shown in figure.
   
2. Keep the ball in the funnel.
3. Blow air through the funnel and try to send out the ball from funnel.
4. It is not possible because the air blown creates a low pressure area under the ball.
5. This sucks the ball in the funnel.
6. And then place the ball on your hand and put the funnel over the ball as shown in figure.
   
7. Now blow air forcefully through funnel and try to blow out the ball from the funnel (while blowing air,m remove hand).
   a) What did you observe?
   b) What did you expect?
   c) What happens?
   Answer:
   a) The ball did not fall down.
   b) I expected that the ball falls,
   c) The ball remained in the funnel.

C) Flow of air Experiment.

1. Take a large plastic bottle and a two holed rubber cork that fits firmly into its mouth.
2. Also take two glass tubes. Tie a coloured balloon to the lower end of one of the glass tubes.
3. Insert the glass tubes into the two holes of the cork.
4. The glass tubes should fit tightly in the holes.
5. Close the mouth of the bottle with the cork and seal it with sealing wax to make the bottle airtight.
6. The balloon should be inside the bottle as shown in fig.
   
7. Now suck air out of the bottle through the tube that doesn’t have a balloon attached to it.
   a) What happens to the ballon?
   b) Why do you think this happened?
   Answer:
   a) The balloon inflated.
   b) 1) Inside the bottle low pressure developed. This made the air to rush into the bottle.
   2) As balloon is attached to the other end of the glass tube, air enters into it and the balloon inflates.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Electricity – Current and Its Effect Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 7th Lesson Electricity – Current and Its Effect

7th Class Science 7th Lesson Electricity – Current and Its Effect Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Draw the symbols of the following electric components.
a) Cell
b) Battery
c) Switch
d) Electric bulb
Answer:
a) Symbol for cell: The longer line denotes the positive terminal, and the thicker, small line denotes the negative terminal.

b) Symbol for battery: Two or more cells joined together form a battery.

c) Symbol for switch: Switch is also called key. Switch is open.

d) Symbol for electric bulb: Electric bulb in on position.

Question 2.
Draw an electric circuit diagram consisting of a cell, a bulb and an electric switch.
Answer:
Electric Circuit diagram:

Question 3.
In a series connection of bulbs, if one bulb fails, why do all other bulbs go OFF?
Answer:

1. In a series electric circuit, electricity has only one path to flow through.
2. In series connection of bulbs, if one bulb fails, the circuit breaks and current do not flow in the circuit.
3. So other bulbs in the series connection of bulbs do not glow’and they go OFF.

Question 4.
Write the difference between series connection and parallel connection.
Answer:

Question 5.
What is the advantage of Miniature Circuit Breaker?
Answer:

1. The advantage miniature circuit breakers have over fuses is that they can reset (manually or automatically) to restore normal operation.
2. Fuses need to be replaced after every single operation.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks.
a) Longer line in the symbol for a cell represents its ………… terminal.
b) Smaller line in the symbol for a cell represents its ………… terminal.
c) The combination of two or more cells is called a ………… .
d) Safety device used in electric circuit is ………… .
e) The device used to close or open an electric circuit is ………… .
Answer:
a) positive
b) negative
c) battery
d) fuse
e) switch

Question 7.
Mark T’ if the statement is true and F’ if it is false. Give reasons for choice of answer.
a) In series circuit the electricity has only one path. (T/F)
b) In parallel circuit the electricity has more than one path. (T/F)
c) To make a battery of two cells, the negative terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the other cell. (T/F)
d) When the electric current through the fuse exceeds a certain limit the fuse wire
melts and breaks. (T/F)
e) The switch is used to close or open an electric circuit. (T/F)
Answer:
a) T
b) T
c) F
d) T
e) T

Question 8.
Choose the correct answer.

i) Arun buys four bulbs of 15 W, 40 W, 60 W and 100 W respectively. Which one should be use in his room as a night bulb?
A) 15 W
B) 40 W
C) 60 W
D) 100 W
Answer:
A) 15 W

ii) Device used to close or open an electric circuit is ( C )
A) Electric bulb
B) Battery
C) Switch
D) Fuse
Answer:
C) Switch

iii) Which one of the following is used for light source? ( D )
A) Cassette player
B) Electric mixer
C) Rice Cooker
D) Table lamp
Answer:
D) Table lamp

iv) Safety device used in electric circuit is ( D )
A) Electric bulb
B) Battery
C) Switch
D) Fuse
Answer:
D) Fuse

Question 9.
Visit your classmates houses. Find out the meter readings of three months. Record your observations. Ask your parents about how electricity bill is paid?
Answer:

Question 10.
Draw the symbols of the following electric components.
Answer:

Question 11.
Draw the circuit diagram for the following series connection.

Answer:

Question 12.
Match the following.

Answer: