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AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Forest: Our Life

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 16th Lesson Forest: Our Life

7th Class Science 16th Lesson Forest: Our Life Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What happened to the habitat of a forest due to deforestation?
Answer:

1. The natural habitat of a forest is lost when forests are cut down.
2. Several types of organisms disappear (either die out or leave the place)

Question 2.
Why are forests very important for us?
Answer:

1. Forests are renewable natural resources, which play an important role in the maintenance of ecological balance.
2. They are an important source of timber, fuelwood, cane, resins, lac, oils, fruits, nuts, fire honey etc.
3. The forests also have wild strains of cultivable crops and medicinal plants.
4. If affected by a disease, the whole forest area is not destroyed.
5. They provide habitat to wildlife.
6. Forests help to control soil erosion.
7. They help in causing rain.
8. They keep the surrounding cool.

Question 3.
Why should not we cut the forests?
Answer:

1. Forest is a place where there are many different trees.
2. It is a home for wild animals.
3. It also decorates the world.
4. It is a very airy and shadowy place.
5. We should not cut them to build factories, buildings etc or to grow crops, orchards etc.

Question 4.
Give a list of the trees, animals living in the forest areas of different districts in A.P and T.S.
Answer:

Question 5.
How is the destruction of forests taking place? What are the reasons for this destruction?
Answer:

1. Usually, people destroy the forest for their own economic purposes for example, earning by selling trees and thus, excessive cutting down of trees or deforestation takes place.
2. Deforestation also takes place when forests are cleared to construct buildings, roads,
   industries etc. ‘
3. Nowadays thermal, nuclear power plants, mining industries led by multinational companies are a major threat to forests throughout the globe.
4. Often large parts of forests are also lost due to forest fires.

Question 6.
When led to the Chipko movement in history?
Answer:

1. In 1730 AD about 350 Bishnois led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives to protect sacred green Kejari trees by hugging them when a king wanted to cut those trees later this was led to the Chipko movement in history.
2. Thereafter this practice has been carry forward by people like Sunder Lai Bahuguna.

Question 7.
Narrate the story written by R. Ramya a student of VIII ofZPH School, Nellore.
Answer:

1. There is a school in a village. The school has no boundary wall. The Headmaster arranged for the construction of a boundary wall with the help of higher authorities.
2. They were measuring the boundaries.
3. There was a mango tree in the school. The tree was on the boundary line. A person staying next to the school argued that the tree belonged to him.
   
4. The children studying in the school had been playing, reading, having lunch etc for years under the tree.
5. The children came to know that the person sold the tree. It was going to be cut very soon. They tried to convince that person not to remove the tree, but he adamantly denied the children’s request.
6. Neelima who was studying class VII was worried about it.
7. She thought throughout the night and got an idea. The next morning she told the idea to her friends. They
   collected money from their savings.
8. All the children went into the village and collected some more money. They went to that person and gave him all the money they collected.
9. Seeing the concern of the children, the person agreed that the tree would not be cut.

Question 8.
Write about the forest fire.
Answer:
Forest fire:

1. Forest fire occurs naturally and sometimes with human interference. It requires more time to control forest fire.
2. Heavy loses are incurred because of the rapid spread of fire.
3. The people who live in forest region should be alert in order to escape the danger of forest fire.

Question 9.
Write the names of some famous forests in our country. How are they now?
Answer:

1. In ancient times the country was famous for its dense and continuous forests like Dandakaranya, Panchavati, Nallamala etc.
2. But with the advance of civilization through ages, most parts of these forests are gone now.

Question 10.
Why are forests has been cut down?
Answer:
Forests have been cut down at a very fast rate in the past hundred years and replaced by industries, orchards (plantations of fruit-bearing plants) or those needed for timber or other economic needs, croplands etc.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam

8th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Make simple questions based on each section of the chapter (Land lords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam) and ask one another. Check if the answers are correct.
Answer:

1. What is Khudkasht?
   Answer:
   It means self-cultivated land.
2. Who introduced the Permanent Settlement of Tax and when?
   Answer:
   Cornwallis introduced this in 1793.
3. What happened if the Zamindars could not pay the tax?
   Answer:
   They became defaulters.
4. What are ‘ceded’ districts?
   Answer:
   Bellary, Ananthapur, Kurnool and Kadapa.
5. Who built the Prakasam Barrage?
   Answer:
   Sir Arthur Cotton.
6. Based on how many years, the Ryotwari war fixed?
   Answer:
   20, 30 years.
7. When was the American Civil War started?
   Answer:
   In 1861.
8. What was the forced labour without payment called?
   Answer:
   Vetti
9. What were the forms of income did the Zamindars expect from farmers?
   Answer:
   Ghee, milk, vegetables, gur, grass/straw, cowdung cakes etc.
10. With what did they compensate the old landlords in Hyderabad state?
    Answer:
    They paid ‘Rusum’, an annual payment.
11. Write an example for severe famine.
    Answer:
    Ganjam Famine.
12. Write the names of any two peasant movements.
    Answer:
    The Deccan riots of 1860s, Rampa fituries, Moppila agitations etc.

Question 2.
Compare the condition of tenant farmers before freedom and farmers of today. What differences and similarities do you find?
Differences:
Sometimes the tenant farmers could not pay the rent and deserted the lands. They borrowed loans from moneylenders. If they could not repay their loans on time, the moneylenders went to court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money. The rent was 3 to 7 times more than its revenue.
The farmers of today are fixing and paying rents in a proper method. In time of need they borrow money from the banks.
Similarities:
Their conditions are pitiable in both periods. The owners of the lords are not working for the developmental activities. The cultivators are becoming permanent debtors.

Question 3.
During the freedom movement, the zamindars normally supported the British. Can you explain why?
Answer:
The policies of zamindars created a gap between them and their people. They earned more assets in the British reign. So they normally supported the British during the freedom movement.

Question 4.
What role did the moneylenders play in the lives of the peasants? In what way do you were they think supported by the British government?
Answer:
Farmers borrowed loans many times from moneylenders to pay revenues. If they could not repay their loans on time, the moneylenders also went to court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money.

Due to this British rule, for collecting land revenue, many peasants fell into deep debt trap. The moneylenders became richer and richer as more and more peasants came under their grip.

The British government did not show any interest in the welfare of the farmers as it showed in collecting revenue. Thus the moneylenders were supported by the British.

Question 5.
What were the similarities and differences between the Doras and the Zamindars of Awadh?
Answer:
Differences :

1. Doras were under the Nizam’s rule. Zamindars were under the British rule.
2. Doras paid revenue collection to Nizam, but Zamindars paid to the British.
3. Doras illtreated their tenants and farmers, Zamindars made them suffer only economically.

Similarities :

1. Both suffered the peasantry.
2. Both had large fields.
3. They were independent in others’ rule.

Question 6.
What kind of measures did the British take to improve agriculture? Did it have the desired impact? Give your reasons.
Answer:
Some British administrators believed that it is the duty of the government to invest in large scale irrigation works. They built anicuts and canals. They recognised the ownership of the land. They fixed the revenue per acre by taking the yield, prices, market conditions, crops etc., into consideration.

Before the cultivation they made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones. This proved very effective and that year saw a bumper crop and good revenue collection. So I think their approach was right.

Question 7.
How did the Ryotwari settlement also give rise to landlordism?
Answer:
Even in the Ryotwari areas the land revenue was fixed at a very high level. Unlike in the Zamindari areas it was fixed for twenty to thirty years. After expiry of the tenure period the revenue was revised, taking the changed conditions into consideration. The land revenue was so high that in the beginning it had to be collected by force. Soon however as prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them.

Soon the Ryotwari area too was full of landlords who rented out their lands to helpless tenants for very high rents. The tenants had to pay rent that was three to seven times more than the land revenue paid by the ryots to the government. (That is if a ryot paid Rs.100/- as land revenue for a piece of land to the government, he was able to get Rs. 300/- to 700/- from the tenants for the same land.) As a result they too did not have any interest in investing in improving agriculture, but only in renting it out at higher and higher rates.
Thus the Ryotwari settlement also gave rise to landlordism.

Question 8.
Why were famines caused under British rule? Do you think it was because of failure of rains or floods?
Answer:
The rains and floods caused one or two famines during the British rule. Most of the famines occurred due to their dictatorial rule. They exported food grains in the famines. They had no interference when the merchants created artificial scarcity by hoarding food grains. They didn’t work for the welfare of the people in India. So the famines were caused.

Question 9.
In what way can a government help to prevent famines even in times of crop failure?
Answer:
A government can help even in times of crop failure :

1. by supplying agricultural products from the areas of surplus.
2. by providing water facilities.
3. by postponing the E.M.Is of their loans.
4. by drying and storing the surplus crop.

Question 10.
Imagine that you are giving a representation to a British Government Enquiry committee. Write down the grievances of tenant farmers in the form of an appeal.
Answer:

Memorandum

13-07-1845.

Sir,

Being Indians, we are ashamed of paying more rents for our own lands. Peasants, landlords and zamindars are not interested in any developmental activities. So we have no irrigation facilities and others. We are not able to get even common yield. The revenue system introduced by the British government is not favourable to us. The rents are increasing day by day. At present they are seven times more than the revenue. Our assets are ready to be auctioned. So we request you to handle the situation carefully keeping all these things in view. Once again we request you to improve our living standards.

Thanking you,

Yours obediently,
Andhra Pradesh Tenant Farmers Association

Question 11.
Locate the following in the given India map.

1. Ganjam
2. Awadh
3. Hyderabad
4. River Godavari

Answer:

Question 12.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Countless Collections, Cesses and Payments’ and answer the following:
How are we paying the taxes nowadays?
Answer:
Now-a-days we are paying some taxes directly govt, through its related department. Some other taxes are paid indirectly.

Project

Question 1.
Make teams of five students and interview five elders of the village to know about how things were during the British days. At least two of them should be women, and at least one person should be from the artisans. Talk to them at length and prepare detailed reports about what they have to say.
Report
Answer:
Britishers developed India according to their needs. They were selfish in this attitude. Some people supported and some opposed them. During the colonial period some gained some lost. We were treated as second class civilians in our own motherland. Women were uplifted with the introduction of women education, abolition of child marriages and widow re-marriages. But the handicrafts were suppressed. The introduction of motors and machines caused this. They are still in the same situation. On the whole the British rule caused mixed results.

Question 2.
Find out about famines in your area. What did people do in those times?
Answer:
Our area is located in Chittoor district. There is a great famine in recent year. It is caused due to lack of rainfall and crop failure. In these times people are migrated due to lack of rainfall and crop failure to urban areas in search of livelihood. These people mostly worked as daily – wage labourers, watchmen in colonies, apartments and shops. Some of them also engaged in granite and construction industry on the city’s outskirts.

Question 3.
Find out about families that migrated to distant places like Kuwait, Saudi Arabia from your area.
Answer:
Ours is a Village in Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh. Once many people worked in our fields. But many of them went to Saudi and Kuwait for household and industrial works. They earned good incomes there and increased their assets here. We can say that the rich people in our area are mostly the migrated ones.

8th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Did the Zamindar own all the lands of the villages in the Mughal times? (Textbook Page No. 111)
Answer:
No. They owned some of the village lands. They had the power to collect revenue from the villagers. Rest of the land was owned by peasants and others.

Question 2.
What did the Zamindars do for the Mughal government and what did they get in return? (Textbook Page No. 111)
Answer:
The Zamindars collected the revenue from the peasantry on behalf of Mughal emperors. In return they received a share of revenue collected. Sometimes they also had right to collect some small local taxes.

Question 3.
How the changes would have affected the position of the farmers who tilled the land for several generations? (Textbook Page No. 113)
Answer:

1. This settlement inadvertently converted all the peasants into the tenants.
2. Since rent collected was much higher than the revenue, the cultivators could not pay and sometimes deserted the lands. These were the affects.

Question 4.
What is the difference between revenue and rent? (Textbook Page No. 113)
Answer:
Revenue: Tax on land which is paid to the zamindars or government.
Rent: Amount paid to the owners of the land for using and cultivating it.

Question 5.
In what ways did the government invest in agriculture during the early British rule? Do you think it could have been done by farmers themselves? (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:

1. The Britishers made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones.
2. They constructed anicuts & canals.
   It could not have been done by farmers themselves.

Question 6.
How did the land revenue lead to peasants losing their lands to the money lenders? What would the money lenders have done with the land? (Textbook Page No. 114)
Answer:
The peasants were forced to work on the zamindars’ fields and many peasants could not cultivate their own fields properly. They could not improve their fields. Their plight can be seen in a government report written in 1878. The report says that the peasants do not try to dig well on their lands or irrigate it, nor do they try to bund their fields or dig drains or use fertilisers. “They do nothing to improve their land because they fear they can be evicted from their land at any time. If they improve their farming, the zamindar immediately increases the share he takes from them. But the zamindars also prevent the peasants from improving their fields because they are afraid that the peasants would then start asserting their rights over the land.”

Question 7.
In what forms did the zamindars take away the produce of the tenants? (Textbook Page No. 118)
Answer:

1. The peasants were forced to do ‘Vetti’ in the lands of zamindars.
2. The zamindars also tried to extract as much money as they could from the peasants under a variety of pretexts.
3. The peasants also had to regularly supply ghee, milk, vegetables, gur, straw, cow dung cakes etc., free of cost to zamindar’s house.
   Thus they paid in form of labour, cash and kind.

Question 8.
How did the position of the revenue collectors change in the Nizam state? (Textbook Page No. 119)
Answer:
In the Hyderabad State under the Nizam rule there were many forms of subordinate chieftaincies like Jagirdars, Samsthanamdars and Inamdars which ruled like independent chiefs. They collected revenue from the lands under them, and gave a small part to the Nizam as ‘peshkash’ and kept the remaining with them. They were also responsible for the administration of their areas.

The large landlordsrwere called ‘Doras’. The Doras lived in large fortified houses called ‘gadi’ and had a large retinue of servants and soldiers. They had vast lands cultivated by tenants and also lands directly cultivated with forced labour. They acted as village money lenders too. They also had judicial powers over the entire village. They settled all village disputes and were usually partisan towards the upper castes.
Thus their position was raised to higher cadre.

Question 9.
How was a ‘dora’ different from an ordinary landlord? (Textbook Page No. 119)
Answer:
The large landlords were called Doras. They had a large retinue of servants and soldiers. Ordinary landlords were under the control of these ‘doras’. Landlords should follow the orders of ‘Doras’. This is the difference between them.

Question 10.
Do you think the Zamindars would have helped the independent cultivators in any way? Give reasons for your answer. (Textbook Page No. 112)
Answer:
Zamindars were acted as mediaters during Mughal period and helped the cultivators. But during the British they didn’t help the cultivators. As a result in the long run, the zamindars also suffered and became defaulters. Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organised by the East India Company. Anyone who failed to pay the revenue, lost his zamindari.

Question 11.
How do you think it was possible for the zamindars to keep increasing their incomes without increasing investment in the land? (Textbook Page No. 114)
Answer:
The prices of grains in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. This meant an increase in the income of the zamindars but no gain for the Company as it could not increase the revenue demand that had been fixed permanently. Even then the zamindars did not have an interest in improving the land. Some had lost their lands in the earlier years of the settlement; others now saw the possibility of earning without the trouble and risk of investment. As long as the zamindars could give out the land to tenants and get rent, they were not interested in improving the land.

Question 12.
Who do you think would have benefited from the Ryotwari Settlement – the farmers, the landlords or the British? Give reasons. (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
The landlords would have benefited from the Ryotwari settlement.
Reasons:

1. There was an increase in the number of landlords in the Ryotwari area.
2. They showed much interest in giving their lands on rents rather than cultivation.

Question 13.
Compare these actual outcomes with what you had predicted. How similar or different was it? (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
I think that the conditions of the cultivators may get improved with the Ryotwari system. But my prediction goes on wrong. Farmers became as landlords and the tenants as coolies.

Question 14.
Why do you think the ryots not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture? (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
The prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them. So they did not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture.

Question 15.
Imagine and describe the condition of the landless tenants of the ryots. (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
The landless tenants had to pay the revenue and the rent many times more than their yield. They had no chance to develop their fields or to invest on it. They had to approach moneylenders to meet their expenditure. If they could not repay their loans on time, the moneylenders also had to go to court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money.

The agricultural prices were determined by the international market. As a result the tenants had to bear more losses. If they cultivated cash crops, it would have resulted in scarcity of food. As a result, they had to desert the lands. Many people migrated to South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji and other distant places as coolies during ‘Ganjam Famine’.

Question 16.
Discuss the changes in the lives of traditional crafts persons and village artists. (Textbook Page No. 118)
Answer:
Traditional crafts persons are adding technology to their tradition. As the prices are high, there is no demand for their products. Village artists had enjoyed the encouragement of the Kings and Zamindars. Now they lack it. So their lives are in worse condition.

Question 17.
Why do you think it was necessary to defeat the palegars before the Ryotwari Se ttlement could be introduced? (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:
Palegars resisted the imposition of British rule and indulged in constant war and looting. They had armed followers. Identifying the orizinal land owners was very difficult. So they should be subdued first. I think law and order should be restored before the Ryotwari settlement.

Question 18.
If you live in the ‘Ceded Districts’, find out about the palegars who fought with the British. (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:
Mahy wars were broken out between Palegars and the British from 1798 to 1805. First war was fought between Veerapandya and the British in 1799. Second main war was fought between a group of Palegars and the British. After a long andexpensive campaign-the-British finally defeated the revolting Palegars of whom many were beheaded and hanged while others were deported to the Andaman Islands. Of the Palegars who submitted to the British some of them granted Zamindari status, which had only tax collection rights and disarmed them completely.

Question 19.
Who ultimately profited from production for export market and why? (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
Peasants very often borrowed money from moneylenders in order to pay land revenue. As usually the peasants borrowed money from them for the production so as to do export market. As the demand was reduced, they incurred losses. They suffered a lot as they could not earn enough to pay back the loans they had taken. The moneylenders became richer and richer as more and more peasants came under their grip.

Question 20.
Have you heard of any similar rapid rise or decline in prices of any agricultural produce in our own times? Find out about its impact on the farmers. (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
In recent past, there was an increase in the prices of rice and red gram. Later they were reduced by the government. Peasants grew some crops thinking of high profits. If the demand fell, they would get losses that year.

Question 21.
Why do you think the zamindars kept the soldiers and small forts? (Textbook Page No. 112)
Answer:
Zamindars had some villages under their control. They were the mediators between the rulers and the ruled. They had much income also. So they lived in small forts. To protect their people from thefts and attacks, to collect revenues they needed soldiers. So they maintained them.

Question 22.
Who do you think gained the most from the ‘Permanent Settlement’- the British Government, the zamindars or the peasants? Give your reasons. (Textbook Page No. 113)
Answer:
The Zamindars gained most from the ‘Permanent settlement’.
Reasons:

1. The zamindars paid only 10% of prefixed revenue. They did not pay the surplus collection to the British.
2. Peasants had to pay more revenue. Those who could not pay the revenue, lost their land. They changed as tenant farmers.

Question 23.
In what ways did the zamindari system fail in the objectives with which the British had introduced it? (Textbook Page No. 114)
Answer:

1. Zamindars did not develop the lands.
2. They did not invest on lands.
3. Land revenue is very high.
4. There were no exceptions at the time of famines and crop failures.
5. East India Company frequently changed the zamindars in auctions.
6. The Zamindars were interested in their earning but not in constructive ideas and works.
7. Some landlords and moneylenders got profited.
   Due to these reasons the Zamindari system failed in the objectives.

Question 24.
When the ‘Permanent Settlement’ was introduced, there was no detailed lanjd survey. Why do you think was it needed for the ‘Ryotwari Settlement’? (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:
As the Zamindars were middlemen, the Britishers could not get proper income. Peasants suffered a lot from lack of developmental activities. So the British planned to collect revenue directly from the peasants by providing various facilities. So the detailed land survey is needed for the ‘Ryotwari Settlement’.

Question 25.
Why did the high revenue rates prevent zamindars and farmers from improving agriculture? (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
As they paid heavy rates of rents and revenue from their income, they were not able to improve agriculture. They used the remaining amounts for their household purposes.

Question 26.
Why did the war in America lead to increase in prices of cotton in India? (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
In 1861, there was Civil war in America and British factories turned to India for supply of cotton. As a result cotton prices soared high.

Question 27.
Why do you think the peasants were not willing to invest in their lands? (Textbook Page No. 118)
Answer:
They had no funds to invest in their lands. They had fear that they could be evicted from their land at anytime. If they improved their forming, the Zamindars immediately increased the share he took from them. But the Zamindars also prevented the peasants from improving their fields because they were afraid that the peasants would then start asserting their rights over the land.

Question 28.
Among all forms of exploitation, the peasants hated ‘vetti’ the most? Can you explain why? (Textbook Page No. 119)
Answer:
During the colonial period the peasants were forced to do ‘vetti’ on the personal land of the landlords. The soldiers would even catch peasants walking on the road and force them to do vetti in the zamindar’s fields.

1. Many peasants could not cultivate their own fields properly.
2. They could not improve their fields.
3. They could not earn incomes.
4. This was an inhumane activity.
   So the peasants hated ‘vetti’.

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Soil: Our Life

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 15th Lesson Soil: Our Life

7th Class Science 15th Lesson Soil: Our Life Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the distinct horizontal layers of the soil. What are these layers made up of (or) Describe the soil profile.
Answer:
Soil is made up of distinct horizontal layers. These layers are called horizons. They range from rich, organic upper layers (humus and topsoil) to underlying rocky layers (subsoil, regolith and bedrock).

1. O Horizon – The top, organic layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter).
2. A horizon – The layer called top soil. It is found below the O horizon and above the E horizon. Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in this dark-colored layer. It is made up of humus (decomposed organic matter) mixed with mineral particles.
3. E Horizon – This eluviation (leaching) layer is light in colour. This layer is beneath the A horizon and above the B Horizon. It is made up mostly of sand and silt, having
   lost most of its minerals and clay as water drips through the soil (in the process of eluviation).
4. B Horizon – Also called the subsoil – this layer is beneath the E Horizon and above the C Horizon. It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides and calcium carbonate) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.
5. C Horizon – Also called regolith. The layer beneath the B Horizon and above the R Horizon. It consists of slightly broken-up bedrock. Plant roots do not penetrate into this layer. Very little organic material is found in this layer.
6. R Horizon – The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers.
   These different layers of soil are called soil profiles.

Question 2.
What type of soil is available in Veerapanayanipalli village of Kadapa District? Which crops grow there? Which substances are found in that soil?
Answer:

1. In Veerapanayanipalli village of Kadapa District, we have black soil. We can make a ball by using this soil.
2. But we can make cracked rings only. So it is light clay soil.
3. Farmers grow Cotton and Mirchi.
4. If you dig two or three feet we will get limestone in the soil.
5. We use those stones for different purposes like the construction of compound walls etc.

Question 3.
Describe the soil structure in the Krishnapuram of Chittoor district. What crops do farmers grow there?
Answer:

1. Krishnapuram is a village in Chittoor District.
2. This village had red soil. We can make a ball with this soil. We cannot make a ring with it as it contains sand also.
3. In this soil farmers grow groundnut and castor. In some places cotton is also grown.
4. People call it as red sand soil.

Question 4.
Give a brief note of the soil and the crops grown in the village Dantaguntla of Krishna District. Is there any village in any district with the same type of soil?
Answer:

1. Dantaguntla is a village in Krishna district.
2. Black soil is there in that village. As this is sticky in nature we can make any type of model using this soil.
3. This soil retains water for a long time.
4. Farmers grow cotton, sugar cane and paddy in this soil.
5. In Indukurupeta village of Nellore district, the same type of soil is available.

Question 5.
What type of soil is available in Kanala village of Kurnool district. What is the nature of the soil there and the crops the farmers grow there?
Answer:

1. Kanala is a village in Kurnool District.
2. With this soil we can make only cracked rings. This soil contains sand also.
3. Farmers grow Jowar, Bengal Gram, and Paddy in this soil.

Question 6.
Describe the soil nature available in Ramapuram of Prakasam District. Which crops are grown there?
Answer:

1. Ramapuram is a village in Prakasam District.
2. Here the soil is sandy soil. This soil is not suitable even to make a ring.
3. Farmers grow Jasmine, Kanakambaram like flowers only. Most of the farmers practice Aquaculture.
4. Paddy is not grown in this village.

Question 7.
Which type of soil is generally seen in our state?
Answer:
In our state we see the following types of soils.
а) Black soil b) Red soil c) Sandy soil.

Question 8.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:

1. During heavy winds we observe that the surface soil particles are carried away by air.
2. Sometimes during heavy rains, rainwater carries away top layers of soil.
3. This is called soil erosion.
4. As a result of storms and floods, fertile soil layers are removed and the soil becomes barren.

Question 9.
How can soil erosion be prevented?
Answer:

1. Our farmers grow big trees around the fields to stop winds.
2. They don’t keep the lands vacant.
3. Farmers generally use vacant lands to grow grass and other plants.
4. These grass plant roots hold the soil particles and prevent soil erosion during heavy rains.

Question 10.
What do farmers do to preserve the fertility of the soil?
Answer:

1. It is very important to preserve the fertility of the soil.
2. You know farmers can’t continue the same type of crops in their fields.
3. They know continuous cultivation of the same agriculture crops reduces soil fertility.
4. Generally, farmers cultivate pulses after the completion of paddy.
5. This kind of rotation of crops retains soil fertility and productivity.
6. Conservation of soil is an important factor in agriculture.

Question 11.
How is the formation soil happened why are farmers and Engineers testing the soil?
Answer:
Soil Formation:

1. Soil is formed slowly as rock (the parent material) erodes into tiny pieces near the Earth’s surface.
2. Organic matter decays and mixes with inorganic material (rock particles, minerals and water) to form soil.
3. These days farmers test the soil in the field using soil technologies in order to grow suitable crops in the fields.
4. Engineers also test the soil profile before constructing multistoried buildings, bridges and dams.

Question 12.
What is soil science?
Answer:

1. Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth.
2. This includes soil formation, classification and mapping, physical-chemical – biological and fertility properties of soil.
3. Sometimes terms that refer to branches of soil science such as pedology and edaphology are used as if synonymous with soil science.
4. The study of formation, chemistry, morphology and classification of soil is called pedology.
5. The study of the influence of soil on organisms, especially on plants is called edaphology.
6. The diversity of names associated with this discipline is related to the various associations concerned.
7. Indeed engineers, agronomists, chemists, geologists, physical geographers, ecologists, biologists, microbiologists, silviculturists, archeologists all contribute to further knowledge of soil and the advancement of soil science.

Question 13.
How do you determine the moisture content in the soil given to you? Describe the experiment you perform.
Answer:
The moisture content in the soil.

1. There are many ways of finding out the moisture content of different soils. We shall use a simple method.
2. Grind the soil you wish to find the moisture content of, into a fine powder.
3. Weigh 100 gm of soil from this pile. Spread it on a newspaper and dry it for about two hours in the sun.
4. While drying the soil, the sky must be clear and the heat of the sun intense.
5. Keep turning the soil over while you are drying it. Be careful that the soil does not spill out of the newspaper.
6. Weigh the soil again after it has completely dried.
7. The difference in the two weights will tell you how much water 100 gm of the soil contained.
8. This quantity is known as the percent moisture content of the soil.

Question 14.
How do you determine the percolation rate of the given soil? Describe the activity you do.
Answer:

1. Take soil samples.
2. Take a plastic funnel and place a filter paper in it as shown in figure.
   
3. Weigh 50 gm of dry soil and pour it into the funnel.
4. Take 100 ml of water in a measuring cylinder.
5. Then pour the water on the soil drop by drop.
6. Do not let all the waterfall at one spot.
7. Pour water all over the surface of the soil until it starts dripping out of the funnel.
8. Observe how fast water passes down the soil.
9. Measure the amount of water collected in the beaker.
10. Calculate the difference between amounts of water.
11. By taking different soils in the funnel and calculating the difference between amount of water we can determine the percolation rate of different soils.

Question 15.
Describe the experiment to find out the substances present in the soil.
Answer:

1. Fill a beaker half full with soil. Pour some rainwater or distilled water over the soil.
2. We should pour enough water to fill the beaker three-fourths.
3. Stir the soil and water with a twig. Then let the solution stand for some time.
4. Once the soil settles down, drain out the water carefully.
   
5. Fill a boiling tube half full with this drained water.
6. Heat the boiling tube over a candle flame. Continue heating till only a fourth of the water remains.
7. Note the color of the water. Use litmus paper to test whether the water is acidic or basic.
8. Soils contain minerals. Most of the minerals found in the soils are salts of sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium chlorides, sulfates and carbonates.
9. Highly acidic soil retards plant growth by affecting the efficiency with which the plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.

Question 16.
Draw the line diagram to identify the different types of soils.
Answer:

1. We can identify the different types of soils in the line diagram given below.
2. We can determine the soil on the basis of the following chart.
   

Question 17.
Draw the diagram showing different Horizons of the soil.
Answer:

Question 18.
‘Soil is a good habitat’ Explain the statement.
Answer:

1. Soil is a good habitat. We depend on it for agricultural and construction purposes, making utensils, toys etc.
2. We know that plants depend on soil for nutrients like mineral salts and water from the soil
3. Animal life such as burrows or eggs of insects are found in the soil.

Question 19.
What is pottery? What type of industry is it?
Answer:
Pottery: Making pots by using soil is called a pottery.

1. This is an ancient creative occupation.
2. During Harappan civilization, different varieties of designer pots and clay utensils were used.
3. Pottery is a cottage industry in our country.
4. Potters make pots by using clay soil on a pottery wheel.
   

Question 20.
Complete the below list.
Answer:

Question 21.
Why should we use clay idols instead of idols made of plaster of Paris?
Answer:

1. During festivals like Vinayaka Chavithi, we use idols of Ganesh made of plaster of Paris and chemical colors which causes severe damage to our environment.
2. Instead of these chemical idols we should use clay idols and celebrate festivals in an eco-friendly way.

Question 22.
Read the below table and answer the following questions.

Type of Soil	Character of Soil
Clay Soil	easy to roll into a ball
Loam soil	breaks on bending
Light clay	easy to make a ring
Sandy soil	not easy to roll into a ball

a) What is the character of loam soil?
b) What is the difference between clay soil and sandy soil?
Answer:
a) When you try to make a cylinder, it can break. This is the light loam soil.
b)

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 14 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part II.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part II

10th Class Social 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part II 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What does the term “Great Depression” signify?
Answer:

1. There was a worldwide economic decline triggered by a decline in demand and fall in prices. It was called “Great Depression”.
2. The Great Depression began around the end of 1929 and lasted almost till 1939.

Question 2.
Read the following map and answer the question.
Name any one country that shared land boundary with India and not under the control of Japan.
Answer:
Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan.

Question 3.
What was your opinion on Hitler’s treatment of the Jews in Germany?
Answer:
The treatment of Hitler towards Jews is very cruel and unjust.

Question 4.
Mention the important aspects of “New Deal”.
Answer:

1. Relief to the victims of depression.
2. Reform of financial institutions.
3. Steps to ensure economic recovery.

Question 5.
Write any two consequences of economic depression.
Answer:

1. Decline in demand and fall in prices.
2. Massive unemployment.
3. Decline of real incomes of ordinary people.

Question 6.
Write any two economic reforms of Hitler.
Answer:
Hitler’s Economic Policies:

1. Hitler banned all strikes.
2. He reduced tax burden on people.
3. He established war industries.
4. He created employment opportunities.

Question 7.
Write about collective farming.
Answer:

1. In U.S.S.R all small and large farmers were forced to join collective farms.
2. These farms were united and mechanised farming was introduced and the produce was divided among the members.

Question 8.
How did Hitler get all powers to sideline Parliament?
Answer:
Hitler got all powers to sideline parliament by passing the Enabling Act.

Question 9.
What was the intention of the Communist Party of India for helping Britain during the Second World War?
Answer:
The Communist Party of India helped Britain during the Second World War as the Nazis attacked on the soviet union. Intentionally the communists helped Britain.

Question 10.
What was the ‘New Deal Policy’ of Franklin D. Roosevelt?
Answer:
Relief to the victims of depression.
Reform of financial institutions and steps to ensure Economic Recovery by undertaking large public works.

Question 11.
Who was the leader of Bolsheviks in Russia?
Answer:
Lenin was the leader of Bolsheviks in Russia.

Question 12.
What was the major incidence occurred in 1924 in Russia?
Answer:
Union of Soviet Socialistic Republic was established.

Question 13.
Who became the leader of Russia after Lenin in 1924?
Answer:
Stalin.

Question 14.
Enlist Indians that were inspired by communism.
Answer:
M.N. Roy, Tagore and Nehru.

Question 15.
Name the book written on the violation against the opposition in Russia and who wrote it.
Answer:
George Orwell wrote his famous satire “Animal farm” to highlight how the ideals of Russian Revolution were compromised in USSR.

Question 16.
What were the famous “3 Rs” of New Deal Policy?
Answer:
The famous “three Rs” of New Deal are …

1. Relief to the victims of depression.
2. Reform of financial institutions.
3. Recovery of the economy.

Question 17.
What happened to Germany after World War – II?
Answer:
Eventually, Germany was divided into

1. German Democratic Republic of Germany (GDR).
2. Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).

Question 18.
Where were the Nazi generals put to trial?
Answer:
The leaders and Nazi generals were captured and put to trial in the famous “Nuremberg trials.”

Question 19.
Name the organization formed after World War – II to establish peace.
Answer:
United Nations Organization.

Question 20.
Enlist the countries that got independence by 1950.
Answer:
India,. China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Nigeria, etc.

Question 21.
What were the super powers emerged after 1945?
Answer:
The USA and the USSR.

Question 22.
What was “Socialistic camp”?
Answer:
Eastern Europe and China together came to be known as “the Socialistic camp.”

Question 23.
Why did the common people not want the war?
Answer:
Fatigued by military reserves and upset at economic shortages, the common people did not want the war.

Question 24.
Who led Bolsheviks?
Answer:
Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks.

Question 25.
Why could full peace not return to Russia after October Revolution?
Answer:
Full peace could not return to Russia, as the liberals decided to continue the war to preserve the honour of their land.

Question 26.
Expand the USSR.
Answer:
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Question 27.
When did the Great Depression begin?
Answer:
The Great Depression began around the end of 1929 and lasted almost till 1939 when the Second World War began.

Question 28.
Who was the President during the Depression?
Answer:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

Question 29.
What was the ‘New Deal’?
Answer:
It was a programme created by the US to help the Americans and the economy.

Question 30.
What were ‘Three Rs’?
Answer:
The Three Rs are:

1. Belief to the victims of Depression.
2. Reform of financial institutions and
3. Steps to ensure economic Recovery.

Question 31.
What else was introduced in the US?
Answer:
The Social Security system was introduced.

Question 32.
What is meant by Social Security system?
Answer:
It is a permanent system of universal retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for handicapped and needy children in families without father present.

Question 33.
Why did Germany face severe crises of the war?
Answer:
German economy faced severe crises after the war as it was saddled with the burden of paying war damages, etc.

Question 34.
Which act of the German government resulted in unheard of inflation?
Answer:
The German government began to print currency notes on a large scale and this resulted in unheard of inflation.

Question 35.
How did Hitler mobilise his supporters?
Answer:

1. Hitler mobilized his supporters on the promise of establishing the racial supremacy of Aryan Germans over the world and by targeting minority communities like Jews as the main cause of all problems.
2. He also guaranteed employment to people.

Question 36.
How did Hitler attack communism and capitalism?
Answer:
Hitler attacked communism and capitalism terming both of them as Jewish conspiracies and promised to build a strong state which would counter both.

Question 37.
How did he appeal to the middle class?
Answer:
Hitler appealed especially to the middle class which felt threatened by capitalism and the Great Depression and at the the same time was opposed to working-class movement led by the Communists and Socialists.

Question 38.
Name the security forces in Germany.
Answer:
Regular police in a green uniform and the SA or the Storm Troopers, Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), criminal police and the Security Service (SD).

Question 39.
What was Auschwitz?
Answer:
Auschwitz was a killing centre.

Question 40.
Why were Soviet forces welcomed all over Eastern Europe?
Answer:
Soviet forces were welcomed all over Eastern Europe as liberators from the hated Nazi rule and eventually captured Berlin, the capital of Germany.

Question 41.
What happened to Hitler and his close associates?
Answer:
Hitler and his close associates committed suicide to avoid being captured and tried.

Question 42.
Who sentenced the Nazis?
Answer:
The Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death.

Question 43.
What were the two super powers?
Answer:
The USA and the USSR.

Question 44.
What did Hitler promise?
Answer:

1. Hitler promised employment for those looking for work and a secure future for the youth.
2. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.

Question 45.
Who laid way for planned economic development in Russia?
Answer:
Stalin in 1928.

Question 46.
What were the policies of Stalin?
Answer:
Stalin followed a twin policy of rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.

Question 47.
Name Indian Leaders who were inspired by the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
M.N. Roy, Tagore and Nehru were inspired by the Russian Revolution.

Question 48.
What does the book “Animal Form” mention about?
Answer:
The book highlighted, how the ideals of the Russian Revolution were compromised in USSR.

Question 49.
What was the Enabling Act?
Answer:
The Act was passed in 1933. This act established a dictatorship in Germany.

Question 50.
Who was the famous economist of Hitler?
Answer:
Hjalmar Schacht.

Question 51.
Expand GDR and FDR.
Answer:
G.D.R – German Democratic Republic.
F.D.R – Federal Republic of Germany.

Question 52.
What happened to Germany after World War – II?
Answer:
Germany was divided into two portions.

1. The Eastern Part – GDR.
2. The Western Part – FDR.

Question 53.
Which countries came under “the socialist camp”?
Answer:
Russia along with the Eastern European countries and China came under the socialistic camp.

10th Class Social 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part II 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question.

“In fact, the second World War helped USA grow out of its economic misery caused by the Great Depression. Far from the theatres of war, the industries and agriculture of USA prospered and achieved full employment and high productivity. In Harry Truman’s words, “We have emerged from this war as the most powerful nation in the world.”

How do you think the Second World War helped USA grow out of its economic misery from the Great Depression? Write your comment.
Answer:
The Great Depression began around the end of 1929 and lasted almost till 1939 when the World War-II began. There was a sudden fall in the American stock market.

This effected almost all the nations in the world. Roosevelt, the US President, announced ‘The New Deal which promised Relief to the victims of Depression. However, the real break came from the outbreak of war when state expenditure on armies and armaments suddenly increased giving a big boost to factory production and demand for farm produce. Thus the Second World War helped USA grow out of its economic misery from the Great Depression.

Question 2.
Observe the given timeline chart and answer the following questions.

a) How do you think the victory on Auschwitz and liberation by the Soviet Union led to an easy success for the Allied nations?
Answer:
After the liberation of Auschwitz the Allied got victory in Europe. So I can say so.

b) What were the main incidents which occurred in 1941 in world’s history?
Answer:

1. Germany invaded the USSR.
2. Mass murder of the Jews begins.
3. The United States joins the Second World War.

Question 3.
Observe the given map and answer the questions:
a) What is Dutch East India called now?
Answer:
Indonesia

b) Which Chinese region was under the control of Japan?
Answer:
Manchuria

Question 4.
Write any two effects of great depression.
Answer:

1. Increase in unemployment.
2. Fall in prices.
3. Closure of industries.
4. Decrease in the purchasing capacity of the people.

Question 5.
Read the below paragraph.

“This earth is not allotted to anyone nor is it presented to anyone as a gift. It is awarded by providence to people who in their hearts have the courage to conquer it, the strength to preserve it, and the industry to put it to the plough. A vigorous nation will always find ways pf adapting its territory to its population size.”

Do you think world should belong to those who have power and strength alone – Comment.
Answer:

1. No. I don’t think like that.
2. The world belongs to all. All are equal by birth.

Question 6.
“Constitution is a living and changing document.” Would you agree with it? Justify it.
Answer:

1. Yes, I agree with it.
2. Our constitutional makers are aware that laws will have to be amended from time to time. So they provided an opportunity to amend laws.

Question 7.
Observe the Map and answer the questions given below:

1. Name any two countries which were not under the control of Japan.
Answer:
India, Nepal and Tibet.

2. Dutch East Indies was the former name of which country?
Answer:
Indonesia.

Question 8.
What will be the consequences of the World War that may happen after the Second World War?
Answer:
The consequences of the World War that may happen after the Second World War are

1. Huge loss of life on the earth
2. Destruction of properties
3. Increase of environmental damage
4. The existence of life becomes difficult

Question 9.
What were the changes brought about by Russian revolution of 1917 in the Russian Society?
Answer:

1. The immediate change was the elimination of the democratic provisional councils called Soviets in various larger cities.
2. Under Bolshevik rule Russia got out of World War-II.
3. A Socialist system was imposed on the country which all but the smallest businesses were taken over by the government.
4. Land was redistributed to peasant farmers and food distribution was temporarily improved.
5. Soon though, many people became disenchanted with the Bolsheviks and the Russian Civil war broke out in 1918 and lasted until 1920.

Question 10
Observe the map and answer the questions.

1. Mention any two countries that were NOT under Japanese control.
Answer:
India, Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia, U.S.S.R. (any two)

2. Which part of the Ocean did Japan dominant in 1942?
Answer:
North Part of Pacific Ocean.

Question 11.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it.

“With this began a great experiment of building a country without exploiters like feudal lords, Kings or capitalists. The USSR tried to build a society that was industrialized and modern and yet did not have inequality or exclusion of people on basis of birth, gender, language, etc.”

Answer:

1. The Soviets under the leadership of Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government in 1917.
2. Peace could not be established as civil war lasted from 1918-20.
3. Finally the USSR was established in 1924.
4. This was an experiment as there was no place for feudal lords, kings or capitalists.
5. The USSR tried to establish a society where there was no scope for inequality or exploitation on the basis of birth, gender, language, etc.
6. Socialism was established and gave a big’ blow to the capitalistic world.

Question 12.
Observe the map and answer the following questions.

1. Mention any two countries which are not under the control of Japan.
Answer:
India and China are not under the control of Japan.

2. Mention any two places which are under f ‘ the control of Japan and lying on its western side.
Answer:
Korea and Manchuria.

Question 13.
What do you know about Tsarist Russia?
Answer:
Tsarist Russia was vast landmass spread over two continents and making it a Euro Asian Power. It had the third-largest population in the world, viz. 156 million, after China and India. It comprised of several nations like the Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, .’Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkomania, etc.

Question 14.
What was the first Russian revolution of 1917?
Answer:
On March 8th 1917, around 10,000 women of the capital, St Petersburg, took out a procession demanding ‘Peace and Bread’. Workers joined them in this protest. Unnerved at the protest in the capital, Tsar Nicholas II ordered the army to suppress the demon¬strators, even by firing at them. Instead, the soldiers joined the demonstrators. In just two days, the situation went so much out of hand that the Tsar abdicated and non-aristocratic Russians made a Provisional government. This was the first Russian revolution of 1917 and it was called the March Revolution.

Question 15.
“The October Revolution was not spontaneous” – Why?
Answer:
A bigger revolution was made later in October 1917 and it was not spontaneous. The liberals and aristocrats, who ruled Russia after the abdication of the Tsar, decided to continue the War to preserve the honor of the fatherland. Fatigued by military reverses and upset at economic shortages, the common people did not want the War. They began organizing themselves in councils which were called Soviets. Such Soviets of soldiers, industrial workers, and also people in rural areas were the expression of com-mon people’s power which was channelized by a group of Russian Communist party called Bolsheviks.

Question 16.
Why were Bolsheviks able to win the confidence of the Soviets?
Answer:
Bolsheviks were able to win the confidence of the Soviets because they took up the demand for immediate and unconditional peace, nationalization of all land and its redistribution to the peasants and control over prices and nationalization of all factories and banks.

Question 17.
What effect did the war have, on the industry of Russia?
Answer:
Russian industries were very few numbers and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic sea. Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. By 1916 railway, lines began to breakdown. Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, there were labour shortages and small workshops producing essential commodities were shut down.

Question 18.
Discuss briefly the Five-Year Plans.
Answer:

1. A process of centralized planning was introduced by Stalin in 1928. Officials assessed how the economy could work and set targets for a five-year period, on this basis they made five-year plans.
2. The government fixed all prices to pro-mote industrial growth during the first two plans. (1927-32, 1933 – 38)
3. Centralised planning led to economic growth.

Question 19.
Appreciate the role of Lenin in the Revolu¬tion and his economic policy.
Answer:

1. Vladimir Lenin played an important role in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
2. He led the revolutionaries after the fall of the war.
3. The Bolshevik party put forward clear policies to end the war.
4. He transferred land to the peasants and advance the slogan ‘All power to the Soviets’.
5. These were the real objectives of the Russian Revolution and he fulfilled them. So, Lenin’s name has become inseparable from the Russian Revolution.

Question 20.
Write any two conditions which led to the Russian civil war in 1918-1920.
Answer:

1. The Russian army began to break up after the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution. Soldiers who were mostly peasants wished to go home for the land and desert.
2. Supporters of private property among ‘Whites’ took harsh steps with peasants who had seized land.

Question 21.
How can you say that the experience of the USSR inspired people all over the world including India?
Answer:
The experience of the USSR inspired people all over the world who were committed to the ideals of equality and national liberation. A large number of them now became communists and tried for a communist revolution in their countries. Many of them like MN Roy, Tagore and Nehru were inspired by it even though they did not agree with many aspects of communism like suppression of opposition political parties.

Question 22.
Describe what happened to Germany after its defeat in the First World War.
Answer:

1. World War -1, ended with the Allies defeating Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918.
2. The Peace Treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating treaty.
3. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 percent of its territories, 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
4. The Allied Powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its power. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to 6 billion.

Question 23.
Explain the role of women in Nazi Germany.
Answer:

1. According to Hitler’s ideology, women were radically different from men.
2. The democratic idea of equal rights for men and women was wrong and would destroy society.
3. While boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel-hearted, girls were told that they bad to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children.

Question 24.
Explain the rallies of Nazis.
Answer:
Hitler devised a new style of politics. He understood the significance of rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization. Nazis held massive rallies and public meetings to demonstrate the support for Hitler and instill a sense of unity among the people. The Red banners with the Swastika, the Nazi salute, and the ritualized rounds of applause after the speeches were all part of this spectacle of power.

Question 25.
Write about the Enabling Act.
Answer:
On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act established a dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree. All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi Party and its affiliates. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.

Question 26.
Explain the condition of the people of Germany after the famous Enabling Act passed.
Answer:
People could now be detained in Gestapo torture chambers, rounded up and sent to concentration camps, deported at will or arrested without any legal procedures. The police forces acquired powers to rule with impunity.
These powers were used to arrest and torture millions of political activists, trade unionists and people of minority communities and build a state of unprecedented horror and fear.

Question 27.
What happened in the far east with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Answer:
In the far east with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan surrendered to the USA. US armies occupied Japan but keeping in the sentiments of Japanese allowed the Japanese Emperor to continue. But it built a Constitutional Monarchy like in England. Japan was to be ruled by the elected government responsible to the Parliament (DIET).

Question 28.
Name the Indian leaders inspired by the USSR Communist regime.
Answer:

1. The experience of the USSR inspired people all over the world who were committed to the ideals of equality and national liberation.
2. Many of them like Manavendra Nath Roy, Rabindranath Tagore, and Jawaharlal Nehru were inspired by it even though they did not agree with many aspects of communism like suppression of opposition political parties, etc.

Question 29.
How was the economic revival planned after World War II?
Answer:

1. There were many economies that collapsed after World War II.
2. The USA came up with the Marshall Plan to fund the economic revival of West European countries.
3. The USSR came up with a package for the revival of East European countries.

10th Class Social 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part II 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note on the measures taken by the USSR under the great depression.
Answer:

1. USSR was not integrated with the international market.
2. It had a planned economy.
3. The state decided what and how much has to be produced.
4. This enabled them to maintain a balance between demand and supply.

Question 2.
A) Locate and Label any four of the permanent members of United Nations Security Council on the World map given.
Point out the following countries on the World map given.
B) 1) Portugal 2) Nigeria S) Chile 4) Japan
Answer:
Question 3.
Explain the rise of Nazism in Germany.
Answer:

1. German economy was the worst hit by the Great Depression.
2. This economic crisis created deep anxieties and fears in people.
3. Hitler and his Nazi party used this situation in an intelligent manner.
4. Hitler, by his words and passion, moved the people.
5. He promised them to construct a strong Germany in all aspects.
6. He devised a new style of politics and attracted people.
7. As a result of this, the Nazi Party has become the largest party by 1932.
8. By passing the Enabling Act in 1933, Hitler became the dictator of Germany. Nazi government had become most powerful.

Question 4.
Answer the questions with the help of Time-line chart.

1. What was the immediate cause for the Second World War?
Answer:
Invasion of Poland by Germany.

2. When did the United States enter into the World War – II?
Answer:
Dec. 8, 1941

3. The Weimar Republic belongs to which country ?
Answer:
Germany

4. Write any two important incidents occurred in 1941.
Answer:
Germany invades the USSR Mass murder of the Jews begins The United States joins Second World War

Question 5.
Observe the graph and answer the questions given below:

1. Which was the first country that established the socialist government in the world?
Answer:
Russia (OR) USSR.

2. Why did the Civil war occur in Russia?
Answer:
Civil war was broke out between Bolshevik group and White army for establishment of Socialism and political monarchism, ecomonic capitalism. Bolsheviks were favour to Socialism and White group was favour to Economic capitalism.

3. What were the Russian emperors called?
Answer:
Tzars.

4. Name the international organization which was formed to promote socialist ideology.
Answer:
Formation of Comintern (Third international at Moscow in 1919).

Question 6.
Russian revolution brought in many changes in their society. What were they? And what challenges did they face?
Answer:
Changes in the Russian Society:

1. The immediate change was the elimination of the democratic provisional councils called Sovi¬ets in various larger cities.
2. Under Bolshevik rule Russia got out of World War – II.
3. A Socialist system was imposed on the country which all but the smallest businesses were taken over by the government.
4. Land was redistributed to peasant farmers and food distribution was temporarily improved.
5. Soon though, many people became disenchanted with the Bolsheviks and the Russian Civil war broke out in 1918 and lasted until 1920.

Challenges they faced:

1. Famines
2. Resistances
3. Low standards of living
4. The Great Depression
5. Unemployment
6. Lack of educational facilities
7. Cheap public health care, etc.

Question 7.
What were the agricultural reforms of Joseph Stalin in the USSR?
Answer:

1. After the death of Lenin in 1924 Stalin emerged as the leader of the Communist Party.
2. The USSR began a programme of planned economic development with its Five Year Plans in 1928.
3. This pursued a twin policy of rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
4. The USSR under the leadership of Joseph Stalin tried to end small peasant production by forcing all small and large farmers to surrender their lands and join “Collective Farms” and share the products.
5. Farmers worked together and the produce was divided among the members of the farms.
6. After an initial period of decline, agricultural production soon rose and helped the USSR to also build its industries on an unprecedented scale.
7. All industries were owned by the state which did not allow a free-market system.
8. An extended schooling system developed, and arrangements were made for factory workers and peasants to enter universities.

Question 8.
What are the impacts of the great economic depression in the USA?
Answer:
Impacts of the great economic depression in the USA:

1. The Great Depression began around the end of 1929 and lasted almost till 1939 when the Second World War began.
2. In this period decline in demand and fall in prices.
3. The decline in demand led to closure of factory production which in turn meant further de-cline in the purchasing power of people.
4. It initially began with a stock market collapse in the U.S.A., but before long affected almost every country.
5. As many as 25% Americans were unemployed.
6. This in turn caused a collapse of prices (up to 60%) for agricultural produce causing pauperisation of millions of farmers and stopping of cultivation.
7. It had devastating social consequences sharply increasing poverty, desolation, homelessness, etc.
8. F.D. Roosvelt who became the President of the US announced “the New Deal” policy to re-cover America from Great Depression.

Question 9.
What are the consequences of the World Wars?
Answer:
The World Wars had a long-lasting impact on the politics, society and economy of the world.
These can be enumerated as follows:

1. Enormous human cost: The first consequence of the wars was widespread deaths and injuries. Many persons who were under forty years of age died.
2. Democratic principles asserted : The two wars also brought home the dangers of having un-democratic governments and greatly strengthened the case for democratisation of power.
3. New balance of power: With World War I the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Turk-ish empires came to an end. When World War II came to an end, the map of the world changed yet again as ex-colonies rose to become independent nations.
4. New international organisations After World War I, the League of Nations was formed to resolve disputes peacefully and the United Nations Organisation (UNO) was formed after World War II.
5. Enfranchisement of women : After a long struggle for political right like right to vote – British women got these rights in 1918. With men away in the battle fields, more women had to work in factories, shops, offices, voluntary services, hospitals and schools. Beginning with the confidence of being bread-winners, women began raising their voice for equality in all walks of life.

Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and write your interpretation.
“USSR, started a great experiment of building a country without exploiters like feudal lords, kings or capitalists. The USSR tried to build a society that was industrialized and modern and yet didn’t have inequality or exclusion of people on the basis of birth, gender, language, etc.”
Answer:

1. The given paragraph says that USSR has established a country with equality.
2. There are no exploiters, no dominants and no sufferers.
3. Though if followed industrialisation and modern technology and updated life, it didn’t have no inequality in any form.
4. It is the real spirit of socialism.
5. A country with equality and modern development is never expected in any country but it happened in USSR at that time.
6. In any country, we can see some sort of discrimination.
7. In some countries, discrimination is seen in the form of colour, i.e. the Blacks and the Whites.
8. In our country, some castes are treated as high castes and some other castes as low.
9. Boys are sent to higher education whereas the girls are not sent because of various reasons like safety and security.
10. Many countries have mentioned in the preamble of their constitutions that they give impor¬tance to equality and there will be no discrimination in any form.
11. In conclusion, I would say that every country should maintain equality.
12. The downtrodden should be uplifted.
13. A country with equal treatment is always an ideal one to all the nations.

Question 11.
Read the following paragraph and write your interpretation.
“The Nazi’s police powers were used to arrest and torture millions of political activists, trade unionists and people of minority communities, especially the Jews. They did all this to build a state of horror and fear”.
Answer:

1. The given paragraph conveys about the cruel policy of the Nazi soldiers.
2. Hitler arrested and tortured millions of German political leaders and activists, trade union leaders.
3. Minorities were also targeted.
4. This situation created a horrible state under the leadership of Hitler in Germany.
5. When Hitler won the elections of 1932 he brought the Enabling Act and many special forces like Gestapo, protection squads, security services besides different troopers.
6. These forces worked brutally and created horror and fear among the people.
7. Hitler did not allow any political party or trade union to work out.
8. He instructed all the people to follow the Nazis.
9. There was no peace.
10. He treated the Jewish people as his enemies.
11. Everyone criticized Hitler mainly because of his cruel treatment with the Jewish people.
12. The whole Germany was horrified of his activities.
13. In conclusion, I feel that Hitler’s activities are unlawful and undemocratic.
14. Nowadays all the countries are moving towards democratic governments.
15. All the countries should concentrate on literacy rate and so various programmes are to be taken up and implement strictly.
16. So that there will be no scope for such situation in any country.

Question 12.
What are the situations that led to strengthening Nazism in Germany?
Answer:
The situations that led to strengthening Nazim in Germany:

1. The burden of paying war-damages.
2. Inflation increased.
3. The economy was worst hit by depression.
4. Unemployment increased.
5. Savings of the people diminished.
6. Small businessmen were ruined.
7. Big businessmen were in a crisis.
8. Organized workers could manage to survive.
9. Peasants were affected by fall in agricultural prices.
10. Women were unable to feed their children.
11. No stable rule.

Question 13.
Observe the following table and write a paragraph analysing it.

Answer:
Annual National Defence Expenditure

1. The table shows that the annual defence expenditure of great countries Britain and Germany has been increasing since 1933.
2. In the year of 1939, the expenditure increases because of the armament race, protection from enemies why because already they tasted the World War -1.
3. The government of these countries also helped to them to spend more money on defence. Ag-gressive nationalism also created proud of their country and desire of superiority in the world and also responsible to more expenditure on defence.
4. Million dollars spend for defence only during the period of 1933 to 1939.
5. At present some countries also spend more money on defence because of enemies. If every country realise and maintain friendly relations with other countries, and they spend million dollars for peace and development of poor people, automatically the world peace will de¬velop and every person live with without fear of war and tension in the world.

Question 14.
Observe the following Bar-graph and analyse it.
Answer:

1. The given bar graph is about the Explosive Production of two developed industrialised countries of West, i.e. Britain and Germany during World War-1.
2. Both countries belonged to two enemy groups or blocks.
3. In 1914 the explosive production of Britain and Germany is 4 tonnes and 8 tonnes respectively.
4. From that year onwards the production increased on a large scale in both the countries.
5. The difference is that the explosive production is less for Britain when compared to Germany in 1914.
6. But this situation reversed in 1917. The explosive production of Britain increased by over 45 times, i.e. from 4 tonnes to 184 tonnes during the years from 1914 to 1917 whereas the production of Germany increased by approximately 18 times, i.e. from 8 tonnes to 140 tonnes for the same period.

Question 15.
Explain briefly about the consequences of the World Wars.
Answer:
The World Wars had a long-lasting impact on the politics, society and economy of the world.
These can be enumerated as follows:

1. Enormous human cost: The first consequence of the wars was widespread deaths and injuries. Many persons who were under forty years of age died.
2. Democratic principles asserted: The two wars also brought home the dangers of having un-democratic governments and greatly strengthened the case for democratisation of power.
3. New balance of power: With World War I the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Turkish empires came to an end. When World War II came to an end, the map of the world changed yet again as ex-colonies rose to become independent nations.
4. New international organisations: After World War I, the League of Nations was formed to resolve disputes peacefully and the United Nations Organisation (UNO) was formed after World War II.
5. Enfranchisement of women: After a Jong struggle for political right like right to vote – British women got these rights in 1918. With men away in the battle fields, more women had to work in factories, shops, offices, voluntary services, hospitals and schools. Beginning with the confidence of being bread-winners, women began raising their voice for equality in all walks of life.

Question 16.
Observe the poster and answer the questions.
a) Which country issued this poster?
b) What was the purpose of this poster?
c) What does the Swastika in the poster stand for?
d) During which war was this poster was published?
Answer:
a) U.S.A issued this poster.
b) War bonds were offered by the U.S.A. Government for purchase by the public to fulfill the military operations and other expenditure in times of war.
c) The three young children, apprehensive and fearful, as they are enveloped by the large dark arm of swastika shadow.
(OR)
Simply, Germany is going to occupy the U.S.A also.
d) This war bonds poster was published during the time of second World War.

Question 17.
Describe the course of Russian Socialist Revolution.
Answer:

1. Russian socialist revolution in 1917 took place in two phases – March 1917 and November 1917.
2. 10,000 women took procession demanding ‘Peace and Bread’ and supported by many later.
3. In just two days Tsar Nicolas II abdicated throne and provisional government was set up in search 1917.
4. It wished to continue the war and economic shortage was not addressed.
5. Soviets (the councils of peasants, workers and soldiers) were organised by Bolshevik leader Lenin.
6. They seized political power from provisional government.
7. They took steps to end the war and redistributed land.
8. They made control over prices and nationalized industries, banks, etc.
9. They suppressed the long-drawn civil wars.
10. By 1924, the USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed.

Question 18.
Give an estimate of the world at the end of first half of the 20th century.
Answer:

1. The first half of the 20th century ended with the nightmare of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and with the hopes generated by the founding of the UNO.
2. The Second World War ended with the ending of large colonial empires of Britain, France, Japan, Italy and Germany.
3. By 1950, countries like India, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Nigeria etc. became independent.
4. Britain which was the most powerful country now became a secondary power.
5. Two new superpowers emerged on the World scene : the USSR and the USA.
6. The USSR, which bore the main burnt of Hitler’s war and faced enormous destruction, gradually rebuilt its economy.
7. Its victory however, greatly enhanced its prestige in the world and it was now joined by the entire Eastern Europe and China to form a large ‘Socialist Camp’.

Question 19.
Observe the timeline chart and answer the following questions.

1. When and how were the foundation for socialism laid?
Answer:
The foundations for socialism were laid between 1850¬1880 due to debates over socialism.

2. How many revolutions took place in Russia?
Answer:

1. Revolution of 1905 .
2. The February Revolution of 1917 and the October revolution of 1917.

3. Did the peace establish in Russia after 1917?
Answer:
No, civil war broke out between 1918-20.

4. What do you mean by collectivization?
Answer:
The land was collected and farmer worked together and shared the produce. This was collectivization.

Question 20.
Locate the following points in the world map.

1. St. Petersberg
2. Moscow
3. Kyrgyzstan
4. Ukraine
5. Uzbekistan
6. Tajikistan
7. Kazakistan
8. Turkomania

Answer:

Question 21.
Observe the following map.

Answer the following questions after reading the map.

1. Which neighbouring country of India was occupied by Japan?
Answer:
The neighbouring country of India that was occupied by Japan was Burma.

2. What is Dutch East India called now ?
Answer:
Dutch East India is now called ‘Indonesia’.

3. Most of the area under control of Japan is a part of which ocean?
Answer:
Most of the area under the control of Japan is a part of Pacific Ocean.

4. Which Chinese region was under the control of Japan ?
Answer:
Manchuria was the Chinese region that was under the control of Japan.

5. Was Mongolia under the control of Japan in 1942?
Answer:
No. It was not under the control of Japan in 1942.

Question 22.
Locate the following in the given map of World.

1. Stalingrad

2. In 1939 Germany attacked on this country
Answer:
Poland

3. St. Petersberg

4. This country faced more destruction due to releasing atom bombs by America
Answer:
Japan

5. Capital of Poland
Answer:
Warsaw

6. Capital of Austria
Answer:
Vienna

7. Corsica Island

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 12 Sustainable Development with Equity.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity

10th Class Social 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
1. How does the Green Revolution lead to an increase in food grains?
Answer:

1. Use of high yielding varieties.
2. Improvement of irrigational facilities.
3. Use of new methods of cultivation.
4. Use of pesticides and fertilisers.

Question 2.
What is the main theme of Rachel Carson’s book ‘Silent Spring’?
Answer:
The impact on birds and human beings of spraying DDT for mosquito control.

Question 3.
What is the aim of Chipko movement?
Answer:
The main aim of Chipko Movement is to protect forests.

Question 4.
Write any two slogans on the environmental protection.
Answer:

1. Save the environment, save life.
2. Save the nature to save the future.
3. Go green and eliminate the global warming.

Question 5.
Write one main characteristic of organic farming.
Answer:
In organic farming the farmers use local resources including on-farm biological processes. Pest predators available them. Micro-organisms which make nutrients more accessible to the plants. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used only for animal manure.

Question 6.
What is HDI as a measure of development?
Answer:
As a measure of development, HDI is an improvement over GDP and per capita income.

Question 7.
Which expands the meaning of development?
Answer:
HDI expands the meaning of development to include social indicators of education and health.

Question 8.
Which are central to the production process?
Answer:
Many naturally existing substances like land, water, minerals and ores, products from trees and animals are central to the production
process.

Question 9.
What does the overuse of ground water imply?
Answer:
Over use of ground water implies that the stock of groundwater is being depleted. Very rapidly the ground water has been falling to lower and lower levels.

Question 10.
Which are central to modern development?
Answer:
Irrigation and power have been produced and both are central to modern development.

Question 11.
What is called NBA?
A. The resistance to Sardar Sarovar and other
dams with similar consequences in the Narmada valley has taken the form of a social movement. It is called Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA).

Question 12.
“It is unjust to ask the poor people”
What is it?
Answer:
We have several thousands of communities living off the environment. To destroy the environment means to destroy these communities. It is unjust to ask poor people to bear the cost of development.

Question 13.
Which governments banned chemical fertilizers and pesticides?
Answer:
The Sikkim government and Uttarakhand government.

Question 14.
When did the Chipko movement start and where?
Answer:
The Chipko movement started in the early 1970s in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand.

Question 15.
Expand HDI.
Answer:
Human Development Index.

Question 16.
What is meant by “Water Recharge”?
Answer:
Water Recharge means the percolation of water into the ground to be extracted.

Question 17.
Write about Chipko Andolan?
Answer:
Chipko means embrace the villagers hugged the trees saving them interposing their bodies between them and the contractor’s axes.

Question 18.
What are the natural resources to use in production?
Answer:
Natural resources used in production are land, water, and minerals, forests, etc.

Question 19.
What is meant by sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 20.
What are the activities to take up through an alternative Public Distribution System?
Answer:
Alternate PDS advocates the practice of millets, establishment of community grain bank, issue of cards and ensuring food security in the village.

10th Class Social 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the table which shows the growth in the extraction of some key-minerals in India.
Answer:
Extraction of minerals in a thousand Tonnes

Minerals	1997-1998	2008-2009
Bauxite	6,108	15,250
Coal	2,97,000	4,93,000
Iron ore	75,723	2,25,544
Chromite	1,515	3,976

After your observation, what do you think about the environmental loss of such rapid growth of mining.

1. Ground water pollution would increase.
2. Temperatures would increase.
3. Air pollution would increase near the mining areas.
4. Water storage capacity would decrease due to soil erosion.
5. Extreme burning of coal leads to ozone depletion.
6. Accidents may occur due to heavy mining.
7. People may face natural calamities like earthquakes.

Question 2.
What is meant by sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In other words, a better quality of life for everyone – now and for generations to come.

Question 3.
How does organic farming promote bio-diversity?
Answer:

1. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used in organic farming.
2. Only echo friendly farming techniques are used.
3. Methods like crop rotation, using compost and use of Local resources are used.
4. Number of crops are produced in farms instead of one or two crops.

Question 4.
Write two slogans on enlightening people regarding “environment protection”.
Answer:
Slogans on Environment Protection.

1. Grow plants – Get oxygen
2. Avoid plastic bags – Promote cotton bags.

Question 5.
What are the aspects taken as indicators to measure Human Development?
Answer:
Indicators of development:

1. Per capita income
2. Literacy rate
3. Average years of schooling
4. Expected years of schooling
5. Life expectancy at birth
6. Health status
7. Employment status
8. Equal distribution

Question 6.
Create two slogans to prevent Global warming.
Answer:

1. All be nice – Save the ice
2. Global warming – Not charming
3. Protect Mother Earth – It protects all

Question 7.
Identify the importance of the environment in the development of a nation.
Answer:
The development has to be achieved at any cost. Growth in GDP and modern industrial development are necessary, it is argued, for raising the living standards of people and reducing poverty. Since modern industrial and agricultural development are intensive in use of natural resources including energy, depletion of resources and pollution of the environment is to be expected. It is a sacrifice that has to be borne for higher growth. Once high economic growth and prosperity is achieved, pollution and environmental degradation can be handled. One can spend money and clean up the air and rivers, drink bottled water and build cars that are fuel efficient. After all this is the route the developed countries have taken.

Question 8.
Prepare a pamphlet on the importance of ‘Sustainable Development’.
Answer:

Importance of Sustainable Development

The development which meets the needs of the present people without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called sustainable development. Better quality of life is necessary not only for us but for the next coming generations also. The present concept of development is not like this.

The present scenario is quite adversary. There is no such feeling of future generations and their needs. All generations have the right on utilizing the natural resources like water, air and soil and so on. If we do not consider this, how the next generations survive that everyone should think of.

To what extent the natural resources we need to that extent only we should use. This concept is to be spread among the people.

Government should take up awareness programmes on this issue. Stringent actions should be initiated against who violate the eco laws and acts. In some areas multinational companies have taken up the lands and pumping out the water and selling them. How does the government give permission to such companies which lead to fall down of ground water level? Government should think about this and take action to make sustainable development a real concept.

Question 9.
Why is it necessary to focus on sustainable development now a days?
Answer:
Focus on sustainable development nowadays is compulsory to meet the needs of the present as well as future generations. We have to provide better quality of life for everyone. Conservation of fertility of soil is also essential for future crops. Factory emissions are to be prevented to make the air and water pure.

Question 10.
Differentiate between the environment’s ‘Source function’ and ‘Sink function’.
Answer:
Differences between the Environment’s source function and Sink function.

Source function	Sink function
1. The sectors of the economy are dependent on natural resources in various degrees.	1. It is (environment) to absorb and render harmless the waste and pollution from various activities.
2. The potential of an environment to provide these resources is referred to as an environment’s source function.	2. Unwanted byproducts of production and consumption say exhaust gases from combustion, water used to clean products, discarded packaging and goods no longer wanted are absorbed by the environment.

Question 11.
How is environmental protection linked with our lifestyle?
Answer:
Our life style is linked with environment protection. We should be habituated to use organic productions. We should avoid plastic. Use renewable energy sources. Reducing quarrying and deforestation to zero. Industrial waste should be disposed in a proper manner. Public transport with compressed Natural Gas is to be encouraged. Radiating devices are to be minimized.

Question 12.
On what does the primary sector depend?
Answer:
In primary sector activities – agriculture, mining, quarrying – and in the manufacturing and energy sector, production is hugely dependent on natural resources. The other sectors of the economy too are dependent on natural resources in various degrees.

Question 13.
What is environment’s source function?
Answer:
The potential of an environment to provide these resources is referred to as an “environment’s source function”. This function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution contaminates the resources.

Question 14.
What is another function that the environment provides?
Answer:
There is another function that the environment provides. It is to absorb and render harmless the waste and pollution from various activities. Unwanted by-products of production and consumption say exhaust gases from combustion, water used to clean products, discarded packaging and goods no longer wanted are absorbed by the environment. This is as important as the source function.

Question 15.
What does the ‘sink function’ describe?
Answer:
The “sink function” describes an environment’s ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution. When waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage to the environment occurs.

Question 16.
What happened in the past fifty years?
Answer:
In the past fifty years of economic development, both these functions of the environment have been overused. This has been said to affect the carrying capacity of the environment, i.e., the capacity of the environment to support economic production and consumption in the future.

Question 17.
What is modern development for people who have been displaced? Why?
Answer:
For people who have been displaced modern development has been unjust and destructive. Because they have lost access to their greater resource, the local environment. Without the local environment, their lives would be reduced to nothing.

Question 18.
How are environmental movements?
Answer:
While each of these movements has slightly different contexts, they are essentially demanding the rights of the local communities over the environment. Chipko movement acted to prevent the cutting of trees and reclaim their traditional forest rights that were threatened by contractors. Narmada Bachao Andolan has stood for the rights of the people over land, forests and river.

Question 19.
What is the impact on the environment that the use of pesticides and chemicals?
Answer:

1. The excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizer exhibit a negative impact on society.
2. Environment cannot absorb harmful substances than a limit.
3. When waste output exceeds the limit the sink function limit, danger occurs to the environment.
4. It pressures on environment’s ability to provide different resources for production.

Question 20.
Is it correct to take HDI (Human Development Index) as a measure of development?
Answer:

1. As a measure of development HDI is an improvement over GDP and per capita income.
2. The idea of development hardly limited to production of goods and services.
3. Rapid expansion of production and income coexist with malnutrition and lack of education and health.
4. HDI expands the meaning of development to include social indicators of health and education.

Question 21.
A high % workforce in low-paid employment, an increase in GDP and the enormous variety of goods and services being produced can benefit only a select groups. Read this and interpretate?
Answer:

1. In India 90% of workforce is in the unorganized sector, where the conditions of working are not encouraging at all.
2. Incomes of both self employed and wage workers in unorganized sectors are generally low and at times pitiably so.
3. With, such a high percentage of the workforce is low paid employment, an increase in GDP and the enormous variety of goods and services being produced can benefit only to select groups.

Question 22.
Construction of big dams “leads to environmental problems”. Read this and interpretate.
Answer:

1. They disrupt the lives and livelihoods of lakhs of people.
2. Many people lose their access to local environment.
3. Many people drop from a state of self – sufficiency to scarcity.
4. They were at times made to depend on external forces.
5. Many lose their needs without access to the environment.
6. Rich biodiversity and treasure of knowledge is lost which comes traditionally.

10th Class Social 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How does the lifestyle of people influence the environment? What are your suggestions to protect the environment ?
Answer:
Influence:

1. There is a strong bondage between the lifestyle of human kingdom and environment.
2. Environment fulfills many of our needs.
3. There are various ways in which our lifestyles of people influence the environment.
4. The people of a region lives according to their environment. Their traditions, cultures, festivals, etc. are based on their environment.

My Suggestions:

1. Natural resources should be used limitedly.
2. Forests should not be cut down. We should take care of them.
3. Industrial wastes should be recycled.
4. The establishment of industries which release more pollution should be restricted.
5. People should be enriched with the knowledge of environment.

Question 2.
Observe the following Graph diagram.
Write a brief note on the inequality in India based on the graph.
Answer:

1. 3 million households with annual income above Rs. 17 lakh are classified as rich.
2. 31 million households with annual income between Rs. 3.4 to Rs. 17 lakh are classified as middle class.
3. 71 million households income is between Rs. 1.5 to Rs. 3.4 lakh classified as aspirers.
4. 135 million lakhs classified as deprived.
5. In our country, more than 90% of the people are in unorganised sector.
6. It clearly says that the rich are becoming more rich, whereas the poor remain poor.
7. There is inequality in holding wealth as well as opportunities.
8. Wide inequalities in incomes and opportunities across people cannot be the basis for a just society.

Question 3.
Read the text given below and write your opinion.

It is also important to realize that not only do people lose out as they are removed from their local environments, equally, the environment is denuded of Its rich biodlverslty as the traditional knowledge is lost along with the people.

Answer:

The largest of the dams constructed is the Sardar Sarovar, which floods more than 37,000 hectares of forest and agricultural land, displacing more than half a million people and destroying some of India’s most fertile land. The project has devastated human lives and bio-diversity by inundating thousands of acres of forest and agricultural land. A disproportionate number of those being displaced are Adivasi’s and Dalits.

Access to the environment serves a large number of their needs which otherwise they would have to pay for.
As they lose access to environment either because of displacement, or because the environment is destroyed and polluted, the poor are the greatest sufferers. The question of environment and sustainability is intimately connected to the issue of equity.

Question 4.
Write a letter to your district collector on the problems of environment in your area.
Answer:

Anandnagar Colony,
Visakhapatnam,
Date: xxxxxxxxx.

To,
The District Collector,
Visakhapatnam District,
Visakhapatnam.

Respected Sir,

I am Srinivasa Rao, the resident of Gajuwaka. I would like to bring a few lines to your notice about problems of environment in our local area.

In our locality the migrant number is increasing. They are coming to city because of their needs and problems but it leads to new problems here. Water supply, sewage and other waste disposal, transportation and pollution problems are arising. There are plastic covers on the roads everywhere. Many animals on the roads eat those covers and die. As the garbage is increasing and it is not properly cleaned, unbearable stench is spread. There may be a scope for different diseases.

I request you to take proper effective measures wherever polluted industries are there and they should be shut down and minimise polluted plying vehicles and reduce the release of greenhouse gases.

Yours faithfully,
…………………………
…………………………

Question 5.
Study the table given below and answer the questions.
Growth in Extraction of Some Key Minerals in India (in thousand tonnes)

a) What do the particulars of above table tell about?
Answer:
Growth in extraction of some key minerals in India

b) In comparison to other minerals, which one is not being extracted more than double in 2008-09?
Answer:
Coal is not being extracted more than double in 2008 – 09.

c) What might be the reasons for increase in mining?
Answer:

1. Number of industries increased.
2. Using machinery in mining.
3. Consumption of minerals increase.
4. Greed of human beings.

d) What do you think would be the environmental and human costs of such rapid growth in mining?
Answer:

1. Sustainability of minerals
2. Diversion in the direction of river flow
3. Causes for floods.
4. Extinction of forest cover.

Question 6.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it.
We are already experiencing the negative consequences of rapid economic growth on several fronts – the problem of groundwater and pesticides being two stark examples. We have several thousands of communities living off the environment. To destroy the environment means to destroy these communities.

1. The idea of development has been contested through problems of environment.
2. The groundwater levels fell rapidly and groundwater recharge is also not to the expected level.
3. Fertilizers made the soil less fertile and ever increasing costs to farmers.
4. Industrialisation has resulted in a world where natural resources are threatened.

My Opinion: Always we should be able to integrate enviromental concerns with the idea of progress, along with issues of equity and justice. We have to find an environmentally sustainable pathway out of poverty.

Question 7.
Read the paragraph, understand and write your opinion on it.

While industrialisation has brought a lot of material comforts, at least to some, it has resulted in a world where natural resources are threatened and now even the climate is being disrupted. This pattern of growth clearly cannot continue.

Answer:
Opinion on Paragraph :

1. Industrialisation in the world has brought a lot of material comforts for humans to lead a happy life.
2. Man has invented from small pin to big plane with these metals obtained by mining.
3. But at the same time the minerals are reducing in their quantity because man’s short sighted ness.
4. As a result of man’s greediness the natural resources such as metals and fossil fuels are declin-ing and threatening our planet to fell in danger.
5. Because of over use of these resources, climatic changes are going on with the depletion of ozone layer damage and environment degradation.

I conclude that this type of growth does not create sustainable development to the planet and further it becomes unjustifiable in degrading our environment.

Question 8.
How would the rapid extraction of natural resources effect the future development prospects?
Explain.
Answer:

1. Yes, I agree with this statement.
2. We are extracting minerals and natural resources rapidly.
3. Modern industrial development and agricultural development are intensive in use of minerals and natural resources.
4. If this extraction goes on like this, the mineral deposits and natural resources will be depleted.
5. The extent of our current use of minerals and natural resources is such that the chances of future generations to have access to their fair share of scarce resources are endangered.
6. Moreover, the consequences in terms of impacts on the environment may induce serious damages that go beyond the carrying capacity of the environment.

Question 9.
Read the following paragraph and interpret in your own words.

Recent data on the status of groundwater resources in India suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country. Nearly one-third of the country is pumping out more groundwater than what goes in as recharge. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 meters during the past 20 years, which points to an alarming rate of extraction.

Answer:

1. According to this paragraph the groundwater resources are decreasing as we are overusing it.
2. Maximum of water is pumped out from deep layers.
3. Recharging is less and pumping is more.
4. In future it will become a major problem to all people.
5. The rate of extraction of water is dangerous for our existence.
6. Extraction of groundwater doesn’t affect the particular area where the extraction is going on but it affects all surrounding areas also.
7. The depth of the bore wells is increasing day by day.
8. There should be a change in the human attitude.
9. Our behavior should be environment friendly.
10. We should not over use ground water.
11. Deep wells should be discouraged.
12. Plastic usage should be prohibited.
13. The government should take stringent action against the people who do not follow these conditions.

Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and interpret in your own words.

This pattern of development is in direct contrast to what sustainable development stands for Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In other words, a better quality of life for everyone-now and for generations to come.

Answer:

1. According to the paragraph given, the development which meets the needs of the present people without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called sustainable development.
2. Better quality of life is necessary not only for us but for the next coming generations also. The present concept of development is not like this.
3. The present scenario is quite adversary to the paragraph. There is no such feeling of future
   generations and their needs.
4. All generations have the right on utilizing the natural resources like water, air and soil and so on.
5. The government should take up awareness programmes on this issue.
6. Stringent actions should be initiated against who violate the eco laws and acts.
7. The government should think about this take action to make sustainable development a real concept.

Question 11.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion.

For most rural communities, the link between the environment and the lives of the people is very strong. Access to the environment serves a large number of their needs (like food, firewood, fodder, economically valuable articles, etc.) which otherwise they would have to pay for. As they lose this access to environment either because of displacement, or the environment is destroyed and polluted, the poor are the greatest losers. The question of environment and sustainability is intimately connected to the issue of equity.

Answer:

1. According to the paragraph given here, the rural people are attached with environment for their food and other commodities.
2. When there is a displacement they don’t have this facility of getting commodities.
3. These poor people suffer a lot when the environment is destroyed and polluted.
4. My opinion on this paragraph is that many a time it is happening in many places.
5. When displacement takes place, the forest dwellers have to face many problems.
6. They don’t have sufficient food and land for cultivation.
7. They don’t get loans as they are new to the money lenders of that place.
8. The government should think about the troubles of these people when they are asked to move from their living places.
9. I am not opposing to construct dams and projects but the displacement should not lead to troubles.
10. Alternate arrangements should be made keeping their problems in mind.

Question 12.
Locate the following points in the Indian map provided.

1. Mumbai
2. Hyderabad
3. Madhya Pradesh
4. Gujarat
5. Tamil Nadu
6. Kerala
7. Punjab
8. Uttar Pradesh
9. River Narmada
10. Sardar Sarovar Project
11. Andhra Pradesh
12. Delhi.

Answer:

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 8 People and Migration.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 8th Lesson People and Migration

10th Class Social 8th Lesson People and Migration 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are Kopis?
Answer:
Kopis are conical huts made of bamboo mats and poles.

Question 2.
Write any one reason for international migration.
Answer:
Education and Employment are the main reasons for international migration.

Observe the graph below and answer questions 3, 4.

Question 3.
Which social background people are migrating more?
Answer:
OBC are migrating more.

Question 4.
What is the reason for short term migration?
Answer:
The reason for short term migration in rural areas is distress caused there.

Question 5.
Draw a rough pie chart to represent the information given in the table.
Population Expansion in Urban Regions 2001 – 2011

Causes	%
Natural Increases	44%
Expansion of Urban Area	32%
Migration	24%

Answer:

Question 6.
How does migration arise?
Answer:
Migration arises out of various social, economic or political reasons.

Question 7.
How can we identify a person as a migrant?
Answer:
For identifying a person as a migrant, two criteria are used by the centres :

• birthplace
• last usual place of residence.

Question 8.
What is the most common reason for male migration?
Answer:
Employment or seeking employment is the most common reason for male migration.

Question 9.
Give some other reasons for migration.
Answer:
Dissatisfaction with employment opportunities for studies, loss in business, family, friends, etc. are also some other reasons for migration.

Question 10.
Where do the urban migrants have to work?
Answer:
Most urban migrants have to work in the unorganised sector. They could be working as hawkers, painters, repair persons, rickshaw pullers, construction labour, etc.

Question 11.
Which has been recognised as a natural response?
Answer:
For some people from rural areas moving to cities and towns to work in industry and other service activities have been recognised as a natural response to increase their in¬come and for better family prospects.

Question 12.
Why do migrants continue to live as daily workers?
Answer:
The migrants from rural to urban are not able to find jobs in the organised sector and therefore there’s no job security and decent income that they were aspiring for. They continue to live as daily workers.

Question 13.
Why is the number of seasonal migrants underestimated in India?
Answer:
The number of seasonal migrants is underestimated in India due to limitations in the definition of the term ‘migrant’ used in national surveys.

Question 14.
What is the Emigration Act, 1983?
Answer:
The Emigration Act, 1983 is the Indian law governing migration and employment of Indians abroad.

Question 15.
What are living areas of the sugarcane cutters?
Answer:
The Kopis are cramped together and bullocks are parked in front. Animals and humans live together in congested conditions.

Question 16.
Who are the rural seasonal migrants?
Answer:
The rural seasonal migrants are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of origin and mostly belong to low-income households, dalits and Adivasis.

Question 17.
Where do rural seasonal migrants work?
Answer:
The rural seasonal migrants work in agriculture and plantations, brick kilns, quarries, construction sites and fish processing.

Question 18.
Who have a long history of migrating?
Answer:
Male from Saora tribals have a long history of migrating to work in Assam plantation, Munda and Santhal men migrate to work in mining sites in Odisha.

Question 19.
Which depend on migrant workers?
Answer:
Construction sites in most urban areas depend on migrant workers.

Question 20.
“It is also common to see migrants”
What is it?
Answer:
It is also common to see migrants selling plastic goods, vegetables, and engage in their petty businesses and casual labour.

Question 21.
What is the economic condition of the seasonal migrants?
Answer:
Seasonal migrants are not only poor but have little or no land at their native place.

Question 22.
What did the N.C.R.L. find?
Answer:
The National Commission of Rural Labour in its reports in 1990s found that uneven development and regional disparity triggered and accelerated seasonal migration.

Question 23.
How do the migrant labourers spend?
Answer:
Migrant labourers spend more on food as they cannot get food grains from fair price shops at their workplaces.

Question 24.
Why do they suffer from health problems?
Answer:
As they live in harsh circumstances and in unhygienic conditions, they suffer from health problems and are prone to diseases.

Question 25.
Name some health problems from which they suffer.
Answer:
Bodyache, sunstroke, skin irritation and lung diseases.

Question 26.
Why are migrants not able to access various health and family care programmes?
Answer:
Migrants are not able to access various health and family care programmes as they do not belong to the organised sector.

Question 27.
Do the migrant workers have maternity leave?
Answer:
No, they do not have maternity leave.

Question 28.
Which leaves a deep impact on migrants?
Answer:
Exposure to a different environment, stress associated with it, food available and social atmosphere leave a deep impact on migrants.

Question 29.
What does migration allow?
Answer:
Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to sell assets. It is also common to find migrant families buying house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables.

Question 30.
How do some migrants migrate regularly?
Answer:
Some migrants might take up jobs in the destination, acquire skills required in the destination area, become aware of how to get regular jobs and migrate regularly or permanently.

Question 31.
How many kinds of migrations are there? What are they?
Answer:
There are two kinds of migrations.
They are:

1. Internal migrations
2. International migrations.

Question 32.
Where do the skilled Indians migrate?
Answer:
The skilled Indians migrate to the U.S.A., the U.K., Canada, Germany, Norway, Japan and Malaysia.

Question 33.
What is the second type of international migration?
Answer:
The second type of international migration is unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrating to oil-exporting countries of West Asia on temporary contracts.

10th Class Social 8th Lesson People and Migration 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following question.

When males leave their families, this is also a major challenge for women who have to take care of all the responsibilities of the family and elderly people who need care. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become dropouts.

What is the effect on girls if the head of the family migrates?
Answer:
When the head of the family migrates, the burden of the family falls on the woman. She has to work, earn and lead the family. As she works outside of the house, the girl children should take care of the younger children and elder people in the home, So they are becoming dropouts.

Question 2.
What do you suggest to overcome the problems of foreign migrants?
Answer:

1. The government should take care of their security i.e., the embassies.
2. They should not believe on unauthorized intermediators.
3. Legal documents should be verified properly.

Question 3.
Do you think migrants are trouble makers? Justify your answer.
Answer:

1. Yes. I think migrants are trouble makers.
2. The migrants may not be provided with proper facilities by the government.
3. The migrants may question for proper facilities in the long course.
4. If the migrants begin to fight for their identity, then the trouble will start.
   Ex: Tamil people in Sri Lanka.

(OR)

1. No. I think migrants are not trouble makers.
2. Generally migrants go for their livelihood.
3. Therefore no scope to fight for domination.
4. Migrants won’t trouble anybody because they won’t fight for identity and domination.
   Ex: Sugarcane cutters in Maharashtra.

Question 4.
What are the problems faced by migrant labourers from villages to cities?
Answer:

1. They have to face the problem for proper shelter and settlement.
2. They may require references for jobs.
3. As they have to work in the unorganised sector, they would have neither job security nor any incentives.
4. They have to spend more on food.

Question 5.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question.

People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities and the inadequate income available in rural employment. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes.

In urban areas, what are the common sectors of the economy in which migrants from the rural areas find employment? Give examples.
Answer:
In urban areas the unorganised sector is the common sector of the economy in which migrants from the rural areas find employment.

Question 6.
List out the reasons why the people have been migrating from your area.
Answer:
The following are the reasons for the people migrating from my area :

1. Marriage is one of the most common reasons for female migration.
2. Employment or seeking employment is another reason for males to migrate.
3. Dissatisfaction with employment opportunities in the native place, better opportunity for studies, loss in business, family feuds etc. is the other causes for migrating.

Question 7.
What are the reasons for migration?
Answer:

1. Migrations can happen due to many reasons.
2. Females reported marriage as the most common reason.
3. Males migrate on employment or seeking employment opportunities.
4. Dissatisfaction with employment opportunities in the native place is one reason.
5. Better opportunity for studies, loss in business, family feuds are some other reasons for migration.

Question 8.
Create a pamphlet on “Prevention of Migration”.
Answer:

PREVENTION OF MIGRATION

Reasons: When families migrate, they live in harsh circumstances and in unhygienic conditions, they suffer from health problems and are prone to diseases.

Migratory pressures on communities of origin can be related social and economic distress. They can be linked to environmental degradation as well as natural man made hazards and they can be due persecution on conflict and violence. By supporting disaster preparedness and building resilence at the community level.

Conclusion: Why should we prevent means reduce the problems. National societies contributing to elevating pressures that can induce people to migrate against their will and desire.

Question 9.
How does the gender bias effect when the women work outside of the home nowadays?
Answer:
Before the rise of large scale industrialization, home and workplace were one and the same. But now the disparity between men and women in the workplaces is a common issue.

Workers acknowledge gender discrimination is possible in modem organizations, but at the same time maintain their workplaces to be gender-neutral.

Women are facing a high degree of gender bias when it comes to their career. There is a general perception that women are less capable than men in matters of business and decision making.

It is often a strenuous struggle for a woman not just to her mettle but also to make a deserving way to the top. Career goals of women are considered less important compared to male counterparts. The disparity is also seen in the wages and salaries also. Thus the relationship is negative.

Question 10.
Study the information given below and write your observations.

Answer:

1. The above pie diagram is about the social background of short term migrants.
2. OBC and ST account for 40% and 23% of the migrants respectively.
3. Most of the OBC are skilled in making some items.
4. So they produce the articles and migrate to cities to sell their products.
5. SC people are benefited by the schemes provided by the government and their share is less.

Question 11.
‘Most children of migrant families become drop-outs.’ Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.
Answer:

1. Yes, I agree that children become dropout if the parents are migrants.
2. When families migrate, children also accompany their parents.
3. They cannot get admission in schools in their parents workplace without transfer certificate.
4. Schools in their native place refuse to take them when they come back.
5. When parents migrate, the elder child especially the girl child, has to take care of the younger siblings.
6. Due to the above reasons, the children become dropouts.

Question 12.
Why are Embassies set up?
Answer:
Embassies set up by the Indian Government in different countries are expected to follow the legal procedures and protect the welfare of the international migrants as given in the Emigration Act.

Question 13.
Which depends upon the needs of rural family members?
Answer:
Remittances – money sent by migrants from their destination – are an important means of supplementing, or generating additional incomes for the rural family. The amount of remittances and the pressure to remain in the urban areas depends upon the needs of rural family members.

Question 14.
Why do migrants retain the economic ties in rural areas?
Answer:
Migrants retain the economic ties in rural areas because they want to safeguard their rights over land and homestead. Families left in rural areas are important for most urban migrants. In feet, it is the family which decides whether their family member should migrate or not.

Question 15.
Write about Sugar belt.
Answer:
The seven districts in western Maharashtra- Nasik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur and Sholapur – comprise the”sugar belt” which extends into Surat(Gujarat) in the north and Belgaum(Karnataka) in the south. Five districts of the arid Marathwada region – Beed, Jalgaon, Ahmadnagar, Nasik and Jalna – send out labour to this sugar belt for six months every year for sugarcane harvesting.

Question 16.
Why do people migrate from rural areas?
Answer:
People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate income available in rural employment. They also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better services.

Question 17.
Why do many families have residences at both the ends?
Answer:
Many families have residences both at their origin- (native place) and at the destination. They shift between the two depending on work and seasons. The migration does not necessarily involve the movement of all members of the family, and often the wife remains in the rural area.

Question 18.
Why do migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural areas?
Answer:
Migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural areas so that potential migrants can engage in the rural-based job search. In most cases, migration is a survival strategy for many families.

Question 19.

Estimate the rural to urban migration from Bihar to Lucknow, Kolkata and Delhi.
Answer:

1. Rural to urban migration from Bihar to Lucknow = 2 lakhs
2. Rural to urban migration from Bihar to Kolkata = 2 lakhs
3. Rural to urban migration from Bihar to Delhi = 6 lakhs

Question 20.
From which states in migrations are high? Give reasons.
Answer:
Migrations are high from states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Kerala. Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi are industrially developed.

Question 21.
Read the above graph and answer the following questions.

1. In the Decade of 1961-71 the urban population of India is ………..
   Answer:
   The urban population of India in 1961 – 71 is 31 million.
2. At the end of 2001-11 decade the urban population is ………..
   Answer:
   The urban population of India in 2001 -11 is 91 mn.
3. How many times did the urban population increase from 1961-71 decade to 2001-11 decade?
   Answer:
   The urban population increased from 1961 – 71 to 2001 -11 is by 3 times.

Question 22.
Graph: Social Background of short term migrants in India, 2007-08

Read the given Pie diagram and answer the following questions.

1. How much per cent of STis migrated in 2007-08?
   Answer:
   ST’s constitute 23% of the migrated in 2007 – 08.
2. Which is the maximum migrated class In 2007-08? what is its percentage?
   Answer:
   The maximum migration is from the class of OBCs and it is 40%.
3. In which class we notice minimum migrants?
   Answer:
   The minimum migrants are there from others which is 18%.

10th Class Social 8th Lesson People and Migration 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of international migration? Identify the reasons and consequences of it.
Answer:
Migration of the people from one country to another country due to various reasons is called “international migration”.
Reasons:

1. For higher education
2. For better employment opportunities
3. For business needs Consequences:
4. Financial conditions of the migrant families improve.
5. They are able to pay back loans and buy assets.
6. Changes occur in their lifestyle.
7. Brain drain has become a major hazard to the progress of the country’s economy.

Question 2.

When families migrate, children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities. Grown-up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’ new workplaces. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they come back. They finally become dropouts. When males leave their families this is also a major challenge for women who have to take care of all the responsibilities of the family and elderly people who need care. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become dropouts.

“Most of the children of migrant families become dropouts” – Comment.
Answer:

1. Yes, it is true. When families migrate most of the children of migrant families become dropouts.
2. At the place of migration, creche facilities are not available for the children.
3. Even if there are such facilities poor families cannot afford them.
4. Sometimes even schools are not available at migrant places.
5. Schools in their native places refuse to take them again when they come back.
6. This is damaging their interest in studies.
7. Young girls in migrant families often required to take care of their siblings.
8. Now – a – days government schools are admitting such students.
9. But even then, they are lagging behind in their studies.
10. Special training should be given to them during the holidays.

Question 3.
Write your reflections on the vulnerable conditions of Indian migrants to West Asia.
Answer:
Vulnerable conditions of Indian migrants to West Asia :

1. At times, migrant workers are not paid their salaries, recruitment agents cheat prospective workers or collect more than the prescribed fees for their role in getting work for workers abroad.
2. Employers also terminate the job contract before its expiry, change the employment contract to the disadvantage of migrant workers.
3. Pay less than the agreed salary and freeze fringe benefits and other perks.
4. They often force workers to do overtime without making additional payments and deny permission to keep one’s own passport.
5. Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their foreign employers for the fear of losing their jobs.

Question 4.
Observe the given pie chart and answer the question that follows:
Write a paragraph analyzing it.
Answer:
This pie chart is about the social background of short term migrants in India, 2007-08. It gives category wise information of SC, ST, OBC and Others. On the overall observation, it is clearly understood that major number is from OBCs and others are less in percentage.

Normally in population, the number of people from other backward classes is more. It is also observed in rural areas. People belong to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have very less land and in some cases they have no lands. Recently the trend is changing. Due to some welfare schemes, they are also leading a better life. The percentage of others is also nearly equal to the scheduled castes. Their migration purpose may be different. Many of these migrants work in unorganized sector like, construction work, brick industries, selling plastic goods and vegetables or in casual work.

The government should take care of these migrants and think why these people are migrating from their places. If possible rural prosperity is to be focused. Public facilities are to be provided at the rural areas and so this migration can be stopped or decreased.

Question 5.
Read the given paragraph and interpret.

Labour being the most abundant factor of production, it would be ideal if the new ways of farming used much more labour. Unfortunately, such a thing has not happened. The use of labour on farms is limited. The labour, looking for opportunities is thus migrating to neighbouring villages, towns and cities. Some labour has entered the nonfarm sector in the village.

Answer:

1. Labour means people who do the work either highly trained and educated or who can do manual work.
2. Each worker is providing necessary labour for production.
3. Skilled or semi-skilled or unskilled labour – all are providing labour for production.
4. Thus labour is an essential item in production.

Conclusion : If government provide loans to landless labour for Agriculture purpose, motor pump sets, engines, etc. more labour we will find in agricultural sector.

Question 6.
Write down the advantages and disadvantages of the people when they migrate.
Answer:

1. Urban migrants have plenty of opportunities for education and acquire new skills and take us new jobs effectively.
2. Thus they earn more incomes.
3. Remittances are an important means of supplementing or generating additional income for rural families.
4. Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to sell assets.
5. Migrant families buy house, land, gold, agricultural machinery and consumer durables.
6. Majority of migrants either remit or bring back savings.
7. Thus their purchasing power increases.

Disadvantages:

1. Migrant labourers spend more on food as they cannot get food grains from fair prices shops.
2. They live in harsh circumstances and in unhygienic conditions.
3. They suffer from health problems and are prone to disease.
4. They do not have creche facilities.
5. Grown up children are not able to continue their studies at their parent’s new workplaces.
6. Exposure to different environment, stress associated with it, food available and social atmo¬sphere leave a deep impact on migrants.

Question 7.
Observe the information given in the table and analyse.
Table: Migrations in India [Census 1991-2001]

Migration by place of birth	Census 1991 (excluding J & K in millions)	Census 2001 (including J & K in millions)	Variation (%) 1991-2001
Total population	838.5	1028.6	21.5
Total migrations	229.8	307.1	32.9
Migrants from within the districts	136.2	181.7	32.6
Migrants from other districts of state	59.1	76.8	29.5
Migrants from other states in India	27.2	42.3	54.5
Migrants from other countries	6.9	6.1	(-) 11.6

Answer:
Table Analysis:
According to 1991 & 2001 census,

1. The total population in 1991 was 838.5 million excluding J & K. At the same time in 2001 it was 1028.6 million including J&K. There was a variation of 21.5% growth in the population.
2. Total migrated people in 1991 were 229.8 million and they were in 2001, 307.1 million. There was 32.9% variation from 1991 to 2001.
3. Migrants from within the districts in 1991 were 136.2 million and in 2001 were 181.7 million. The variation is 32.6%.
4. Migrants from other districts of the state in 1991 were only 59.1 million and in 2001 were 76.8 million. The variation is 29.5%.
5. In 1991 migrants from other states in India were 27.2 million and in 2001 they were 42.3 million. The variation is 54.5%.
6. Migrants from other countries were 6.9 million in 1991. This number reduced to 6.1 million in 2001. Hence, the variation is (-) 11.6%.

From the above information, it is evident that the total migrations increased from 1991 to 2001. Migrants within the district and migrants from other districts of the state increased. Because of employment, facilities and education also increased.
Some areas are not developed, that’s why people are migrating from one place to other places.

Conclusion: Finally from the above information we understand that migrants from other countries to India decreased. So we understand that foreigners are not preferring to migrate India because of lack of resources and employment and low paid salaries.

Question 8.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following question.

The men drive the carts to the factory where they might have to wait in queue for several hours before they get to offload the cane. The women, meanwhile, walk several kilometres back to the settlement. They have to fight exhaustion all the time.

How far is the household work done by the women in these circumstances justified?
Answer:

1. Both men and women work in the sugarcane fields.
2. The cane piles are tied into bundles, carried on the head by men and women.
3. Men drive the carts to the factories.
4. After doing heavy work on cane fields, women walk several kilometres back to the settlement.
5. Then they have to perform household work.
6. They have to fight exhaustion all the time.
7. But the wage paid to the women is less when compared to the men.
8. Hence we can conclude this discrimination is not justified on any grounds.

People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities and the inadequate income available in rural employment. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better servicing. Ramaiah was able to find work in the organized sector. However, most urban migrants have to work as labourers and find employment in the unorganized sector. They could be working as hawkers, painters, repair persons, rickshaw pullers, construction labour, etc.

Question 9.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it.

People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities and the inadequate income available in rural employment. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better services. Ramaiah was able to find work in the organized sector. However, most urban migrants have to work as labourers and find employment in the unorganized sector. They could be working as hawkers, painters, repair persons, rickshaw pullers, construction labour, etc.

Answer:

1. According to the paragraph the people migrate to urban areas as there is no sufficient work in rural areas.
2. They expect high income from urban areas but they settle in unorganized sector.
3. They also have no job security and they face many problems.
4. My opinion is that nowadays every individual want high income for their families.
5. The people are ready to go anywhere for that.
6. They are forcibly settling in the unorganized sector.
7. Some of them don’t find even daily wages.
8. In conclusion I suggest the government to take care of these labourers of the unorganized sector and launch new schemes for these migrants.

A large section of rural workers migrate for a short duration and particularly due to distress caused in rural areas. They are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of origin and mostly belong to low Income households, dalits and adivasis.

Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it.
Answer:

1. As per the paragraph given, it is understood that most of the labourers migrating from rural areas to urban areas are from marginalized families.
2. Their income is low and they are SCs and STs.
3. They come to cities and towns in distress.
4. My opinion is that most of the dalits and adivasis have no agricultural lands. They are agricul¬tural labourers working in others fields.
5. When they find no work in some peculiar seasons they migrate to urban areas.
6. Especially the adivasis are still leading their lives based on the forest produce.
7. I suggest the government to take up new initiatives for the sake of these low-income groups. MNREGA programmes should be launched in needy areas.

Question 11.
Read the following paragraph and write your comments.

Construction sites in most urban areas depend on migrant workers. It is also common to see migrants selling plastic goods, vegetables, and engage in other petty businesses and casual labour. A large section of such migrants are from tribal communities and from drought-prone areas of the state. Seasonal migrants are not only poor but have little or no land at their native place.

Answer:

1. The given paragraph says that different activities in urban areas depend on migrant workers.
2. Drought is also one of the reasons for migration. Many of the migrants are from tribal communities. They have no lands and so they are very poor.
3. My comments on this paragraph are that it is true the many of the migrants are working on construction sites and they are in the unorganized sector.
4. They don’t find work on all the days.
5. When there is a work they get wages. Many a time they spend their time waiting for work.
6. I conclude by saying these unorganized sector people are to be identified.
7. Special schemes are to be designed and launched. They should be provided with work but not simply financial help.
8. Banks should provide loans without collateral and so they can survive for themselves.

Question 12.

Prepare a paragraph on the above pie chart.
Answer:

1. This pie chart is about the social background of short term migrants in India, 2007-08. It gives category wise information of SC, ST, OBC and Others.
2. On the overall observation, it is clearly understood that major number is from OBCs and others are less in percentage.
3. Normally In population, the number of people from other backward classes is more.
4. It is also observed in rural areas.
5. People belong to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have very less land and in some cases, they have no lands.
6. The government should take care of these migrants and think why these people are migrating from their places.
7. If possible rural prosperity is to be focused.
8. If Public facilities are to be provided at the rural areas and so this migration can be stopped or decreased.

Question 13.
Draw and locate the following.

1. Draw the Andhra Pradesh map and locate Amaravathi.
2. Draw the Andhra Pradesh map and locate Krishna, East & West Godavari districts.

Answer:

Question 14.
In the following map, estimate the urban migration to Delhi from UP and Bihar.

Answer:

1. Approximately 2 lakh persons migrated from Bihar to Delhi.
2. Approximately 4 lakh persons migrated from UP to Delhi.

Question 15.
In the following map, estimate the rural to urban migration from Karnataka to AP.

Answer:
Approximately 0.5 lakh persons migrated from Karnataka to AP.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 13th Lesson The Indian Constitution Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 13th Lesson The Indian Constitution

8th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The Indian Constitution Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Damanpur is ruled by its king based on a set of rules written down by the priest and ministers. He has also divided his kingdom into 16 provinces to which he appoints his officers as governors. Can we say that this is democratic country? Is it a constitutional country? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
I cannot say it as democratic country and a constitutional country.
Reasons:

1. The king came to throne on heredity.
2. Purohits and ministers were not elected but selected.
3. The officials were selected and appointed by the king.

Question 2.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Constitution determines the relationship between people and government.
b. Democratic countries generally contain a Constitution.
c. To make a Constitution to a diverse country like India is not an easy task.
d. All are correct.
Answer:
d (All are correct).

Question 3.
Match the following leaders with their roles in the making of the Constitution:
a. Motilal Nehru         [ ]   i) President of the Constituent Assembly
b. B. R. Ambedkar       [ ]  ii) Member of the Constituent Assembly
c. Rajendra Prasad      [ ]  iii) Chairman of the Drafting Committee
d. Sarojini Naidu         [ ]  iv) Prepared a Constitution for India in 1928
Answer:
a) iv
b) iii
c) i
d) ii

Question 4.
Read again the extracts from Nehru’s speech and answer the following:
a. What pledge did he want the makers of the Indian Constitution to take?
b. “The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye.” Who was he referring to?
Answer:
a) The pledge he wanted the makers of the Indian Constitution to take was ‘incessant striving’.
b) He was referring to Mahatma Gandhiji.

Question 5.
Here are some of the guiding values of the Constitution and their meaning. Rewrite them by matching them correctly.
a) Sovereign   i) Government will not favour any religion.
b) Republic     ii) People have the supreme right to make decisions.
c) Fraternity    iii) Head of the state is an elected person.
d) Secular       iv) People should live like brothers and sisters.
Answer:
a) ii
b) iii
c) iv
d) i

Question 6.
What values are embedded in the preamble of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Preamble of the Indian Constitution: The values that inspired and guided the freedom struggle formed the foundation for India’s democracy. These values are embedded in the ‘Preamble’ of the Indian Constitution, which is a short statement of its basic principles and objectives. They guide all the provisions of Indian Constitution.

Question 7.
“All are equal before law”- Explain this with examples.
Answer:
EQUALITY: Our Constitution does not promise equality in all respects (like income or property) but it seeks to ensure that all people will enjoy the same status – that is, everyone will be governed by the same laws. Secondly, it promises equality of ‘opportunity’. This means that all public offices shall be open to all, irrespective of caste or religion. If an office requires special qualification, access to that qualification too will be made equal to all.

Question 8.
Identify correct statements from the following:
a. The Constitution defines powers of the Legislative houses.
b. The Constitution cannot be changed under any circumstances.
c. Ideals that are in the preamble are reflected in the design of institutions.
d. Laws for the entire country are designed centrally.
Answer:
a and c are correct statements.

Question 9.
On what occasions equal justice is seen? Mention with examples.
Answer:
No discrimination will be made to any citizen. On account of his/her, birth, beliefs, wealth or status.
eg:

1. Right to vote
2. Right to freedom of religious
3. Right to equality etc.

Project

Question 1.
Compare the preambles to the Constitutions of the United States of America, India and South Africa.
a. Make a list of ideals that are common to all these three.
b. Note down at least one major difference among these.
c. Which of the three makes a reference to the past?
d. Which of these does not invoke God?
Answer:

Preamble of Constitution of United States of America
We the people of the United States in order to form a more perfect union establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do or dain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Preamble of Constitution of South Africa
We the people of South Africa, Recognize the injustices of our past; Honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land; Respect those who have worked to build and develop our country; and Believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. We therefore, through our freely elected representatives, adopt this Constitution as the Supreme law of the republic so as to- heal the divisions of the past and establish a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights; Lay the founda¬tions for a democratic and open society in which government is based on the will of the people and every citizen is equally protected by law; Improve the quality of life of all citizens and free the potential of each person; and Build a united and democratic South Africa able to take its rightful place as a sovereign state in the family of nations.

May God protect our people.
God bless South Africa.

Preambles to the Constitutions:

America	India	South Africa
	Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, justice, liberty equality, fraternity.	Social justice, fundamental human rights, democratic and open society, equal protection by law, improvised quality of life.

a) List of ideals: Sovereign, socialism, secular, democratic.
b) The date is mentioned in the Indian Constitution but not others.
c) South Africa makes a reference to the past.
d) Indian Constitution and American Constitution do not invoke God.

8th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The Indian Constitution InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
If you and your classmates were asked to formulate five goals for the country – what would they be? How would you arrive at those five goals? Discuss in the class and work with the help of your teacher. (Textbook Page No. 150)
Answer:

1. Universal Education
2. Universal Health
3. Economic development
4. Peace and Living together
5. Non-violence, opportunities to all

I create awareness in the officials and rulers about these goals. I will make the people believe in peace, non-violence and living together.
I will bring the change in the society.

Question 2.
Can you list out some of the inequalities and discriminations prevalent in our society at the time of Independence? (Textbook Page No. 151)
Answer:
Inequalities:

1. Economic inequalities
2. Social inequalities

Discriminations :

1. Racial discrimination
2. Gender discrimination

Question 3.
Here is a set of statements that is put in pairs, but some of it has wrong information. Can you correct them?
a) A model constitution was drafted + Motilal Nehru
b) Leaders agreed that illiterate people should not vote
c) Provincial legislature + Constitution adopted some colonial laws
d) Partition + large number of people were killed and forced to migrate
e) Restriction on women voting + commitment to social reform in India. (Textbook Page No. 151)
Answer:
a) Motilal Nehru and eight other Indian National Congress leaders drafted a Constitution for India.
b) The government would be built by general elections based on the principles of ‘universal adult franchise or right of every adult citizen irrespective of gender, caste, religion, education or wealth to vote in elections.
c) Correct
d) Correct
e) Voting right to women + commitment to social reform in India.

Question 4.
What were the sources of inspiration and ideas for framing our Constitution? (Or)
What thoughts inspired the framing of our Constitution? (Textbook Page No. 152)
Answer:
First of all, the framers were inspired by the struggle waged by the diverse kinds of Indian people and their aspiration for a better world to live in. They knew that it was their sacred duty to help build an India in which all these diverse kinds of people may realise their aspirations. They were also deeply influenced by the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi and other national leaders.

Secondly, many of our leaders were inspired by the ideals of French Revolution, the prac-tice of parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the USA. The socialist revolution in Russia and China had inspired many Indians to think of shaping a system based on social and economic equality. All these factors influenced the making of our Constitution.

Thirdly, the British too had introduced some basic institutions of democratic rule in India. However, only certain categories of people could vote in the elections. British had introduced very weak legislatures. Elections were held in 1937 to Provincial Legislatures and Ministries all over British India. These were not fully democratic governments. But the experience gained by Indians in the working of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them. That is why the Indian Constitution adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws.

Question 5.
The people of India decided (resolved) to achieve two objectives. What were these? (Textbook Page No. 155)
Answer:
The following objectives were resolved by the Indian people.

1. To establish a republican country.
2. To secure to all its citizens, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.

Question 6.
What did they do in order to achieve these objective?
Answer:

1. To achieve the objectives, we incorporated the objectives in our constitution.
2. For republican country we are electing the head of the nation.
3. To secure the remaining objectives we added secularism, socialism in our constitution.
4. Provide justice and equal opportunities to all people without discrimination.
5. To achieve these universalising literacy and education, protection of environment, reducing inequalities etc. are kept infront of the government.
6. Maintain brotherhood nature among all people.
7. To achieve these, we are following parliamentary system and federal system.

Question 7.
Can you identify one idea that is common to all these three? (Textbook Page No. 155)
Answer:
‘Equality’ is the common idea to all these three.

Question 8.
What are the differences in their ways of expressing that common idea? (Textbook Page No. 155)
Answer:
A) Mahatma Gandhi: There shall be no high class and low class of people.
B) B.R. Ambedkar: How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions?
C) Jawaharlal Nehru: It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity.
The three expressed the same idea in different words.

Question 9.
Discuss why the leaders who fought for freedom did not want India to be ruled by kings and queens. (Textbook Page No. 150)
Answer:
Kings and queens ruled the country mostly dictatorially. They ruled India by dividing it into small kingdoms. They failed in answering foreign invasions.
The freedom fighters were all nationalists. They prayed and dreamed India as a huge nation. They wished democratic rule.
So they did not want India to be ruled by kings and queens.

Question 10.
Find out from your grandparents or old neighbours who were there at the time of independence about how things were at that time and what they felt about the future of the country. (Textbook Page No. 151)
Answer:
Things at the time of independence :

1. Apart from social and cultural diversity, there were huge differences between rich and poor, upper and lower castes, men and women.
2. Literacy levels and education were very low.
3. There was acute poverty.
4. There were sharp differences of opinion among the leaders of the national movement, about how we could make a better society after Independence.

Our grandparents/Old neighbours felt about the future of the country in the following way.

1. The dreams of Gandhiji would be true.
2. There would be a plenty of food in the country.
3. People would be happy with their shelters and clothes.
4. There would be no inequalities.
5. There would be no discriminations.
6. All would be equal before law etc.

Question 11.
Why do you think the kings were allowed to nominate members to the Constituent Assembly? (Textbook Page No. 153)
Answer:
The kings were familiar with the ideas of their people. They could integrate the ideas of their people. So the kings were allowed to nominate members to the Constituent Assembly.

Question 12.
Why do you think there were so few women members? Do you think it would have been better if there had been more women members? (Textbook Page No. 153)
Answer:
At that time the educated women and the women politicians were very less in number. Even today we are fighting for 33% of women reservations. So there were so few women members. Yes, I think it would have been better if there had been more women members.

Question 13.
Which of the guiding principles in the Objective Resolution, do you think is the most important? Give your reasons for it. Do other students have a different opinion about this? (Textbook Page No. 154)
Answer:
“Welfare of all mankind” – This guiding principle in the Objective Resolution is the most important.
Reasons:
The welfare of all mankind is the welfare of the Earth.
This leads to world peace. Other students have no different opinions.

Question 14.
Why is it necessary for an elected parliament to make laws? Why can’t they be made by learned lawyers and judges? (Textbook Page No. 157)
Answer:
Our Constitution provides a Parliamentary form of government. The Parliament, consisting of representatives of the people makes laws. These laws are according to the needs and views of the citizens/people. Judiciary comments on this.
Learned lawyers and judges can make laws legally but not for the welfare of the people. They don’t have the support of the people. So they cannot make laws.

Question 15.
Why do you think the Prime Minister and his Cabinet should get their decisions and actions approved by the Parliament and answer the questions raised by the members of Parliament? Will it be better if they were answerable only to the President? (Textbook Page No. 157)
Answer:
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are answerable to the Parliament. The members of Parliament are the representatives elected by the civilians directly. So they are answerable to them.
It will not be better if they are answerable only to the President as it is against the democracy.
So they should get their decisions approved by the Parliament.

Question 16.
Some countries have a different structure in which there is only a central government that makes laws for the entire country and governs all the provinces or states. Do you think such a system is suited for India? Discuss in the class. (Textbook Page No. 158)
Answer:
India is a land of many diversities. The laws of only central government are not correct to this kind of nation. Different regions have different cultures. All these things should be taken into consideration to make laws. So such system is not suited for India.

Question 17.
Discuss why the courts and judges should be independent of the state and central government authorities. (Textbook Page No. 158)
Answer:
To safeguard the Constitution, the courts and judges should be independent. Otherwise there is a chance of sidetrack. So they should be independent.

Question 18.
Why should the Election Commission be autonomous? (Textbook Page No. 158)
Answer:
The Election Commission should be autonomous to conduct free and fair elections.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Water – Too Little To Waste

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 14th Lesson Water – Too Little To Waste

7th Class Science 14th Lesson Water – Too Little To Waste Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is water distributed on the globe? How much of freshwater is available to us?
Answer:

1. If the total water on earth be 100%, the percent fresh water available to us is only 1%.
2. 

Question 2.
When was the international decade for action on ‘water for life’ declared?
Answer:

1. On World Water Day, that is 22 March 2005, the period 2005 – 2015 was declared as the International Decade for action on “Water for Life”.

Question 3.
What would you do for the cause ‘water for life”?
Answer:

1. Normally a lot of water flows out of the kitchen as well as bathrooms in our houses.
2. Many of us do not know that water is being wasted in this way.
3. We must make a channel of water to flow from kitchen to the garden around.
4. We cannot wastewater from the bathroom also. It could be used after purification.

Question 4.
Why do we need proper drainage system?
Answer:

1. We dispose of wastewater in our daily life in different ways and means.
2. We often see water stagnated near bore wells or beside houses.
3. Sometimes human and animal excretions also mix with this water.
4. We get a foul smell when we walk near those areas.
5. To prevent this we need a proper drainage system.

Question 5.
How do you find out what realty happens to waste water at treatment plants?
Answer:

1. Fill a large glass jar 3/4 full of water. Add some dirty organic matter such as grass pieces or orange peels, a small amount of detergent, and a few drops of an ink or any colour.
2. Cap the jar, shake it well and let the mixture stand in the sun for two days.
3. After two days, shake the mixture and pour a small sample into test tube. Label this test tube “Before treatment; Sample 1”. How does it smell?
4. Use an aerator from an aquarium to bubble air through the sample in the glass jar. Allow several hours for aeration; leave the aerator attached overnight. If you do not have an aerator, use a mechanical stirrer or a mixer. You may have to stir it several times. This actually works like a skimmer of the wastewater treatment plant.
5. Aeration causes organisms that break down waste to grow faster thus it leads to what is called as “Biological Process”.
   
6. The next day when aeration is complete, pour another sample into a second test tube. Label it “After aeration; Sample 2”.
7. Fold a piece of filter paper to form a cone. Wet the paper with tap water and then insert the cone in a funnel. Mount the funnel on a support.
8. Place layers of sand, fine gravel and finally medium gravel in the funnel.
9. Pour the remaining aerated liquid through the filter into the beakers. Do not allow the liquid to spill over the filter. If the filtered liquid is not clear, filter it a few times till you get clear water. This is “physical process”.
10. Pour a sample of the filtered water into a third test tube labeled “Filtered’ Sample 3”.
11. Pour another sample of the filtered water into a fourth test tube. Add a small piece of a chlorine tablet. Mix well until the water is clear. Labe! the test tube “Chlorinated; Sample 4”.
12. This is a “Chemical Process” of treatment.
13. Observe carefully the samples in all the test tubes. Do not taste! Just smell them!
14. We can easily under stand how the wastewater is recycled in the treatment plant.

Question 6.
For which purposes are we using freshwater?
Answer: Freshwater has been the constant and essential companion of human beings throughout history. Water is used in great quantities in agriculture and industries.

Question 7.
How is freshwater distributed over the globe?
Answer:

1. Our globe is poorly endowed with fresh water.
2. Most water is rendered useless to humans by dilution with salt in the oceans.
3. Only 2.5 percent is available as freshwater of which 2/3 is locked up in Ice and snow.
4. Nature is unkind in depositing almost eighty percent of rain over the sea.
5. The rain that falls over the land has a great potential value.

Question 8.
What is causing water scarcity? Write the principle ways which are degrading the quality and quantity of natural supply of fresh water.
Answer:

1. Unsustainable extraction of fresh water causes water scarcity.
2. Due to the over-extraction of fresh water underground reserves are falling rapidly.
3. In India, the water table has fallen more than 300 meters’.
4. Human interventions which degrade the quality and quantity of the natural supply of fresh water occur, in 3 principal ways.
5. Firstly dams alter the natural flow of rivers often leading to water scarcity.
6. Secondly, soil moisture is lost by land degradation due to poor farming practices
   and deforestation.
7. Thirdly, surface water is polluted by run-off chemicals used in industries and households.

Question 9.
How can you say that the next cold war could be over water?
Answer:

1. The world population is projected to grown 9.3 Billion by 2050.
2. In addition to safe drinking water and sanitation, the rising pressure on freshwater will be felt most severely in the energy and food sectors.
3. Two out of three people will be living with water shortage by 2025.
4. The growth of demand the decline in freshwater availability, the adverse health effects from poor water quality and scarcity will result in violence and water wars.
5. The next cold war could be over water.

Question 10.
How can we conserve water? Write some practices that can be adopted.
Answer:
a)

1. We perform many activities in our daily life using water.
2. We can conserve water by adopting certain good practices,

b) Some practices that can be adopted:

1. Water is precious. We should not waste it.
2. Collect water in a bucket after cleaning rice, dal and vegetables in the kitchen which contains peels of vegetables.
3. We can use this water for our cattle.
4. We should not throw solid food remains, tea leaves and oily wastes down the drain.
5. We must make a channel so that the kitchen and bathroom water flows to the coconut and banana plants in our garden.
6. We should use only mild soaps and detergents so that this water may not harm our plants.
7. Any leakage of water from any tap must be repaired immediately.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 9th Lesson Public Health and the Government Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 9th Lesson Public Health and the Government

8th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Public Health and the Government Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Correct the false statements.
a. Most rural areas have trained doctors.
b. There are more facilities in hospitals of private sector than the public sector.
c. Nutritious food helps in improving the health scenario.
d. Some doctors may involve in unnecessary treatments to make money.
Answer:
a) Most rural areas have trained doctors. (False)
Correction: Most rural areas have untrained doctors.
b) True
c) True
d) True

Question 2.
Jayamma uses the following. Which of these will you include in basic public facilities?
a. Drives Scooter to school,
b. Sends her child to Anganwadi.
c. Owns a television set.
d. Has a mobile phone,
e. Sends letters by post office.
Answer:
b. Sends her child to Anganwadi.
c. Sends letters by post office.

Question 3.
Identify the sentences in this chapter that discuss the role of the government in providing public health.
Answer:
“Self exercise” – The student should underline the sentences in this chapter.

Question 4.
Discuss which among the following measures will you consider as instances – OR not an instance of improving the healthcare. Write down the reasons for your answer.
a. TB patients are given free medicines.
b. In some villages clean drinking water facilities are arranged.
c. Shopkeepers selling medicines for cold, fever, headache etc.
d. The government provides foodgrains in Fair Price shops.
Answer:
I consider a, b, d as instances of improving the health care. Selling medicines by shop-keepers is trade.

Question 5.
Priyamvada runs a private hospital. This has more facilities than that are available in a government hospital. Satyanarayana works as a government doctor in a Mandal. Can you write an imaginary dialogue between them about access to health services?
Answer:
Priyamvada: Hello Doctor, how are you?
Satyanarayana: Fine doctor. You are working in?
Priyamvada: I run my own hospital in the town. You?
Satyanarayana: I am working in the government Mandai Hospital here?
Prlyamvada: Oh I am very sorry. All of our friends opened many super specialty hospitals and are running them successfully. But you…?
Satyanarayana: Oh I Don’t say sorry. This is my ambition.
Priyamvada: What is this doctor? We are working regularly in one hospital while visiting four to five others daily. A handful of income, sophisticated facilities. We have everything what we need. Operation theatres, oxygen facilities, ambulances etc. All the facilities are in our reach. Why
are you missing them?
Satyanarayana: Sorry Miss. Pnyamvada. I like my profession and this job. The people in villages are approaching untrained persons for treatment. We are in this profession to serve the people only.
It is the same either in villages or in towns. We have also many facilities in our hospitals.
Priyamvada: Very sorry doctor, very sorry. I misunderstand you. You are rendering more services to the people who are in need.
Now onwards I also will come and treat the patients without fees. All the best doctor.

Question 6.
Health is not limited to providing medicines. In this chapter there are other aspects of health that are mentioned (like clean water etc). Bring them together and write a paragraph about such aspects.
Answer:
Health is not limited to providing medicines only. The people should be given nutritious food. Safety Drinking water facilities should be arranged. First aid should be provided to the needy. Proper housing facilities, healthy environment should be created. Through these steps alone we can get good health.

Question 7.
Following figure shows how people get money for hospitalization in Andhra Pradesh. Nearly 65% of the people below poverty line have to borrow money. Identify this in the chart and mark the percentage. Those above poverty line spend 45% of the hospitalization expenditure from their savings. Identify this in the chart and mark the percentage. Those above poverty line borrow only 35%. Identify this in the chart and mark the percentage.
Can you also roughly estimate share of other means through which people meet their hospitalization expenses in the chart below?
Answer:

Below the poverty line		Above the poverty line
Others	7%	Others	3%
Self assets	11%	Self assets	3%
Savings	10%	Reimbursement	3%
Borrow	65%	Savings	45%
Current income	7%	Borrow	35%
		Current income	11%

They find their money for hospitalization as above.

Question 8.
Conduct a survey on government welfare schemes on health. List the beneficiaries in your area.
Answer:

1. Aarogya Sri Scheme: White card holders.
2. ESI: People working in public & private companies, factories etc.
3. Reimbursement facilities: To State/Central government employees.

Question 9.
To know about the prevention of contageous diseases, what questions do you ask your region’s Health worker?
Answer:

1. How can we prevent Malaria?
2. What is the preventive medicine for Typhoid?
3. Is there any preventive drug for Cholera?
4. What are the preventive steps of govt, to control eye diseases?

Question 10.
What type of services would be rendered by ‘108′ during emergencies?
Answer:
All types of emergency cases are handled by 108 services, including pregnancy cases, accidental, unconscious, paralysis, inflation, fever, heart attack and all types of emergencies.

Project

Consult any five of your friends and fill the table with the following particulars, then analyse and discuss In the class.

Sl.No.	Name of the student	How often the nails are cut?	How often the hands are washed?	Where are the leftover food items throwning mid-day meais?	How often he/she participates in school cleanliness?	What kinds of work they do for dean Siness of their houses?
1.	Saroja	Once in a week	Each time before eating	In dustbin	Once in a month	Grooming
2.	Dhanush	Once in a week	3 – 4 times	In drain	Once in 6 – months	Not interested
3.	Sarath	10 – days	5 – 8 times	Nil	Twice in a month	Helping mother
4.	Sampath	15 days	Regular	Offer to street children	10 – days	Helping mother
5.	Sravya	20 – days	10-12 times	Nil	Once in a month	Grooming cleasing vessels etc.

Answer:
“Health is wealth”. Everyone knows about this. If we maintain cleanliness of our hands and nails we can protect ourselves from epidemic diseases. If we keep our surrounding clean & neat we will protect ourselves from mosquitoes and other insects and be safe from dangerous diseases, If we are in healthy manner we will develop ourselves and our country will also be in prosperous.

That’s why Indian Government introduced Swatch Bharat Programme and protect our people from dangerous diseases like Dengue, Swineflu, Zika, etc.,
Finally everyone will be habituate for cleanliness.

8th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Public Health and the Government InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What steps can be taken to prevent Malaria?
Answer:

1. Necessary preventive measures should be taken from mosquito bites.
2. We should use mosquito nets.
3. Creams like Odomos.
4. We should take care of drainage canals and small kuntas. Stagnated water should be dried.
5. The smoke of Neem and Tulasi sticks should be spread in houses during the evenings.
6. Water tanks should be cleaned once a month.
   With these, we can prevent malaria.

Question 2.
Why are children given food in the anganwadis? Do they get adequate food to eat in the anganwadis of your area? (Textbook Page No. 101)
Answer:
In Andhra Pradesh about 33% of children below 5 years of age were characterised as underweight. This is due to hunger and malnutrition. So the government decided to feed these children through Anganwadis.

We have two Anganwadi Kendras in our village. They provide nutrition in a certain quantities like Soya powder, Soya granules, Chips etc., to the children below 5 years.

Question 3.
What problems did Kiran face in the Government Hospital? How do you think could the hospital could work in a better manner? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 103)
Answer:

1. Kiran had to spend 3 hours standing in a queue for consultation.
2. Again he spent two hours for blood test.
3. He had to come on the second day for blood report by consultation.
4. He took week days to go to his school regularly.

These hospitals can work in a proper manner. They can create more facilities to the patients. Seating arrangements can be provided. The test reports also can be issued on the same day.

Question 4.
What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 103)
Answer:
Problems in private hospitals:

1. We should pay more money here.
2. Medicines also cost very high.
3. Some may cause unnecessary tensions to the patient families.

Question 5.
Where do you go when you are ill? Are there any problems that you face? Write a paragraph based on your experience. (Textbook Page No. 103)
Answer:
Once I suffered from Typhoid. My father is a Railway employee. He joined me in Railway hospital. I stayed there for 10 days. Several blood tests were done. They treated me well. But they never disclose the results of any report. The patients were given a hospital uniform. I didn’t like wearing this uniform. On the whole I hate that atmosphere.

Question 6.
Why do you think do people in the rural areas go to untrained practitioners, even though they know that they are not properly trained? Keep in mind the following aspects in discussion- trained doctors do not work in villages; people have faith in injection; treat on credit; accepts payments like grains or chicken. (Textbook Page No. 104)
Answer:
Even though they are untrained practioners, they treat small diseases like fever, cold, cough etc., well. Some may have undergone RMP training, some may have worked under a trained doctor. Many of the people have faith on injections. They call it as ‘Soodi Mandu’. Many practitioners take the benefit of this belief. The fee can be paid in instalments or in barter system. These practitioners help the rural people by introducing them to specialists in the time of need and urgency. Due to all these reasons, the medical practitioners are treated as small gods in villages.

Question 7.
In India about one lakh women die each year of complications from pregnancy, it was observed that poor maternal health and nutritional status and inappropriate management of labour during delivery were responsible for many of the deaths of children. Do you think that 104 and 108 services have made a difference to the above situation? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 109)
Answer:
I think 104 and 108 services have made a difference to the above situation.
Hiring an Ambulance from private is very expensive. But 108 reaches the patient within a short time, takes him/her to the nearest hospital by providing medical aid.
104 service creates awareness in the rural people. And they give medical assistance to needy people.

Question 8.
What should be available in every village as part of the public health system? (Textbook Page No. 104)
Answer:
Asha worker, nutrition, immunisation facilities, weighing machine etc., should be available in every village as part of the public health system.

Question 9.
List some public health centres or hospitals near your place. From your experience (or by visiting any one of them) find out the facilities provided and people who run the centre. (Textbook Page No. 104)
Answer:
1. Government General Hospital. 2. Primary Health Care Centre.

Facilities:

1. Laboratory
2. UltraSound Scanning.
3. X-ray
4. Pharmacy etc.

Government employees run the centre.

Question 10.
Mark sentences that highlight the relationship between public health and expectations from the government. (Textbook Page No. 106)
Answer:
“Self exercise” – The student should identify the sentences from this chapter.

Question 11.
Is the water you drink at school clean? (Textbook Page No. 101)
Answer:
Yes, the water at our school is clean. Our school is in Vijayawada Municipal Corporation. We have a water tank near our school. We get clean water from that tank. We clean our school tank once a month.

Question 12.
Private health services can mean many things. Explain with the help of some examples from your area. (Textbook Page No. 104)
Answer:
We live in Vijayawada. Many types of hospitals are presented here. Those are:

1. Multispeciality Hospitals: The treatment is available for all kinds of diseases.
   For e.g.: Ramesh Multispeciality Hospital.
2. Special Hospitals: The treatment here is related to some particular part/organ/body.
3. Private Hospitals: Those are our family hospitals. They treat us for normal diseases. For e.g.: Dr. Prakash’s Hospital.
4. Medical Centres: These are run by Medical Practitioners.
   For e.g.: M.B. Sarada Medical Centre.

Question 13.
Write a short note on the health facilities available in your village or town. What are the problems that people of your neighborhood face when they go to government/ private hospitals? (Textbook Page No. 108)
Answer:
Ours is Tenali town. It is in Guntur district. Once here was only one doctor Dr. Sri- Buddhavarapu Krishna Rao. But we have many at present. The facilities in government hospital are a bit little than those in private hospitals.

More facilities are available in private hospitals. Here we have visited “Kanaka Durga Nursing Home”. The doctor is Buddhavarapu Satyanarayana, M.S. Ortho. This is in a single storeyed building. X-ray, blood test, medical shop – all facilities are available here. Sophisticated operation theatre is an asset to this hospital. The doctor is dedicated and service oriented. The premises is very neat and clean. The consultation fees is also in the reach of middle class ‘people. They render free service to the poor people.

The patients who approach government hospital are losing their valuable time. Corruption is also a curse on this department. The people who approach private hospitals are losing money.

Question 14.
Use the following questions to do a small survey on immunisation of children in your area (in five households having children under 2 years).
a. Do you have an immunization card for the child?
b. Did your child get a vaccine on the left arm that has left a mark? (Look for a scar if you can.)
c. Did your child get vaccination on the buttock?
d. Did your child get polio drops? How many times?
e. Did your child get a vaccination on the thigh at 9 months along with a spoon of medicine?
f. Did your child get any vaccination at 18 months of age (if the child is older than this)? Did she/ he get any medicine to drink also?
For each question, answer with Yes / No; No. of doses (where applicable); DK (for don’t know)/ NA (not applicable; for example, question ‘V will not be applicable if the baby is 1 year old). Discuss your results. (Textbook Page No. 108)
Answer:
1) Family of Sai Kanaka Durga:
a) Yes b) Yes c) Yes d) Yes, 4 times e) Yes f) Yes – Deepa – 4 years – Yes.

2) Family of Krishnarao & Durgamba:
a) Yes b) Yes c) Yes d) Yes, 4 times e) Yes f) Yes – Babji – Age : 1 year Yes.

3) Family of Madhavarao & Rajya Lakshmi:
a) Yes b) Yes c) Yes d) Yes 3 times e) Not applicable – Bobby – 6 months – Yes.

4) Rambabu & Subbha Lakshmi Family:
a) Yes b) Yes c) Yes d) Yes, 2 times e) Yes f) Yes

5) Hanumantharao & Kameswari’s family:
a) Yes b) Yes c) Yes d) Yes, 5 times e) Yes f) Yes
After my sincere observation I came to a conclusion that all parents are caring for their children’s health.

Question 15.
The Aarogyasri scheme was started as a medical insurance scheme to white card holding families, for treatment that requires hospitalisation. The scheme covers very large number of illnesses and includes many private hospitals as providers. Discuss with some people in your neighbourhood and write a short note on the effectiveness of the scheme. (Textbook Page No. 109)
Answer:
‘Aarogyasri’ scheme is really helpful to the poor people. Once my father joined in a private hospital. Then I noticed that many people had undergone free treatment. But at present many diseases are outlisted. So this is not useful to all in all times.

Question 16.
In your opinion, what is one most important improvement that should be made for the mid-day meal being served at your school? (Textbook Page No. 109)
Answer:
The quality of rice should be changed. Better quality should be maintained.

Question 17.
What are the reasons for doctors not accepting rural posting? (Textbook Page No. 101)
Answer:

1. Rural backwardness.
2. Lack of modern facilities.
3. More financial benefits are not available.
4. Lack of medical facilities.
5. Interest in private practice. These are the reasons behind it.

Question 18.
Why did Saritha have to spend so much money? Give reasons. (Textbook Page No. 103)
Answer:
Soon after Saritha got viral fever, her father took her to a private hospital and got her tested.
The doctor recommended a number of blood tests and a chest X-ray. He also prescribed several medicines. She had to spend money for all these tests and medicines to get well soon. She became healthy within 3 days and went to school.

Question 19.
Most of the medical facilities in both the private and public sectors are located in urban areas. A study conducted during 2003 based on a sample survey in selected areas found that most of the qualified private doctors (79 per cent) were in the urban areas. The actual availability of doctors in rural areas, though officially posted in these areas, may be negligible, given the widespread prevalence of absenteeism. Discuss the reasons for this situation. Talk to people in your area about this problem and in what ways this be can tackled. (Textbook Page No. 108)
Answer:
Reasons:

1. Medical education is very costly.
2. The persons, who incur expenditure on studies, try to get back the same.
3. There is a rapid growth in urbanization.
4. All the facilities for treatment are cheap in cities and towns.

Transport facilities, housing facilities and drinking water facilities are nominal in the rural areas.
So these conditions arise.
This can be tackled by creating social awarness in the medical students. “Villages and villagers are the backbone of the nation”. This concept should be injected into their minds.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

10th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
i) Economic liberalisation        A) restriction in foreign import tax
ii) Arbitrary dismissal               B) of state governments by central government
iii) Ethnic cleansing                  C) towards people who are different from themselves
iv) Federal principle                 D) greater autonomy for state governments
Answer:
i) A
ii) B
iii) C
iv) D

Question 2.
Identify the major changes in party system during the second phase of Independence.
Answer:

1. The second phase of Independence is from 1977 to 2000.
2. There were many major changes in party system during the second phase of independence.
3. It prevented India from sliding into a single party democracy.
4. A new system of coalition governments are introduced at the central level.
5. Coalition succumbed to fractional struggles.
6. Parties acted in a manner which weakened federal principles.
7. From a time when the term regional party was considered not a very respectable one, now they are much sought after. The state parties also entered into national politics.
8. They form common front to resist the misuse of powers of Governor and arbitrary imposition of President’s rule.
9. They also demanded greater say in national-level decision making, greater financial autonomy and low interference in state matters.

Question 3.
What are the major economic policies discussed in this (chapter) and the previous chapters of various governments at the centre and the state? How are they similar or different?
Answer:
Similarities :

1. Green Revolution was implemented with the co-operation of state governments to increase food grain production.
2. Reservations which are announced by V.P. Singh government to OBC’s are already Implemented in South Indian States.

Differences:

Central Level Economic Policies	State Level Economic Policies
Nehru’s governmnet policies:	Jyothi Basu:
1. Implementation of Five Year Plans.	1. In West Bengal Jyothi Basu government launched operation Barga.
2. Land reforms, agricultural co-operatives and localself government etc.	2. As a result of operation Barga, the landlords were largely prevented from forcibly throwing the bargadars off the land.
3. Abolition of Zamindari system, tenancy reform and land ceilings etc.	3. The Bargadar rights were made hereditary and thus perpetual.
4. Green Revolution for increasings of Food-grain production.	In Andhra Pradesh N.T.R. Governments policies
Indira Gandhi’s policies:	1. Sale of rice at Rs. 2 per kg to poor.
1. Nationalisation of Private Banks and abolishing princely pensions.	2. Liquor prohibition.
V.P. Singh’s policies: OBC reservations.	3. Mid-day meal scheme in government schools.
P.V. Narasimha Rao policies: Liberalisation of Economic policies.	4. Provide the loans to the poor farmers through the banks.

Question 4.
How did regional aspirations lead to the formation of regional parties? Compare the similarities and differences between the two different phases.
Answer:
Regional aspirations have a major role in the formation of regional parties. We can show the following reasons to prove this.
The history of so many states like Andhra Pradesh, Assom shows that the emergence of new regional parties was mainly due to regional aspirations.

Andhra Pradesh:

1. The frequent change of Chief Ministers by the central congress leadership and imposition of leaders from above created a bad taste.
2. There was a feeling that the Andhra Pradesh leadership was not getting respect from the national congress leadership.
3. This was perceived as an insult to the pride of the Telugu people.

Assom:

1. From the British time, Bengalis occupied the lower and middle rungs of the administration in the state.
2. The Assamese speaking people felt that Bengali officialdom did not treat them as equals but as second class citizens.
3. Not only this, Bangladesh people also migrated to Assom.
4. The local people felt that they would lose their cultural roots and soon be out numbered by the ‘outsiders’.

Punjab:

1. In Punjab the difference in language and religion of the dominant population became a point of mobilisation.
2. They also believed that the state had received an unfair bargain when it was created.
3. It laid claims to the new capital city of Chandigarh which remained a union territory directly administered by the centre.
4. Punjab also claimed more water from Bhakra Nangal dam and greater recruitment of Sikhs in the Army.

Question 5.
In order to form governments, it becomes necessary for political parties to attract people from different sections of society. How did different political parties raise these objectives in the
second phase after Independence?
Answer:

1. At the end of emergency Indira Gandhi removed censorship on freedom of movement, campaigns and meetings.
2. Janata Party promised freedom from authoritarian rule and restoration of democracy.
3. Telugu Desam Party promised sale of rice at ₹ 2 per kg to the poor, mid-day meals in government schools and liquor prohibition.
4. Assam Gana Parishad promised to remove the outsiders i.e., Bengalis and migrants from Bangladesh.

Question 6.
What were the developments that weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity? How is the ability to accommodate different communities and regional aspirations changing?
Answer:

1. There were a few developments that weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity.
2. After emergency the victorious Janata Party dismissed nine Congress governments in the states.
3. In 1980, when Congress came to power, it dismissed nine Janata governments in the states.
4. The actions of both these, weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity.
5. The people of many states felt alienated and wanted either greater autonomy or decision making.
6. They demanded centre’s lower interfence in state matters, stopping the misuse of the powers of governor and imposition of President Rule arbitrarily.

Question 7.
How do different types of regional aspirations draw from cultural, and economic dimensions?
Answer:

1. In combined Andhra Pradesh, N.T.Ramarao set up Telugu Desam party and stood for the honour and self-respect of the Telugu speaking people.
2. State could not be treated as a lower office of the Congress party.
3. The Assamese speaking people felt that Bengali officialdom did not treat them as equal but as second class citizens.
4. The local people felt that they would loose their cultural roots and soon be out numbered by the outsiders.
5. Trade and other establishments were in the hands of non-Assamese communities.
6. The major resources of state, including tea and oil were not benefitting the locals but people from Calcutta.
7. In Punjab, people asked for greater recruitment of Sikhs in the army.
8. They belive that the contribution of the state was ignored.
9. They laid claim to the new capital city of Chandigarh, which remained a union territory.

Question 8.
In the early half of India after independence there was importance given to planned development. In the later part emphasis was given to liberalisation. Discuss and find out how does it reflect political ideals.
Answer:

1. In the early half of India after independence Prime Minister was Nehru.
2. For Nehru planning was not only good economics but good politics as well.
3. He hoped that planning development would dissolve the divisions of caste and religion, community and help India to emerge as a strong and modern nation.
4. After that, Indira Gandhi gave the slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ and decimated the opposition.
5. She tried to achieve the goal of social and economic transformation.
6. In 1992, when P.V. Narasimha Rao formed Government faced a dearth of reserves of foreign currency due to political instability.
7. So he was forced to accept the policy of Economic liberalism.
8. It demanded cuts in subsidies, reduction in restrictions and taxes on import and this period faced still competition to India from global foreign industries.
9. Thus the above economic implications reflected the various political ideas discussed above.

Question 9.
Study newspapers and magazines to identify at least one example each of moderation in policies due to the coalition and how does different political parties in coalition emphasise their regional demands?
Answer:

1. United Progressive Alliance government, led by Congress brought Women Reservation Bill.
2. It was unable to make it pass, as it got stern opposition from partners of a coalition like Samajwadi Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal.
3. So under policy paralysis, though many times it was introduced, it had to be repeated.
4. Another such bill was Lok Pal, which was primarily aimed to bring all the rulers of state and centre to be brought under it.
5. But later due to the opposition from its coalition partners UPA let a number of dignatories outside its purview. The bill was passed.
6. It is an example of moderation in principles.

10th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 264

Question 1.
Write a brief summary of political events discussed about in the previous chapter on independent India.
Answer:

1. Congress party’s dominance in politics in first three general elections.
2. Planning Commission introduced five year plans to bring socio-ecohomic change in the country.
3. Land reforms, agriculture cooperatives and local self governments served the purpose.
4. First challenge was demand for reorganisation of states on the basis of language.
5. Have to face few wars with Pakistan and China.
6. Green Revolution marked substantial growth in food production.
7. There was a tendency of regional movements and regional parties.
8. This phase ended with the imposition of emergency.
9. Panchsheel Treaty was held between India and China.
10. India followed Non-alignment policy.
11. Meghalaya state was formed in 1969.
12. Indo-Pak war was held in 1971 on the issue of liberation of Bangladesh.
13. In 1973 Arab-lsraeli was raised oil prices, and increased inflation in India.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 265

Question 2.
Do you think ‘single party democracy’ would have been a better alternative to multi-party democracy ?
Answer:

1. I don’t think single-party democracy would have been a better alternative to multi-party democracy.
2. Single Party keeps on winning takes decisions which are arbitrary and not in compliance with Constitution.
3. They may become authoritarian and overpower the democratic system, itself.
4. There was a greater threat to civil liberties and freedoms in single-party democracies.

Question 3.
In what ways does a multi-party democracy create favourable conditions for social movements of protest and change?
Answer:

1. A multi-party democracy creates favourable conditions for social movements of protest and change.
2. JP movement supported the restoration of democracy and freedom from authoritarian rule got support from Janata Party.
3. Anti-outsiders movement for change got support from Assam Gana Parishad.
4. The movement for autonomy in Punjab was supported by Shiromani Akali Dal.
5. Political viewpoints of Socialists, Hindu nationalists, Communists, as well as sectional interests like those of farmers, Dalits, backward castes, and regions among others now came to the fore ‘ and asserted their claims.
6. A number of non-political movements like environmental movements, the feminist movements, civil liberties movements, literacy movements and so on also emerged and became powerful motors of social change.
7. Protects against the constructions of dams, nuclear power projects, etc.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 267

Question 4.
There have been many instances in which governments at centre removed governments at the state, if they are from different political parties. Discuss how does it violate democratic principles.
Answer:

1. There have been many instances in which government at the centre removed governments at state, if they are from different political parties.
2. It completely violates the democratic principles.
3. When there is a majority government functioning in the state it is not fair to dismiss it.
4. Government at the centre misuses the powers of governors and Article 356.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 268

Question 5.
Discuss the importance of the following factors in the politics of NTR:
i. Background of being a filgi hero.
ii. Fight for self-respect of the state.
iii. Popular welfare schemes for the poor.
iv. Alliance with other regional parties.
Answer:

1. NTR was a popular film actor with nearly 300 movies to his credit.
2. He had vast following and fan base.
3. Congress leadership at the centre frequently changing Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, people believed not getting respect.
4. He stood for the honour and self rgspect of Telugu speaking people and started Telugu Desam Party.
5. He promised mid-day meal scheme in government schools, sale of rice at ₹ 2 per kg to the poor and liquor prohibition.
6. In his struggle against arbitrary dismissal he was supported by CPI(M), DMK, SAD and National Conference.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 270

Question 6.
In what ways do you think the Assom movement is similar or different from the movement of NTR in Andhra Pradesh ?
Answer:

1. Both the movements are of regional nature.
2. Both the movements set up political parties.
3. Both of them secured political power.
4. Movement of NTR stood for the honour and self respect of Telugu speaking people.
5. Whereas movement in Assom is against Bengalis officialdom and outsiders influx.
6. NTR promised welfare measures such as midday meal scheme in schools, sale of rice ₹ 2 per kg to the poor and liquor prohibition.
7. In Assom,- the movement paved the way for many such movements and even to ethnic cleansing.

Question 7.
Organise a debate in your class on the following themes:
Only one community should live in a region and all posts and trade-business should be in the hands of the people of that specific community only. (OR) All people of India should be free to move from one part to another and settle and work in places of their choice.
Answer:

1. All people of India should be free to move from one part to another and settle and work in place of their choice.
2. Constitution guarantees us the above right.
3. There were nearly 6,748 castes in India.
4. Organise only one community in a region is almost impossible.
5. All posts and trade business cannot be taken up by same community.
6. India fs a country which has unity in diversity and diversity in unity.

Question 8.
Will an open policy of free movement of people cause rich and powerful outsiders to buy up all land and resources and leave the original people of a locality poor and impoverished ?
Answer:

1. Open policy of free movement may cause some rich and powerful outsiders to buy land and own resources.
2. Original people of a locality may also have some native people who are rich and powerful.
3. So it does never happen that outsiders leave original people of a locality poor and impoverished.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 272

Question 9.
What was the role of anti-Sikh riots of Delhi in 1984 in fuelling Sikh separatism and extremism?
Answer:

1. 4 thousand Sikhs were killed and state government seemed to do little to stop the violence.
2. To apprehend and punish the guilt also took many years.
3. This created anguish and anger among the Sikhs.
4. Militant Sikhs killed Longoyyal, who made agreement with centre.
5. Akal Takht made declaration of Khalistan.
6. Several groups engaged in terrorist activities for separate state.
7. This anti-Sikh riots of Delhi in 1984 fuelled Sikh separation and extremism.

Question 10.
Compare the similarities and differences between Assam and Punjab movements. What kind of challenge did they pose to our political system ?
Answer:

1. Assam movement was first anti-outsiders movement then transformed into anti-Bengali, anti¬left and anti-non-Assamese movement and even anti-India stand.
2. It did not subside, even led to ethnic cleansing.
3. Punjab movement went into the hands of militant Sikhs.
4. Anti-Sikh riots and after effected culminated the movement into extremist way.
5. These two movements needed army to restore peace.
6. Military powers were used and civil liberties and freedoms were suspended.
7. They posed a great threat to our unity and integrity.

Question 11.
The way the government handled the two problems, did it strengthen our democratic polity or weaken it ?
Answer:

1. The way the government handled the two problems, it did not strengthen our democratic polity, it weakens it.
2. Government used very harsh methods for the suppression of militancy in Punjab.
3. There were thousands of suspected militants executed.
4. Many were disappeared in police custody.
5. In Assam also army was deployed to reduce tension and bring peace.
6. Civil liberties and freedoms were suspended.
7. Government resorted to undemocratic methods to survive democracy.
8. It would strengthen undemocratic tendencies in the polity.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 273

Question 12.
Looking back from the present, what do you think were the lasting contributions of Rajiv Gandhi to the country ?
Answer:

1. There were many lasting contributions of Rajiv Gandhi to the country.
2. He was instrumental in initiating peace process in Assam, Punjab and even in Sri Lanka.
3. He was the best supporter of Panchayat Raj institutions.
4. His government’s first budget moved towards more liberalised system.
5. He invited telecom revolution in India.
6. He believed poor are not successful in getting access to the fruits of development.

Question 13.
Discuss in your class why the poorest people often do not get to benefit from schemes intended for them. What long-term steps should be taken to ensure that such benefits really reach the poor ?
Answer:

1. The poorest people often do not get to benefit from schemes intended for them.
2. Despite huge increases in development expenditure, the story of the poor remained the same.
3. They have no access to the schemes or knowledge of them.
4. There exists inbuilt corruption at higher level.
5. Participation of mass in governance is very low.
6. So Panchayat Raj Institutions were introduced.
7. Right Information Act was made available.
8. Whistle blowers were given complete protection.

Question 14.
Find out and list all the benefits students of your school are entitled to. Do they manage to get them properly? Discuss in both the class and outside the school in your homes or playground.
Answer:
Benefits of our school:

1. Free textbooks
2. Free uniform
3. Library facility
4. Play ground facility
5. Lab facilities
6. Mid-day meals.

They do manage to get them properly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 274

Question 15.
Read the following and answer the given questions.

The Prime Ministers Apology

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s statement in the Rajya Sabha
… Four thousand people were killed in this great national tragedy that took place in 1984. This should be an occasion for introspection, how working together as a united nation, we can find new pathways to ensure that such ghastly tragedies never again take place in our country. … / have no hesitation in apologising not only to the Sikh community but the whole Indian nation because what took place in 1984 is the negation of the concept of nationhood and what is enshrined in our Constitution. So, I am not standing on any false prestige. On behalf of our Government, on behalf of the entire people of this country, I bow my head in shame that such a thing took place. But, Sir, there are ebbs, there are tides in the affairs of nations. The past is with us. We cannot rewrite the past. But as human beings, we have the willpower and we have the ability to write better future for all of us….

a) What is the most important message in this speech?
Answer:
Prime Minister apologises for what happened to Sikhs in 1984.
b) What signals does this speech send out?
Answer:
The speech sends out the signals such tragedies could never repeat, we can make our future better by letting this behind us.
c) Why is it important that the Prime Minister made this speech?
Answer:
What took place in 1984 is the negation of the concept of nationhood and what is enshrined in our constitution. So it is important that Prime Minister made this speech.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 276

Question 16.
While some people feel that coalition politics has weakened the government others feel that it has prevented any party from steamrolling its agenda on the country. Discuss this with examples.
Answer:

1. It became mere impossible for any single party to win a majority of the seats to form government on its own.
2. No party could pursue its extreme agendas and tone down their approaches.
3. Early coalitions were instable.
4. Now coalitions are getting re-elected.
5. So keeping ail in the view coalitions are must.
6. They are preventing any party from steamrolling its agenda on the country.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 277

Question 17.
Compare the land reforms in West Bengal and the land reforms in Vietnam or China. In what ways were they similar or different ?
Answer:
Land Reforms in China: The major steps in land reforms were a class identification of all village inhabitants, followed by the confiscation and redistribution of landlord land and other properties. Land Reforms in Vietnam : A reduction of 25% in land rents, the cancellation of all secondary rents and the cancellation of all areas in rent owed by tenants before August, 1945.

Land Reforms in West Bengal: Operation Barga was introduced. West Bengal Government recorded the names of the sharecroppers and secured their rights. All the legal documents were issued and distributed on the spot immediately. As a result the sharecroppers felt secured.
In all the three issues the governments created a security feeling in the winds of the tenants. They controlled the inhumane acts of the landlords.

Question 18.
Why do you think the protection of sharecroppers led to an increase in production?
Answer:
As a result of Operation Barga, the landlords were largely prevented from forcibly throwing the bargadars off the land. In fact, the bargadar rights were made hereditary and thus perpetual. Secondly, the State guaranteed that the bargadars would receive a fair share of the crop (75 per cent if the bargadar provided the non-labour inputs and 50 per cent if the landlord provides those inputs). In all, approximately half of rural households in West Bengal have received land reform benefits.
As a result of these measures, agricultural production in West Bengal had increased.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77)

10th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Identify statements or statements in the bracket that are relevant to statements in italics on left.
(a) Political equality can be identified with (right to get admission in any school, principle of one person one vote, right to enter any religious worship place)
Answer:
Political equality can be identified with the principle of one person one vote.

(b) Universal Adult Franchise in the Indian context meant (allowing all people to vote for any political party, allowing all people to vote in elections, allowing all people to vote for Congress party)
Answer:
Universal Adult Franchise in the Indian context meant both allowing all people to vote for any political party and allowing all people to vote in elections.

(c) Congress dominance would include (being able to attract people from various ideologies; being able to win most states assembly seats after elections; being able to use police force during election)
Answer:
Congress dominance would include being able to win most states assembly seats after elections.

(d) Emergency imposed (restrictions on people’s rights; ensured eradication of poverty; accepted by all political parties)
Answer:
Emergency imposed restrictions on people’s rights.

Question 2.
What measures were taken to bring in socio-economic change during the initial years after independence?
Answer:

1. Many measures were taken to bring in socio-economic change during the initial years after independence.
2. The Planning Commission was set up.
3. The Fifst five Year Plan focussed on agriculture.
4. The components of socio-economic change were
   a) land reforms b) agriculture cooperatives c) local self-government.
5. Planners felt that it was essential to develop industries and increase employment in service sectors.
6. In Second Five Year Plan focus shifted to industries.
7. Three types of land reforms were contemplated.
   a) Abolition of Zamindari System,
   b) Tenancy reforms and land ceilings.
8. Co-operatives were to bring economies of scale and also provide valuable inputs.
9. Dams were constructed and were useful to both the agriculture and Industrial sectors.

Question 3.
What do you understand about one party dominance? Would you consider it as dominance only in elections ot also in terms of ideology? Discuss with reasons.
Answer:
One party dominance means the party not only win in elections either in state or in central, but also it has in term of ideology. Due to the following reason.
Internally, the Congress party has small groups. This is the benefit to the Congress party. Because the groups took different positions on various issues depending on the interests of the members. This made the Congress appear as it was a party representing diverse interests and positions. This also acts as an inbuilt corrective mechanism with in the ruling party.

Question 4.
Language became a central rallying point Hi Indian politics on many occasions, either as a unifying force or as a divisive element. Identify these instances and describe them.
Answer:
Language as a unifying force:

1. The northern states have accepted Hindi as the national language.
2. They have their own mother tongues but they have no problem jn accommodating Hindi.
3. There is a common uniformity upto some extent in the north which has been brought about , by Hindi.

Language as a divisive element:

1. The official Languages Act was passed in 1963.
2. It made Hindi as the national language.
3. The DMK party of Tamilnadu believed that it wps an attempt to foist Hindi on the rest of the country.
4. Strikes, dharnas and hartals started all over the state.
5. The Congress itself was divided between the pro-Hindi and anti-Hindi camps.
6. Some felt that the unity of the country was at stake.
7. Telugu, Kannada, Marathi and Gujarathi languages speaking people started a movement for separate states on the basis of their language.

Question 5.
What were the major changes in political system after 1967 elections?
Answer:

1. There were many major changes in political system after 1967 elections.
2. Elections had become to be taken seriously arid had life of their own.
3. Democracy had taken roots in India.and country was moving towards a competitive multi¬party system.
4. There were basically a coalition of legislators against the Congress in many states.
5. Intermediate caste, who had first benefited from land reforms gained political power.
6. Many of the coalition of legislators were marked by defection and corruption.
7. This period saw a renewal of a regional sentiment in different parts of the country.
8. This was also a period of communal tension.

Question 6.
Think of other ways in which states could have been created and how would they be better than language based reorganization?
Answer:

1. In India state reorganisation was done on the basis of linguistic principle.
2. Other ways in which we could form states may be culture, ethnicity and economy.
3. But history provides proof that even nations could not survive on cultural, ethnicity and economy bases.
4. Nationalist movement leaders accepted the principle of territorial organisation of the country on a linguistic basis.
5. The diverse elements of Indian culture are chiefly represented by the languages of India.
6. So no other basis of reorganisation would not have fared better than linguistic reorganisation.

Question 7.
What measures of Indira Gandhi are called ‘left turn’? How do you think this was different from policies of previous decades? Based on your economics chapters describe how it is different from the current policies.
Answer:

1. Immediately after the victory in 1971 Bangladesh War, using Indira Gandhi’s popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ the Congress won with record majority in 1971 general elections.
2. In the legislative assembly elections held subsequently in 1972, Congress did well.
3. She then had control over both the party as well as the Parliament.
4. She nationalised banks, abolished princely pensions which were challenged in courts.
5. Constitution was being amended rapidly in the name of socio-economic change, feared the Supreme Court.
6. This was called ‘Left turn’.
7. In 1973, oil prices rose to an all time high, rise in prices, scarcity of food, and unemployment increased.
8. Current policies are different from them.
9. Government is encouraging private banking and non-banking finance corporations, reducing subsidies, etc.

Question 8.
In what ways was the Emergency period a set back to the Indian democracy?
Answer:
On 25th June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed an Emergency in the country. Due to this Emergency –

1. General Elections were postponed.
2. Many of the fundamental rights were suspended.
3. The press was censored.
4. Most of political opponents were imprisoned.
5. Demolition of slums and forced sterilisation on the name of population control became very unpopular.
6. In the absence of civic freedom people could not express their discontent and the government therefore could not take corrective measures.
7. Thus, the Emergency period was a setback to the Indian democracy.

Question 9.
What were the institutional changes that came up after the Emergency?
Answer:

1. With this emergency, democracy was put on hold.
2. Many fundamental rights were suspended.
3. There were instances of detention and torture beyond mere violation of civil liberties.
4. 42nd Constitutional Amendment brought about a series of changes
   a) Excluding the courts from election disputes,
   b) Strengthening the central government vis-a-vis the state governments.
5. Other changes were c) Protection from judiciary challenges to socio-economic legislations, d) Made judiciary subservient to Parliament.
6. These weakened the democratic fabric of this country.

10th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 248

Question 1.
In your opinion have we been able to achieve social equality: think of instances that you would identify as examples of social equality and inequality.
Answer:

1. We have not been able to achieve social equality.
2. Our social structure continues to deny us the principle of one man one value.
3. Caste system interrelated economic structure is never allowing us the achievement of social equality.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 249

Question 2.
How do you think illiteracy affects elections, especially when it comes to exercising the choice of voting? How do you think this problem can be solved? (OR)
How did the Election Commission overcome the problem of illiteracy in the conduct of the first General Election in India.
Answer:

1. Illiteracy causes difficulty in elections especially when it comes to exercising the choice of voting.
2. They cannot read the name in the Ballot paper, to whom he/she wishes to vote.
3. This problem was solved by the Election Commission initially by sticking the symbol outside the Ballot box separately.
4. Again it allotted symbols of daily life for every contestant for visual identification of the voter.
5. We can also print his photo against his name.

Question 3.
Could we have considered that our country was democratic if all people did not have voting rights?
Answer:

1. We could not have considered that our country was democratic if all the people did not have voting rights.
2. All eligible people shall be given franchise and elections at definite intervals are the tenets of democracy.
3. If Universal Adult Franchise was not accepted, then we cannot say ourselves as a democracy.

Question 4.
Given the literacy rate of tyomen being low, if women were not allowed to vote bow would it affect our policies?
Answer:

1. Literacy rate of women was low.
2. They were not given right to vote.
3. Then our policies will not do justice to them.
4. Their requirements and difficulties will not be known to us.
5. We cannot prepare the bills that suit their needs.

Question 5.
Being able to conduct regular elections can be considered a clear sign of being able to establish democracy. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Being able to conduct regular elections can be considered a clear sign of being able to establish Democracy.
2. I do agree with this statement.

Reasons:

1. Indian democracy rests on the idea of representation.
2. Every adult citizen of above 18 years is given the right to vote regardless of education, property
   and gender.
3. Elections are held periodically to the various representative institutions of a democratic state at three different levels (The centre, the state and the local levels) to facilitate effective functioning.
4. Any registered voter who completed 25 years can contest for elections t6 the Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha.
5. Entire country or state is divided into territorial units called constituencies.
6. The work of conducting election to the Parliament and Legislature is entrusted to the Election Commission.
7. The procedure for elections is laid down in the Representation of People’s Act.
8. Elections are therefore held in a free and fair manner.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 251

Question 6.
Summarise the features that could explain the Congress was able to dominate the political system.
Answer:

1. In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952,1957 and 1962 the Congress won, reducing other participants to almost nothing.
2. The Congress consistently won over 70% of seats by obtaining about 45% of the total votes cast.
3. The Congress formed the government in many states as well.
4. The opposition parties only posed a latent and not a real threat.
5. The above features could explain the Congress was able to dominate the political system.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 253

Question 7.
Do you think unity nf India wou|d have been better served if linguistic states were not formed?
Answer:

1. I don’t think that the unity of India would have been better without linguistic states.
2. Language unites people and it represents the diverse elements of our culture.
3. There was popular will for linguistic states.
4. Leaders of national movement also accepted linguistic states.
5. Moreover, now these states are of great help in consolidating India.

Question 8.
Why do you think the tribal languages were ignored at this time?
Answer:

1. When linguistic states were formed dominant languages were considered.
2. Tribal languages were not considered. Tribal language have no script.
3. Because the population of these tribal language users is very less and sparsely spread.
4. Apart from this there was popular will.
5. People of dominant languages demanded seperate states.

Question 9.
Do you know how many states and union territories are there in India today?
Answer:
Today, in India there are 29 states and 7 union territories.

Question 10.
Which are the newest states of India and when were they created?
Answer:

1. The newest states of India are
   1. Chhattisgarh
   2. Jharkhand
   3. Uttarakhand
   4. Telangana.
2. Chattisgarh, the 26th state of India was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on Nov. 1, 2000.
3. Uttaranchal, the 27th state of India was carved out of Uttar Pradesh on Nov. 9,2000.
4. Later it had changed;its name to be Uttarakhand.
5. Jharkhand, the 28th state of India was carved of Bihar on November 15, 2000.
6. Telangana, the 29th state of India was formed on 2nd June, 2014.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 255

Question 11.
If you live in a rural area, find out if institutions like cooperatives were established before 1970’s and who became members in it?
Answer:

1. In rural areas there were institutions like cooperatives.
2. Important among them were Primary Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies.
3. Farmers who are practising agriculture were joined as members in it.

Question 12.
Compare the land reforms carried out in India with that of China or Vietnam.
Answer:

1. Land reforms were implemented in a half-hearted manner in India.
2. While Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did not take place.
3. Whereas land reforms were implemented in China and Vietnam in a whole-hearted manner.
4. They were able to redistribute the land to the landless.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 256

Question 13.
How did the language policy help foster national unity and integrity?
Answer:

1. The language policy states the right of each state to have a language of its own (which could be the regional language or English).
2. Communications in states could be in regional languages with English translations.
3. English would continue to be the communication language between the centre and the states.
4. Civil Service Examinations would be conducted in English rather than in Hindi alone.
5. With these all provisions, no state has a problem with the centre, so promoted national unity and integrity.

Question 14.
Is there a need for a national language ?
Answer:
Yes, there is a need for national language to achieve national integrity.

1. We are such a vast country with many regional languages.
2. Language policy is of help in fostering national unity and integrity.

Question 15.
Should all languages in India have equal status ? Reflect.
Answer:

1. In India there are as many as 1,652 languages.
2. All languages in India don’t have equal status.
3. Indian Constitution recognises 22 languages as statutory.
4. Many languages have no script.
5. Some tribal languages were neglected. Ex : Oravan.
6. Many languages were spoken by few people.
7. Taking all things into consideration it will be difficult to accord equal status to all languages.
8. According to the Constitution, the citizens have right to protect their language and culture.
9. If they provide equal status to all languages, we should protect integrity and unity of our country.

(OR)

1. Yes, all languages should be accorded equal status.
2. No regional language should be ignored.

 

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 2 Ideas of Development.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development

10th Class Social 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State reason for protesting against the establishment of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project in Tamil Nadu.
Answer:

1. Kudankulam people have protested on the grounds of safety, security and livelihood.
2. They also want their coast and country protected from the radio active peril.

Question 2.
Why did the people oppose the establishment of Kudankulam Nuclear Power project in Tamil Nadu?
Answer:
On the grounds of safety, security and livelihood, the people protested against the project.
(OR)
To protect their cost from radio active peril people opposed it.

Question 3.
Observe the following table and answer the questions a, b, c and d.
Answer:

Country	H.D.I. Ranking 2012	Average Life Span in 2012	Average years of Schooling
Norway	1	81.3	12.6
America	3	78.7	13.3
Sri Lanka	92	75.1	9.3
China	101	73.7	7.5
India	136	65.8	4.4
Bangladesh	146	69.2	4.8
Pakistan	146	65.7	4.9
World Average	–	70.1	7.5

a) Which two countries have more average schooling years?
Answer:
Norway, America.

b) Which two Asian countries have better HDI rank than that of India?
Answer:
Srilanka, China.

c) Which countries are lacking behind to the average life expectancy of World?
Answer:
India, Bangladesh, Pakistan.

d) What are the reasons for having less average schooling in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan?
Answer:
The reasons for having less average schooling in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are

1. Poverty,
2. More rural population,
3. No awareness with regard to literacy.

Question 4.
In the context of development, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting. Give one example for this.
Answer:
Example – 1: To get more electricity industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people such as the tribals who are dis-placed.
Example – 2: A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the household work. But brother may not like this.

Question 5.
What idea is the poster promoting?

Answer:
Importance of Education.

Question 6.
State any two goals of development other than income.
Answer:
Equal treatment, freedom, security and respect from others.

Question 7.
What is HDI?
Answer:
The index developed for comparing coun¬tries for measuring human development is called HDI (Human Development Index). It generally includes income, educational levels and health status of the people.

Question 8.
What is per capita income?
Answer:
Per capita income is “the total income of the country divided by its total population”.

Question 9.
Expand IMR.
Answer:
Infant Mortality Rate.

Question 10.
Which organization publishes HDR?
Answer:
UNDP publishes Human Development Report.

Question 11.
What is the main criteria for comparing the development of different countries?
Answer:
The main criteria for comparing the development of different countries are per capita income, life expectancy, average years of schooling, expected years of schooling, etc.

Question 12.
What is health?
Answer:
Health means a state of couple soundness – physical and mental.

Question 13.
Why do people look at a mix of goals?
Answer:
People look at a mix of goals for development.

Question 14.
Why are dams opposed?
Answer:
Dams are opposed because they will disrupt the lives of the people and submerge their own lands.

Question 15.
How are the women who work outside the homes?
Answer:
Women who work outside the homes are economically independent and self¬confident.

Question 16.
What is adult literacy rate?
Answer:
The rate of percentage of people aged 15 and above, who can understand, read and write a short and simple statement in their regional languages is known as adult literacy rate.

Question 17.
What is the main criterion for comparing the development of different countries?
Answer:
Average income is the main criterion for comparing the development of different countries.

Question 18.
Explain the calculation of BMI.
Answer:
BMI can be calculated by dividing the total weight of a person by the square of his height.

Question 19.
What is educational development?
Answer:
Education attained by the people of a country on an average basis is referred as educational development.

Question 20.
What isthe percentage of population living in the rural India?
Answer:
70% of the Indian population is living in rural India.

Question 21.
What is Infant Mortality Rate?
Answer:
The rate at which children in a country die within an age of 0-1 year is known as “Infant Mortality Rate.”

Question 22.
What are the factors of production?
Answer:
Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise are the four factors of production.
Technology is also added to the factors of production.

Question 23.
How is the standard of living measured?
Answer:
Standard of living is measured by real GDP per capita.

Question 24.
What is development?
Answer:
Development refers to progress or improvement in lifestyle.

Question 25.
What is PDS?
Answer:
PDS is a system to distribute ration to the poor at a reasonable rate through govern¬ment ration shops. PDS – Public Distribution System.

Question 26.
A girl from a rich urban family has some development goals for her. State any one such goal.
Answer:
She can get as much freedom as a boy has.

Question 27.
Write any one advantage of public facilities.
Answer:
It develops national feelings and a sense of collective responsibility. Reduces expenditure.

Question 28.
What is NAR?
Answer:
Net Attendance Rate: Out of the total num¬ber of children in age group 6-17, the per¬centage of children attending schools.

Question 29.
Which is considered to be one of the most important attributes for comparing coun¬tries?
Answer:
Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes for comparing countries.

Question 30.
Which is not a useful measure for comparison between countries?
Answer:
Total income is not such a useful measure for comparison between countries.

Question 31.
What are called developed countries?
Answer:
The rich countries, excluding countries of West Asia and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

Question 32.
Why, in some areas, children, particularly girls are not able to achieve secondary level schooling?
Answer:
Due to social restrictions imposed on girl child i.e., gender bias.

Question 33.
Why have some states lesser Infant Mortality Rate?
Answer:
Some states have a lesser Infant Mortality Rate because they have adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.

Question 34.
What is the major consideration of Himachali women?
Answer:
One major consideration is that many Himachali women are themselves employed outside the home and hence show lesser gender bias.

Question 35.
How are the women who work outside the homes?
Answer:
Women who work outside the home are economically independent and self-confident.

10th Class Social 1st Lesson India: Relief Features 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you learn from the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:

1. Both the government and the people of Himachal Pradesh were keen on education.
2. They started many schools.
3. They made sure that education was largely free.
4. They allocated a good share to education in the government budget.
5. They tried to ensure that the schools had all the facilities.
6. Most of the students enjoy their schooling experience.

Question 2.
People generally do not like to work in unorganised sector. Why?
Answer:

1. Unorganised sector is largely outside the control of the government.
2. Rules and regulations are often not followed.
3. Jobs are not regular.
4. Jobs are low paid.
5. It is difficult to avail the leaves.
6. No provision for paid leave.
7. Job is not secure.
8. Working conditions are generally poor.
9. No safety measures followed in work places.
10. Health hazards would be there.
11. No insurance
12. No welfare schemes.

Question 3.
Give examples of the criterion for the measurement of human development.
Answer:
The examples of the criterion for the measurement of human development:

1. Per capita income
2. The education levels of people and health status.
3. Standard of life of the people
4. Availability of electricity
5. Transportation
6. Sanitation facilities
7. Expected years of schooling
8. Average years of schooling, etc.
   Ex: Sri Lanka, one of our neighbours is much ahead of India in every respect.

Question 4.
What are the different indicators in which development is measured? Which one do you agree with ?
Answer:

1. Per capita income
2. Literacy rate
3. Average years of schooling 4) Expected years of schooling
4. Life expectancy at birth 6) Health status
5. Employment status 8) Equal distribution
6. I agree with all the above things because those are useful for measuring the complete development.

Question 5.
Give examples for different persons can have different developmental goals.
Answer:

Category of persons	Developmental goals
Landless rural labourers:	More days of work and better wages, quality education for their children, no social discrimination.
Prosperous farmers:	Higher support prices for crops, should be able to settle their children abroad.
Farmers who depend only on rains for growing crops:	Adequate rainfall.
Urban unemployed youth:	High salaried jobs
An Adivasi from mining fields :	To protect their livelihoods.
Persons from fishing community in the coastal area.	Good weather and a good catch of fisher.

Question 6.
What do the people desire other than income?
Answer:
People desire the following other than income.

1. Equal treatment
2. Freedom
3. Security
4. Respect from others.

Question 7.
Prepare a pamphlet on making mahila mandals active in villages.
Answer:
Mahila Mandals are voluntary service organizations that work for the betterment of women in the villages of India. To better their life the village women should have their say in the active involvement of Mahila Mandals’ activities. Active Mahila Mandals can be found In many villages. Suggestions to make Mahila Mandals active in the villages:

• First priority should be given to girl education and to eradicate illiteracy.
• Vocational training and credit facilities to women for self-employment should be provided.
• Mahila Mandals should collectively work for the betterment of women who need nutrition, education and family welfare.
• They should help the women in immunization of children, small savings, provision of bathrooms, women crafts centres and balwadis.
• They should work towards the elimination of discrimination, inequality, intolerance, and violence-both, within and outside the home.
• They should have comparatively high involvement in social life and village politics.

The government should provide basic equipment and stationery, etc. to the Mahila Mandals. It should create awareness among women regarding the Mahila Mandals.

Women empowerment leads to a strong nation.

Copies: 2000

Surya Printers.

Question 8.
What is Development ? Why do different people have different developemntal goals? Explain with two Examples.
Answer:
Meaning of Development:

1. Growth plus change is called development. .
2. All the persons may not have the same notion of development or progress.
3. Each one of them seeks different things.
   Examples:
   i) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the household work.
   ii) To get more electricity, industrialists, may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced as the tribals.

Question 9.
Create a few slogans on promoting girl education.
Answer:

1. Girl with education – helpful to the family.
2. Educate a girl – she educates a family.
3. Encourage girl education – save the nation.
4. An educated girl – serves the nation well.
   (Students can sit together and discuss to prepare a few slogans of their own.)

Question 10.
Observe the following table and prepare a paragraph on it.
Answer:
Progress in Himachal Pradesh
The comparison across two different years is indicative of development that has happened. Clearly, there has been greater development in schooling and spread of education in Himachal Pradesh than India as a whole. Though there is still a lot of difference in the average levels of education among boys and girls, i.e., across genders, there has been some progress towards greater equal¬ity in the recent years.

Question 11.
Why was it necessary for government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:
The rich children can get the education in private sector schools. But the majority of Indian chil¬dren are enrolled in the government schools. Education has also been made free for children from 6 to 14 years of age or up to VIII class under the R.T.E. Act 2009. So, it was necessary for government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 12.
‘Human development is the essence of social development’ – Explain.
Answer:

1. Human development focuses on the people.
2. It is concerned with the well-being of the people, their needs, choices and aspirations. All these help in building a right kind of society.
3. It is all about the enlarging or widening the choices for the people. It is the building of human capabilities, such as education, information and knowledge, to have opportunities of livelihood.
4. Human development focuses on the expansion of basic choices.

Question 13.
‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well.’ Explain.
Answer:

1. Even though per capita income is high in many states, education and health facilities are still lacking.
2. Money or high per capita income cannot buy a pollution-free environment or good health.
3. Money cannot buy peace and democracy.

10th Class Social 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Study the following table and answer the questions that given below.
(a) What do you mean by literacy rate?
Answer:
The number of literates per every 100 persons in the population is known as literacy rate.

(b) In which state the net attendance is highest?
Answer:
Himachal Pradesh.

(c) What could be the reason for the highest, Literacy rate in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:

1. Both the government of Himachal Pradesh and the people of the state were keen on education.
2. The government started schools and made sure that education was largely free, or costs very little for parents.
3. Further, it tried to ensure that these schools had at least the minimum facilities of teach¬ers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water, etc.

(d) In which state the IMR is least?
Answer:
Himachal Pradesh.

Question 2.
Read the following paragraph :
“In many parts of the country, girls’ are still given less priority by parents compared to boys.”
Comment on the gender bias in India.
Answer:

1. Ours is a male-dominated society.
2. Female literacy rate is low.
3. Women who work outside their homes are less in number.
4. Traditionally, in our society, women have less involvement in social life.
5. Because of all these reasons, gender bias is still continuing.
6. This is a hurdle for the development of society.
7. Boys and girls should be treated equally.

Question 3.
“We should be able to integrate environmental concerns with the idea of progress”. Explain.
Answer:

1. We must show concern on environmental issues while achieving development.
2. The environmental source function will deplete while using the sources in a speedy way.
3. When waste output exceeds the limit, it will cause long-term damage to the environment.
4. The big projects may harm bio-diversity.
5. Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in modern agriculture leads to a big loss to the environment.
6. The fuel used as a part of industrial development causes a lot of air pollution.
7. Ground water levels are being depleted.
8. Deforestation is being occurred.
9. The rights of low-income countries, future generations also should be viewed.

Question 4.
Plot the below information on a bar graph. Write your observation.

SI. No.	State	Literacy rate (%)
1.	Punjab	77
2.	Himachal Pradesh	84
3.	Bihar	64

Answer:
Observation:
As Himachal Pradesh has high literacy rate, it can be considered as developed state.

Question 5.
Read the given paragraph and comment.
In many parts of the country, girls’ education is still given less priority by the parents as compared to boys’ education. While girls may study for a few years, they may not complete their schooling.
Answer:
According to this paragraph two things are clearly mentioned that there is a gender bias with regard to giving education to boys and girls among the people of the country and the second one is only the Himachali Pradesh Government is concentrating on girl education.
My opinion on these two issues is that the gender bias was there once in the society. As there is a vast awareness in the parents they send their daughters to the schools in many places. Even a rickshaw puller also wants to make his daughter study in a school.
He hopes his daughter becomes a professional. The parents are interested to send their children to English medium schools irrespective of their income and status. It shows their interest. A little bit fear about girls is there among them because of other reasons. They are afraid of the safety of their daughters. Just like in Himachal Pradesh other states are also spending much amount on education and schooling. It is accepted that the Himachal Pradesh state has taken the step earlier. I don’t say that other states are not taking steps to improve the conditions of schools for providing good education for the girls.
It is a sensitive issue and it is to be taken seriously to bring awareness among people to make their daughters admit in schools and the governments should consider the problems of girls in schools. Sufficient toilets and other facilities are to be provided so as to enroll all the girls in schools.

Question 6.
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
Some data regarding India and its neighbours for 2013

Country	Per capita  Income in $	Life Expectancy at birth (Years)	Average years of schooling	Expected years of schooling	Human Development Index (HDI) rank in the world
Sri Lanka	5170	75.1	9.3	12.7	92
India	3285	65.8	4.4	10.7	136
Pakistan	2566	65.7	4.9	7.3	146
Myanmar	1817	65.7	3.9	9.4	149
Bangladesh	1785	69.2	4.8	8.1	146
Nepal	1137	69.1	3.2	8.9	157

1. Which country stands ahead of India in all aspects in HDI ?
   Answer:
   The country Sri Lanka stands ahead of India in all aspects in HDI.
2. Mention the aspects that are considered in making Human Development Index.
   Answer:
   1. Percapita income
   2. Literacy Rate
   3. Average years of schooling
   4. Expected years of schooling
   5. Life expectancy at birth
   6. Health status, etc. are the aspects considered in making Human Development Index.
3. Name the country that has the lowest per capita income.
   Answer:
   The country Nepal has the lowest per capita income.
4. Give two suggestions for the improvement of the rank of India in HDI.
   Answer:
   1. Education should be improved and more skill development centres should be established.
   2. The poor and needy people should be provided cheap and better health facilities.

Question 7.
Observe the given table and analyse the HDI data of India and its neighbours.
Some data regarding India and its neighbours for 2016

Country	Per capita income in $	Life expectancy at birth	Literacy rate	Human Development Index (HDI)
Sri Lanka	10,789	74.9	92.6	70
India	5,663	68.3	74.04	131
Pakistan	5,031	66.2	60.0	148
Myanmar	4,943	65.9	93.1	146
Bangladesh	3,341	71.6	61.5	140
Nepal	2,337	69.6	64.7	144

Answer:
The given table is about Human Development data of India and some of the neighbouring countries pertaining to 2016. In this table per capita income in dollars, life expectancy at birth and literacy rate are considered and HDI Ranking is given. In per capita income Sri Lanka stands high and in the same of life expectancy but in literacy Myanmar is better than Srilanka. Pakistan is very poor in literacy rate and so Bangladesh. These countries do not show interest on literacy. In over all ranking Srilanka stands well, Pakistan’s ranking is least. Countries should concentrate on what (the people need proper medication, medical facilities to the poorer people, wide availabiltiy of
104,108 services are essential in rural areas. In Telangana to some extent these services are provided. Each one teach one programme is to be maintained so that all people will be literated. Schooling should be strengthened. Per capita income should be spent on Health facilities and education. Priorities are to be set first and proper planning for its implementation is essential. So that countries can be developed.

Question 8.
Read the text and interpret it.
The ongoing protest over the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project in theTirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu is one such conflict. The government of India set up the nuclear power plant in this quiet coastal town of fisher folks. The aim is to generate nuclear power to meet the growing energy needs of the country. The people in the region have protested on the grounds of safety, security and livelihood.
Answer:

1. The Government of India is going on with the Nuclear Power Project of the Kundankulum.
2. The aim of the project is to generate nuclear power to meet the growing energy needs of the people.
3. The fisher folks of this area are protesting against the project on the grounds of safety, security and livelihood.
4. Hence the ideas on development are different for different people.
5. Development for one may not be the development for other.
6. Here the ideas on development of government is conflicting with the interests of the local people.

Question 9.
Read the following text and state your opinion on it.

Human Development Report

When we realise that even though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development, we begin to think of other criterion. There could be a long list of such criteria but then it would not be so useful. What we need is a small number of the most important things. Health and education indicators, such as the ones we used in comparison of Kerala and Punjab, are among them. Over the past decade or so, health and education indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development. For instance, Human Development Report published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita Income.

Answer:

1. The income is not the correct criteria to measure the level of development.
2. Most of the time it hides disparities.
3. So we begin to think of another criterion.
4. There could be a long list of criteria.
5. We selected some such as “health and education”.
6. Health and Education indicators were used to compare Punjab and Kerala.
7. Human Development Report was published by UNDP.
8. The countries were compared on the basis of the education levels of the people, health status and per capita income.

Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion.
If you get a job in afar off place, you would try to consider many factors, apart from income.
This could be facilities for your family, working atmosphere or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.
Answer:

1. According to this paragraph, people give preference to income as well as facilities.
2. They also want to spend time with their families.
3. They need job security and freedom. It is not possible in all the cases.
4. Many workers from India are migrating even to foreign countries for getting work so as to earn something for their livelihoods.
5. Some people are working in cities like Hyderabad by keeping their families at their hometowns.
6. They are losing the opportunity of spending their time with their families. Their living conditions are also not good.
7. Many of them are leading sedentary life. In some cases pay is less but job is secure. In some other cases payment may be high but job security is not there.
8. Whatever it is, I am coming to the conclusion that there are many factors that affect livelihoods.

Question 11.
Read the following paragraph and write your comments.
When we looked at Individual aspirations and goals, we found that people not only think of better income but also have goals such as security, respect of others, equal treatment, freedom, etc. In mind. Similarly, when we think of a nation or a region, we may, besides average income, think of other equally important attributes.
Answer:

1. This paragraph is about the aspirations and goals of the individuals.
2. The people want their income and they want to be treated well.
3. Though the wages are well and good, they don’t want to be ill-treated.
4. Everyone in the society wants to live with dignity which our Constitution promises.
5. Many of the labourers are now looking towards prestige.
6. Some states in our country are getting more per capita income but they are lacking in providing other facilities to the people.
7. Nowadays schooling is very importing to its children.
8. For nations and states the literacy rate, net attendance rate, infant mortality rate are also considered in its development.
9. They have to provide schools, pollution-free atmosphere, unadulterated medicines, to its people for better living.

Question 12.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it.
In many parts of the country, girls’ education is still given less priority by parents compared to
boys’ education. While girls may study for a few classes, they may not complete their schooling.
A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for their boys.
Answer:

1. According to this paragraph two things are clearly mentioned that there is a gender bias with regard to giving education to boys and girls among the people of the country.
2. Only the Himachali Pradesh Government is concentrating on girl education.
3. My opinion on these two,issues is that the gender bias was there once in the society.
4. As there is a vast awareness in the parents they send their daughters to the schools in many
   places.
5. Even a rickshaw puller also wants to make his daughter study In a school.
6. He hopes his daughter becomes a professional.
7. The parents are interested to send their children to English medium schools Irrespective of their income and status.
8. It is a sensitive issue and it is to be taken seriously to bring awareness among people to make their daughters admitted in schools and the governments should consider the problems of girls in schools.
9. Sufficient toilets and other facilities are to be provided so as to enroll all the girls In schools.

Question 13.
Table: Read the following table and answer the following questions.
Some Comparative data of Selected States

state	IMR per 1000 (2006)	Literacy rate (%) {2011)	Net Attendance Rate (2006)
Punjab	42	77	76
Himachal Pradesh	36	84	90
Bihar	62	64	56

1.  What does the table tell us?
   Answer:
   The table tells us about some comparative data of selected states.
2. What are the three states compared here?
   Answer:
   The three states compared are Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Bihar.
3. What does IMR mean?
   Answer:
   IMR means Infant Mortality Rate.
4. Which state ranks best in literacy rate?
   Answer:
   Himachal Pradesh ranks best in literacy rate with 84%.
5. What is the Net Attendance Rate of Bihar in 2006?
   Answer:
   The Net Attendance Rate of Bihar in 2006 is 56.
6. What is the position of Punjab in 2011 with regard to literacy rate?
   Answer:
   The position of Punjab in 2011 with regard to literacy rate is next to Himachal Pradesh.
7. What is literacy rate?
   Answer:
   Literacy rate is that the percentage of literate people in the 7 and above years age group.
8. Why is the number of children below the age of 6 not considered for counting of Net Atten¬dance Rate?
   Answer:
   The children below the age of 6 do not go to school.
9. Which state ranks first when we consider the above data ?
   Answer:
   Himachal Pradesh ranks first.
10. How do you say Bihar is an underdeveloped state ?
    Answer:
    Bihar has high infant mortality rate i.e., 62. It has less literacy rate and Net attendance rate i.e., 64 and 56 respectively. Hence we can say Bihar is a backward state.

Question 14.
Study the table given and answer the following questions.
Table: Some data regarding India and its neighbours for 2013

Country	Per Capita Income in $	Life expectancy at birth (Years)	Average years of schooling	Expected years of schooling	Human Develop­ment Index (HDI) rank in the world
Sri Lanka	5170	75.1	9.3	12.7	92
India	3285	65.8	4.4	10.7	136
Pakistan	2566	65.7	4.9	7.3	146
Myanmar	1817	65.7	3.9	9.4	149
Bangladesh	1785	69.2	4.8	8.1	146
Nepal	1137	69.1	3.2	8.9	157

1. What is the table about?
   Answer:
   The table is about some data regarding India and its neighboring countries for 2013.
2. What is the life expectancy at birth in India?
   Answer:
   The life expectancy at birth in India is 65.8 years.
3. What components are considered in this table?
   Answer:
   The components considered in the table are per capita income, life expectancy at birth, aver¬age years of schooling, expected years of schooling and HDI.
4. Which country ranks best in HDI?
   Answer:
   Sri Lanka ranks best in HDI with 92nd rank.
5. Which country is lacking in expected years of schooling?
   Answer:
   Pakistan is lacking in expected years of schooling.
6. Per capita income is shown in some symbol. What does it mean?
   Answer:
   The symbol given means dollar.
7. Which country has the lowest average years of schooling?
   Answer:
   Nepal has the lowest average years of schooling.
8. What is the per capita income of India ?
   Answer:
   The per capita income of India is $ 3,285.
9. What is the lowest life expectancy at birth in the table?
   Answer:
   65.7 years is the lowest life expectancy at birth in the table.
10. What is the difference between expected years of schooling and average years of schooling
    for India?
    Answer:
    The difference between expected years of schooling and average years of schooling for India is 6.3 years.

Question 15.
By studying the given map answer the following questions.

1. Name two countries which have low income.
   Answer:
   Zimbabwe and Kenya are the two countries with low income.
2. Which two countries have very high income?
   Answer:
   USA and Canada are the two countries which have very high income.
3. Name two countries with high income.
   Answer:
   Brazil and Russia are the two countries with high income.
4. Which two countries have medium income?
   Answer:
   India and Egypt are the two countries which have medium income.

Question 16.
Prepare a pamphlet on Promoting Girl Education.
Answer:

PROMOTING GIRL EDUCATION

Girls and boys in the society are equal but many of the parents give less importance to girl education compared to boys. This treatment of girls and boys in different ways is called gender bias. Some parents feel that boy is income and girl is expenditure. After marriage also the in-law’s family of the bride normally gives very less importance to her education. This is the wrong notion that the people have. It is to be removed.
The notion is to be changed. Many women have come forward to discharge their duties in political, educational and administrative areas. They are proving that they can do everything. In education also many girls are getting good results and ranks. Their number in civil services and other competitive examinations is rapidly increasing. If a girl is educated, she can manage her family herself well.
She can educate her children.
Many women now are district collectors or police officers and administrative officers and a few banks are being run under the leadership of female authorities. Many departments are under their control. For many years it has been a custom that the women have to work at kitchen but it is disproved, if they were given choice to do something they can do it as we expected.
All the parents should send their daughters to schools to study. They should be given an opportunity to show their intellect. All the parents should understand that their notion is to be
changed and think positively about their daughters’ future.

Question 17.
Write a paragraph after reading the table.
Answer:
Comparison of two countries

Name of the country	Monthly incomes of citizens in 2014 (in Rupees)
Country A	1	II	III	IV	V	Average
	9,500	10500	9,800	10000	10200	10,000
Country B	500	500	500	500	48000	10,000

According to this table in the country ‘A’, all the five persons are earning mostly equal monthly income. In the country ‘B’ the first four persons are earning only five hundred each but the fifth person is earning forty eight thousand rupees per month. If you are the fifth one it is OK but if you are one among the first four it will be worst to live in. If we consider the average, it will be the same as ten thousand per person per month. In these two countries the country A has more equitable distribution of income.
In many countries more income is there with a few persons. Many people in the countries are poor. They don’t have minimum amount of income for their livelihoods. In the above table the average income of the two countries is the same but in B it is not equally distributed. The Gross Domestic Product is to be distributed among the people of the country that means the poor also have to get their share in the country. The gap between the poor and the rich is to be removed and so the society of equality emerged.

Question 18.
Locate the following in the given map of India.

1. Nuclear power plant in Tamil Nadu.
   Answer:
   Kudankulam
2. Schooling Revolution took place in the state.
   Answer:
   Himachal Pradesh
3. Draw the Indian standard time.
   Answer:
   82 1/2° E longitude.
4. Sahyadri Range.
5. Islands in Bay of Bengal.
   Answer:
   Andoman & Nicobar
6. Locate any one of Hill station.
   Answer:
   Nainital
7. River which is flowing through a rift valley.
   Answer:
   Narmada
8. The Hill Station located near Nilgiris.
   Answer:
   Ooty
9. The largest river in South India.
   Answer:
   Godavari
10. The largest river in India.
    Answer:
    Ganga