Mahesh

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Film and Print Media Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Lesson Film and Print Media

8th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Film and Print Media Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Write any three differences between drama and film.
Answer:

Question 2.
Do you think any story or poem in your language textbook could be made into a small film? Can you think of various people you will need in making a film based on that?
Answer:
Yes. It could be made into a small film.
Producer, Director, Editor, Cameraman, Actors, Actresses, Junior artists, Singers, Musicians and other technicians are needed for this.

Question 3.
Some people argue “Cinema is a powerful tool to transform the society”. Others argue that “It has a negative impact”. Whom do you agree with and why?
Answer:
“I think that cinema is a powerful tool to transform the society with positive or negative impact”. Whatever may be the change, the cinemas have that power.
Reason:
The influence that the cinema exerts on the minds of those who visit it is at once beneficial and harmful.
The films shown in the cinema are often very instructive and informative. Almost every film shows something about the activities and customs of the people in other lands. By seeing such films, one learns a lot about human activities. One also gains a better understanding of people of the world.

Further, some films show the battles that were fought in the past. They also sometimes show very vividly how man has struggled through the centuries to remove discomfort from his life. In this way, some films have given many people an insight into the past. Even illiterate people have benefited from such films. What they cannot acquire from books owing to their inability to read, they can acquire from films. School students, too, often benefit from a visit to the cinema. What they see and hear in the cinema makes a better impression on their minds than only the spoken words of their teachers. For all these reasons, the cinema is often regarded as an important means of spreading knowledge.

It must be admitted, however, that some films have exerted an evil influence on many people. Films which show the activities of criminals have encouraged many youths to commit acts of crime. Other films, too, such as those dealing with sex and other natural weaknesses of man, have corrupted the morals of many people. As a result, the governments of many countries have been compelled to interfere in the display and production of certain films. Yet, the cinema continues to retain its popularity.

Question 4.
What were the major themes discussed in early films? How is it similar or different from the films you have seen?
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both are mostly family type pictures.
2. Both have pictures of puranas.
3. Both have efficient artistes.

Differences:

Question 5.
How did newspapers play a major role in the freedom movement?
Answer:
Role of Newspapers in Cultural Awakening and Freedom Movement
During the British period, Social reformers began actively campaigning for radical changes in the society. The reformation of Hinduism, the move for abolition of ‘Sat! and efforts to encourage widow re-marriage were some of the major reforms. Inspired by these great leaders, many newspapers were started in different parts of the country.
Many freedom fighters of Indian Independence were the editors of newspapers. Amrit Bazar Patrika (started in 1868) was edited by Sisir Kumar Ghosh, Bengalee (started in 1833) was edited by Surendranadh Banerjee, ‘The Hindu’ (started in 1878) was edited by G. Subramaniya Iyer, ‘Kesari’ (started in 1881) was edited by Balagangadhara Tilak.

The editors expressed their views through these newspapers. These papers played a prominent role in arousing national consciousness among Indians. The Krishna Patrika was edited by Mutnuri Krishna Rao. Nilagiripathrika, edited by S.V. Narasimha Rao of Nalgonda. Tenugu pathrika by Vaddiraju brothers from Inugurthi in Warangal. Golkonda, edited by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy. Urdu magazine Rayyat, edited by Mandumula Narasing Rao,
Mahatma Gandhi wrote profusely. He took over the ‘Young India’ in 1918 and started another journal ‘Navjeevan’ in Gujarati. He wrote extensively in ‘Harijan’ under the editorship of Mahadev Desai.
Thus the newspapers played an important role in Freedom movement.

Question 6.
Collect the newspaper clippings that depict latest issues. Exhibit them in your classroom.
Answer:
Students Activity.

Question 7.
What are the reasons for the disappearance of dramas now-a-days.
Answer:

1. Nowadays television sets are attracting the people. All are simply sitting infront of TV sets and enjoying their leisure time.
2. Cinema industry is also attracting the people of all ages.
3. Computers & internet are keeping the world in front of the people etc.

Project

Prepare the script for a drama. Perform the drama in your class. (Class Activity)
Answer:
” A woman, June, Screams! She is on the ground holding her feet. She shakes her leg and screens some more.
June: “AH!”
Hank runs out to see what’s wrong.
Hank: “What happened ?”
June: “I got strong by a bee …. on the foot”.
Hank: “Let me see”.
June flops down and holds up her foot.
Hank: “Okay, let me get the stinger out. I hear if you can get it out without squeezing the
little venom bag then it won’t hurt as much.
June: “Ow ! Ow ! Ow ! Get it out”.
June is shaking her foot.
Hank: Hold still: June tries to stop struggling.
Hank carefully gets it with one finger.
Hank: “There ”
June: “Still hurts”
She shakes her foot at him. Hank struggles and then holds her leg still again and looks.
Hank: “Look like there is a bit of stinger is there still.”
June: “Get it out”
Hank: “I’m going to need to tweezers or something”
June: “Get some tweezers”
Hank: “Okay Okay”.

8th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Film and Print Media InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are differences in a stage play and a film? Make a comparative table. (Textbook Page No. 240)
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both give entertainment.
2. Both have actors.
3. Both are encouraged by the people.

Differences:
Stage play: A stage play is performed live. There is the possibility that there will be mistakes during the performance. The actors have to project their voice and make their movements and facial expressions big and obvious enough for the audience to be able to hear/see them. The cast of a stage play will rehearse the show for months before the first performance and the performance dates can go on for months as well. Auditions for a role in stage play usually only take a couple of weeks.

Film: A film is recorded. You are allowed to make some mistakes because you can just start over and film it again. The actors have to be realistic and believable. The cast of a film will usually only have several minutes to rehearse the scene before filming it, and this applies to each scene filmed. It can take a few weeks just to film on scene. Filming can take as long as a month to a year or more. Auditions for a role in a film can take months.

Question 2.
With the help of your teacher, discuss the changes in the livelihood opportunities from play to films. (Textbook Page No. 240)
Answer:
The persons who have good voice were encouraged as stage artists. But in films, their physical beauty was also taken for consideration. The stage artists made a beeline to the studios for a chance in films. Those who have chances in this field are settled well. Some have lost their wealth also.

Question 3.
Bring to the classroom various newspapers available in your area. Form as many teams. Now analyse the papers for the way the news is organised. (Textbook Page No. 244)
Answer:
In our village we receive two papers – Eenadu and Sakshi dailies.
In my class we form as two teams.

1. Eenadu team: National and International and other main news in first page, later editorial. ‘Vasundhara’ 4 pages special for ladies and sports page, business affairs, advertisements, cinema page/celiuloid page, TV screen details etc. In district edition all the news relating to the district is given.
2. Sakshf Team: 14 pages main edition and district edition; Main national or international news in the first page. The news is continued in the second page. Advertisement about tenders, 4 pages edition ‘family’. An interview with a great personality, stories to children, strange issues in subjects, Bhakthi News, Cinema news, Job opportunities, Business page. District paper with all the news related to the district.

Question 4.
Form two groups and have a debate on pros and cons of fan clubs. (Textbook Page No. 242)
Answer:
Pros: They praise their artists. They give free advertisement for their pictures. They support the film for 100 days functions. In addition to this, they conduct social service activities on the name of organization.
e.g.: Blood donation camps, Eye camps etc.
Cons: There will be severe competition between these organisations. Sometimes they give wrong statements about the picture. These opinions discourage the cine fans.

Question 5.
Ask your parents about the plays they had seen during their childhood. (Textbook Page No. 239)
Answer:
Bhuvana Vijayam, Chintamani, Kanyashulkam, Rakta Kanneeru etc., are the most popular plays in those days.

Question 6.
What changes have occurred in drama over the period? (Textbook Page No. 239)
Answer:
In those days there were the dramas of epic stories. Nowadays social dramas are popular. The stage decoration is also changed. Now it is in modern ways. The artists were selected on the basis of voice and its modulation, but now it is based on physique and other things. Mikes are also useful to those who have small voices. But there is no encouragement for these dramas.

Question 7.
Make a mime presentation of five minutes and a play for five minutes. Compare the ease of performance, the themes that can be presented and the communication to the audience. (Textbook Page No. 240)
Answer:
Students should present the activity.
Comparison:

Question 8.
Make a list of sources of entertainment in your village or town. How will you assess their popularity? What changes are occurring over time? (Textbook Page No. 241)
Answer:
There are cinema halls, ‘Kshethrayya Kalakshetram’, Sibar Disney Land and Rajiv Gandhi Park in our city. Out of these cinema halls are always full. Kalakshetram is popular for dramas and other stage programmes. Many people visit Hailand, Disneyland. Rajiv Gandhi Park on Sundays, holidays and summer weekends.
Nowadays people are very crazy about TVs and Cricket Matches. Elders in the families and girls are watching TVs, boys are interested in cricket.

Question 9.
Select some popular TV channels. Form a team of 4 to 5 children. Each team should assess the proportion of time allocated by a channel to various themes like religion, News, films, serials, etc. Share your findings with other teams in the class. (Textbook Page No. 241)
Answer:
Group – A:
Selected: ETV Channel.
The following ETV channel allocated the proportion of time to various programmes.

Group – B:
Selected: Maa TV Channel.
Hence there is variation in programmes of various channels selected by different groups.

Question 10.
List at least two more films which tell about the freedom struggle. (Textbook Page No. 242)
Answer:
Bharatheeyudu, Mangal Pandey and Bhagath Singh.

Question 11.
Collect patriotic songs from the Telugu movies. (Textbook Page No. 242)
Answer:

1. Bharatha yuvatha kadalira,
   Navayuva Bharatha vidhayaka Bharatha yuvatha kadaliraa!
2. Jananee janmabhoomischa Swargadapi gareeyasi
3. Naa janmabhoomi entha andamaina desamu Naa lllu Andulona Kammani Pradesamu
4. Punyabhoomi naa desam namo namami Dhanyabhoomi naa desam sada smarami.

Question 12.
Analyse the latest movie that you saw for its content and influence on children like you. (Textbook Page No. 243)
Answer:
Sreemanthudu was the latest movie which I saw. In this picture hero was much interested in rural development programme. In order to develop a village he adopts the whole village. In this regard he faces some consequences with villains and finally he implements some programmes for the development of the village people. This movie mobilises each and every person towards development, of the society.

Question 13.
Make a list of movies that various students in the class have seen during the month.
Rank them on a scale of 0 to 5 for violence; where 5 is for films with no violence and f for films with repulsive violence. (Student Activity) (Textbook Page No. 243)
Answer:

1. Sri Rama Rajyam – 5
2. Baadshah – 1
3. Mirchi – 2
4. Greeku Veerudu – 3
5. Swamy Raa Raa – 3
6. Aravind – II – 2

Question 14.
Collect one week issues of the (Eenadu, Sakshi) newspapers. In the above teams make a list of special features and the days on which they appear and present it to the class. Give your reasons why such features are published by the newspaper. (Textbook Page No. 244)
Answer:
I divided my class into three different, groups and given work to all of them to gather information on what issues are presented from one week onwards.

First group: Read Eenadu.
In this newspaper they mention about burning topic of construction of dams. Why the newspapers are presented that issues means, to explain the people what programmes are implemented by the government and how far they are completed and reached to people.

Second group: Andhra Jyothi newspaper they mentioned about A.P special status issue in the Parliament.
In this newspaper they are presenting what are the demands of A.P people and how far central government fulfill these. Due to this people known about what’s going on in our country and state.

Third group: The Hindu newspaper.
It is publishing the news about NEET Exam.
Because lakhs of science students are waiting for what judgement is going to be given by Supreme Court. Is it beneficial to them or not?
Like this, the newspapers are presenting the burning issues and brought to the common people to know what’s going on in our country And made them to alert about their future.

Question 15.
There are also journals on various purposes. Collect a cover page of old issues of various magazines available in your village/ town and classify them according to the subject. Are there any other ways of classifying these journals? (Textbook Page No. 244)
Answer:

1. Swathi – Weekly – Entertainment
2. Navya – Weekly – Entertainment
3. India Today – Weekly – Politics
4. Sitara – Weekly – Cine Magazine
5. Vipula – Story book – Monthly
6. Chathura – Novel – Monthly

Many magazines are there like this.
These can be classified in many ways like periodicity, subjects, language etc.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System

8th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
When laws are passed in the Asembly, there is much discussion on it from different points of view. What would have been the different points of view regarding the Land Reform Act in 1950s? Which point of view would have been stronger?
Answer:
Different points of view:

1. Zamindari system should be abolished.
2. Zamindars should be compensated.
3. Land should be given to the poor for cultivation.
4. Tenants should be the owners of their land.
5. Vetti/Begar should be abolished.
6. Large tracts of waste land should be redistributed to the poor.
7. Tax collection authority should be in the hands of government.
8. Peasantry should be protected from landlords.
   Stronger point of view: Put an end to the rural poverty.

Question 2.
What would have been the points of view in 1970s when the Land Ceiling Acts were passed?
Answer:
Points of view:

1. All the wealth in the nation is centralised in some hands only.
2. Many small farmers are the owners of small land holdings.
3. Many Daliths are landless.
4. Big buildings, cattle sheds and agriculture implements were left in the possession of the erstwhile landlords.
5. Zamindars were changed as landlords and landlords as industrialists.

Question 3.
Do you think the peasant women gained from these reforms in any way? Give your reasons.
Answer:
We can say that they gained something.
Reasons:

1. Some landlords and big farmers transferred the surplus lands to their family women.
2. There were also instances where fictitious divorces were taken in law courts to show husband and wife as separate families. Thus they owned lands.
3. Women also worked in fields with their husbands for coolie. But now they started working in their own fields.

Question 4.
Why was the end to vetti important for all kinds of peasants? What would the landlords have done to cultivate their lands now?
Answer:
‘Vetti’ is a black spot for humanity. Many struggles were led against this. So the end of it was important for all kinds of peasants. In olden days, there were no landlords as they are now. They appointed ‘Palers’ and ‘Coolies’ in their lands to work during cultivation.

Question 5.
Imagine that you are a tenant who got ownership over land when the Land Reform Act was implemented. Write down your feelings.
Answer:
“I got 4 acres of land according to this Act. I paid some amount for this. Till now I and my family members worked hard in our Dora’s fields. But from now onwards I am the owner of this land. We, the family members, work hard in our own field. We are so happy. We breathe- in the air of independence”.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are a landlord at the time of Land Reform Act. Describe your feelings and actions at that time.
Answer:
“Alas! Today is a bad day for us. I lost my 4000 acres of land. Till now my house is filled with bags of grains, wealth, servants and vetti people. But now I lost everything. By playing many tricks, I saved only 150 acres of land.
I feel very happy to see independent India but I lost all my wealth. How can we lead our life without wealth and power?”

Question 7.
Many people feel that the land reform actually harmed a large number of tenants – at- will. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons.
Answer:
I do agree with this to some extent.
Reasons:

1. Some tenants paid the price fixed by the government and owned their land.
2. Thousands of poor peasants could not pay the price or did not have legal recognition as tenants.
3. Zamindars retained control over their Khudkasht lands and declared their tenants to be labourers.
4. They also evicted a large number of tenants to take over their lands for self-cultivation.

Question 8.
Why was the Land Ceiling Act not implemented effectively even though the govern¬ment tried to make effective laws?
Answer:
The Act could not be implemented properly due to machinations of the landlords and also lack of sufficient political determination on the part of the government.

Question 9.
Why do you think the spirit of Bhoodan did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller?
Answer:
In this movement, the landlords should donate their land with their own interest. This kind of humanity was not in them. Some of them donated only ‘Banjar’ and ‘Porambok’ lands only instead of cultivated land. 90% of the fertile lands remained with the landlords. So the movement did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller.

Question 10.
Locate Pochampally village in Nalgonda district in combined Andhra Pradesh map.
Answer:

Question 11.
Read the first paragraph under heading ‘Rural Poverty at the time of Independence’ and answer the following: Are the conditions improved now? In what way?
Answer:
We can say that the conditions are improved now.
They are working as industrial labours also. They are leading their lives by working in laying roads, making of handicrafts etc. They are going to schools also. The agricultural labourers have a better demand now. Thus their conditions are improved.

Question 12.
Form a group of five students each. Discuss the experiences of elders of your area about the land ceiling. Know out whether the issue happen in that village as mentioned in the chapter. Prepare a report and submit in the class.
Answer:

Report

We met 15 elders in this project. With this Act many were turned as beggars, some were escaped.
Some transferred the ownership of the lands to their relations, friends, labourers etc., and saved their properties. Some lost everything with this Act. They cried a lot.
On the whole the Act caused relief to some and pain to some.

8th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
While the slogan ‘Land to the Tiller’ meant that the tenant will get the land, what will happen to the landless agricultural worker, who works for wages? (Textbook Page No. 185)
Answer:
The conditions of the tenants were somehow improved. But the conditions of the landless agricultural workers remain the same. They are still in the same poverty.

Question 2.
Some people feel that the land reform laws only tried to help the landlords. Do you agree with them? (Textbook Page No. 186)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with them.
Giving compensation to the Zamindars, continuing them as owners of the Khudkasht etc., reveal this.

Question 3.
Some people feel that the land reform laws tried to transfer land and power to prosperous tenant farmers only. Do you agree with them? (Textbook Page No. 186)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with them. The reason behind it is the government made a rule that the tenants would be given land only if they paid some price for it. Those peasants who could pay became the owners of the land. Rest of them were remained as poor only.

Question 4.
Some others feel that the laws tried to strike a balance between the interests of different rural groups in order to minimise internal conflicts. Do you agree with them? (Textbook Page No. 186)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with them.
According to these laws, the Zamindars became landlords, some tenants became land owners and some poor became owners of banjar lands. So we can say that internal conflicts were minimised.

Question 5.
Some people think that it should have been implemented in 1950 while others feel that such a measure would have caused a lot of opposition. Discuss the two views in the class and decide which view you agree with. (Textbook Page No. 190)
Answer:
It is very difficult to implement these laws in 1950. “Acquisition of that much land from the owners, that too immediately after independence there might be a chance of inner conflicts and strong opposition. But there were many leaders like Sardar Vailabhai Patel. The government might meet the challenges arisen. So I also think that it should have been implemented in 1950.

Question 6.
Compare the implementation of Land Ceiling Act in West Bengal and in Andhra Pradesh discuss how the Act could be effectively implemented. (Textbook Page No. 191)
Answer:
We can say that the Act was implemented in a mean way.

Several landlords gave false declarations to the officers and did not reveal the excess land. Anticipating the Act several landlords transferred their lands in the names of their close relatives, friends, and even farm servants. There were also instances where fictitious divorces were taken in law courts to show husband and wife as separate families. In this way even those farmers who had surplus land as per the Act protected their lands and did not show any surplus. Some of the surplus land that was taken over by the government was not fit for cultivation.

One of the states in which the Land Ceiling Act was more efficiently implemented was West Bengal. The West Bengal government acted with great determination and mobilized the landless and small peasants to participate in the implementation of the ceiling laws.

The Act could not be implemented properly due to machinations of the landlords and also lack of sufficient political determination on the part of the government.

Question 7.
Do you think there was any other way of giving gainful employment to the rural poor? (Textbook Page No. 185)
Answer:
At present there are many ways of giving gainful employment. But there were less opportunities at that time. The British destroyed the occupational system of India. The people lost all their chances of employment. So I think there were no other ways.

Question 8.
How many acres of land does a family of four persons need to get a decent living in your area? (Give the figures separately for both irrigated and unirrigated land.) (Textbook Page No. 185)
Answer:
A family of four persons needs 8 acres of irrigated land and 30 acres of dry land to get a decent living in our area.

Question 9.
Who gained most and who did not gain at all? Do you think the landlords lost much? (Textbook Page No. 186)
Answer:
Zamindars gained most.
Reasons:

1. Even though they lost their income, they received 20, 30 times to that as compensation.
2. ‘Khudkasht’ lands were also under their control.
3. They used various loop holes in the law to retain control over large portion of land. The poor did not gain at all.

Reason: They remained unrecognized and as agricultural labourers.

Question 10.
Which sections of the peasants of Telangana gained from the various reforms? In what ways did they benefit? (Textbook Page No. 189)
Answer:
From the various reforms in Telangana the landlords and the ryots of some castes gained.

1. The dominant sections of the cultivating communities of these jagirs got patta right on lands.
2. Jagirdars received crores of rupees as compensation.
3. Big buildings, cattle sheds and agriculture implements were left in the possession of the erstwhile landlords.
4. Thousands of acres of fertile land also remained with them as Khudkasht lands.
   So we can say that feudalists gained much.

Question 11.
To what extent did the landless service castes benefit from these reforms? (Textbook Page No. 189)
Answer:
They were not benefited in any way from these reforms.

Question 12.
To what extent did the landlords loose and to what extent did they manage to protect their interests? (Textbook Page No. 189)
Answer:
We can say that landlords lost nothing.

Many of the laws were implemented tardily. Due to the delay in implementation the large landlords used it to their best advantage. Using the loop holes in the Tenancy Act the Zamindars regained control over the lands from the tenants. The Zamindars after abolition continued as big landlords claiming the land as their own. These lands were diverted to set up industries. For example, the Challapalli Zamindar showed 2650 acres under his sugar factory. But eventually they transformed as entrepreneurs in Andhra. But in Telangana they continued their domination into the twenty first century.

Question 13.
Observe the following table and fill in the blanks. (Textbook Page No. 189)

The Structure and Distribution of Landholdings in Andhra Pradesh, 1956-2006
Source: Directorate of Economic and Statistics (DES), Hyderabad.

Answer:
Reading the table: Read the figures for the year 1955-56 carefully. It tells us that, after the land reforms had been implemented 58% of farmers were small farmers with less than 2 hectares of land each. Even though they formed more than half of all farmers, they had less than 20% of cultivated land. On the other hand you can see that large farmers or landlords who were only about 10% of the farmers had about 38% of all cultivated land.
After the land ceiling was implemented in 1970s see the changes that took place. The number of small farmers who were …58..% increased/decreased to …83.. %. Medium farmers now were less in number and controlled …32% to 16..% more/ less land than before. Large landowners declined to less than …1.. % but still owned about …6.. % of land.

Question 14.
Why did the Land Ceiling Act become necessary? (Textbook Page No. 190)
Answer:
Many Acts after independence have not changed the ownership of lands in India. It changed Zamindars as landlords, landlords as big farmers. But it did nothing to the common poor.
The ownership of the land was only a few hands. So the Land Ceiling Act became necessary.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 22 Citizens and the Governments.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments

10th Class Social 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two benefits of Lok Adalat in respect of entertaining disputes.
Answer:

1. There is no court fee.
2. Speedy trail of disputes
3. Procedural flexibility
4. The parties can directly interact with the judge.

Question 2.
When was the Right to Information Act passed by the Central Government?
Answer:
Right to Information Act was passed in 2005 by the Central Government.

Question 3.
How does the government department function?
Answer:
Every government department functions on the basis of certain rules and regulations.

Question 4.
What does Lok Adalat mean?
Answer:
Lok Adalat means people’s court.

Question 5.
Which two roles does RTI play?
Answer:
The first one is the role of the government departments and the second is that of the citizens.

Question 6.
Write about NALSA.
Answer:
Act and to frame the most effective and economical schemes for legal services.

Question 7.
What legal aid facilities are available under Legal Service Authority?
Answer:
Matrimonial disputes, maintenance cases, harassment cases by husband and in-laws, domestic violence cases, all types of civil cases, land disputes, compoundable criminal cases, etc.

Question 8.
When are the Lok Adalats constituted?
Answer:
The Lok Adalats are constituted in every state under the Legal Services Authority Act, 1987.

Question 9.
Write about District Legal Services Authority.
Answer:
District Legal Services Authority is constituted in every district to implement Legal Aid Programmes and Schemes in the district. The District Judge of the district is its Ex-Officio Chairman and the members are nominated by State Government.

Question 10.
Who is responsible officials in the information commission?
Answer:
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) is the apex body constituted to lay down policies and principles for making legal services available under the provisions of the State Public Information Commissioner is the responsible official in the information commission along with Information Commissioners.

10th Class Social 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following text and answer the following question.

The LSA Act was enacted to constitute legal services authority for providing free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society. 
To ensure that opportunities for securing justice were not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
To organise Lok Adalats to ensure that the operation of the legal system promoted justice on Q basis of equal opportunity.
To develop an effective, alternative, innovative dispute resolution mechanism outside the courts.

Who are entitled to get free legal support?
(OR)
Who are eligible for benefit under Legal Service Authority?
Answer:
As per LSA Act and its objectives to give free legal support on an equality basis to economically backward. The following are entitled or eligible to get free legal support.

1. A member of a SC or ST.
2. A victim of trafficking in human beings or beggars.
3. Women and children.
4. A mentally ill or otherwise disabled person.
5. A person who is a victim of a mass disaster, ethnic violence, etc.

Question 2.
Write about the Right to Information Act.
Answer:

1. Right to Information Act was passed by the Central Government in 2005.
2. The Act was passed as a result of people’s mobilization as well as in recognition of the provisions in the constitution.
3. Two roles that need to be played for getting the benefits of RTI to the people.

Question 3.
Explain how RTI Act enriches Democracy.
Answer:

1. It ensures the availability of all types of information to the citizen.
2. Democracy requires an informed citizenry.
3. Information should be transparent.
4. This can help to control corruption and make the governments accountable.
   Thus RTI act enriches democracy.

Question 4.
What are the provisions there for people to seek information under RTI?
Answer:

1. Any individual can get documents like government orders, reports, advice, logbooks, rules and regulations, attendance list, letters, etc.
2. People seeking information have to pay a small amount to meet a copy of the document.
3. If the person is below the poverty line he/she need not pay this amount.
4. This information request can be sent through a handwritten letter or electronic mail.
5. Information will be given in the official language of the state or in English or in Hindi.
6. Individuals collecting the information can remain anonymous.

Question 5.
Read the following case study and give an explanation of how Swetha had benefited from RTI.

Gattu Swetha was a student of M.Sc at Kakatiya University in 2013. She completed her B.Sc. exams in March 2011. She got good marks in all subjects but in Chemistry she got 21 marks. On revaluation, she got only 9 marks. With RTI activists help she requested for a photocopy of her answer sheet. University refused to do so. She went to the State Chief Information Commissioner and later the university gave a photocopy and awarded 51 marks. Thus, she joined M.Sc.

Answer:
Swetha could not have accessed the photocopy of her answer sheet without the RTI enabling Act. She could not have got an entry into M.Sc. Earlier photostats of answer sheets were not given to students. They have only informed marks. Now students like Swetha can get a photocopy of their answer sheets even for competitive examinations that provide jobs. She did not stop even when the Public Information Officer of the University did not provide her with information. She went to the highest appellate authority in the state and was able to secure a photocopy. Thus, she made the best use of RTI enabling Act.

Question 6.
Read the following text and answer the following question.

The LSA through Lok Adalats settles long pending court cases in short time and without any expenses. Matrimonial disputes, maintenance cases, harassment cases by husband and in-laws, domestic violence cases, all types of civil cases, land disputes, compoundable criminal cases etc.

What kind of cases can be settled through Lok adalats?
Answer:
The following cases can be settled through Lok adalats.

1. Matrimonial disputes.
2. Maintenance cases.
3. Harassment cases by husband and in-laws.
4. Domestic violence cases.
5. Long pending all civil cases, land disputes and compoundable criminal cases.

Question 7.
What exemptions are there for disclosure of information in the RTI Act 2005?
Answer:

1. The law permits the government not to disclose certain information.
2. Information that could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India.
3. Information that could breach the privilege of Parliament and State Legislature.
4. Information received in confidence from a foreign government. “
5. Information that could endanger the life or physical safety of a person.
6. Cabinet papers or records of Council of Ministers and Secretaries (before the final decision is taken)
7. Most of our armed forces and security agencies are outside the purview of Information Commissions.

Question 8.
Provide an example where any citizen benefited from using RTI Act.
Answer:
T.AIIuga has 1 acre and 20 kuntas land in Vadali village of Mudinepalli mandal in Krishna district. After his death, his son Nallanna cultivated that land. But the untimely death of him left his kid unaware of land. Few years later his kid, Naresh recognized that their land was encroached. He requested the Tahsildar to survey his land with documents he had, which was of no use. Later, even he complained the same in grievance cell with the collector, but was of no use. With the suggestion of a representative of RTI Act, he applied to Information Officer. He has asked for the reason why his land was not surveyed. Later his land was identified, surveyed and shown to the applicant, Naresh.

Question 9.
When was RTI Act made? What was its constitutional prominence?
Answer:

1. The Right to Information Act (RTI) was passed by the Parliament in 2005.
2. Today the Right to Information is recognized within the Constitution under two Fundamental Rights as freedom of expression and the right to life.

Question 10.
Why do you think checking the information can help In improving accountability?
Answer:

1. Information can be collected with the help of officials.
2. Master rolls and paid amounts can be verified.
3. This would bring out the corruption in practices.
4. Officials are given the opportunity to defend and talk about the details of documents.
5. When corruption was identified, cases were registered against concerned persons.
6. Thus checking the information will make governments more accountable in their functioning.

Question 11.
What information shall be declared by every government office even without being asked by the people?
Answer:

1. Under the RTI, it is also compulsory for every government office to declare certain information in public even without being asked by the people.
2. One can identify them on the walls of these office buildings.
3. They are the names, designations and phone numbers of Public Information Officer, Assistant Public Information Officer and First Appellate Authority.

Question 12.
What are the public authorities to follow the right to Information Act?
Answer:

1. The institution created under the constitution.
2. Made under the laws of Parliament or State legislature.
3. Created through a notification of the appropriate government.
4. It may include any body owned, controlled or substantially funded or Non-Governmental organizations substantially funded by the government either directly or indirectly through the funds.

10th Class Social 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How are the Lok-adalats helping the common people? Explain.
Answer:

1. There is no court fee.
2. The procedural flexibility and speedy trial of disputes are provided.
3. The parties to the dispute can directly interact with the judge.
4. Free Legal advice is provided.
5. Delay will be avoided in the settlement of disputes.

Question 2.
“Right to Information Act resembles the true spirit of Democracy”. Explain.
Answer:

1. Democracy requires an informed citizenry.
2. It needs transparency of information.
3. Through R.T.I. Act, all the citizens can get such information.
4. This Act can help to contain corruption.
5. This also makes governments accountable to individual citizens also.
6. Earlier various departments of the government responded only to the elected representatives.
7. But today, they respond even to the common citizens.

Question 3.
Why is there a need for information to fight corruption?
Answer:

1. Programmes that are undertaken to benefit the poor and remove poverty often do not reach the needy and the funds get diverted.
2. A major reason for this is corruption.
3. The reason is common people do not have proper information about the programmes and how they are being implemented.
4. The people themselves had no way to verify how the money was spent by government.
5. The information was not shared with the people.
6. Yet, in a democracy, the money used for the welfare of people is theirs, so they have every right to know how this is being used.
7. Earlier elected representatives checked the corruption.
8. Now with the enactment of RTI, people can check the corruption.

Question 4.
Why do you think the information needed to be shared?
Answer:

1. People believe that the information was crucial to their own welfare.
2. Information is crucial to the human development and democratic rights.
3. People can participate in government and ensure just development only if they have sufficient information in the form of official documents.
4. Information will make governments more accountable in their functioning.
5. Then only it is possible to monitor the functioning and check possibility of corrupt practice.
6. In a situation where information has to be made public, arbitrary decisions by the elected representatives or the officials can be controlled.
7. Information is crucial to the survival of the poor.

Question 5.
Collect the information of the movement which began for the information.
Answer:

1. A group of people in Rajasthan organized themselves under the banner of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan (MKSS) and demanded information.
2. There was no legal provision to take information from the government to the people.
3. Initially, these documents were collected with the help of officials.
4. People evaluated these documents through public meetings.
5. Soon officials began to resist the idea of disclosing the information,
6. This led to people’s movement, with rallies and marches for the next 3 years.
7. People demanded that the information was crucial to their own welfare.

Question 6.
What exemptions are there for disclosure of information in RTI Act, 2005?
Answer:

1. The law permits the government not to disclose certain information.
2. Information that could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India.
3. Information that could breach the privilege of Parliament and State Legislature.
4. Information received in confidence from a foreign government.
5. Information that could endanger the life or physical safety of a person.
6. Cabinet papers or records of Council of Ministers and Secretaries (before the final decision is taken)
7. Most of our armed forces and security agencies are outside the purview of Information Commissions.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 21st Lesson Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 21st Lesson Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times

8th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Correct the false statements:
a. All dance forms emerged as part of devotion.
b. Historically artistes were supported by big Zamindars.
c. Burrakatha was adopted to mobilize people.
d. Today Bharatanatyam is largely taught by nattuvanars.
Answer:
a) Correct
b) Wrong
c) Correct
d) Wrong
Correction of false statements:
b) Historically artistes were supported by the emperors, kings and big zamindars.
d) Today Bharatanatyam is largely taught by dancers.

Question 2.
Discuss the changes that have come about in the lives of folk artistes during the last 50 years.
Answer:
With the coming of modern means of information and entertainment like films and television people are turning away from traditional forms of performing arts. Also landlords and head-men no longer patronise artistes like in the past. As a result the folk artistes are facing a decline and crises of livelihood. Since they have been travelling artists, they also lack modern school education and the only other profession they can adopt is one of unskilled workers.

The government has stepped in to use some of these art forms for propagation of government programmes. Many traditional troupes are now performing plays on themes like sanitation, healthcare, girl’s education, family planning and environment. Such scripts are generally provided by the government that sponsors the shows.

Question 3.
Do you think folk arts are declining? What loss do you think it will cause to our culture?
Answer:
Yes, the folk arts are declining. Due to this we lose our culture and traditions. The forth coming generations may not know these traditions. Cultural heritage is the backbone of a nation. If it is lost, everything is lost.

Question 4.
Is it possible to orient folk arts to new requirements of modern life and revive them?
Answer:
I think it is impossible. Today the life style is very fast. The people who are stuck to the TVs and computers, may not be interested in these arts which are expensive.

Question 5.
What are the major changes that have taken place in Bharatanatyam dance since the days of Sadir?
Answer:

1. Sadir was a traditional dance of Tamil Nadu.
2. These were performed by devadasis in temples.
3. Nattuvanars were their gurus.
4. Under British rule, propaganda prevailed against Indian art, misrepresenting it as crude, immoral and inferior to the concepts of western civilization.
5. Later social reformers launched Anti-Nautch and anti-devadasi campaign to eradicate not only the prostitution that had come to be associated with devadasis.
6. E.Krishna Iyer, Rukmini Devi tried to gain respect to this dance.
7. The four sons of Tanjavur Nattuvanar Subbarayan and Muthu Swamy Dikshitar changed this dance form Sadir to Bharatanatyam.

Question 6.
Who among the following were the supporters of devadasi system and those who opposed it and those who wanted to reform it:
Balasaraswati, Rukmini Devi, Veeresalingam, Bhagya Reddy Varma, Krishna Iyer, Bangalore Nagaratnamma.
Answer:
Supported:

1. Bangalore Nagaratnamma
2. Balasaraswathi

Opposed:

1. Veeresalingam
2. Bhagya Reddy Varma

Those who wanted to reform it:

1. Rukmini Devi
2. E. Krishna Iyer

Question 7.
Why has it always been difficult for artists to earn their livelihood by practising their art? How can artistes be supported to stand on their own feet?
Answer:

1. Usually they are travelling artists.
2. They have to meet more expenses.
3. They have less income due to the lack of programmes.

So it has always been difficult for artists to earn their livelihood by practising art. They should be arranged some minimum common facilities by the government. The government should encourage and arrange their programmes frequently. The scheme Food for Work also should be implemented.

Question 8.
Do you think institutions like Kalakshetra can help to revive folk arts too?
Answer:
Yes, they can help to revive folk arts too.
But they encourage the rich and the interested people only. They cannot render services to the real hires of the arts. Thus there are mixed results with this type of institutions.

Question 9.
Collect and prepare a table with the information of arts and dramas performed by the artistes of your area.
Answer:
Information of arts and dramas performed by the artistes of our area.

8th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What changes do you see the position of the artistes and the subject of their performances since the time of the national movement? (Textbook Page No. 233)
Answer:
After the national movement, their condition became worse. Nobody is there to encourage them. As a result the folk artists are facing a decline and crisis of livelihood.
e. g.:
Burrakatha: During the independence movement Burrakatha was brought into main stream in Andhra Pradesh and was used for political purposes. It played an effective role in conveying message to people and awakening them.

But now these troupes are being patronised by the government for creating awareness on various social issues. These performances are broadcast over TV. But the traditional performers have left this art form as their place has been taken over by other forms of entertainment and have no more patrons in the villages.
Thus many changes took place in these arts.

Question 2.
What kind of changes do you think they would have made to the dance to make it respectable? (Textbook Page No. 236)
Answer:

1. The four sons of Tanjavur nattuvanars Subba Rayan, with Muthu Swamy Dikshitar were the main persons that changed the Sadir as Bharatanatyam.
2. This was adopted by the educated and Brahmins also.
3. The derogatory connotations would have been changed.
4. Bhakti would have been made the main theme in the dance.
5. Prostitution of devadasis would have been eradicated.
6. And mainly the art gained respect due to its access on the Music Academy stage.

Question 3.
What was the special role of the nattuvanars? What impact do you think it will have on the dance if they are replaced by dancers themselves? (Textbook Page No. 237)
Answer:
The nattuvanars are the dance masters of devadasis. They were usually male children of devadasis. They maintained these traditions from generation to generation. They also trained the new dancers from other castes. The renewed awareness of Bharatanatyam in Indian society allowed many nattuvanars to resume their training activities. A diversity of styles named after the villages from which the nattuvanars came, became recognised.

But today dancers, rather than nattuvanars, have become the custodians of the art form. The generation of nattuvanars that trained dancing during the revival period was the last generation of exclusive nattuvanars.
The role of the nattuvanars during performances is taken by dancers or musicians with special training. This affects the quality and the tradition in the dance.

Question 4.
In what way do you think the establishment of modern institutions like Kalakshetra influenced the art and artistes? (Textbook Page No. 237)
Answer:
The establishment of modern institutions like Kalakshetra wiped out all the objections in this art and artistes. It attracted many artistes and musicians. It rose from entertainment to education.

It is a modern institution which employs artistes to teach and perform and conducts degree and certificate courses. Any student whether they were of dancers family or not can learn dance there.

Question 5.
In what way has the immense popularity of Bharatanatyam helped it? Has it also created some problems? (Textbook Page No. 237)
Answer:
Help:
Dancers, rather than the nattuvanars, have become the custodians of the art form. The generation of nattuvanars that trained dancers during the revival period was the last generation of exclusive nattuvanars. Due to sheer numbers of aspiring dancers, nattuvanars no longer are the only trainers. In institutions like Kalakshetra, experienced dancers trained as teachers educate the next generation. But even more students now learn privately from individual dancers. The role of the nattuvanars during performances is taken by dancers or mu-sicians with special training.

Problems:
Many are forced to use recorded music in dance performances to keep costs down. Danc¬ers today usually can’t make a living by performing. With a few exceptions, Bharatanatyam is today a secondary career, or a profession for those with family support. Few dancers can devote their entire lives to training and developing as dancers. To earn money, dancers start teaching early in their careers. This affects the quality of their dance and also their teaching.
Without nattuvanars, and with more and more dancers becoming teachers, the unbroken lineage of instruction that maintained the integrity of the dance form has been lost. In the hands of many dancers rather than a few trainers, Bharatanatyam is now subject to numer-ous innovations.

Question 6.
Above are some photos of performing arts. How many of them can you identify? Write down the names below each of the photos. (Textbook Page No. 227)
Answer:
I can identify all the four photos. Names of them are given below of each photograph.

Question 7.
Did you see any of them being performed in your village? Share your experience in the class. (Textbook Page No. 227)
Answer:
Once on the occassion of Dushera Festival one dancer ‘Bharathi’ performed, Bharathanatyam on the stage. It was a wonderful performance. Her facial expressions and make-up was excellent.

Question 8.
a) Find out from your parents and grandparents about the songs sung and dances performed by family members on special occasions. Make a chart listing them, the occasions and some sample songs. Have any changes come in these performances in recent years? Share your findings with rest of the class. (Textbook Page No. 227)
Answer:

In recent times people treat these odd and not practising. But we can say that these are still alive in our state.
b) If any of you know some of these songs and dances perform them in the class.
Answer:
Self Exercise.

Question 9.
Imagine a debate between those defending the Devadasi system and those opposing it. Give arguments which would have been given by both the sides. Prepare a short skit of the debate. (Textbook Page No. 234)
Answer:
Ramappa Panthulu:
“Ayyo! What is this? Why is this Veeresalingam Panthulu involving in all these issues? Hello Girisamji! This is a very bad time. Otherwise why are the devadasis treated as prostitutes ? They are sacrificing their lives for the God. Why do they feel this as inhuman? Campaigns to eradicate this is a great sin, isn’t it.”
Girisam: Arey Ramappa Panthuluji! I am also in the campaign of Anti-Nautch. Okay. Let us accept it as a pious deed. Then why shouldn’t all the parents sacrifice their daughters? I think this is misusing one caste and their girls in the name of the God.
Ramappa Panthulu: Then, Girisam what about Madhura Vani? You and she?
Madhura Vani: Ha – Ha — Ha —
Arey Panthulu bavagaru! Why you are bringing my name? What is the matter? Have you involved in any fight with Girisamgaru.
Ramappa Panthulu: Abbebbe — Ahahaha —
No, No , My dear Madhura Vani,
Girisam is saying about Anti-Nautch?
Madhura Vani: Yes — it is true —
Girisam bavagaru is participating in this campaign. He sent several memorandums to ban this system also.
To say truth, many women are suffering due to this system. So I also oppose this. What about you bavagaru?
Ramappa Panthulu: It is true but?
Girisam: Damn it – The story restarted. No but, Nothing. Shall I call constable?
Ramappa Panthulu: Ha — Ha — Areyrey.
Girisam: — I say that in some other mood. I also worried about these women. From tomorrow I also will be with you in Anti-Nautch
Madhura Vani: Very Good bavagaru live and think for the welfare of others.
Ramappa Panthulu: Please Madhura Vani, Don’t call me ‘bavagaru’ from now onwards. Madhura Vani: Okay – Okay.
Jai Kandukuri – Jai Jai Kandukuri.

Question 10.
Have you seen any such performances by travelling artistes? Tell your classmates about them, who they were, what they sang and how were they treated by the audience.
(Textbook Page No. 229)
Answer:
In our village, we celebrate Sivaratri for nine days by performing Kalyanam. As a part of that celebration, ‘Tholubommalata’ was played druing the last year. Flying of Hanuman, Burning Sri Lanka, ten heads of Ravanasur, Sitamata under Ashoka tree they played it well. All the villagers enjoyed it well. The artists came to our village in group. In that group there were 7 elders and 3 children. They stayed here for 2 days. Our villagers welcomed and treated them well. Some gave them rice, pulses, vegetables etc. Some gave them old clothes, some gave them money. Later they went to our neighbouring village.

Question 11.
If any such artistes live nearby, meet them and find out about their lives and art. (Textbook Page No. 229)
Answer:
Gangadharam’s family is residing near our family. In their family Gangadharam, his son and his brother in law are the Burrakatha artistes. Government invites them for its functions. These earnings are insufficient to them. So they work as agricultural labourers in others’ fields throughout the year. They tell the stories on literacy and family planning.

Question 12.
Imagine the plight of a young devadasi girl who does not want to live the life of a devadasi.
Describe her feelings in an imaginary letter written by her to her friend. (Textbook Page No. 234)
Answer:
Dear Meena,
How are you? I am in totally confused state. You stayed with me till now. But now you are far away from me. So I am telling you my problems through this letter.
You know that I love my studies well. For the last few days my parents have been discussing about my studies. They don’t want to continue my education. They want to sacrifice me to the mother goddess ‘Yellamma’ as devadasi. According to our family tradition, I should learn our traditional dance and perform it in the temple. I should not marry anyone. I should share my life with every person who likes me.
Do you know the reason for this ? I have two sisters only and no brothers. After marriages we will go to our houses. Then there will be nobody to look after our parents in the old age. So they opted this.
I told them that I would look after them in their old age by getting a job. But they are not caring my words. They fixed the next month first Friday as muhurtham.
Meena, I don’t like all these things. I know that your uncle is a police constable. You come here with your uncle to save me. Otherwise please write a letter to me. I will escape from here and come to you. I will join in the orphans hostel and continue my education.
Please help me.
Yours lovingly,
Arundhathi.

Question 13.
Do you think it is important to preserve the folk art traditions when TV and films are becoming the dominant forms of entertainment? Give your reasons. (Textbook Page No. 233)
Answer:
I think it is important to preserve it. Our customs and traditions are gifts from our ancestors. Mainly folk arts – These are our traditional entertainment. We should preserve them. They are the soul of nation.

Question 14.
Why do you think the nationalists and communists tried to revive and renew folk arts? (Textbook Page No. 233)
Answer:
Nationalists and communists encouraged these folk arts. They opposed the foreign arts and tried to revive and renew our folk arts.

Question 15.
Why do you think it became important for other caste to take over the dance in order to revive it? (Textbook Page No. 236)
Answer:

1. This dance belonged to Devadasis.
2. There is some vulgarity in this dance form.
3. In the later period this dance also was condemned with devadasi system.
4. So these two were eradicated.
5. (a) To keep away all these things,
   (b) to treat it as an art,
   (c) to perform it on the stage and
   (d) to get the acceptance of all it became important for other caste to take over the dance in order to revive it.

Question 16.
On one hand the traditional custodians of the dance were not allowed to practise it and on the other hand other caste people took over the dance to make it respectable. Do you think there is something unjust about this development? (Textbook Page No. 236)
Answer:
It is very sad to say that the devadasi system was banned officially in our country but it is in vogue unofficially.
I think that it would be better if the government bans the civil practices in this system and encourage the real art.
But the system is in practice, with no artistic views. So we can say that there is something unjust about this development.

Interview:

Invite a local artist to your classroom and conduct an interview on their arts and their future.
Answer:
Students: Good morning sir.
Artist: Good morning children.
Students: Sir, at what age you started the practice of Kuchipudi dance?
Artist: I started at the age of 4 years.
Students: Who is the inspiration about this?
Artist: My grandfather.
Students: Who is your teacher?
Artist: Vempati China Satyam Students: Did you give any stage shows?
Artist: Yes, I performed so many shows.
Students: Did you give shows in abroad?
Artist: Yes, I went America and gave four stage shows.
Students: What was the base of Kuchipudi dance?
Artist: Dance themes are based on Indian mythology.
Students: What is your aim?
Artist: To protect our ancient art.
Students: How do you protect it?
Artist: To establish so many practice centers and join number of students.
Students: What is your future plan?
Artist: To prepare more Kuchipudi dancers and perform more shows and give impor¬tance to our ancient art.
Students: Thankyou, Sir. And we also join to learn Kuchipudi dance.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 21 Social Movements in Our Times.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times

10th Class Social 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the given may and answer the question:
In which state, Indira Sagar Project is located and on which river?
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh, River Narmada.

Question 2.
Identify one state for each movement in given India’s political map relating to the following social movements.
Answer:

1. Narmada Bachao Andolan
2. Chipko Movement

Question 3.
Why did the black Americans begin the Civil Rights Movements in 1960s?
Answer:
The blank Americans began the Civil Rights Movements in 1960s

1. Segregation of the Blacks and Whites (in schools, buses and public places).
2. Discrimination in appointments, housing and in voting rights.

Question 4.
Name the two movements related to Narmada Bachao Movement
Answer:
The two movements related to Narmada Bachao Movement are

1. Movement of Indigenous people.
2. Movement against neo-liberal policies.

Question 5.
What did the American Civil Rights Movements fight for?
Answer:
The American Civil Rights Movement fought for equal treatment of Afro-Americans against permitting segregation.

Question 6.
When was Washington March conducted?
Answer:
Washington March was conducted on 28th August 1963.

Question 7.
Where was Narmada Bachao Andolan Movement taken place?
Answer:
In Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 8.
Who led Narmada Bachao Andolan?
Answer:
Medha Patkar led Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Question 9.
Where was the Chernobyl nuclear plant?
Answer:
The Chernobyl nuclear plant was in the USSR.

Question 10.
In which year was arrack officially banned?
Answer:
In 1993.

Question 11.
Which dominated the world during the first half of the 20th century?
Answer:
The world during the first half of the 20th century was dominated by great wars, revolutions, the emergence of German Fascism, Soviet Socialism, Western liberalism, national liberation movements, etc.

Question 12.
Name two anti-Communist countries.
Answer:
The USA and the UK.

Question 13.
Which decades saw a new kind of movement – the movement against war and nuclear arms?
Answer:
The 1970s and 1980s.

Question 14.
When was START signed?
Answer:
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) was signed in 1991.

Question 15.
When was the total arrack prohibition imposed in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
In 1995.

Question 16.
When was Manipur made a part of India?
Answer:
The kingdom of Manipur signed a merger agreement with India in 1949 and Manipur was made a part of India.

Question 17.
When did the Greenpeace Movement start in Europe?
Answer:
The Greenpeace movement initially started as a protest in 1971 against the American underwater nuclear tests near Alaska.

10th Class Social 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1
Do you agree with the view that equal participation of men and women and equal opportunity for them is necessary for freedom and development of the country?
Answer:

1. Yes, I agree with this view.
2. Because the women contribute nearly half of the participants in all aspects.

Question 2.
What were the reasons for the American civil rights movement?
Answer:

1. One of the most important civil rights movements was the American Civil Rights Movement.
2. It fought for equal treatment of Afro-Americans of Black Americans and against rules that permitted segregation of blacks and whites in schools, buses, and public places and discriminated against them in appointments, housing, and even voting rights.

Question 3.
Read the map given below and answer the following questions.

i) In which state, was Sardar Sarovar Project constructed?
Answer:
Gujarath.

ii) Name the movement that was held against the construction of dams on river Narmada.
Answer:
Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Question 4.
Create two slogans on ‘Environmental Protection.
Answer:

1. No chemicals – Go organic.
2. Conserve water – Conserve life.
3. Grow trees – Save earth.

Question 5.
Write the main reasons for Assam movement.
Answer:

1. Demand for autonomy.
2. Domination of Bengalis.
3. Migration from Bangladesh.
4. Fear of losing their cultural roots.
5. Trade and other establishments were in the hands of outsiders.
6. No preference in employment for locals.

Question 6.
What would you do, if you were to solve the problem of liquor prohibition?
Answer:

1. Bringing awareness among the people.
2. Proper implementation of the laws.
3. Formation of village committees.
4. Making involvement of women.

Question 7.
During the last few decades, why is the pollution increasing day by day?
Answer:

1. Nowadays industries are increasing due to that they release more chemicals and pollution is increasing.
2. Nowadays every person has a power-driven vehicle due to that pollution is increasing.
3. Farmers are using more pesticides and fertilizers, due to that pollution increases. Due to de-forestation, CO₂ reaches more in the atmosphere then pollution increases very highly.

Question 8.
What were the four main demands of Bhopal gas victims?
Answer:

1. Proper medical treatment of the victims.
2. Adequate compensation for them based on international standards.
3. Fixing criminal responsibility for the disaster on the management of the multinational company.
4. Steps to prevent disasters in the future.

Question 9.
Prepare a pamphlet on the importance of the Environment.
Answer:

Importance of Environment

1. The surroundings in which living and non-living things are present is known as the environment.
2. For living things environment provides basic needs for staying alive.
3. We get food, shelter and cloth from the environment.
4. Tourism people go the jungle to observe animals and for their different characteristics.
5. The forest, ocean and sky environment provides shelter to various animals.
6. It also provides home for us.

Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion.

“A large section of people who actively participated in the civil rights movement were black women, who felt that their voice was not being heard even within the movement which was dominated by men. In fact, no woman was allowed to speak in the famous Washington March. They felt that women needed to assert themselves for the equality of women.”

Answer:
This paragraph is about the inequalities in the society. Women discrimination is discussed. Their voice was not being heard. It means they were not allowed to say what they demand. Many of the black women participated in the Civil rights movement but not even a single woman was allowed to speak is the March. The women came to know that they should fight for their rights.

There was strong discrimination between the Whites and the Blacks. Especially the black women had no rights. The Americans purchased the black people from Nigeria and other African countries as if they purchase different commodities. They were treated as slaves. In 1960s there was a segregation of blacks and whites in schools, buses and public places. The blacks were discriminated against in appointments, housing and even in voting rights. So there was a movement against this discrimination.

White Aryan supremacy was the reason for this segregation. The Americans, the English, and French, and the Germans feel that they are Nordic race and their race is the supreme one. Dr. Martin Luther King delivered a speech that he had a dream that his children would one day live in a nation where they would not be judged by the colour of skin.

Discrimination is there in different forms. At the time of Second World War, in Germany, millions of Jews were killed.Caste based discrimination was there in India. Nowadays this discrimination is reduced.

Special status is being given to some people based on their birth or position. In these days, everyone is coming out for study and employment. As this was not there, the movements began. Nowadays the women occupied many high positions. Banks, political parties are also being run by the women. About five states in India are being ruled by the women. Many IAS, IPS officers are there from women.

In conclusion, the women should be given priority, even in family matters. The head of the family may be the women. She could play a crucial role in taking decisions. Equal rights are to be given to women. They should be encouraged for higher education. There voice is to be given respect. In political scenario the wives of leaders occupied some positions but their husbands are ruling. This shouldn’t happen. Let the elected rule of themselves. I hope to see the world without any sort of discrimination.

Question 11.
What are the losses incurred due to Bhopal gas disaster?
Answer:
The losses incurred due to Bhopal gas disaster:

1. Thousands of people lost their lives.
2. Many people became homeless.
3. Still people are suffering from its ill effects.
4. It caused damage to the environment.

Question 12.
What is the result of the anti-nuclear movement?
Answer:

1. Thousands of scientists and intellectuals from across the world campaigned for abolishing all nuclear weapons and insisted that USA and USSR come to an agreement to end the Arms Race.
2. Massive protests took place against the governments weaponisation policies and demanded them to reduce nuclear arms and work towards peace on a long term.
3. The USA and the USSR began the race to cut down their nuclear arsenal.
4. Strategic Arms Limitation talks were unsuccessful.
5. A Treaty was signed in 1991 called Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
6. In late 2001, according to this treaty, 80% of the all strategic weapons then in existence were removed.

Question 13.
What is the effect of globalisation on people?
Answer:

1. Tribal and marginal farmers are being threatened by commercial farmers, mining corporations, dam projects, etc.
2. As large companies find rare resources in remote rural areas there has been a rapid increase in the ousting of the farming and tribal population.
3. This led to the destruction of tribal cultures.
4. So they became most vulnerable section of the society.
5. These gave rise to environmental movements.
6. Poor families, landless workers, women, industrial workers, and workers in unorganized sectors have been worst hit.

Question 14.
Read the passage and answer the following question.

“We, the undersigned, as American men of draftage, may be asked by our government to participate in the war in Vietnam. We have examined the history and the nature of this war, and have reached the conclusion that our participation in it would be contrary to the dictates of our consciences.

We therefore declare our determination to refuse military service (all citizens are required to do so by law) while the United States is fighting in Vietnam. Our intention in signing this statement is to unite with other draftage men who share our convictions, in order to turn our personal moral rejection of this war into effective political opposition to it.”

Give your opinion on the above article.
Answer:

1. Here the people in the USA were refusing to be drafted into the army to fight in the Vietnam war.
2. They were saying that they had examined the history and the nature of the war.
3. Participation was contrary to the dictates of their consciences.
4. So they are refusing to join into military services.
5. They signed on the statement in order to create political opposition to the war.
6. The article was a trendsetter as people’s rejection to war was established in the statement.

Question 15.
Why have social movements arised?
Answer:

1. Social movements have raised diverse demands of environment or human rights or equality.
2. In some contexts, these resist changes that are forced on them.
3. In some contexts, these demand for change.
4. These often distant from individual political parties and more united under a single cause.
5. Their programmes are envisaged through participatory and democratic manner.
6. Social movements arise when people feel that their expectations were unmet by political systems.

Question 16.
‘The second half of the 20th -century was an era of growth, prosperity and growing tensions’ – Comment.
Answer:

1. With the end of the Second World War and the independence of colonies and semi-colonies like India, China, Indonesia, Nigeria and Egypt by mid 1950s a new era began in the world.
2. This was an era of economic growth and prosperity for most of the countries, but also of growing tensions in many countries.
3. Sections of societies which had long been denied equal rights came out asserting their rights.

Question 17.
Write the names of any two important treaties among the nations to prevent nuclear weapons.
Answer:
The USA and the USSR, the main competitors in the arms race began talks to cut down their nuclear arsenal.

1. SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.
2. START – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.

Question 18.
Read the given passage.

Manipur today is composed of two distinctive geographical terrains: the valley and the hills. Before independence, the valley was under princely rule and the hill areas were relatively autonomous, mainly inhabited by the tribal population. In 1891 the British established their I control over the region though the king continued to rule the kingdom. The kingdom of Manipur signed a merger agreement with India in 1949 and Manipur was made a part of India. This agreement was disputed by many tribes which argued that they had been autonomous and did not agree to be a part of India.

Answer the following questions.
a) When did the British establish their control over the Manipur?
Answer:
British established their control oyer Manipur in 1891.

b) When has Manipur signed a merger agreement with India?
Answer:
Manipur signed a merger agreement with India in 1949.

c) Name the two distinctive geographical terrains of Manipur.
Answer:
Two distinctive geographical terrains in Manipur are 1) Hills and 2) Valleys.

Question 19.
The raise in the price level of oil will severely affect the social life-Express your opinion.
Answer:

1. The raise in the price level of oil will severely affect social life.
2. The raise in the price levels of oil will lead to raise in the transportation costs.
3. It’s raise leads to raise in the prices of essential commodities.
4. As we depend a lot on oil imports, it’s cost raise will charge a lot on our exchequer.

10th Class Social 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write an essay on ‘Appreciating the prominence of the basic features of Social Movements”.
Answer:

1. Social movements have been a powerful means for ordinary people to participate directly in creating positive social change.
2. There are deeply grounded in our founding values of security, culture, justice, democracy, civil rights, etc.
3. Social movements have raised diverse demands cutting across the strict boundary of environment establishing equality.
4. Most of the social movements are non-violent and often a distance from individual political parties and are more united under a single cause.
   For all these conditions we can appreciate the basic features of the Social Movements.

Question 2.
Explain the Meira Paibi Movement.
Answer:

1. Meira Paibi (in Meitei language) literally can be translated as ‘torch bearers’.
2. Meira Paibi originated as a movement to prevent public disorder due to alcohol abuse in the late 1970s.
3. But, it soon became a movement for human rights with the massive deployment of Indian armed forces to counter the armed movement in the early 1980s.
4. This resulted in frequent military operations and human rights violations. The Meira Paibi responded instantly with protest demonstrations.
5. The Meira Paibi took to patrolling the streets at night.
6. Women of every leikai or ward of every town and village participated in the daily patrolling.
7. Bearing no weapons but only the bamboo and rag kerosene torches.
8. These are not activists or politically inclined women, Meira Paibi group has also been demanding that AFSPA be revoked.

Question 3.
Explain the impact of globalisation and neo-liberalism on the lives of marginalised people.
Answer:

1. Tribal people, poor farmers, landless workers, women and the workers in the unorganised sector have been worst hit.
2. They have no access to better education and skills.
3. As a result, they are not able to get better-paying jobs or legal or other constitutional remedies.
4. Due to the activities such as mining and construction of major projects, many tribal people and farmers are being displaced.

Question 4.
Estimate the pros and cons of building Multipurpose projects.
Answer:
Pros:

1. Huge amounts of water could be stored.
2. Agriculture could be developed.
3. A large amount of electricity could be generated.
4. Floods and droughts could be controlled.

Cons:

1. Local people will be displaced.
2. It is not really possible to rehabilitate all the displaced people properly.
3. Bio-diversity will be damaged.
4. Water storage and electricity generation were actually less than those were assumed.
5. Sometimes the construction of dams may cause earthquakes.

Question 5.
Observe the following table and write a paragraph analysing it.

Answer:

1. The above table shows that how many million tonnes of carbon dioxide is emitted in 2011 by some of the countries like China, USA, Russia, India, UK & Indonesia while they are using energy resources.
2. According to this, they are given ranks also to the countries on the base of emission of carbon dioxide.
3. In the above table, over all China emitted more million tonnes, but in percapita USA emitted more metric tonnes.
   In this one China, USA, Russia occupies first three places in the emission of carbon dioxide which are highly industrialised countries. These are the main responsible for global warming in the world and creating natural hazards and disasters in the world. Due to that climatic changes are taken place very rapidly and causes to destroy life at present and future also.
4. If it continues the whole world will suffer very highly, that’s why every country takes the responsibility and reduce the emission of carbon dioxide more and follow the safe and scientific measure and protect the atmosphere, environment and human beings also.

Question 6.
Write about the advantages and problems the people faced, due to the construction of Dams.
Answer:
Advantages: They do not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
Disadvantages: Due to the Dam construction people lost their fertile land. Tribal people lost the forest land and their livelihood. People are displaced from their native place to other places. It maintains more expenditure also. It also induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

Question 7.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion.

The economic and political changes happening world wide since 1990s, which go by the name pf ‘globalisation’ or ‘neo-liberalism’ have deeply impacted the lives of the underprivileged and poor. Tribal people, poor farmers, landless workers, women, urban poor working in the unorganised sector and industrial workers have been the worst hit. By and large these are also the people without access to formal education or adequate nutrition and health.

Answer:
This paragraph is about the consequences of globalisation. It mainly influences the poor people and tribal people and it affects workers working in the unorganised sector. The people who are illiterates and under-nutritious are mostly affected.

Due to technological advancement, various machinery came out. The developed technology is influencing all the sectors. In agriculture combined harvesters, threshers are used. Tractors and transplantation machines are used and so labourers lost their livelihoods Due to railways and dams the tribal people are affected. When railways are taken up for extension many of the trees are cut for keeping under the rails. Hence the forest dwellers face problems of displacement. When government plans for constructing dams to increase irrigation facilities it is compulsory to
construct near forests. These lead to the displacement of tribal people. Many of these people are illiterates. Many tribal people lost their livelihoods such as collecting honey, nuts and seeds. Industrial belts also increased near the outskirts of cities and towns. This leads to pollution. Many rural illiterates are affected by this. Computers, IT,

Telecommunication, transportation increased and so the poor and the tribals are impacted.
My suggestion to the government is that it should take care of the people about their displacement. Proper compensation is to be given on time. Officers also should implement existing laws.

Question 8.
What are the ways in which the Black Americans protested with the government?
Answer:

1. The Black Americans suffered a lot as the government permitted segregation in schools and buses.
2. There was discrimination against them in appointments, housing, and even in voting rights.
3. They took up the Civil Rights Movement.
4. It Is of non-violent nature.
5. They gave massive demonstrations, marches, civil disobedience and boycott of discriminatory services.
6. They boycotted the buses for one year long.
7. More than two lakh people conducted the Washington March.
8. These are the ways in which they protested.

Question 9.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question.

Initially, the Sardar Sarovar Project was expected to be built with money borrowed from World Bank. After Intense protests, mobilisation, marches, hunger fasts and an international campaign World Bank decided to withdraw its funding.

Is it possible to build factories or projects or powerplants without throwing out farmers or tribal people?
Answer:

1. Most of the times it is possible to build factories, mines or power plants without throwing out the farmers or the tribal people.
2. Because they need infrastructural facilities and raw material.
3. .For that Government should think of alternatives.
4. Protection of the interests of the farmers and tribals also lies with the government.
5. The government should see that no damage is done to any sections of people.
6. Compensations in terms of land, money or job are to be properly calculated.
7. Government has to go for alternatives if the interests of any section of people are hurt.

Question 10.
Answer the following questions after studying the table.

a) Which state witnessed anti-arrack movement?
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh is the state which witnessed anti-arrack movement.

b) Which movement was led by Med ha Patkar?
Answer:
Narmada Bachao Andolan was led by Medha Patkar.

c) Who led the Civil Rights Movement in America?
Answer:
Dr. Martin Luther King led the Civil Rights Movement in America.

d) Name the movement that took place in Manipur.
Answer:
Anti AFSPA is the movement that took place in Manipur.

e) Where was Narmada Bachao Andolan Movement taken place?
Answer:
Narmada Bachao Andolan was taken place in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 11.
Answer the following questions after studying the table.

a) What is the war technique of Vietnam?
Answer:
The war technique of Vietnam is Guerrilla warfare.

b) What are the inventions of the USA Arsenal?
Answer:
Chemical weapons and Napalm bombs are the inventions of U.S.A Arsenal.

c) Why were there no civilian deaths in war for the USA?
Answer:
The war was fought in Vietnam. So, none of the USA civilian deaths occurred there.

d) How many military deaths were there for the USA?
Answer:
There were 58000 military deaths for the USA.

e) How many civilian deaths were there for Vietnam?
Answer:
There were 8 to 30 lakh civilian deaths for Vietnam.

Question 12.
Read the following information.

Read the passage and answer the following questions.
a) Which article protests, against the arbitrary arrest?
Answer:
Article 9.

b) What are the provisions of Article 10?
Answer:
According to article 10 everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial judiciary.

c) Why are the above articles framed?
Answer:
The above articles are framed to protect civil and human rights.

d) Which article insists on equality before Saw?
Answer:
“Article 7” insists on equality before law.

Question 13.
Read the information and answer the following questions.

a) Write about civil rights movement of the USA.
Answer:
It was a movement to protest against discrimination of blacks in the USA in 1960s.

b) In which place Anti-Arrack movement in A.P. occurred?
Answer:
In Nellore District.

c) Name the movement that banned under water nuclear tests.
Answer:
Green Peace movement.

d) Who were the leaders of Human Rights Movement of the USSR.
Answer:
Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov.

Question 14.
What were the demands of the people of Bhopal regarding the great tragedy?
Answer:

1. The worst industrial disaster in the world happened in Bhopal in 1984.
2. Thousands of people lost their lives and many more are still suffering from its ill effects till date.
3. Right from the beginning, the people of Bhopal have been fighting for four main demands.
4. Proper medical treatment of the victims is the first.
5. As the company was a multinational company, the compensation for them based on international standards.
6. Third one is fixing criminal responsibility for the disaster on the management of the company.
7. The fourth demand is to find steps to prevent such disasters in the future.
8. While they have succeeded to some measure, they are still a long way to achieve all these demands.

Question 15.
Locate the following points on the outline map of world.

1. USA
2. USSR
3. Vietnam
4. Madhya Pradesh
5. Andhra Pradesh
6. Manipur
7. Gujarat
8. Hungary
9. Poland.

Answer:

Question 16.
Locate the following in the given map of World.

1. Estonia
2. Atlantic Ocean
3. Finland
4. Hungary
5. Europe
6. Norway
7. Sweden
8. Greenland
9. River Niger
10. Turkey

Answer:

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 18 Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77).

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77)

10th Class Social 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think the tribal languages were ignored at the time of the creation of the states in 1956?
Answer:
The languages spoken by dominant or powerful populations were considered at that time, so the tribal language were ignored.

Question 2.
What is the main aim of Panchsheel policy?
Answer:
To establish a foreign policy on the basis of Gandhian principles like peace and non-violence.

Question 3.
What were the main challenges before the leaders of the country in the early years after Independence?
Answer:

1. To maintain unity and integrity.
2. Reorganization of states without disturbing unity and integrity.
3. To bring about social and economic transformation
4. Poverty
5. Unemployment
6. Illiteracy.

Question 4.
Write any two rural development programmes of Nehru.
Answer:
The rural development programmes are:
The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three components.

1. Land reforms,
2. Agricultural co-operatives and
3. Local self-government.

Three types of land reforms were contemplated, a) abolition of Zamindari system, b) tenancy reform and c) land ceilings.

Question 5.
Why is the Green Revolution Compulsory in India?
Answer:
Green Revolution in India is compulsory because.

1. To meet the needs of the increasing population by increasing food production.
2. To use better water management.

Question 6.
What is the difference between a single-party system and multi-party system?
Answer:

1. Single party system – prevailing only one party
2. Multi-party system – prevailing many parties.

Question 7.
What was the main reason behind introducing symbols to represent political parties and candidates by Election Commission?
Answer:
To overcome the problem of illiteracy.

Question 8.
What is meant by ‘Universal Adult Franchise’?
Answer:
Universal Adult Franchise:
All the people who attain the age of 18 years, irrespective of caste, creed, religion gender language have the right to vote.

Question 9.
What are the land reforms proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru?
Answer:
According to Nehru’s proposal of land reforms are:

1. Abolition of Zamindari System
2. Tenancy reforms
3. Land ceiling. Some land is fixed. No one should hold more than that extent.

Question 10.
What did the Election Commission of India do for the illiterates to cast their vote?
Answer:
The Election Commission of India introduced symbols for the political parties and contesting candidates for the sake of illiterates to cost their vote easily.

Question 11.
What is the Constitution sought for?
Answer:
The Constitution is sought to fulfil multiple goals simultaneously, including making democracy work, unification and creation of a single political community and bringing about massive social and economic changes.

Question 12.
What was a great achievement?
Answer:
The setting of national goals and putting in place institutional mechanisms to achieve them within a relatively short span of time was undoubtedly a great achievement for a people who had been ruled by a foreign power for more than two centuries.

Question 13.
How can you say that first general elections were immensely significant for Indian democracy?
Answer:
The first elections were difficult because of the social dimensions also.

Question 14.
Why was an Election Commission set up?
Answer:
An Election Commission was set up to take care of the practical matters of conducting elections across the length and breadth of the country.

Question 15.
What was called the Congress System?
Answer:
The Congress party formed the government in many of the states as well. This inaugurated what some observers called the Congress System.

Question 16.
Write about the groupism in Congress.
Answer:
Congress always had within small groups. Though these groups originated on the basis of personal competition between leaders, they shared in the overall goals of the party but differed on some policy issues.

Question 17.
What enabled Indian politics to develop a multiparty democracy?
Answer:
It was the strength of the Constitutional framework and the democratic foundations laid by the freedom movement which enabled Indian politics to develop a multiparty democracy.

Question 18.
Write a challenge of the new nation.
Answer:
Among the first challenges the new nation faced was the demand for the reorganization of states on the basis of language.

Question 19.
How was the country divided during British rule?
Answer:
During the British period, the country was divided into Presidencies (Calcutta, Madras and Bombay) and a number of very large states like Central Provinces and Berar. A large part of the country was under princely states.

Question 20.
What was the fear regarding the language reorganisation?
Answer:
The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears about the security and stability of India in the minds of the leadership. There was the fear that language reorganization would lead to breaking up of the country.

Question 21.
When were the A.P. and Tamil Nadu state created?
Answer:
Potti Sriramulu demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking state died after 58 days of fasting in October 1952. Consequently, the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu were created.

Question 22.
What was at the top of the agenda of modern India?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity, it put social and economic change at the top of the agenda of modern India.

Question 23.
What were the two questions that divide a political opinion?
Answer:
The two main questions that divided political opinion were:

1. What place agriculture should have in the larger development strategy?
2. How should resources be allocated between industry and agriculture?

Question 24.
What did the planners feel?
Answer:
The planners felt that for the country to develop it was essential to develop industries so that more people can shift to towns to work in factories and in the service sector. Hence from the Second Five Year Plan onwards, the emphasis shifted to industries.

Question 25.
Who formulated Panchsheel and for what?
Answer:
As for the immediate neighbours Nehru formulated the Panchsheel policy of non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.

Question 26.
Who succeeded Sastri?
Answer:
Indira Gandhi succeeded Sastri as Prime Minister after his untimely death in 1966.

Question 27.
Name some assemblies in which the Congress defeated.
Answer:
It was defeated in assemblies like Bihar, U.P., Rajasthan, Punjab, West Bengal, Orissa, Madras and Kerala.

Question 28.
Who was MGR?
Answer:
He was a popular hero in Tamil Nadu.

Question 29.
How were SVD governments?
Answer:
Many of these SVD governments were short-lived. Their life was marked by defections and corruption. Power seemed to be the only thing that united them. These governments had nothing to showcase.

Question 30.
What was the regional sentiment in A.P.?
Answer:
In Andhra Pradesh, there was a demand for the separation of Telangana. The movement was spearheaded by students of Osmania University, whose main grouse was that the benefits of development were going to only some sections of the state.

Question 31.
What was Bangladesh?
Answer:
It was East Pakistan.

Question 32.
What was popular slogan in 1971 election?
Answer:
The popular slogan in 1971 election was “Garibi Hatao”.

Question 33.
What were the important legislations during the period of Indira Gandhi?
Answer:

1. Nationalisation of many private banks.
2. Abolition of princely pensions.

Question 34.
What happened in 1973?
Answer:
In 1973, the Court came up with the landmark decision on the Basic Structure of the Constitution, which put a checkon the governmental power to amend the Constitution.

Question 35.
Write any two ill effects of the Emergency period.
Answer:

1. The fundamental rights were suspended.
2. There were also instances of arbitrary arrests, torture and violation of civil liberties.

Question 36.
How was Meghalia formed?
Answer:

1. Meghalaya was formed in 1969; Meghalaya formerly belonged to Assam.
2. It was formed out of the tribal districts of Khasi, Jaintia and Garo hills.

Question 37.
Expand SRC.
Answer:
State Reorganization Committee.

Question 38.
Write two important events occurred during Lai Bahadur Shastry period.
Answer:

1. Official language Act in 1963 and anti-Hindi agitation.
2. War with Pakistan in 1965.

10th Class Social 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the given Pie diagram and discuss the 2014 General Elections.

Answer:

1. B.J.P. is the largest party with 282 seats.
2. INC got only 44 seats.
3. AIADMK got 37 seats
4. TDP got 16 seats.
5. Others got 140 seats.

Question 2.
Read the following passage and answer the given question.

With this democracy was put on hold. The government began a series of repressive measures, claiming that this was necessary to bring order in the country. Many of the fundamental rights were suspended. There were also instances of arbitrary detention, torture and other violations of civil liberties. While people welcomed control over prices rise and the campaign against black marketing and bonded labour many programmes undertaken by the emergency government such as demolition of slums and forced sterilisation in the name of population control became very unpopular. However, in the absence of civic freedom people could not express their discontent and the government therefore could not take corrective measures.

What were the changes taken place in an emergency?
Answer:

1. Democracy was put on hold.
2. The government began a series of repressive measures in the name of law and order.
3. Fundamental rights were suspended.
4. Forced sterilization in the name of population control.
5. In the absence of civil rights, people could not express their discontent.

Question 3.
What are the aims of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment?
Answer:

1. To exclude the courts from election disputes.
2. To strengthen the central government vis-a-vis the State Governments.
3. To provide maximum protection from judicial challenges towards social and economic transformation legislation.
4. To make the judiciary subservient to the parliament.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and comment in your own words.

One of the greatest weaknesses was undoubtedly the low priority given to primary education and public health. This was going to hurt India for a long time to come. Other countries like China and Korea which also began a new inning around the same time, did much better on these two counts as compared to India.

Answer:

1. Primary education and public health are the most important aspects.
2. They have to be given utmost priority in any state.
3. Unfortunately in India, both these sectors could not develop as per expectations.
4. The government had to play a key role in these sectors to achieve the targets.

Question 5.
How were the land reforms implemented in India? How far did these reforms benefit the people?
Answer:

1. Land reforms were however implemented in a half-hearted manner across India.
2. While the Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did not take place.
3. The rich and powerful in the rural areas continued to control most of the land.
4. The Dalits continued to be landless but benefited from the abolition of forced labour and abolition of untouchability.

Question 6.
Read the following paragraph and interpret the changes taken place in the social and economic fields in India.

Land reforms were implemented in a halfhearted manner across India. While the Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to landless did not take place. The rich and powerful in the rural areas continued to control most of the land. The dalits continued to be landless but benefited from the abolition of forced labour and abolition of untouchability.

Answer:
The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity as its agenda.

1. For that the Planning Commission was set up within a month. The First Five Year Plan focussed on agriculture.
2. The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three components.
   1. Landforms
   2. Agricultural co-operatives
   3. Local Self Government
3. Three types of land reforms were contemplated:
   1. Abolition of Zamindari system
   2. Tenancy reforms and
   3. Land Ceilings.
4. Local self-government would ensure that the land reforms were carried out and the coopera¬tives run according to the collective interests of the village.
5. Dams were constructed and were useful to both the agriculture and industrial sector.
6. The Second Five Year Plan shifted emphasis to industries. As a result, the service sector also would develop.

Question 7.
Which qualities of Lai Bahadur Shastri do you like? Why?
Answer:
After the death of Nehru in 1964, Congress managed a successful transition with the choos¬ing of Lai Bahadur Sastri as its leader in government. Sastri was immediately put to test with a series of issues which challenged the fundamental values and goals of the Indian nation. These included the Anti-Hindi agitation led by the DMK in the South, which threatened the goals of unity and integrity, the shortage of food which came in the way of social and economic transformation, besides a war with Pakistan in 1965.

Question 8.
Draw an outline map of India.
Answer:

Question 9.
What are the results of the Green Revolution?
Answer:
Results of Green Revolution:

1. Increase in net sown area
2. Increase in double-cropped area
3. Progress in the irrigation sector
4. Increase in per hectare yield level
5. Increase in the area under High Yielding Varieties
6. Increase in the use of fertilizers.

Question 10.
Write the differences between Regional party and the National Party.
Answer:
State Party: In a state, if a party wins 3% of valid votes or 3 Assembly seats, it is declared as a regional/state party. A party can be recognised in more than one state.
National Party: If a party is recognized in four states with 6% of valid votes or 11 Loksabha M.P seats from 4 different states, it is called a national party.

Question 11.
Create two slogans on “the importance of voting”.
Answer:
Your vote – Your weapon
Cast your vote – Change your fate
Vote is valuable – Don’t sell it

Question 12.
Read the passage and answer the following question.

A few days later, with the JP movement gaining more strength, the government imposed Emergency and justified it as necessary to preserve order, save democracy, protect the social and economic transformation and preserve national integrity.

Comment on the above text.
Answer:

1. When J.P. movement gaining more strength, the government imposed Emergency.
2. Democracy was put on hold.
3. Fundamental rights were suspended.
4. There were instances of arbitrary arrests and the violation of civil liberties.
5. The emergency period weakened the democratic fabric of our country.

Question 13.
Observe the following map and answer the following questions.

a) Name the states that are bordering Hyderabad state.
Answer:
Bombay State, Andhra state and Mysore state were surrounding the Hyderabad state.

b) How many states were there in the southern peninsula?
Answer:
There were eight states in the southern peninsula. They are

1. Bombay state
2. Hyderabad state,
3. Mysore state,
4. Andhra state,
5. Madras state,
6. Coorg state,
7. Pondicherry state,
8. Travancore-Cochin state.

Question 14.
Observe the following map and answer the following questions.
a) What was the smallest state that is there between Madras and Mysore state?
Answer:
“Coorg” was the smallest state between Madras and Mysore states.

b) Name the southernmost state from the above map.
Answer:
Travancore – Cochin state was the southern most state.

Question 15.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following question.

Jawaharlal Nehru was not opposed to linguistic states; he only believed that this was not the time for it. It was also the consensual position among the leaders of the day. They believed that India was in the process of consolidating Itself and there should be no distraction.

Was Nehru opposing “Liquistic reorganization of states”?
Answer:

1. No. Nehru was not opposed to linguistic states.
2. He thought it was not a right time for reorganization.
3. Still India was consolidating itself.
4. At this moment there should not be any distraction.
5. Hence Nehru thought that it was not the right time to reorganization.

Question 16.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following question.

When India became independent the Cold War had just begun and the world was being polarised into countries in the US or USSR camp. Jawaharlal Nehru followed a policy of not joining either camp and tried to maintain an equidistant and independent position in foreign policy. He also joined hands with several other countries that had become independent around the same time and wanted to follow a similar policy – Indonesia, Egypt, Yugoslavia, and so on. Together they built the Non Aligned Movement. As for the immediate neighbours he formulated the Panchsheel policy of non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. However, India had to face two wars during this period, first with Pakistan over Kashmir in 1948 and with China in 1962. India was not well prepared for the wars, especially the war in 1962 and sustained heavy losses of human life and money.

Answer:
What was our foreign policy and did that policy help us to avoid wars with our neighbours?

1. We became independent in the bipolarized world.
2. We followed a policy of not joining in the US or the USSR camp.
3. Along with other countries like Indonesia, Egypt, Yugoslavia we built the Non-Alignment movement
4. In spite of our policy of Non-Alignment, we had to face two wars with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 and one war with China, i.e. in 1962.
5. These wars ended with heavy losses of human life and money.
6. We have always been peace-loving and follow our policy in spite of hurdles.

Question 17.
What were the challenges before the leadership?
Answer:
The main challenges before the leadership were the need to maintain unity and integrity, bring about a social and economic transformation and to ensure the working of the democratic system. These challenges are interrelated and great care had to be taken to ensure that the system did not get imbalanced.

Question 18.
Mention the social dimension time of the first general elections.
Answer:
A large section of the population did not know how to read and write. In some parts of the country, women were known by their father’s or husband’s name, they did not have an independent identity. This has to change if women were to have equal rights and take the country towards greater social equality.

Question 19.
How did the Election Commission overcome the problem of illiteracy?
Answer:
To overcome the problem of illiteracy, the Election Commission came up with a novel idea of having symbols from everyday life to represent political parties and candidates. This creative innovation dispensed with elaborate instructions and required only visual identification. This basic idea continues even today. To make it even easier, in the first election each candidate had a separate ballot box with the symbol stuck outside; the voter only had to drop their ballot paper in the box of their preferred candidate.

Question 20.
How were the first three general elections?
Answer:
In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952,1957 and 1962, the Indian National Congress won reducing other participants to almost nothing. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India. None of the other parties individually got more than 11% of the votes polled.

Question 21.
What was the result of groupism in Congress party?
Answer:
The groups took different positions on various issues depending on the interests of the members. This made the Congress appear as if it was a party representing diverse interests and positions. At times, these groups also tied up with other political parties to pressurise the leadership. This also acted as an inbuilt corrective mechanism within the ruling party. Political competition in the one- party dominant system, therefore, took place within the Congress. The opposition parties therefore only posed a latent and not a real threat.

Question 22.
What was the planning for Nehru?
Answer:
For Nehru planning was not only good economics but good politics as well. He hoped that planned development would dissolve the divisions of caste and religion, community and region as well as other disruptive and disintegrative tendencies and help India to emerge as a strong and modern nation.

Question 23.
Write about the First Five Year Plan.
Answer:
The First Five Year Plan focussed on agriculture and stressed on the need for increased food production, development of transport and communications and the provision of social services. It also stressed the need to industrialise India as quickly as possible. Given that food was a basic requirement, there was a consensus on increasing food production but there was no agreement on how this should be achieved.

Question 24.
How were land reforms implemented?
Answer:
Land reforms were implemented in a half-hearted manner across India. While Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did not take place. The rich and powerful in the rural areas continued to control most of the land. The Dalits continued to be landless but benefitted from the abolition of forced labour and abolition of untouchability.

Question 25.
Write about laws during the First Five Year Plan.
Answer:
The First Five Year Plan focussed on improving agriculture by building large dams to irrigate and produce electricity. Dams benefitted both the agriculture and the industrial sector. Though there was an increase in agricultural production, it was still not sufficient to meet the needs of the population.

Question 26.
Explain the need of Green revolution.
Answer:
The existing strategy was not increasing food production, there was a shift to different strategy between the years 1964-67. This attempted to secure the cooperation of the state governments as well as increase food production. In a way it also reflected the changes in economic policy after the death of Nehru and also the changes in economic thinking as well.

Question 27.
Explain the reason for the given statement: The new governments are important markers.
Answer:
The new governments are an important marker in India’s political history because it was in a way the first democratic upsurge. It was for the first time the intermediate castes; the groups who had first benefitted from the land reforms and acquired some degree of economic standing gained political power. They were the dominant castes in their respective states and also had a significant numerical presence.

Question 28.
What were the reactions of government before emergency?
Answer:
The government reacted harshly with a series of laws which violated civil rights in the name of maintaining order. The opposition also criticised the Prime Minister for personalising the government. Meanwhile, due to a decision of Allahabad High Court Indira Gandhi was unseated from Lok Sabha for violating some of the provisions of the Representation of the Peoples Act during the 1971 elections. However, she got a stay from the Supreme Court.

Question 29.
In the west, franchise was extended in stages, first to propertied and only subsequently to other sections of society. But independent India adopted Universal Adult Franchise at one go. Why was it so?
Answer:

1. The first general elections in independent India were immensely significant for Indian democracy.
2. It represented India’s determination to take the path of democracy.
3. Earlier British provided franchise to propertied and educated as well as taxpayers only.
4. But independent India wanted every adult to indicate his choice.
5. That is how democracy would be more meaningful.
6. So, independent India adopted Universal Adult Franchise immediately.

Question 30.
Why were many of the Samyukta Vidhayak Dal governments short-lived ?
Answer:

1. Many of the Samyukta Vidhayak Dal governments were short-lived.
2. Their life was marked by defections and corruptions.
3. Power seems to be the only thing united them.
4. These governments had nothing to showcase.
5. Even today, the regional or state parties are evaluated from this standpoint.

Question 31.
“The 73rd Constitutional Amendment is useful for Local Self Government”. Explain reasons.
Answer:

1. 73rd Constitutional amendment definitely useful for local self-government.
2. State governments decide on what functions were to be devolved to local self-governments.
3. Women and scheduled caste and tribes are provided with reservation of seats in local self-governments.

Question 32.
“Too much centralisation of power makes that power totalitarian and takes it towards fascist ideals”. Analyse it.
Answer:

1. Too much centralisation of power makes that power totalitarian and takes it towards fascist ideals. ,
2. After the record victory of 1971 elections, Indira Gandhi gained control over Congress Party and Parliament.
3. Most people suffered inflation, rising prices of essential commodities, unemployment and scarcity of food, but when their grievances were not addressed they supported JP movement.
4. To stop that movement she imposed emergency.
5. During Emergency, Democracy was put on hold.

Question 33.
Imagine and write the main reasons for the continuation of anti-Hindi movement in Tamil Nadu till today.
Answer:

1. DMK in Tamil Nadu believed the passage of Official Languages Act, 1963 was an attempt to foist Hindi on the rest of the country.
2. They started a statewide campaign protesting the imposition of Hindi. This was called anti- Hindi agitation.
3. They organised strikes, dharnas, burning effigies, Hindi books as well as pages of Constitution.
4. The government made English and Hindi as official languages.
5. Till now, Tamilians have anti feelings towards Hindi.

10th Class Social 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following table and answer the following questions.

i) Which two countries were signed on Panchasheela pact?
Answer:
China and India.

ii) When did Planning begin in India?
Answer:
1951

iii) Name the Prime Minister who imposed emergency in India.
Answer:
Indira Gandhi

iv) What is green revolution?
Answer:
A large increase in the production of food grains due to the introduction of high yielding varieties, to the use of pesticides and to better management techniques.

Question 2.
Observe the following table and answer the following questions.

i) From which state, Jharkhand was separated?
Answer:
Bihar.

ii) Mention one special feature of Uttarakhand.
Answer:
Sanskrit is one of the official languages.

iii) Which state was formed on 1st November 2000?
Answer:
Jharkhand.

iv) Which state was separated from Madhya Pradesh?
Answer:
Chattisgarh.

Question 3.
Write your comments on the opinion of Ambedkar given below.

On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter into a life of contradictions. In politics, we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality.

Answer:

1. This opinion of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is very much true.
2. As everyone has his right tp vote and each vote has the same value, we can say that there is political equality.
3. As there is discrimination in many aspects, social equality is becoming a question
4. As there are wide inequalities in incomes of the people, there is no economic equality.
5. These inequalities need to be addressed at the earliest possible moment.

Question 4.
Describe the situation of India during the Emergency period.
Answer:

1. The democracy was put on hold.
2. Many Fundamental rights were suspended.
3. Civil liberties were violated.
4. People could not even express their discontent.
5. Slums were demolished.
6. Forced sterilization went on the name of population control.

Question 5.
Read the given data and answer the following questions:

Questions:

1. When was first linguistic state formed?
Answer:
1953.

2. Mention one of the challenges faced by Election Commission in conducting First General Elections.
Answer:
Illiteracy.

3. In which Five Year Plan, was agriculture given importance?
Answer:
Agriculture was given importance is the First Five Year Plan.

4. What party dominated Indian politics in first 3 decades of independent India?
Answer:
Indian National Congress.

Question 6.
Read the following table and answer the questions.

Table showing the parliamentary seat sharing of various political parties
a) Which political parties got their majority in 1962 than in 1952?
Answer:
Communist Party.

b) Which political parties had disappeared till 1962?
Answer:

1. Jana Sangh
2. Praja Socialist Party
3. DMK

c) Which political parties lost their seats in 1952 and in 1962?
Answer:
1962: Kisan Mazdur Party, People’s Democratic Front, Ganatantra Parishad

d) Which political parties lost their majority in 1962 than in 1952?
Answer:
Others, Independents, Congress.

Question 7.
Read the paragraph given below and interpret.

India has been extremely successful in holding together and maintaining Its unity and integrity. India was seen a fit case for breakup given Its extreme diversities and the fact that It has not done so, Is a valuable lesson has many other countries.

Answer:

1. India is a vast country with diversity.
2. There are a good number of religious, castes, tribes and languages.
3. People speaking a particular language have a culture and they identify themselves as a separate entity.
4. But National Integrity lies on the fact of “one nation and one race”.
5. In India all communities people joined together and celebrate all festivals.
6. India gave Right to vote to all eligible citizens without discrimination.
7. Even the highest post President of India is also elected from different communities.
8. This shows India follows, unity and integrity.

Question 8.
Observe the following table and write a paragraph analyzing it.
Summary of the 2014 – Indian General Elections

Answer:
The given table describes the summary of the 2014 general elections in India. In the given table two parties that is Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress are compared. It is not only the party comparison but their alliances are also mentioned. The Bharatiya Janata Party alliance is National Democratic Alliance whereas the United Progressive Alliance is related to Indian National Congress. In these elections, the NDA got 31% of the votes whereas the UPA got 19.31%. If we observe the seats, the BJP with its alliance won 282 whereas the INC won only 44. These elections are very crucial because the voter strongly rejected the Pre-independence party which ruled India since 1947. For a long time it was a single largest party to win the seats in Lok sabha. The voters cleverly gave a mandate to the Bharatiya Janata Party with the hopes that their future may be changed. The BJP announced the Prime Ministerial candidate, Narendra Modi in advance. He achieved and succeeded in Gujarat as Chief Minister. So the voters accepted him as Prime Minister also. They believed him. Congress lost faith of the people because of its failures. During the Congress period there was a lot of corruption, scams and nepotism, etc. Many of the Congress members of Parliament were in court cases. Rajiv Gandhi himself declared that corruption is highly established in India. If the Bharatiya Janata Party with its alliance work for the development of the country, definitely they will win the next coming 2019 elections. So the party should keep this in mind and work in that direction

Question 9.
Read the given paragraph and write your opinion.

The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears about the security and stability of India in the minds of the leadership. There was a fear that language reorganisation would lead to break down of the country.

Answer:
Opinion on Paragraph:

The given paragraph says that our country was divided on the basis of religion. So some doubts are created about the security and stability of India. Language reorganisation was another fear. Congress promised to restructure the country on the lines of language.

Everyone knows that India was divided and Pakistan was formed on the basis of religion. Bengal and Punjab were divided into East Bengal – West Bengal and East Punjab – West Punjab. East Bengal became East Pakistan and West Punjab became West Pakistan. In 1970s East Pakistan declared itself independence after the war. Then Bangladesh was formed. The two newly formed countries are of the Muslim majority. Many leaders are afraid about the security and stability of the country. In Pakistan and Bangladesh, a few Hindus are there and in India there are Muslims. Now the position of Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh is worst. They have no minority status and rights, but in India minorities are given special attention under Article 29 and 30. The demand of language-based reorganisation was also a problem. At last the States Reorganisation Committee worked out and the States are formed based on the language. Though the States are formed based on language, nothing was weakened as expected but it helped India integrated. Based on the language someone is a Tamilian or Telanganite, he/she is an Indian. Such a feeling is there in all the states. There is a criticism that tribal languages are ignored but they also live in the states safely.

Besides religion, language is also a predominant issue. In erstwhile Andhra Pradesh the language problem was there. Andhra language is greater than Telangana was a feeling. In cinemas, books, cultural programmes and songs Telangana language was degraded and humiliated in many ways. It has become one of the reasons for Telangana separate state movement. Finally, separate Telangana was formed.

In conclusion, I would say, whatever the religion or language is everyone is a human being first next he/she is an Indian. Religion is one’s personal. One can follow the religion he/she likes. The feeling such as one’s religion is greater than others, destroys and destructs the other. Gradually it degrades the country at international level. We hope and wish universal brotherhood. We got independence with lot of stress and strain. We should not spoil its spirit.

Question 10.
Observe the following table and analyse it.
Seat share of various political parties in 1952 and 1962

Answer:
Table Analysis:
From the given table we understand how the national parties gained seats in 1952 and 1962 general elections.

1. Comparing 1952 & 1962, we come to know that INC lost three seats; Communist Party of India gained 13 more seats than previous election.
2. Independent parties lost 17 seats.
3. Socialist Party drowned to half of its previous seats.
4. Others too lost 11 seats when compared to previous election.

In my opinion, the other parties which contested were not able to win enough seats to challenge the Congress Party.

Question 11.
Observe the given table and analyse the data of Electors.

Election Commission of India

Lok Sabha Elections, 2014 (16th Lok Sabha)

Answer:
The given table is about the details of Lok Sabha Elections 2014, (16th Lok Sabha) Turn out of the voters issued by Election Commission of India. In the given table male, female and other voters number and their casting of vote particulars are given. Male voters are 43.7 crores whereas 39.7 crores female voters are listed out. Polling percentage in male is 67% and in female it is 65.54%, others only 7%. Out of 83 crore voters 55 crore voters cast their vote.
In democracy voting decides the rulers. Before elections many malpractices are going on the voters are lured with money, liquor, sarees, cricket kits what not many more. Surprising thing is that educated voters are also not excepted.

It is sad in democracy. If all educated and uneducated voters cast their vote by not inclining to any attractions and cast their vote for real leaders then we can say democracy is alive.

In cities like Hyderabad, recent election voting percentage is below 50%. Government should think, why these people are not turning out to cost their vote. In most IT companies they enjoy the day of polling will be a holiday. Rural people turn a lot of costing their vote.

For urban people, Election Commission should come out with a proposal of online voting or evoting. Then percentage will be increased. It is my suggestion.

Question 12.
Analyse the advantages and problems faced by the people due to the Multi-party system in India.
Answer:

1. In the first three general elections in 1952,1957 and 1962 the Congress Party won and led to single party dominance.
2. It was a kind of undemocratic situation marked by the absence of other political parties.
3. To strengthen the democratic foundations multi-party system emerged.
4. It almost checked the single party dominance of Congress.
5. The oppositions started critisizing the government.
6. People now have chance to choose the right party.
7. Multi-party system strengthens the constitutional frame work and democracy.

Question 13.
Observe the following pie diagram and answer the questions that follow.
1. Which political party secured less seats ?
Answer:
Ganatantra Parishad party secured less number of seal

2. What are the total number of seats that were elected?
Answer:
The total number of seats that were elected are 489.

3. How many seats were secured by Indian National Congress?
Answer:
Indian National Congress Secured the maximum 364 seats.

4. Which political party secured 16 seats?
Answer:
Communist Party of India secured 16 seats.

5. How many seats were secured by Kissan Majdoor Party?
Answer:
Kissan Majdoor Party secured 9 seats.

Question 14.
Observe the given pie diagram and answer the following questions.

a) What were the total number of seats that were elected?
Answer:
The total number of seats that were elected were 494.

b) Which party secured maximum number of seats?
Answer:
Indian National Congress secured maximum number of seats.

c) How many seats were secured by Communist Party of India?
Answer:
Communist Party of India secured 29 seats.

d) Which party secured minimum of seats?
Answer:
Socialists Party secured minimum number of seats.

e) How many seats were secured by others?
Answer:
Others secured 27 seats.

Question 15.
Read the information and answer the following questions.

Compare the above Pie diagrams.
Answer:

1. The above pie diagrams reveal the fact that there was an undemocratic situation marked by the absence of other political parties.
2. In both the election the Congress won maximum seats, i.e., 364 in 1952 and 361 in 1962 election.
3. Other parties were unable to challenge the Congress.
4. Ganatantra Parishad Party secured less seats in 1952 whereas Socialist Party secured less seats in 1962 elections.
5. The Communist Party of India secured more seats in 1962 i.e., 29 when compared with 16 in 1952 elections.

Question 16.
Read the following and comment on it.

The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears about the security and stability of India in the minds of the leadership. There was the fear that language reorganisation would lead to break up of the country. Hence, even though the Congress itself was organised on the linguistic lines and had promised to restructure the country on those lines, it developed cold feet when independence came.

Answer:

1. The partition of India created a lot of insecurity in the minds of the people.
2. How to maintain the integrity of the country became a burning topic.
3. There was a fear that the language reorganization would lead to breakup of the country.
4. But state reorganization committee was established.
5. Reorganization Act was passed in 1956.
6. Our leaders took initiative in this direction and regional languages were recognized as state official language.
7. English was given the status of communicating language.
8. Hence linguistic reorganization did not create any problem.

Question 17.
Observe the following map and answer the questions given below.
a) Which was the smallest area shown in the map?
Answer:
Pondicherry was the smallest area shown in the map.

b) Which small state was there in between Madras and Mysore states?
Answer:
Coorg was the small state in between Madras and Mysore states.

c) Which was the southernmost state from the map ?
Answer:
Travancore – Cochin state was the southernmost state.

d) Which was the eastern state?
Answer:
Andhra state was the eastern state.

e) Name the boundaries of Andhra State.
Answer:
Bay of Bengal, Hyderabad, Mysore and Tamil Nadu were the boundaries of Andhra State.

Question 18.
Locate the following on the outline map of India.

1. Maharashtra
2. Gujarat
3. Bihar
4. Uttar Pradesh
5. Jammu-Kashmir
6. Nagaland
7. Punjab
8. Meghalaya

Answer:

Question 19.
Locate the following in the given map of World.

1. Kenya
2. Suez canal belongs to this country
   Answer: Egypt
3. Algeria
4. Libya
5. China
6. Kyrguzstan
7. Uzbekistan
8. Ukraine
9. Phillippine
10. New Zealand

Answer:

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism

8th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
List the different types of religious practices that you find in your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing. Does this indicate freedom of religious practice?
Answer:

These indicate freedom of religious practice.

Question 2.
Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The government intervenes in this issue.
Reasons:

1. In Indian secularism the state can intervene in religious affairs.
2. This interference will be according to the ideals of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.
Answer:
Yes, there are 3 main schools of thoughts in Buddism.

1. Theravada
2. Mahayana
3. Vajrayana

1. Theravada: They believe in self enlightenment.
2. Mahayana: In the course of enlightenment themselves, they vow to help other to the stage of enlightenment.
3. Vajrayana: They believe that not only bring others to enlightenment but also have power to do that.
Thus there are different views in same religion.

Question 4.
The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular. This is according to the ideals of our Constitution, e.g.:

1. The Constitution banned the ‘untouchability’.
2. The Indian Muslim women are eligible for maintenance even though it is against Muslim Law. (Judgement was given by the Supreme Court in Shabano case)
3. The government gives financial aid to religious educational institutions like Sisu Vidya Mandirs, RCM Schools and Urdu Schools etc.
4. Similarly to ensure that laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected.
5. The government takes pearls and silk clothes to Ontimitta Ramalayam in Ekasilanagaram, Cuddapah on the celebration of Seetha Ramula Kalyanam.
6. In the month of Ramzan the government gives permission to the Muslim employees to do Namaj and change their work timings.
   Thus our government is secular and interferes in the religious matters.

Question 5.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘What is Secularism?’ and comment on it.
Answer:

1. Secularism refers to the separation of religion from the State.
2. The Constitution of India mandates that the Indian State be Secular.
3. So the government stays away from the religion.
4. The Indian secularism works to prevent the domination of a religion through a strategy of non-interference.
5. When time comes, the Indian State interferes in religious matters.

8th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what way is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries? (Textbook Page No. 225)
Answer:
The governments of other democratic countries will not interfere in the religions of its people. But the Indian government interferes in the religious matters. Thus it is different from other democratic countries

Question 2.
Re-read the introduction to this chapter. Why do you think retaliation is not the proper response to this problem? What would happen if different groups followed this path?
(Textbook Page No. 223)
Answer:
I think retaliation in not the proper response to this problem because, it is not the solution. We are living in a secular country. We follow the principles of great personalities like Gandhiji, Buddha, Ambedkar etc. If this path of retaliation is followed – non-voilence would prevail everywhere and we can see unrest in the society.

Question 3.
Can there be different views within the same religion? (Textbook Page No. 224)
Answer:
There can be different views within the same religion. Many religions in the world have different views.
For e.g.:

By observing all these we can say that all the famous religions have different views.

Question 4.
Can you think of a recent incident, from any part of India, in which the secular ideals of the Constitution were violated and persons were persecuted and killed because of their religious backgrounds? (Textbook Page No. 226)
Answer:
Not in recent past, but in 2002 Gujarat violence was a series of incidents starting with the Godra train burnings and the subsequent communal violence between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian state of Gujarat.
On 27.4.2002 the Sabarmathi Express train was attacked at Godra by a Muslim mob.
58 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya were killed in the attack. Out of them 25 were women, 15 were children. This in turn prompted retaliatory attacks against Muslims and general communal riots on a large scale across the state.
Later it was known that it was a preplanned attack.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 1 Reading and Analysis of Maps.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 1st Lesson Reading and Analysis of Maps

Question 1.
Do you think the free access to maps is a good thing?
Answer:
No, I do not think so. Any government has to maintain secrecy in access to maps. Otherwise, it helps the enemies. But at present satellite images reveal every place on the earth.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Relief feature?
Answer:
Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
Who were the Portuguese explorers?
Answer:
Magellan, Vasco-da-Gama and Bartholomeu Dias were the Portuguese explorers.

Question 4.
What do you know about Marcopolo?
Answer:
Marcopolo was an Italian explorer. He explored China and Asia.

Question 5.
Why do you think maps are useful to armies in times of war?
Answer:
Maps were also in great demand during times of war as armies and airforces needed them.
They use strategy maps to illustrate an organization’s vision, mission, overarching strategies and key goals and initiatives.

Question 6.
Why were the Greeks and the Romans greatly interested in making maps?
Answer:
The Greeks and after them the Romans were greatly interested in making maps and knowing about places near and far. They wanted to conquer the world, build colonies in far off places and trade with them. e.g.: Alexander, the Greek king.

Question 7.
What is aerial photography?
Answer:

Aerial photography is the technique of taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position, using aircrafts, helicopters, hot air balloons etc.
Aerial photographs are not maps.

Question 8.
What are satellite imagery?
Answer:
Satellite imageries are the photographs of the earth taken by the artificial satellites launched into the space. These are used in many ways: map making, planning, meteorology, forestry, warfare etc.

Question 9.
Write the difference between maps and photographs.
Answer:
Maps:
A map is used by geographers to show features that we consider important.
(Or)
A map actually is a model of a place giving those features that the map maker considers to be of importance.
Photographs:
A photograph may not be able to show you the features of a place like a map.

Question 10.
Name the early map makers.
Answer:
The Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Arabs, the Chinese, the Europeans were the early map makers.

Question 11.
How can we read Thematic maps?
Answer:

1. A map which focuses on only one aspect is called “Thematic Map”,
   e.g.: Political Maps, Physical Maps etc.
2. We should have the knowledge of different kinds of symbols, colours and patterns which are used on thematic maps.
   e.g.: Dark Grey – Mountain Black – Boundary.
3. Then only we can read Thematic maps.

Question 12.
What are main relief features on the earth?
Answer:

1. Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth.
2. The main relief features are: hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places.

Question 13.
What are called Isolines?
Answer:
The lines which join the places with some common features are called Isolines or Contour lines.

Question 14.
What are the uses of contour lines?
Answer:
Contour lines give an indication of the slope of the land as well as the elevation above sea level.

Question 15.
How did Mt. Everest get its name?
Answer:
In 1802 William Lambton began one of the most important geographical surveys in the world starting from Chennai in the south and culminating in the Himalayas to determine the length of longitude and also the heights of various places. This survey was completed by Sir George Everest. It is this survey that established that Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. It was named after George Everest.

Question 16.
What are conventional symbols?
Answer:
The symbols which are used by map makers conventionally are called conventional symbols.

Question 17.
Observe the given picture and write your comment.

Answer:
This was a model of the world according to the Bible. It is surrounded by oceans and is divided into three continents – Asia, Europe and Africa.
Of these, Asia was considered the largest and the most important as it had Jerusalem which was the birthplace of Jesus Christ. It is therefore also shown on the top.

Question 18.
Statement:
“All the important features can be shown on a map. So people make different kinds of maps”.
* Read this statement and prepare a question on it.
Answer:
“Why do people make different kinds of maps?”

Question 19.
Why were the Greeks and the Romans greatly interested in making maps?
Answer:
The Greeks and after them the Romans were greatly interested in making maps and knowing about places near and far. They wanted to conquer the world, build colonies in far off places and trade with them.
e.g.: Alexander, the Greek king.

Question 20.
Why do you think that in Idrisi’s map the top side points to the south while in the maps prepared by the Greeks it pointed to the north?
Answer:
In many issues Islamic traditions are different with the rest of the world’s, e.g.: Script.
In the similar way the top side points to the south in Idrisi’s map.
(Or)
While facing towards east, he would have given importance to the right hand side (south) and showed it on the top side of the map.

Question 21.
Appreciate the Babylonian clay tablet world map.
Answer:
The Babylonian clay tablet was dated from the Persian period. It was flat and round. The inner circle had all the places they knew about. The city of Babylon was shown in the middle. Beyond the inner circle was ‘Bitter river, or ‘Salt water ocean’ in which were seven triangular islands.
Their thought, imagination, map making ability were really appreciable.

Question 22.
Who invented the latitudes and longitudes and the grid system?
Answer:
Hipparchus (190-120 B.C.) was perhaps the greatest of the Greek astronomers. He devised a method of locating geographical positions by means of latitudes and longitudes. Ptolemy also was a Greek astronomer and mathematician. He lived and worked in Egypt. His work which employed a system of latitudes and longitudes, influenced map makers for hundreds of years. He evolved the science of map-making.

Question 23.
Write the biography of Al Idrisi. (in a few lines)
Answer:

Ash – Sharif Al Idrisi was born in 1099. He was a Muslim geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist and traveller. He lived in Sicily, at the Court of King Roger – II. He spent much of his early life travelling through North Africa and Spain.
Al Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the far east gathered by Islamic merchants and explorers and recorded on Islamic maps. He wrote a book ‘A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far Off Places’. The Tabula Rogeriana’ was drawn by him in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily. He died in Sicily in 1165/1166.

Question 24.
Observe the following paragraph and answer the given questions.
Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth. The main relief features are: hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places. Since the maps are flat we cannot show the height on them. We, therefore, use a special symbol for this called contours or contour lines. Contours are lines on the map joining places of same height – measured from the sea level. In other words, all places on a contour line will have the same height from the sea level. Contour lines are also called isolines – lines joining places with some common features.
1. What is meant by Relief feature?
Answer:
Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth.

2. What are the main relief features?
Answer:
The main relief features are hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places.

3. Why can we not show the heights of the maps?
Answer:
Since the maps are flat we cannot show the height on them.

4. Special symbols are called contour lines.

5. Contours are lines on map joining places of same height measured from the sea level.

6. Contour lines are also called isolines.

7. What are isolines?
Answer:
Isolines are the lines which join the places with some common features.

Question 25.
Observe the given information and answer the following questions.

1. Who were the Protuguese explorers?
Answer:
Magellan, Vasco-da-Gama and Bartholomeu Dias were the Portuguese explorers.

2. What do you know about Marcopolo?
Answer:
Marcopolo was an Italian explorer. He explored China and Asia.

3. Who discovered America?
Answer:
Christopher Columbus discovered America.

4. What was the lifespan of Magellan?
Answer:
His lifespan of Magellan was 1480 – 1521. (41 years)

5. Who made his first voyage around the world?
Answer:
Ferdinand Magellan.

Question 26.
Locate the following on the given world map.

1. Present place of Babylonians / Sumarians
2. Greece
3. Sicily
4. Libya
5. Asia
6. Europe
7. Arabia
8. China
9. North America
10. South America

Answer:

Question 27.
Observe the given map.

Now answer the following questions.
1. What are the islands in the Arabian sea
Answer:
Lakshadweep.

2. This indicates
Answer:
External boundaries.

3. What is the scale of the map?
Answer:
1 cm = 200 kms.

4. Name any state on east coast.
Answer:
Odisha, Andhra Pradesh.
(you can write any one)

5. Name any state on the west coast.
Answer:
Gujarat.

Question 28.
Observe the given picture and write down your opinion on Mercator projection.

Answer:

1. Gerardus Mercator was a Dutch geographer and cartographer.
2. The Mercator projection distorts the size and the shape of large objects, as the scale increases from the equator to the poles, where it becomes infinite,
   e.g.: 1) Greenland takes as much space on the map as Africa. In reality Africa’s area is 14 times greater than that of Greenland. Greenland is comparable to Algeria only.
   2) Alaska – Brazil
3. Finland – India.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements

8th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Do you agree with “Western education and Christian Missionaries influenced the Social and Religious reform movement in India”. Why?
Answer:
Yes. I can agree with this statement.
Reasons: Many Christian missionaries came to India along with the European companies to preach Christianity in India. They severely criticised the existing religious practices and beliefs and tried to persuade people to adopt Christianity. At the same time they also established many educational institutions, hospitals and charity services with the view of serving the poor and needy. This helped in spreading many new ideas among people.

Soon a lively debate ensued between the missionaries and leaders of Hinduism and Islam as each tried to defend their own religious ideas. Such debates helped people not only to understand each others ideas but also encouraged them to enquire into the original and basic tenets of their own religions. Several European scholars studied the ancient literature of India, translated them and published them as books. (Since they studied books of the eastern countries they were called ‘Orientalists’.) Now these books are available for all to study.

As the ancient Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Persian and Arabic books got translated into European languages, the rich and diverse cultural heritage of the country was recognized by all. This enabled the people with new ideas to reinterpret their own religions better.
e.g.:

1. Rammohan Roy condemned idol worship.
2. Vivekananda asked to adopt some of the positive qualities of European culture like freedom and respect for women, work ethic, technology etc.
3. Swami Dayananda rejected all later additions to Hindu religion.
4. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan worked for the spread of modern education and social reforms among the Muslims.
5. The minimum age for marriage was raised to the 14 years.
6. Rammohan Roy fought against ‘Sati’.
7. Law was made to encourage widow remarriages.
8. Many established schools for girls.

Question 2.
What was the importance of printifig press in the development of reform movement?
Answer:
The Europeans introduced printing press in India. It made possible the appearance of many newspapers and magazines. Books were also published in different Indian languages. This made books accessible to a large number of people at a very low cost. People could now carry on debates and discussions through these newspapers, magazines and books and easily reach out to large number of people.

Question 3.
The main idea behind religious reform was to end complex rituals, worshipping of many gods and idol worship, purdah system. Do you think people have accepted these reforms ? Explain.
Answer:
People have accepted these reforms temporarily.
Reasons:

1. Now there was no existence of Brahmo Samaj. The members of it followed ‘Bhakti Path.’
2. Arya Samaj also accepted Vedic religion at the end.
3. At present, the Hindus are worshipping many Gods and their idols.
4. Complex rituals: People have accepted some of the rituals which are easy to follow.

Question 4.
Why do you think people like Ramabai paid special attention to the condition of widows?
Answer:
Many writings tell us about the pitiful conditions of the widows in their families. They suffered because they had no economic freedom and education. The people like Ramabai thought that “it was the biggest sin to endure the ill deeds and not oppose them.” So, they paid special attention to the condition of widows.

Question 5.
Explain the role of Raja Rammohan Roy as a social reformer in India in 19th century.
Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy was born in Bengal in 1772. He was a great scholar of Sanskrit, Persian, English, and knew Arabic, Latin and Greek.
He also studied several religious philosophies like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sufism. Having studied various religious books he was convinced that there is only one God and that worshipping of idols and making sacrifices were incorrect. He was convinced that all great religions had the same common beliefs and it was incorrect to criticise the religions of others. He also believed that we should accept a religious belief only if it is rational and if it is beneficial to people.
He rejected the authority of priests and called upon people to study the original books of their religions. He published his ideas in magazines and books using the new technology of printing to reach out to maximum number of people.
In 1828 Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj – an assembly of all those who believed in an universal religion based on the principle of One Supreme God. After the death of Rammohan Roy in 1833, the Brahmo movement was led by Devendranath Tagore and Keshav Chandra Sen. They popularised their ideas by lecturing all over India.

Question 6.
What was the main concern of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in promoting English creation?
Answer:

1. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was convinced that the bitterness between Muslims and the British must end.
2. In order to progress, Muslims should participate in government and get larger share in government jobs.
3. He thought that this was possible only through modern education.
4. This was the main concern of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in promoting English education.

Question 7.
Different leaders thought of different ways in which the ‘untouchable’ castes can be made the equals with all others. Make a table with the suggestions of leaders like Phule, Bhagya Reddy Varma, Narayana Guru, Ambedkar and Gandhiji.
Answer:
Phule:

1. He opened a special school for the Mahar and Maang castes.
2. He wrote many books on caste discrimination.
3. They set up Satya Shodhak Samaj for low caste children.
4. He encouraged to conduct marriage and death ceremonies without the Brahmins.

Bhagya Reddy Varma :

1. He called upon Dalits to call themselves ‘Adi Andhras’.
2. To spread awareness in dalits he started ‘Jagan Mitra Mandali’.
3. He opened special schools.
4. He opposed religious misdeeds on dalit girls.
5. He encouraged Buddhism.

Narayana Guru:

1. He preached the idea of ‘One Jathi, One God and One Religion for all’.
2. He called upon the Ezhava community to give up several aspects of their low caste status.
3. He set up temples where no caste discrimination would be practised and very simple rituals would be followed without Brahmin priests.
4. He even said that building schools for children was more important than building temples.

Ambedkar:

1. He led many agitations for dalits.
2. He argued that the dalits should vote separately for dalit candidates to the legislatures.
3. Overcoming numerous social and financial obstacles, Ambedkar became one of the first dalits to obtain college education in India.
4. He founded an Independent Labour Party to represent the interests of the dalits.
5. Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the assembly to write India’s new constitution.

Gandhiji:
Around 1932 Gandhiji started a movement against untouchability. He called the ‘untouchable’ castes as Harijans or ‘People of God’. He wanted to ensure them equal access to temples, water sources and schools. This campaign was taken up by Congress in a big way and helped to bring millions of Dalits into the national movement.

Question 8.
Why does caste remain such a controversial issue today? What do you think was the most important movement against caste in colonial times?
Answer:
In addition to that one feels one’s caste is great. So caste is an important pillar in some celebrations of families. No caste, even higher or lower, people will agree to cross these limitations.
Bringing this ‘caste’ into social issues is causing many problems, e.g.: A dispute between two persons is created as a dispute between two castes.
I think the movement led by Satya Shodhak Samaj was the most important movement against caste in colonial times.

Question 9.
What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?
Answer:
Ambedkar wanted to say that ‘All are equal before God and everyone has rights on God”.

Question 10.
How in your opinion were the movements of social reform effective in ridding Indian society of social evils? What social evils do you find today ? Which reform movements should be started to combact them ?
Answer:
The movements of social reforms were effective in ridding Indian society of social evils. These movements banned Sati and child marriages. These encouraged women education, school education and widow remarriages.
We find the following social evils today:

1. Corruption
2. Religionism,
3. Casteism
4. Dowry
5. Regionalism etc.

Today there is a silence in our society. No politician is working against these evils. Nobody is thinking of these.
The educated should think of these evils and respond. Otherwise, no reforms are introduced. The governments also should think of these issues.

Question 11.
Create a poster that reflects girls education and its importance.
Answer:

Poster on Girls’ Education

Despite all tall claims by the government and nagging by voluntary organizations, a vast majority of the girls are yet illiterate in India. During the last four decades since independence, much is being done to emancipate women. Education of girls is one of the basic features of the plan. Many schools and colleges are founded for girls.

Education has led to their economic independence and equality with the menfolk. They have now an honoured position in society and have secured their rights from the reluctant men but all this is confined chiefly to the urban areas. In rural areas most of the peopte-are-sWtfr against girls’ education.

Every village must have a girls’ school, or if that is not possible owing to lack of funds, parents should be persuaded to admit their daughters to boys’ schools thus promoting co-education.
Furthermore, the extreme poverty of the Indian masses makes it imperative that education for girls should be free up to the matriculation standard. If facilities for female education are provided in every village, it will also be possible to make it compulsory.

Special legislation should then be enacted to deal with parents who neglect the education of their daughters. This compulsion would be essential in early stages because most villagers are still too ignorant to understand the value of education for girls.

Question 12.
What qualities of Social Reformers you liked? Why?
Answer:
Qualities of Social Reformers I liked:

1. The reformers took recourse to propaganda in the Indian language to reach the masses.
2. They also used novels, dramas, short stories, poetry, the press and the cinema to spread their views.
3. Indian women played an active and important role in the struggle for independence of the country.
   Reason: Due to the hardwork of these reformists and other individuals many superstitious disappeared.

8th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the similarities and differences between the views of Rammohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda and Dayananda Saraswati ? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Compare the religious views of Ram Mohan Roy, Vivekananda and Dayananda and point out the similarities and differences among them.
(OR)
Compare the religious views of Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Dayananda, and point out the similarities and differences among them.
Answer:
Similarities:

1. All the three believed the Hindu Dharmic Literature.
2. They told that the best things of all the religions should be followed by all.
3. They opted social service as their ideal hobby.

Differences:

Question 2.
How do you think were the early reformers influenced by European culture and Christianity? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Answer:

1. The early reformers were influenced by the positive qualities of European culture like freedom and respect for women, work ethic, technology etc. So they worked hard to abolish ‘Sati’ and child marriages and to encourage widow remarriages etc.
2. The persons who were influenced with their religion, propagated new systems like worshipping one Supreme God.
3. They were all educated in English. They studied many subjects for knowledge. So they encouraged English education and establishment of schools.
   Thus the early reformers were influenced by European culture and Christianity.

Question 3.
Do you see any similarities between the DAV schools and the MAO college? (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:

Question 4.
Do you think these demands are necessary even today? (Textbook Page No. 219)
Answer:
I do not think so.
Reasons: The Government of India is providing the ‘low’ castes with ‘reservations’ in all the sectors like education, employment etc.
All these people are educated equally with others and doing their jobs. They are participating and are in good positions in politics also. So I think these demands are not necessary today.

Question 5.
Compare the efforts of Narayana Guru and Jyotiba Phule. What similarities and differences do you see between them? (Textbook Page No. 219)
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both opposed the caste system.
2. Both established many schools.
3. Both opposed the supremacy of Brahmins.

Differences:

Question 6.
Recall the teachings of Buddha with regard to the caste system. (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
Buddha preached that ‘All are equal’. He opposed caste and religious discriminations. He treated all his followers equal.

Question 7.
What are the similarities and differences in the approaches of Gandhiji and Ambedkar towards dalits? (Textbook Page No. 221)
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both worked for Dalits.
2. Both were the members of Congress Party.

Differences:

Question 8.
In what way do you think printing helped in the spread of these new ideas? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Answer:
The Europeans introduced printing press in India. It made possible the appearance of many newspapers and magazines. Books were also published in different Indian languages. This made books accessible to a large number of people at a very low cost. People could now carry on debates and discussions through these newspapers, magazines and books and easily reach out to large number of people.
Thus the printing helped in the spread of these new ideas.

Question 9.
If you had to choose between a DAV school, Gurukul School and a government run school, which one would you prefer to go to and why? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Answer:
I would prefer the government school.
Reason:

1. Here the teaching-learning process would be in a secular way.
2. All the students here would be treated equally.

Question 10.
You may have noticed that all the reformers tried to reinterpret the ancient religious books in order to defend their reformist ideas. Look at the examples of all the major reformers and see how they did this. (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:
1) Raja Rammohan Roy:
He studied several religious philosophies like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sufism. Having studied various religious books he was convinced that there is only one God and that worshipping of idols and making sacrifices were incorrect. He was convinced that all great religions had the same common beliefs and it was incorrect to criticise the religions of others. He also believed that we should accept a religious belief only if it is rational and if it is beneficial to people. He rejected the authority of priests and called upon people to study the original books of their religions. He published his ideas in magazines and books using the new technology of printing to reach out to maximum number of people.

2) Swami Vivekananda:
He believed that Hindu religion was superior to all others. He emphasized the teachings of Upanishadas which were being translated and printed in large numbers.

3) Swami Dayananda Saraswathi:
He studied the Vedas and was convinced that they contained the true religion and he rejected all later additions to Hindu religion like many gods and goddesses, idol and temple worship and Brahmanic priesthood and caste system. He advocated worshipping one Supreme God through simple rituals and recitation of Vedic mantras. He rejected all other religions as false religions and wanted Hindus who had converted to other religions to return to Hinduism based on the Vedas.

Question 11.
Do you find any religious idea advocated by the above reformers which was not part of the Bhakti Movement? (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:
No. All the reformers advocated the religious ideas of the Bhakti Movement only.

Question 12.
Some people thought this situation (No place inside the classroom) was better than the total lack of education for untouchable people. Would you agree with this view? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:
Yes. I do agree with them.
Jyothiba Phule and Ambedkar faced and ignored such situations and studied well. So they were able to pave the way to the next generations. Otherwise there will be the same situation at present.

Question 13.
Do you think dalits have equal access to temples, water sources and schools today? What problems do they still face? (Textbook Page No. 221)
Answer:
At present dalits have equal access to temples, water sources and schools. To say frankly they have equal access and reservations also. So we can say that there were no social problems to them.

Question 14.
Write a dialogue between supporters and opposers of widow remarriage. (Textbook Page No. 215)
1856 – At the time of first widow remarriage – Calcutta.

1. Srikanth Chattarji: Wow, this should be a golden page in the history of our nation. Here is an end to the problems of women. May God bless the women!
2. Mukhesh Bandopadhyaya: How dare you to talk like this Srikanth babu? This gives us several punishments in the hell. Arey – A marriage to widow.
   How could this be possible? A woman will go to some other’s family to develop their family, again to some other family. How could they do this?
   Oh God! Please save us and save our country.
3. Rajya Laxmi: Today is really a wonderful day. Child marriages and widowships etc., were curses on us. We have to work in our maternal and mother-in-law’s houses freely without any feelings. So this is a good beginning for us. We are very grateful to the God.

Question 15.
Do you think today equal importance is given to the education of girls or do girls still face discrimination? (Textbook Page No. 217)
Answer:
Equal importance is given to girls education with boys. To be frank the girl enrolment is more than boys in some schools and collges. But in some families girls face discrimination, mostly in some backward states.

Question 16.
What problems do girls face in getting educated which boys do not face? (Textbook Page No. 217)
Answer:

1. Girls are not encouraged for higher education.
2. Girls are not permitted to far off places for education.
3. Some courses are only meant for boys.

Question 17.
To what extent has the treatment of widows changed today? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:
We can say that the attitude of the society is changed. Widows are treated equally with other women. Their elders are only arranging remarriages for them. Men are also taking a step forward to marry them. They are treated equally except in some religious traditions like marriages etc.

Question 18.
Do dalit girls and Muslim girls face special problems in education even today? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:
Nowadays we seldom hear such a news from newspapers that dalit girls are facing some problems from others. They are also receiving education in classrooms along with others. Muslim girls also have separate schools. They are also studying without problems.

Question 19.
Find out about some important women leaders of the freedom struggle – Kalpana Dutt, Aruna Asaf Ali, Captain Lakshmi Sehgal, Sarojini Naidu, Kamladevi Chattopadhyaya, etc. (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
1. Kalpana Dutt:
27.07.1913
08.02.1995.
She was later known as Kalpana Joshi. She was a member of prominent Republican Army in Chittagang and participated in the well known Chittagong Armoury Raid case 1930. Later she joined Communist Party of India.

2) Aruna Asaf Ali:
16.07.1908
27.09.1996
She played a leading role during the Quit India Movement. She unfurled the national flag at the Gowalia tank Maidan to signify the commencement of the Quit India Movement and became a legend for thousands of youth that rose to emulate her.
She was awarded Lenin Prize for Peace in 1975, Jawaharlal Nehru Award for Interna¬tional Understanding – 1991 and Bharata Ratna – 1998.

3) Captain Lakshmi Sehgal:
24.10.1914
23.07.2012.
In 1943 she met Netaji in Singapore. Their meeting changed her life. She started Rani of Jhansi Regiment. Then she became as Captain Lakshmi Sehgal. She was arrested by the British in May 1945.

4) Sarojini Naidu:
13.02.1879
02.03.1949.
The Nightingale of India – she was the second Indian woman to become the President of Indian National Congress. Her birthday was celebrated as Women’s Day in India.
She joined the movement in 1905 – Partition of Bengal. She came into contact with many people.

5) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya:
03.04.1903
29.10.1988.
She was a social reformer and freedom fighter. She joined the movement in 1923 during Non-Cooperation Movement. She was the first Indian woman to be arrested.

Question 20.
Why do you think was there bitterness between the Muslims and the British after 1857? (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:
Mohammadans invaded India many times from 6 AD/7AD. Later they occupied and ruled India till the arrival of the Britishers. Nearly 1200 years they ruled India. Even though there were some native rulers, they were small in number. After 1857, India was under the control of the British queen’s rule. Mohammadans were also treated as Indians. So, there was bitter¬ness between the Muslims and the British after 1857.

Question 21.
Why do you think was it important to get the government to pass laws for social reform? (Textbook Page No. 215)
Answer:
Some persons might have reformistic views. Some might reject them. So the people in the society could not follow these ideas. Even though they followed, they might be rejected by the society. So it was important to get the government to pass laws for social reforms.

Question 22.
Imagine that you are one of the students sitting in the school veranda and listening to the classes. What kind of questions would be raising in your mind ? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:

1. Why should I sit here?
2. Why I am not allowed to sit inside?
3. Did I do any mistake
4. Why I am an untouchable?
5. Is it my mistake, taking birth in this caste?
6. Why shouldn’t they touch me?

Question 23.
Why do you think he (Jyotiba Phule) insisted on ‘low’ caste teachers to teach such students? (Textbook Page No. 219)
Answer:
Teachers of higher castes ill-treated and hurted the low caste students. They showed discrimination in the castes. In these conditions the process of learning might not be perfect. The teachers of low castes could not hurt these students. So he insisted on low caste teachers to teach such students.

Question 24.
How would the feeling that the dalits were the orginal inhabitants of Andhra Pradesh have helped in boosting the confidence of the dalits ? (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
The feeling would raise the confidence in dalits. This confidence would strengthen them in fighting against the discrimination. That led them to their success.

Question 25.
Did all women get the right to vote in independent India? (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
Yes, all women get the right to vote in independent India.

Question 26.
Create a poster that reflects on social Reforms.
Answer:

Poster on Social Reforms

Sometimes society becomes full of evils and vices. It is guided by blind faith and superstition. People do not try to know the relation between cause and effect. They believe in imaginary ghosts and spirits as the prime-mover of all social actions. They believe in animal sacrifice to please the deities. They also once believed in the human sacrifice. The social vices like child wives were in existence. The widows were not allowed to marry again. The wives were compelled to be burnt with their dead husbands and so on. Untouchability disabled a big section of people. In order to eradicate all these things social reforms were necessary. Social reforms are necessary at all times in order to get the society purged off any vice that creeps into it.

Great reformers are born to reform the society and to reform the religion. Because many times religion is the basis of the social behavior. Martin Luther in Germany and John Wicliff in great Britain were the great reformers in 18th century. In India we got Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chadra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Ramakrishna, Paramhamsa, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi as the great reformers. In ancient times we had Gautama Buddha and Mahavir as the great religious and social reformers. In Orissa Mr. Madhusudan Das, Pandit Nilakantha Das and Acharya Harihar Das made attempt to reform the society.

Social reform is necessary, time and often. So we must reform our society whenever it is necessary. Social reform should base on science and morality. Social reform cannot be made by legislation, force or imposition. It can be made only by effective public education, though the necessity of legislation cannot be altogether ruled out.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 20 Post – War World and India.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 20th Lesson Post – War World and India

10th Class Social 20th Lesson Post – War World and India 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Expand UNICEF.
Answer:
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.

Question 2.
Who formulated the ‘NATO’, the military alliance?
Answer:
United States of America / America.

Question 3.
Why do you think the cooperation between India and Bangladesh is vital for both countries?
Answer:

1. Both the countries have cooperated on the economic front and river water.
2. Bangladesh Is an integral part of the In¬dian look East Policy’ to link up South Asia via Myanmar and both have cooperation on disaster management.

Question 4.
What is the boundary line between China and India?
Answer:
Mc Mahon Line is the boundary line between China and India.

Question 5.
Explain the terms bipolarity and unipolarity.
Answer:

1. Under the leadership of USA and USSR, the world divided into two power blocks after World War – II with different ideologies. This situation is called as bipolarity.
2. After the collapse of the USSR, only the USA remained as a super power in the world. This situation is called as unipolarity.

Question 6.
What is the non-alignment movement?
Answer:
The policy followed by newly independent countries after Second World War, without involving in any of the military blocks, following neutrality in international politics.

Question 7.
What is Cold War?
Answer:
The absence of real fighting as in traditional wars is called the cold war. The cold war characterized by the intense tension between the USA and the USSR during 1945 to 1991.

Question 8.
Write any two objectives of U.N.O.
Answer:

1. Maintains peace and security.
2. Improvement of educational and health facilities.
3. Protecting human rights.
4. Respecting international law

Question 9.
What is Panchsheel?
Answer:
In 1954 a treaty was held between India and China which incorporated the principles of non-interference in other’s internal affairs and respect for each other’s territorial unity, integrity and sovereignty. These principles are known as Panchsheel.

Question 10.
How was the USSR escaped from the Great Depression?
Answer:
The USSR escaped from the Great Depression:

1. USSR was not integrated with international markets.
2. It had a planed economy.
3. Maintained a balance between demand and supply.

Question 11.
Observe the following graph and answer the questions ‘a’ and ‘b’.
a) During 1955-2005, which country had the highest number of warheads?
Answer:
USSR / Russia.

b) What is the reason for decreasing in nuclear stockpiles after 1985?
Answer:

1. Tremendous public pressure.
2. Ban on nuclear tests.

Question 12.
What is the aim of “Zionist movement”?
Answer:
The aim of the Zionist Movement is to unite the Jews spread across the world and to reclaim Palestine their homeland and build a separate state for the Jews.

Question 13.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel.
Answer:

1. Respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
3. Non-aggression and settlement of dis-putes with mutual understanding.
4. Endeavor to achieve cooperation and mutual respect in international relationships.
5. Promoting peaceful coexistence.

Observe the following map and answer questions 14 & 15.

Question 14.
What does the above map tell?
Answer:
The given map tells about cold war military alliances.

Question 15.
Why is united kingdom called an Island?
Answer:
United kingdom is called as an Island because it is covered by water on all the sides.

Question 16.
What are the basic principles of the UNO?
Answer:
The basic principles of the United Nations Organisation are preserving peace, upholding human rights, respecting international law and promoting social progress.

Question 17.
What were the three of the most important processes?
Answer:
Even as the war-devastated countries rebuilt their economics, the world saw some new processes in place. Three of the most important processes were the establishment of the United Nations, Cold War and Decolonisation.

Question 18.
Who drafted a charter for the formation of the UNO?
Answer:
The principle Allied countries like Britain, France, the USA, the USSR and China drafted a Charter for the formation of the UNO even as the war drew to an end.

Question 19.
Write the number of members of the UNO.
Answer:
At the time of its establishment UN had membership of 54 countries and today (2018 ) there are 193 countries.

Question 20.
Which is the main body in the UNO?
Answer:
The General Assembly.

Question 21.
Who are the permanent members of the Security Council?
Answer:
China, France, United Kingdom; USSR (now Russia) and USA.

Question 22.
Explain the ‘Veto Power’.
Answer:
Any decision taken by Council can be vetoed (made invalid or rejected) by the intervention of even anyone of these countries.
(OR)
The power is given to the permanent members to accept or reject any proposal in the UNO.

Question 23.
Name some third world countries.
Answer:
Countries emerging from colonial domination like Vietnam, Korea, Angola, and Afghanistan.

Question 24.
Who got independence in 1960 and what happened then?
Answer:
The Belgian colony in Africa, Congo, got independence in 1960. But its radical communist leader, Patrice Lumumba, was killed in 1961, allegedly at the behest of US spy agency called CIA.

Question 25.
When did Angola become independent?
Answer:
Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975.

Question 26.
What was the place of the USSR in space race ?
Answer:
The USSR put the first satellite Sputnik and the first human Yuri Gagarin in space.

Question 27.
Whom did the US send to the moon?
Answer:
The US sent Neil Armstrong and others to the Moon in 1969.

Question 28.
What were the core concerns of the people of recently de-colonised?
Answer:
The core concerns of people, especially those who were recently de-colonized like poverty, disease, inequality and colonialism were not addressed by any of these issues of contention.

Question 29.
What does West Asia refer to?
Answer:
West Asia refers to the region between Europe and Asia. The term Middle East is also used to describe this area.

Question 30.
What was called the ‘Zionist Movement’?
Answer:
A movement had developed among the Jews called the ‘Zionist Movement’ which called for uniting Jews spread across the world and to reclaim Palestine as their homeland and build a separate state of Jews.

Question 31.
Who are Palestinians?
Answer:
Palestinians were mostly Arab Muslims.

Question 32.
When and where was the PLO established?
Answer:
The PLO was established in 1964 in Jordon and added a new dimension by bringing together all different Arab factions. Its aim was to regain the land it lost, without violence.

Question 33.
Why did the US become unpopular?
Answer:
The US became unpopular because it supported undemocratic regimes in the Middle East so that the oil resources were available to the US and its allies.

Question 34.
What is the main bone of contention between India and Pakistan?
Answer:
The main bone of contention between the two countries is Kashmir.

Question 35.
Expand POK.
Answer:
Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.

Question 36.
Who was ‘U Thant’?
Answer:
U Thant was the then Secretary-General of UNO.

Question 37.
What was ‘Mukti Bahini ?
Answer:
Supporters of Mujibur Rahman organized a liberation struggle in the form of ‘Mukti Bahini’.

Question 38.
Who signed Shimla Agreement?
Answer:
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

Question 39.
Who fought the Kargil War?
Answer:
India and Pakistan fought the Kargil war.

Question 40.
When was Bangladesh liberated?
Answer:
Bangladesh was liberated from Pakistan with the help of Indian troops in 1972.

Question 41.
What is IPKF?
Answer:
It is the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.

Question 42.
What is a proxy war?
Answer:
A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate.

10th Class Social 20th Lesson Post – War World and India 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the following map and answer the questions:
a) Name any two countries of ’NATO’ at the founding (establishment) time.
Answer:
France and Iceland.

b) Name any two countries which were under the ‘WARSAW’.
Answer:
Poland and Czekoslovakia.

Question 2.
Read the passage and answer the following questions.

To emphasise the determination for peace, Jawaharlal Nehru formulated his renowned Panchsheel principles :
a. Respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
b. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
c. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding.
d. Endeavour to achieve cooperation and mutual respect in international relationships.
e. Promoting peaceful co-existence.

i) In between which countries, the Panchsheel was formulated?
Answer:
India and China.

ii) Mention any two principles of Panchsheel.
Answer:

1. Respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
3. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding.
4. Endeavour to achieve co-operation and mutual respect in international relationships.
5. Promoting peaceful co-existence.

Question 3.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions.

Both USA and USSR were in the possession of nuclear weapons but knew very well neither would be the winner in a nuclear war. Yet, they formed military and strategic alliances – the west formalised its alliances in an organisation known as North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 1949. To counter this, Communist nations made similar alliances and signed the Warsaw Pact. In addition to this, U.S. established regional military and strategic alliances like South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO).

a) What is the counter Pact to NATO?
Answer:
Warsaw pact.

b) Name the two regional military and strategic alliances of the USA.
Answer:
South-East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).

Question 4.
Read the understand the following text to answer the question given below.

The UN thus started with a twin objective of ensuring lasting peace and human development. At the same time it recognised the autonomy of states and promised not to interfere in any internal affair of a country except in cases mandated by serious human rights violation or threat to world peace.

Comment on the objectives of the UN.
Answer:

1. United Nations Organisation has the objectives of ensuring lasting peace and human development.
2. The UN protects the human rights.
3. It recognized the autonomy of states and promised.
4. Except in extreme conditions UN does not interfere in the internal affairs of any country.

Question 5.
Observe the following Map and answer the questions given below.
A) Write any two countries which are sharing boundary with India on the North-eastern side.
Answer:
Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh.

B) Mention two countries which are sharing sea-boundary with India.
Answer:
Srilanka, Maldives.

Question 6.
Give an account of the present status of relations between India and Pakistan.
Answer:

1. The differences regarding the Kashmir issue have been still continuing.
2. Along with the constant efforts to establish peace, India is trying to maintain good relations in the fields of trade and commerce, sports and tourism with Pakistan.

Question 7.
Analyse the below graph and write your observations.

Answer:

1. After World War II the world has been divided into two main political camps.
2. USSR led socialistic camp.
3. USA led the capitalist block.
4. Both USSR and USA competed for nuclear stockpiles.
5. By 1965 US had more nuclear stockpiles.
6. USSR competed with USA and increased its stockpiles. By 1985 it has the highest nuclear stockpiles.
7. By 2005 both countries reduced their stocks of nuclear weapons.

Question 8.
What do you understand by the Cold War?
Answer:
Cold War: Ideological differences between America and Russia is called Cold War.

1. It is an indirect war. There is no real war.
2. It created mutual hatred, misbelief and enmity between Communist Russia and Capitalist USA.
3. Both the USA and the USSR were in the possession of nuclear weapons.
4. They maintained secret alliances and treaties. Ex: NATO, WARSAW.
5. Always they created a tension of war.
6. As the rival powers accumulated destructive weapons the world was constantly threatened by a nuclear holocaust.
7. People of all countries lived in constant fear of war.

Question 9.
What suggestions do you give to maintain friendly relations with neighbouring countries?
Answer:

1. No country at the present time can afford to exist in isolation.
2. From its very inception, they have to maintain a friendly relation with their neighbouring countries.
3. Maintain mutual confidence and trust based on the heart to heart.
4. Rejects the role of military power and committed to peace.
5. Should have greater understanding and cooperation among the people of neighbouring nations.
6. Should maintain friendly relations with neighbouring countries and blossom secularism, democracy and freedom here.
7. We should share peace and prosperity with the neighbouring countries.

Question 10.
Write briefly about the present relations between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
Pakistan was separated from India and formed in 1947 as an Independent country. It is still supporting separation movements in Jammu and Kashmir in India. Pakistan is sending extremists to India to create some instability. India accuses that Pakistan is encouraging to send fake notes to India. It is violating the cease-fire conditions and causing for civilians and soldiers’ deaths. Modi visited Pakistan and discussed with the Prime Minister but the problem is not solved. India answered with surgical strikes. It was a great loss for Pakistan. I think both countries should sit together and solve the problems to concentrate on development.

Question 11.
Suggest measures for better relations between China and India.
Answer:
Since 1962 India, China relations are not good and fair.

• Each should respect another country.
• Panchsheel principles should be followed.
• Settle disputes mutually with bilateral discussions.
• Both countries should understand that they lose much more if there would be a war.

Question 12.
Read the map and answer the following questions.
a) Name the countries that did not enter into any of the military alliances.
Answer:
Sweden, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland were the countries that did notenter into any of the military alliances.

b) State your analysis on the above map.
Answer:

1. Most of the East European countries signed on Warsaw pact.
2. Most of the West European countries signed on NATO pact.

Question 13.
How was the USA after World War – II?
Answer:
The USA suffered less as the war was not fought on its territories. In fact, the Second World War helped the USA grow out of its economic misery caused by the Great Depression. Far from the theatres of war, the industries and agriculture of the USA prospered. This ensured full employment and high productivity in the US during the Second World War. In March 1945, the US President, Harry Truman, said, ‘We have emerged from this War the most powerful nation in the world – the most powerful nation, perhaps, in all history.

Question 14.
How many organs are there in U.N.O? What are they?
Answer:
There are six organs in U.N.O.

1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Trusteeship Council
4. The Economic and Social Council
5. The International Court of Justice
6. The Secretariat

Question 15.
Explain the organs of the U.N.O.
Answer:
The UN works through six different organs. Each of these organs has specific functions like maintaining peace and security, improving education and health facilities, alleviating poverty, providing justice in the context of international crimes and so on. Some bodies responsible for these functions include International Court of Justice located in Hague; the World Health Organisation located at Geneva, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation functioning from Paris, and United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund functioning from New York.

Question 16.
What are the specialised agencies of U.N.O.?
Answer:
The specialised agencies of U.N.O. are

1. UNICEF,
2. UNESCO,
3. FAO,
4. ILO,
5. IBRD,
6. IMF,
7. WHO,
8. UPU

What are the achievements of UNO?
Answer:

1. UNO has under taken complex operations like peace making, peace keeping, humanitarian assistance and disarmament etc.
2. UNO intervened the issues of struggles of many countries and prevented them to more towards war – Ex: Cyprus issue.
3. It encouraged bilateral discussions among countries to solve issues. Ex: Kashmir issue.
4. Disarmament, CTBT etc. are the achievements of UNO that helped to reduce the piling up of armaments.
   Ex:
   1. UN helped to defuse Cuban missile crisis (1962), Middle East crisis (1973).
   2. UN-sponsored peace settlement ended Iran – Iraq war in 1988.
   3. UN-sponsored negotiations led to withdrawal of soviet troops from Afghanistan.

Question 17.
Which were the worst affected countries in World War – II?
Answer:
The worst affected were the European countries especially the USSR, Poland and Yugoslavia which lost about 20% of its population. In economic terms to the USSR and other European countries lost heavily with the destruction of cities.

Question 18.
Why had the World War – II been fought? (OR)
What led to the formation of UNO?
Answer:
The Second World War had been fought on the principles of peace, democracy and freedom of nations in contrast to the Nazi ideas of dictatorship and Imperialism. Thus, the first task was to establish a global organisation that would ensure peace and development in all nations. This led to the formation of the United Nations Organisation.

Question 19.
Is the UNO successful in preventions wars?
Answer:
While the UN has been doing commendable work in the area of education, health, cultural exchange and protection of heritage, it has been less successful in preventing wars. It has often been held hostage to the ambitions of the super-powers that sought world control.

Question 20.
Which is called a Cold war?
Answer:
For more than forty-five years after the Second World War, a rather strange war was fought between the two blocks. It was a war in which the principal contenders did not physically attack each other or fight each other directly and hence, there was no ‘hot’ war. Instead, a War was fought behind closed doors through propaganda and words. It is called the Cold War.

Question 21.
Why is it called the Cold war?
Answer:
It is called the Cold War simply because of the absence of a real fighting as in traditional wars.
This Cold War characterised by intense tension between the United States and the USSR, influenced and shaped almost everything that happened in the world between 1945 and 1991.

Question 22.
What was the result of Afghanisthan invasion by the USSR?
Answer:
In 1971 the USSR invaded Afghanistan to install a friendly government there. The US in turn provided armed support to Afghan rebels who were also religious extremists. A prolonged civil war ensued and as the USSR decided to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1985 that country fell to religious extremists led by the Taliban which now turned against the USA.

Question 23.
How did the Alliances help the superpowers?
Answer:
The alliances helped superpowers which wanted to expand their influence to gain access to

• the vital resources like oil and minerals
• markets for their products and places to safely invest their capital
• military bases to launch their troops and weapons
• spread their ideology and
• gain economic support, to pay huge military expenses.

Question 24.
Explain the significance of the Bandung conference.
Answer:

1. In 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia a conference was held.
2. It was the first Asio-African conference represented by 29 nations.
3. The most important leaders of this conference were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru the then Prime Minister of India, Gamal Abdul Nasser the leader of Egypt and Josip Broz Tito the leader of – Yugoslavia.
4. Pt. Nehru was acknowledged as the chief spokes person.
5. It paved the way for Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

Question 25.
What are often described as the West Asian Crises? Write about them.
Answer:
The conflicts that developed between Arabs and Jews are often described as the West Asian Crises. It was mainly related to the occupation of Palestine. Palestine which was inhabited by Arabs was under the control of Britain before the Second World War. In it is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike.

Question 26.
Write about the Taliban of Afghanistan.
Answer:
The Taliban which took over Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops similarly established an extremist Islamic state. These states tried to force all people to strictly follow the rules laid down in religious texts. In many cases, this meant the denial of basic freedom and equality of opportunity to women and to religious minorities.

Question 27.
Write about Mikhail Gorbachev.
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR tried to transform the politics of USSR by making it more open and bringing about radical changes. He was a liberal who introduced certain reforms for the revival of their economy and promoted healthy relations with the West. The reforms introduced by the open regime are often described as ‘Glasnost’and ‘Perestroika’.

Question 28.
Study the graph and answer the following questions.
1. Which country had spent more on Military Expenditure in its GDP?
Answer:
Pakistan had spent more on military expenditure as % GDP.

2. What does the graph show?
Answer:
The graph shows India’s and Pakistan’s Military Expenditures.

3. Analyze the above graph.
Answer:

1. The above graph shows the military expenses of India and Pakistan.
2. In comparison, our country spent much on military than Pakistan.
3. But in GDP values Pakistan spent much on the military in terms of GDP.

Question 29.
Why is China considering India as an adversary?
Answer:
India gave asylum to Dalai Lama, this caused a conflict, and Chinese started considering India as an adversary. Prior to this, a border dispute had surfaced between India and China. China never accepted Mac Mohan Line as a boundary line between China and India. China laid claim to Aksai- chin area in Ladakh region and much of Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 30.
Write about the Indo-China war of 1962.
Answer:
China invaded India in October 1962 violating the peace treaties it signed with India. India was not prepared for this surprise attack and suffered many losses. Eventually, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew its troops to its pre-war position. It took more than a decade to resume normal relations. Full diplomatic relations were restored only in 1976.

Question 31.
How has the Non-Alignment Movement emerged?
Answer:

1. A large number of developing countries that had attained independence after the World War II, during the cold war era, in order to maintain their hard-won freedom, decided to stay away from the arena of superpower rivalry.
2. Non-Alignment movement emerged under the leadership of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia came into existence which added a new dimension to world politics.

10th Class Social 20th Lesson Post – War World and India 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the Europe map and write any two countries from the WARSA pool and any two countries from the NATO pool.
Answer:

Question 2.
Observe the graph given below and answer the following questions.
1. Which country has more nuclear stock piles during 1955-1975?
Answer:
United States of America.

2. What is the number of warheads that United States had in 1965?
Answer:
Nearly 30,000.

3. What led the countries to emerge camps after Second World War?
Answer:

1. Ideological conflicts between US and USSR.
2. For military supremacy and to gain economic supremacy lead the countries to emerge camps after the Second World War.

4. Why the countries decreased their nuclear stockpiles after 1990?
Answer:

1. Realised that war mongering and the consequent arms race only made the world more unsafe and increased the possibility of a disastrous war for all countries.
2. As a result of the pressures the USA and USSR, the main competitors in the arms race, signed on cut down their nuclear arsenal (SALT, START).
3. Cold war came to an end with the collapses of USSR in 1991; is also another reason for this.

Question 3.
What steps both India and China should take to build lasting peace between the two countries?
Answer:

1. Both countries should respect the sovereignty of each other.
2. Border disputes should be resolved peacefully.
3. Diplomatic relations should be enhanced.
4. One country should not treat the other one as its competitor.
5. The spirit of the ‘Panchasheel Pact’ should be followed by both the countries.
6. Friendship should be enhanced through cultural exchange.

Question 4.
Why is peace between India and Pakistan necessary for the development of both countries?
Answer:

1. Both India and Pakistan have nuclear status and in this scenario the need of peace process between them is much more important than ever before.
2. Any kind of conventional armed conflict can change into a nuclear war.
3. So the peace process should be based on the development of both the countries.
4. For social, political and economical development of both the countries, peace should be established between them.

Question 5.
What is the NAM? What are its main objectives?
Answer:
NAM:

1. Not joining in any powerful block either the USA block or the USSR block.
2. Maintaining equal distance and behave independently.

Objectives:

1. Maintain the world peace.
2. Maintain cooperation among the member nations.
3. To prevent any of the newly decolonised independent countries from joining any of the military blocks.
4. Estimate the growing cold war tensions and its impact on the world at large.

Question 6.
What is the role of the UNO in maintaining world peace?
Answer:
In order to build peace in the world the U.N.O. plays its prominent role as below.
The U.N.O. was established on 24th October, 1945.

1. It prevented the Cold War.
2. It succeeded in getting independence to Indonesia from the Dutch.
3. It solved the dispute in Palestine between Arabs and Jews by creating a separate state of Israel for Jews.
4. It succeeded in averting a war between England and Egypt over Suez Canal issue.
5. It created pressure on Russia and the U.S.A. to the reducing of nuclear weapons.
6. It helped Congo to get freedom.
7. U.N. helped to defuse Cuban missile crisis, middle east crisis.
8. UN sponsored peace settlement ended Iran – Iraq war.
9. UN sponsored negotiations led to the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
10. It helped Cyprus to avert conflict between Greeks and Turks.
11. When Pakistan resorted to aggression over Kashmir it intervened and tried to avert the war between India and Pakistan.
12. It helped to Angola to get independence from Portugal.
13. So far it has been able to prevent a Third World War.

Question 7.
Write a detailed note on West Asian conflicts.
Answer:
Jerusalem is a holy city for Jews, Christians, Muslims alike. The Jews consider Palestine as their Promised Land. The conflict came to ahead in Germany under the Nazis when millions of Jews of Europe were jailed and killed. Zionist movement spread across the world and tried to reclaim Palestine as their homeland. This demand was supported by the Western powers. Both the USA and the USSR wanted to bring this region of massive oil reserves under their control. UN divided into two parts Arab and the Jewish states. The Arabs refused to recognize Israel as a legitimate state. Egypt came in support of Palestine but in 1956 Israel attacked Egypt with the support of Western Powers. Israel withdrew the army. The Palestine Liberation Organization encouraged the Arabs to attack. Israel. Yasser Arafat carried out terrorist attacks. Later he gave up terrorist attacks and agreed to find a peaceful solution. He died in 2004 and the Palestinians are still fighting for their homeland.

Question 8.
Observe the following table and analyze it with regard to the trend of nuclear weapons stockpiles.
Nuclear Weapons Stockpiles (1990 – 2014)

Answer:
The given table is about nuclear weapons stockpiles during the period 1990-2014. In this table the superpowers United States of America and Union of Soviet Socialist Republic are compared. In the beginning, the frequency of period is five years but in the ending 2014 is given immediately after 2005. During 1990 the nuclear weapons stockpiles with both the countries are high. United States of America has 10,904 whereas Union of Soviet Socialist Republic has 37,000. This is about four times more than the weapons of USA. The wonder is that 1995 onwards the number of stockpiles is reducing. It has many reasons. It is the experience of 1945 nuclear bomb blast of Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan. Millions of civilians also died in that blast. Second World War brought various experiences to the world. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaties are also the reasons. UNO also brought awareness among the nations. Human Rights Commissions also tried well. During 2014 the USSR brought the weapons down to 7500 only. This is really drastic reduce. In 1990 the USSR has four times more weapons to the USA whereas during 2014 it is only about 300 more weapons. All the countries should think that if nuclear weapons are used in the wars, there will be much destruction to the mankind. Superpowers and developing countries also concentrate on reducing the nuclear weapons. Recently North Korea tested these weapons and created much tension among the counties. So everyone should respect peace.

Question 9.
Is Veto power to a few countries in the UNO, helping or barrier for World Peace? Discuss.
Answer:
Some times Veto power is working as a barrier and also helpful to world peace.
How it is a barrier:

1. Often the great powers themselves involved in many of the conflicts used their Veto power to block any action by the U.N.O.
2. Sometimes they have also used their power to force the UN to bend to their dictates.

How it is helping :
The special powers also have given the great powers a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.
U.N.O created pressure on Russia and the USA to the reducing of nuclear weapons.
U.N.O helped to defuse Cuban missile crisis.

However, the very existence of a forum like UN, has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control.

Question 10.
Observe the given graph and analyse it.
Answer:

1. The graph explains about India and Pakistan military expenditures.
2. Pakistan had spent more on military expenditure as % GDP.
3. The military expenditure of India was also high.
4. India had spent less on military expenditure as % GDP.

Both countries gave importance to gather more & more weapons because always Pakistan is provoking India on the issue of Jammu & Kashmir.
In 2016 Uri incident also happened. India faces a problem with China also.
(OR)
Since 1988 Pakistan military expenditure has not been high. Since 2000 onwards it has been increasing. Though the amount is increased its expenditure in GDP percentage is decreasing. It seems to be less but in total it is more and dangerous to its neighbouring countries like India. At the same time India is also increasing its expenditure on military to protect its people from neighbouring countries.

Question 11.
Observe the following table and analyse it.
US and USSR Nuclear Stockpiles (Number of warheads)

Answer:
Table Analysis:

1. From the given table we understand that from the year 1965 to 2005 the U.S stock-piles gradually decreased.
2. In the U.S.S.R the stockpiles increased from 1965 to 1985, and then decreased till 2005.

Reason for increasing the stockpiles: At the beginning the stockpiles number is increased due to military supremacy and to gain economic supremacy that leads the countries to emerge camps after Second World War.

Reasons for decreasing their stockpiles:

1. Both the countries realised that warmongering and the consequent arms race only made the world more unsafe and increased the possibility of a disastrous war for all countries.
2. As a result of the pressures the USA and the USSR, the main competitors in the arms race, signed on cut down their nuclear orsenal.
3. Cold war came to an end with the collapses of the USSR in 1991; is also another reason for this.

Question 12.
Under the present circumstances, give suggestions to build cordial relations between India and its neighbouring countries.
(OR)
Why should India have cordial relations with neighbouring countries?
Answer:

1. India was a founder of the NAM which sought to keep an independent position between the two superpowers.
2. India tried to base its foreign policy on the Gandhian principles of peace and non-violence.
3. India is emerging as a major world economic and political power. So, it should get support from the neighbours and in turn help them.
4. It should take measures to maintain peace and tranquillity at the borders, which is possible only with cordial relations with neighbours.
5. It has shared culture and civilisation with neighbouring countries, thus built bridges of friendship through trade, sports, films, tourism and cultural exchanges.
6. It shall have a greater understanding and cooperation among the people of neighbouring nations.
7. It shall have friendly relations with neighbouring countries and blossom secularism, democracy and freedom here.
8. It shall have cooperation with neighbours on disaster management.

Question 13.
Describe the present circumstances that one threatening world peace.
Answer:
Present circumstances that are threatening world peace:

• Terrorism
• Wars
• Armament race
• Invasions
• Communalism
• Exploitation of resources
• Interference of developed countries in the affairs of developing countries
• Aggressive nationalism

Question 14.
Read the given paragraph and write your opinion.

During the last few decades, Tribal and Marginal farmers have also been threatened by Commercial farmers, mining corporations, dam projects, etc. As the large companies find rare resources in remote rural areas, like minerals, rare plants or animals and water, there has been a rapid increase in the ousting of the farming and tribal population from their traditional areas.

Answer:
According to the given paragraph the marginalised communities are being neglected and mostly they are exploited. Big companies invest money for their benefits and so the tribal people are far away from agriculture forcefully.

Mining corporations take permission from the mineral development Department or the government and they start mining. Sometimes government plan to construct dams so as to get the water irrigated to feed lakhs of hectares of cultivable land and in some cases uncultivable land also will be converted to cultivable. The people in foot hills of the hills mountains or forests will be asked to migrate to other places. Sometimes it is a must. Then they oppose the construction of dams and other developmental activities.

Government has to give sufficient compensation to the land losers. Moreover it is better to provide land in place of land, but it should be of same quality cultivable. When farmers, tribals are asked to vacate where do they go. Without proper planning it impossible to move. In some localities like Yellampally and Mid Manair areas the land losers got sufficient compensation and so they settled in new colonies. In Kudamkulam in Tamilnadu, Narmada dam construction the land losers are not satisfied.

Question 15.
Read the text and answer the following question.

Two major ideological and political camps emerged in the post war period -the Communist block led by the USSR and the Democratic-Capitalist Block led by the USA. On the one hand, the USSR promoted the ideas of equality and state-controlled development and suppression of opposition to these principles. On the other hand, the USA promoted the ideas of multiparty democracy and private capitalist controlled process of development.

Distinguish between the communist block and capitalist block.
Answer:

Question 16.
Read the passage and answer the following question.

Lai Bahadur Shastri in a rally in Delhi after the end of the war, decried the attempt of Pakistan to use religious symbolism in the war claiming it to be a war of Muslims against Hindus. He proudly stated that India was a secular country.

“The unique thing about our country is that we have Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis and people of all other religions. We have temples and mosques, gurudwaras and churches. But we do not bring this all into politics… This is the difference between India and Pakistan. Whereas Pakistan proclaims herself to be an Islamic State and uses religion as a political factor, we Indians have freedom to follow whatever religion we may choose [and] worship in any way we please. So far as politics is concerned, each of us is as much as Indian as the other.”

Interpret the speech of Lai Bahadur Sastry.
Answer:

1. The above famous speech was delivered by Lai Bahadur Sastry after the Indo-Pak war.
2. He assured the world and the Muslims that it is a secular country.
3. So many religions are there in India.
4. We respect all worshipping places on equal grounds.
5. In India these religions have no role to play in politics as ours is a secular state.
6. People can choose any religion but all of us are Indians.
7. This speech was delivered when Pakistan gave religious symbolism in the war.

Question 17.
Read the information and answer the following questions.
a) What does the above graph indicate?
Answer:
The above graph indicates the nuclear stock piles of the US and the USSR.

b) Which country has highest armament stock during 1985?
Answer:
USSR (Russia)

c) The nuclear stockpiles of which country did not change between 1995-2005?
Answer:
America (USA)

d) After which year the nuclear stockpiles of Russia exceeded America?
Answer:
After 1975, the nuclear stockpiles of Russia exceeded America.

e) How much were the stockpiles of Russia and America during 1965?
Answer:
The stockpiles of Russia and America during 1965 were 5000 and 30000 respectively.

f) How much stockpiles did both the countries possess during 1975?
Answer:
Both the countries have the same nuclear stockpiles, i.e. 25000.

g) Which country is storing atomic weapons in large?
Answer:
The USSR is storing atomic weapons in large.

h) What may be the reason for decrease of atomic weapons storage?
Answer:
Protest movements against the atomic weapons may be the reason in a decrease of atomic weapon storage.

i) How much the stock of weapons of Russia is more than America?
Answer:
Russia has about 15000 warheads more than America.

Question 18.
Read the information and answer the following questions.
a) Which country is spending more money on military?
Answer:
India.

b) Which countries military expenses in terms of GDP are more?
Answer:
Pakistan’s Military expenses in terms of GDP are more.

c) In which year the military expenditure as of GDP was more?
Answer:
Between 2008-09, the military expenditure of GDP equal.

d) What conclusion can you draw from the above graph?
Answer:

1. The military expenditure as a percentage of GDP has been decreasing.
2. The military expenditure of both countries has been increasing.

Question 19.
Read the passage and state your opinion on it.

“Pakistan has over the years encouraged separatist movement in the border states of India like Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. It is actively training and sending religious extremists to foment trouble in India.

Answer:

1. India and Pakistan became independent by bifurcating from erstwhile British India.
2. The first war between countries took place in 1948.
3. Again in 1965 Pakistan invaded India.
4. Tashkent agreement was signed between two countries in 1966.
5. War broke out in 1971 again over the issue of liberation of Bangladesh.
6. Since then, the Pakistan over years encouraging separatist movement in the border states of India.
7. Both the countries are spending much amounts of scarce funds on arming themselves against each other.
8. Both the countries should go for a solution and reduce tension along the border.

Question 20.
On the outline map of world identify the following locations.

1. Egypt
2. Indonesia
3. Israel
4. Palestine
5. China
6. Spain
7. Belgium
8. Congo
9. Chile
10. Jordan
11. Afghanistan

Answer:

Question 21.
Locate the following in the given map of World.

1. Congo
2. Germany
3. Fascism belongs to this country.
   Answer: Italy
4. Head quarters of League of Nations.
   Answer: Geneva
5. Czechoslovakia
6. Romania
7. Mediterranean sea
8. Burma / Myanmar
9. Australia
10. Bulgaria

Answer:

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 5th Lesson Forests: Using and Protecting Them Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 5th Lesson Forests: Using and Protecting Them

8th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Forests: Using and Protecting Them Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning
Question 1.
Do you agree with the following statements? Give reasons for your agreement or Contradiction.
a) The notion of private property is important to protect the forest.
b) All forests need to be protected by human beings.
c) Over the centuries most people living on earth have reduced their dependence on forest for their livelihood.
Answer:
a) I agree with this statement. They were sent out of their homes and they lost that ‘ours’ feeling.
b) I agree with this statement. The trees and human beings are interdependent. So all forests need to be protected by human beings.
c) Yes, I agree with this. Many other kinds of employment and business opportunities were created on the earth. So the dependence on forests is reduced.

Question 2.
Create a timeline to show the major changes in use of forest over centuries. It may be necessary to look at your textbooks from previous classes.

Answer:

Question 3.
Based on the details given in the above text, or from what you already know about the forests, compare the type of forest that is closest to your area of living on the following aspects.

Answer:
Ours is a Maredumilli village in East Godavari district. Our forest is as follows.

Question 4.
Observe the map of forests in Andhra Pradesh and find out which district (s) has/have the maximum forest covered area?
Answer:
Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Srikakulam and Prakasam districts have the maximum forest covered areas in our state.

Question 5.
A few children in a school participated in Vanamahotsavam programme and they planted some saplings. How do you respond to this?
Answer:
I appreciate this action very much. The children’s participation in this brightens the future of the country. But they should take care of their plants till they grow.

Question 6.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Forests of Andhra Pradesh’ and answer the question:
You read about some of the important kinds of forests in our state But how large are our forests? Are they increasing or decreasing? Let us find out. About 64,000 sq kilometres of the state are declared as forest by the government. This is about 23% of all land in the state.

However, all this is not really forested as only about 16% of our land has tree cover to qualify as forest. This means that is about 7% of our forest lands are open grounds and with very few trees. Even this forest cover is dwindling due to felling, encroachment, mining etc. Every year about one hundred sq kilometres of forests are lost in our state
What suggestions do you have for increasing the forest cover in our state?

Answer:

1. Government should adopt social forestery scheme.
2. Plantations should be taken in bare lands in forests.
3. Consumption of forest products should be minimised.
4. Renewable sources of energy should be invented.
5. Forests should be protected from illegal activities.
6. Awareness should be created about the necessity of forests among the common people.
7. Plantations should be taken in the area of used up mines.

Question 7.
Locate the various places mentioned below different photographs of forests given in this chapter in an Atlas. What similarities and differences can you find among them?
Answer:
Similarities & Differences

Question 8.
What are the differences between Ever green forests and Deciduous forests?
Answer:
Difference between Evergreen forests and Deciduous forests:

1. Evergreen forests: Evergreen plants in evergreen forests have leaves or needles that stay on the plant throughout all of the seasons. This does not mean that the needles or leaves never die or fall off. It means that when they do, they are replaced by new ones and the plant is never without greenary.
2. Deciduous forests: Deciduous trees in deciduous forests lose their leaves flow September onwards, with some trees, this is accompanied by stunniodelus autumn colours. This happens at different points throughout the autumn, depending upon, the species of tree and weather at the point that this occurs.

Question 9.
Observe the pictures and write a comment.

Answer:
Tragically, human beings operate under the belief, that they have the right to do what they please to animals.
On the earth, the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom appeared first, before human kingdom. But now the later occupied more land on the earth. So the forests and wild life are to be protected.
Additional Information:

Mineral kingdom
↓
Plant kingdom
↓
Animal kingdom
↓
Human kingdom

8th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Forests: Using and Protecting Them InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You have read about forests and people living forests in the previous classes. Can you recall some of them and talk about people who live in the forests? (Textbook Page No. 49)
Answer:
“Good morning all of you. Forests are lifeline of the lives. The area of forest should be 33% of the area of any country. But in India it is 23% only. These figures show our critical condition. Adivasis are 8% of our total population. Approximately 60% of them live in forests. They lead their lives in the lap of nature. Their traditions, customs, religious rituals, groups, agriculture – in every issue, they are different from others. Their welfare is our welfare. Save trees, they save us. Thank you one and all”.

Question 2.
What is a forest? There can be many ways of defining a forest. Write a definition of forests. Then discuss jointly in the class and write down points which seem to be correct to most students. (Textbook Page No. 50)
Answer:
A large tract of land covered by trees is called a forest.
Definitions:

1. A forest is best defined as an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation.
2. A place where the environment is covered from all sides with trees and wildlife means.

Correct points:

1. It is ecosystem.
2. It is dominated by trees.
3. There are another woody vegetations also.
4. Its place is covered with trees, from all sides.
5. There is wildlife also.

Question 3.
Find out how the mangrove trees adapt to the special conditions of sea coasts.
(Textbook Page No. 54)
Answer:
Mangroves, like desert plants have special adaptations for growing in low moisture and high salt conditions.
One special strategy for coping with high concentrations of salt is special salt – excreting glands on leaves.
Another is exclusion of salt from entering roots with water uptake. They have specialised aerial breathing roots known as pneumatophores.

Question 4.
You may remember reading about Equatorial forests in Nigeria. What are the main differences between the forests of Andhra Pradesh and the Equatorial forests? (Textbook Page No. 54)
Answer:

Question 5.
Do you think there is any difference between a plantation of Eucalyptus trees or tea shrubs and a forest? Discuss in the class. (Textbook Page No. 57)
Answer:
Forest trees grow in both height and breadth. The diameter at the top should be more or less equal to its height.
Eucalyptus trees are long, but at the top they are not broad enough. The plantations in tea estates are grown upto a height of 3 to 4 feet. Otherwise, it will be useless. So I think there is a difference between these three varieties.

Question 6.
What was the difference between the protection of forests by the tribal people and by the Forest Department? (Textbook Page No. 58)
Answer:
Tribals treated the forest as their mother. Their birth, life, death-every event was in the laps of forests. They felt no difference between them and forest. So they didn’t cause any harm or loss to the forests. In agriculture also they took necessary safety measures.

But the Forest Department officials usually belonged to distant and rich communities. They regarded the tribal people as ignorant and dangerous. They had no positive feeling about the forests.

This is the difference between protection of forest by the tribal people and by the Forest Department.

Question 7.
Can each of you draw a picture of a forest and compare them? (Textbook Page No. 49)
Answer:
In some pictures the forests are dense.
In some pictures there are gaps between tree trunks.
In some pictures some plain ground is visible in the forest.

Question 8.
Write a caption on the above cartoon in the contest of forest. (Textbook Page No. 50)
Answer:

1. “More usage makes us stand on the edge of a blade”.
2. “In front, there is crocodiles’ festival”. (Jovial cartoon)

Question 9.
Do you think it is important to have forests ? What will happen if all the forests are cleared and used up for growing crops, building factories or mines or houses for people to live ? Can’t we live without forests? Discuss in your class. (Textbook Page No. 51)
Answer:
Both plant and human kinds are interdependent. We cannot live or lead life on the earth without forests. We breathe in O₂ and breathe out CO₂ and the plants vice-versa. 1/3 of the total land on the earth should be covered with trees or forests. Otherwise it leads to natural disasters.

Question 10.
“Every year about 100 sq. km of forests are lost in our state” – Is this a satisfactory situation? Discuss in your class. (Textbook Page No. 54)
Answer:
No, this is not a satisfactory situation. This affects our biodiversity, rainfall and soils etc. We can say this as critical condition.

Question 11.
Discuss in the class which way would have been better. (Textbook Page No. 58)
Answer:
It would have been better if the tribal people left alone to lead their traditional lives in the forests. Our government also followed the British policy which was not fair.

Question 12.
In what way do you think it (Forest Right act) makes up for the injustice done to the tribal people in the past 200 years?
Answer:
The act confers on forest dwellers and other traditional users of forests, their traditional rights over the forest and also title to lands they use. If implemented properly, this act can be used to undo the wrongs done to the tribal people for generations.

Question 13.
Discuss this in the class – do you think it is the correct way to redress the wrongs done to the tribal people? How will it help in protecting the forests? What other steps need to be taken for this? (Textbook Page No. 61)
Answer:
I think this is the right way to redress the wrongs done to the tribal people. They are the children of the forests and they alone can protect them. But there should be some supervision on them to avoid the usage of forest products for commercial purpose. If they are provided with some minimum needs this could be controlled.

Question 14.
Some of you may be familiar with a nearby forest – its trees, plants, animals, rocks, streams, birds and insects. Describe to the class the forest in detail and what you do there. (Textbook Page No. 49)
Answer:
Ours is Maredumilli in East Godavari district. Our village is itself in a forest. This is on Bhadrachalam road. We are in the lap of nature’s beauty. Bamboo, Peepal, Neem, Amla, Teak, Sal etc., are the main trees here. Coffee and rubber plantations are also here. We can see wild animals also rarely. Different birds, colourful flies make us happy. Visitors from different places come here to enjoy the nature. We collect and eat the tubers, fruits, honey. If they are excess, we will take them to our nearest town to sell them. With these earnings we take our grains and cereals from the town.

Question 15.
Have you ever been to a forest to collect firewood, leaves or fruits and tubers? Tell everyone in the class about it and also make a list of all the things people in your area collect from the forests. How are they used? (Textbook Page No. 49)
Answer:
We live in Salur, Salur mandal in Vizianagaram district. My father Ramachandra Rao works in Private company Once we planned for ‘Chandi Homam’. We had to collect ‘Samidhalu’ (dry sticks of sacred trees) from the nearest forest. My friends and I went to the forest. We collected Peepal’s, Bilwa’s samidhalu. During that time we were afraid very much.
The people of this forest collect honey, medicinal plants, tree barks, amla, gum, tamarind etc., from the forest. They use them as their food and sell the unused in the nearest towns.

Question 16.
Our folk tales and Puranas and stories repeatedly mention forests. Can you relate in the class some such stories about the forests ? (Textbook Page No. 49)
Answer:
Ramayana and Mahabharata are the two great epics of our country. These two tell us about the ‘Aranya vasa’. This is the story of Ramayana. After the announcement of ‘Rama Pattabhishekam’, Kaika sent him to forests for 14 years. Rama went to the forest of ‘Dandakaranya’ with his brother Lakshmana and wife Sita. It is in Bastar district in central India. As the forest is known for this ‘Dandana’ (punishment), it got its name Dandakaranya. He lived there for a few years. When Ravana took away Sita with him, Rama went to Lanka to kill him. Later he killed Ravana in the war and returned to ‘Ayodhya’ after 14 years of exile.

Question 17.
Many forests are sacred and are worshipped by the people. Some forests are famous as the abode of some gods and goddesses. Find out about them and tell everyone in the class about them. (Textbook Page No. 49)
Answer:
At the end of ‘Dwapara yuga’ all the rishis and sages went to ‘Lord Brahma’. They requested ‘Brahma’ to suggest them a ‘sacred’ place to continue their further penance and to save themselves from the effect of ‘Kali’. Then Brahma took a sacred wheel and rolled it down on the earth and said wherever that wheel stopped, that would be the place. It stopped in ‘Naimisha’ which was in between Panchala and Kosala kingdoms. At present it is Sitapur, in Uttar Pradesh. It is on the banks of ‘Gomathi’ river. Now it is famous with its name ‘Naimisaranya’. This story is mentioned in Mahabharatha, Siva Purana etc.

Question 18.
Look at the map of Andhra Pradesh given on the showing the distribution of forests. Find out if your district has any forest and if yes, what kind of forest. (Textbook Page No. 54)
Answer:
Ours is East Godavari district. We have mangrove forest in our area.

Question 19.
Find out from your elders about their experience of CFM and also Social Forestry projects. (Textbook Page No. 60)
Answer:
Madras Forest Act was introduced in 1882 and later it was changed as A.P. Forest Act 1882. Again another act was introduced in 1915. Other forest policies and rules were declared in 1956, 1967, 1970 and 1971. Joint Forest Management (J.F.M.) was introduced in 1990. It was changed as Community Forest Management (C.F.M) in Telangana. While this programme helped to bring together the Forest Department and the local communities, it only forced the tribal people to give up their earlier podu lands for forest regeneration. During the same time, several Tiger Sanctuaries were established in the forests to protect wild life.

In 1976 government introduced Social Forestry Scheme. Its aim was taking the pressure off the forests making use of unused and fallow land. These should be afforested. With the introduction of this, government formally recognised the local communities right to forest resources.

Question 20.
Which is the nearest forest area from your village or town ? Find out why this area still has tree cover and has not been converted into fields or habitations or mines. (Textbook Page No. 51)
Answer:
Ours is Maredumilli village in East Godavari district. It is situated on a hill top. Rampachodavaram is very very near to us. These two are forest areas. These two stood independent in the British period also. Most of the area was under the control of tribals. No minerals were found in this area.

Question 21.
Due to historical factors and physical conditions, this remains as forest only.
a) Do you think it is possible for people to take care of forests and use them as well?
b) What would they have done if someone had tempted them to cut trees and sell them in the markets? (Textbook Page No. 56)
Answer:
a) It is possible. In present society many people are cultivating fruits and vegetables. They are protecting their gardens by selling the fruits and vegetables.
b) They definitely oppose and reject the suggestion. For ex: All their festivals are related to trees. Mamidi panduga, Gongura panduga, Mutyalamma panduga etc. They may cut a branch or some else but not the trees. They don’t cut their home.

Question 22.
List all the causes for the decline of forests in the last 200 years. Do you think Poducultivation was also responsible for this? Give your arguments. (Textbook Page No. 58)
Answer:
Causes for decline of forests :

1. Agriculture
2. Cattle rearing
3. Mega projects
4. Fires
5. Logging
6. Mangroves and shrimp farming
7. Mining, oil and gas

We can say that ‘Podu’ is also one of the reasons. The tribals left their traditional food, and depended on crops. So the land in forests is changed as agriculture land.

Question 23.
Why do you think the tribal people were not able to pay the land revenue demanded by the government? (Textbook Page No. 58)
Answer:
By one stroke of the government the tribal people were rendered homeless in their own homes. The government handed over these lands to zamindars and cultivators. The evicted tribal people had to work for these landlords. On the lands which the tribal people were to cultivate, they had to pay very high revenue. They had no habit or chance of saving money. So they were not able to pay the taxes.

Question 24.
Why do you think the government thought that forest was not important for tribal people’s development? (Textbook Page No. 60)
Answer:
I think that the government had lost its foresight and thought that forest was not important for tribal people’s development.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 17 The Making of Independent India’s Constitution.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Important Questions 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution

10th Class Social 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which type of constitution gives definite powers to both central and state governments?
Answer:
The Federal form of the constitution gives definite powers to both central and state governments.

Question 2.
Observe the following bar diagram which shows amendments of the Constitution from 1950 to 2013.

a) In which decade were the lowest amendments made?
Answer:
The lowest amendments were made in the decade 1951 – 60.

b) How many amendments were made between 1950 – 2013?
Answer:
Ninety-nine amendments were made between 1950 – 2013.

Question 3.
Which type of constitution gives definite powers to both center and state?
Answer:
Federal Constitution.

Question 4.
Which preamble reflects the desire for Peace?
Answer:
Japan

Question 5.
What provisions made by the constitution to facilitate social change?
Answer:
Abolition of untouchability and Reservations.

Question 6.
Write the features of the Federal system.
Answer:

1. Dual policy,
2. Separation of powers

Question 7.
What are the two essential characteristics of the Unitary Constitution?
Answer:
The two essential characteristics of the Unitary Constitution are

1. A single Judiciary
2. Uniformity in civil and criminal laws.
3. All India Civil Services.

Question 8.
Write any two similarities between the Indian and the Japanese Constitutional preambles.
Answer:

1. Sovereign Power
2. Democracy
3. Liberty
4. Justice
5. Faith

Look at the Graph below and answer the questions No. 9 and 10.
Graph – 99 Constitutional Amendments made between 1950 and 2013

Question 9.
In which period, more Constitutional amendments were made?
Answer:
More constitutional amendments were made during 1971-80 and 1981-90.

Question 10.
Why were there less Constitutional amendments during 1951-60?
Answer:
The Constitutional amendments during 1951-60 were less because

1. Initial period of the Constitution implementation.
2. More problems were not arised.

Question 11.
What do you mean by “the Republic”?
Answer:
Any country, where the head of the state is not on hereditary but any elected or nominated person is called the Republic.

Question 12.
Which two words were added to our Preamble?
Answer:
Socialistic and secular.

Question 13.
When was Constitution Assembly formed?
Answer:
In 1946.

Question 14.
Write any four basic principles of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has 8 basic principles.

1. Popular Sovereignty
2. Fundamental Rights
3. Directive Principles
4. Cabinet Government
5. Secularism
6. Socialism
7. Federalism
8. Judicial Independence

Question 15.
Which word was left undefined in our Constitution?
Answer:
“Untouchability” was left undefined in our Constitution.

Question 16.
What is the Population of India and the Constitution was prepared?
Answer:
400 million.

Question 17.
Which set out the main social system before the government?
Answer:
The Directive Principles of State Policy set out the main social system before the government.

Question 18.
When were the first elections held in Nepal?
Answer:
In 1959, the first elections were held in Nepal under a new constitution issued by King Mahendra.

Question 19.
Who presented the draft of the Constitution?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar presented the draft of the Constitution before the C.A in 1948.

Question 20.
Expand IAS, IPS.
Answer:
IAS: Indian Administrative Service IPS: Indian Police Service.

Question 21.
Which is a formidable document? What does it contain?
Answer:
The Draft constitution is a formidable document. It contains 395 Articles and 8 Schedules.

Question 22.
From when major changes in the constitution made?
Answer:
Major changes in the constitution were made during 1970s.

Question 23.
How is the process of making a Constitution?
Answer:
The process of making a Constitution is a process of debate, discussion, ironing out differences and working out a framework acceptable to all conflicting opinions.

Question 24.
When was the Constituent Assembly formed?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 following the election to the provincial assemblies.

Question 25.
How were the Constituent Assembly members elected?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by the members of the provincial assemblies.

Question 26.
How many SC members are represented in the Assembly?
Answer:
26 members.

Question 27.
Expand CA.
Answer:
Constituent Assembly.

Question 28.
Write about ‘Drafting Committee’.
Answer:
A ‘Drafting Committee’ was set up under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and its task was to prepare the final draft taking in account all view points.

Question 29.
When was the Constitution adopted?
Answer:
The Constitution was finally adopted by the CA on 26th November 1949 and it came into force on 26th January 1950.

Question 30.
Which are recorded as the proceedings of CA?
Answer:
The speeches on the draft Constitution before CA are recorded in the proceedings of C.A. of India.

Question 31.
What are the two principal forms of the Constitution?
Answer:
The two principal forms of the Constitution are known to history – one is called Unitary and the other Federal.

Question 32.
Name some codes.
Answer:
The Civil Procedure Code, Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Evidence Act, Transfer of Property Act.

Question 33.
How were IAS/IPS appointed?
Answer:
They were appointed through UPSC.

Question 34.
Who criticised in CA debates?
Answer:
Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Damodar Swarup Seth.

Question 35.
What was the cause of untouchability?
Answer:
The caste system was the cause of untouchability.

Question 36.
Define Untouchability.
Answer:
Untouchability is a social practice which discriminates people on caste basis.

Question 37.
How many members were there in ‘Drafting Committee’ of the Constitution?
Answer:
There were 7 members in the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.

Question 38.
Who were the members of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, N. Gopalaswami, B.R. Ambedkar, K.M Munshi Mohammad Saadula, B.L.Mitter and D.P. Khaitan were the seven members of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.

10th Class Social 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two differences between Presidential system of Government and Parliamentary system of Government.
Answer:

Question 2.
Write the four main features of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Main features of Indian Constitution:

1. Written Constitution
2. Rigid and flexible Constitution
3. Parliamentary type of democracy
4. Single citizenship
5. Unitary and federal features.

Question 3.
What are the two essential characteristics of a Unitary Constitution?
Answer:

1. The Supremacy of the central polity.
2. The absence of subsidiary sovereign polities.

Question 4.
Write the role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in preparing the draft Constitution of India.
Answer:

1. On 29th August 1947 the Drafting Comm¬ittee was appointed Dr.Br. Ambedkar as the Chairman long with 6 other members assisted by a Constitutional Advisor.
2. He studied the constitutions of the other nations and incorporated in Indian constitution which are suitable to Indian people.
3. He stressed on the importance of removal of untouchability and uplifting the depressed classes.
4. He conveyed a meeting with all the communities of the society and drafted a broad constitution.

Question 5.
List out the constitutional provisions that facilitate social change.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions that facilitate social change:

1. Abolition of untouchability.
2. Reservations in education, employment and legislature.
3. Protection to the minority community.
4. Directive principles of state policy.
5. Fundamental rights are enforceable by the country subject to specific restrictions.
6. Liberty, equality and Justice.

Question 6.
Make a Bar graph based on the below information.

Answer:

Question 7.
What are the double purposes of a Constitution?
Answer:
A Constitution has a double purpose:

1. Outlining the role and rights of citizens and the structure and powers of the government and its organs like executive, legislature, judiciary, etc;
2. Indicating the nature of future society which has to be built by the joint efforts of the state and the society.

Question 8.
Who prepared the Constitution of India and how?
Answer:
The Constitution of India was prepared and adopted by the Constituent Assembly. This was the culmination of the long struggle of the Indian people for freedom from British colonial rule.

Question 9.
How were the members from the princely states elected?
Answer:
The members from the princely states were not elected at all and were decided through consultation with the concerned princely states. Such a decision was taken keeping in view the special situation that had arisen due to intense political activity on the eve of freedom and mounting tensions among the people.

Question 10.
What are the two essential characteristics of a Unitary Constitution?
Answer:
The two essential characteristics of a Unitary Constitution are:

1. the supremacy of the Central Polity [the word polity means a system of government or political organization] and
2. the absence of subsidiary sovereign polities.

Question 11.
How is a Federal Constitution marked?
Answer:
Federal Constitution is marked:

1. by the existence of a Central polity and subsidiary polities side by side, and
2. by each being sovereign in the field assigned to it. In other words, the Federation means the establishment of a Dual Polity [dual system of government central and state].

Question 12.
How can we call the Draft Constitution a Federal Constitution?
Answer:
The Draft Constitution is Federal Constitution in as much as it establishes what may be called a Dual Polity. This Dual Polity under the proposed Constitution will consist of the Union at the Centre and the States at the periphery each endowed with sovereign powers to be exercised in the field assigned to them respectively by the Constitution.

Question 13.
Write about Indian citizenship.
Answer:
“The proposed Indian Constitution is a dual polity with a single citizenship. There is only one citizenship for the whole of India. It is Indian citizenship. There is no State citizenship. Every Indian has the same rights of citizenship, no matter in what State he resides….”

Question 14.
What are the three means adopted by Indian. Constitution?
Answer:
The means adopted by the Draft Constitution are three

1. a single judiciary,
2. uniformity – in fundamental laws, civil and criminal, and
3. a common All-India Civil Service Jo main important posts.

Question 15.
What is one important aspect of social engineering? What was the reason for this?
Answer:
One important aspect of social engineering is the problem of the right of minorities. The sad experience of suppression of Jewish minority in Nazi Germany weighed in the minds of the Constitution makers. They decided to give special protection to the minority community so that they don’t feel marginalised by the majority.

Question 16.
How can the articles be amended?
Answer:
Amending the articles in the Constitution can be initiated only by the Parliament. And it needs the approval of 2/3rd members in both the houses of parliament – Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. And some articles may be amended only with acceptance (or ratification) from the state legislature as well. It is further necessary that the President of the ” country also approves the new amendment bill like other laws.

Question 17.
Read the passage and interpret it.

“The proposed Indian Constitution is a dual polity with single citizenship. There is only one citizenship for the whole of India. It is Indian citizenship. There is no State citizenship. Every Indian has the same rights of citizenship, no matter in what State he resides….

Answer:

1. We adopted our Constitution by referring other Constitutions and after having a number of debates on the principles.
2. We adopted unitary but federal governments.
3. Hence ours is a dual polity.
4. But the citizens will have only one citizenship, unlike the USA where dual citizen¬ship exists.
5. We have same rights in all the states of India no matter in what state he resides.

Question 18.
“The Draft Constitution is a formidable document. It contains 315 Articles and 8 Schedules. It must be admitted that the constitution of no country could be found to be so bulky as the draft constitution” Is there need for division of Constitution into articles and Schedules?
Answer:

1. There is dire necessity to divide constitution into schedules and articles.
2. Such formidable document without proper division cannot easily read and understood.
3. Information related same matter is spread over articles.
4. Articles are compounded into schedules.

Question 19.
Express your opinion about elections were conducted to Constituent Assembly.
Answer:

1. Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 with members elected indirectly by the members of provincial assemblies.
2. Princely states representatives were identified with a consultation.
3. Provincial assemblies members were from general, Muslim and Sikh communities!
4. 26 Schedule Caste members were also elected.

Question 20.
Imagine and write what happened if every state in India having different laws.
Answer:

1. Up to a certain point, the diversity does not matter.
2. If diversity goes beyond a certain point creates chaos in states.
3. States become intolerant to citizens from other states.
4. What is correct in one state may not be correct if he moves to another state.

Question 21.
“Too much centralization of power makes that power totalitarian and takes it towards fascist ideals”. Analyze it.
Answer:

1. Too much centralization of power makes that power totalitarian and takes it towards fascist ideals.
2. After the record victory of 1971 elections, Indira Gandhi gained control over Congress Party and Parliament.
3. Most people suffered inflation, raising prices of essential commodities, unemployment and scarcity of food, but when their grievances were not addressed they supported JP movement.
4. To stop that movement she imposed an emergency, which took Indian democracy back.
5. Hence too much centralization of power is not advisable.

10th Class Social 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the examples and explanations of the basic features of the Indian Constitution?
(OR)
Write about the basic principles of Indian Constitution.
(OR)
Write a short note on basic principles of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has 8 basic principles.

1. Popular Sovereignty
2. Fundamental Rights
3. Directive Principles
4. Cabinet Government
5. Secularism
6. Socialism
7. Federalism
8. Judicial Independence

1. Popular Sovereignty: India is externally free from the control of any foreign power and internally, it has a free government which is directly elected by the people and makes laws that govern the peopl# So it is the biggest country which is following Parliamentary Democracy System in the world.

2. Fundamental Rights: These are the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights apply irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed or sex. These are enforceable by the courty subject to specific restrictions.

3. Directive Principles: These are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions are not enforceable by the courts.

4. Cabinet Government: A Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.

5. Secularism: Secularism is the basic structure of the Indian Constitution. The government respects all religions. It does not uplift or degrade any particular religion.

6. Socialism: The word ‘socialist’ was added to the preamble by the 42nd amendment. It implies social and economic equality.

7. Federalism: it is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and state governments.

8. Judicial Independence: The Indian Judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches of government according to the Constitution.

Question 2.
How does the Parliamentary system of Government differ from the Presidential system of Government?
(OR)
How is the Parliamentary system of government is different from the Presidential system of government?
Answer:

Question 3.
Describe the features of Indian Federalism.
Answer:
The features of Indian Federalism:

1. The supremacy of the constitution: The supremacy of the constitution means that both the Union and State governments, shall operate within the limits set by the constitution.
2. Written constitution The Constitution of India is the largest and most elaborate one, which discussed on several issues.
3. Division of powers: The Indian Constitution clearly described administrative powers into three lists viz. The Union List, The State List and The Concurrent Lists.
4. The supremacy of the Judiciary: As per the Constitution of India Judiciary is Independent and supreme. It can declare a contravenes law as unconstitutional.

Question 4.
Plot the below Information on a Bar graph (Rough diagram).

Answer:

Question 5.
Analyse the graph about Constitutional amendments given below and write your observations.
Answer:

1. Least number of amendments are made in 1951-60.
2. The number of total constitutional amendments done in between 1951 and 2013 was 99.
3. Highest number of amendments are made during the decades 1971-80 and 1981-90.
4. Equal number of amendments are made during the decades 1971-80 and 1981-90.

Question 6.
Answer the following questions based on the below graph.

a) When did the Constitution come into force?
Answer:
January 26th 1950.

b) In which decade, the least number of amendments had done?
Answer:
1951-60.

c) Why does the Constitution need to be amended?
Answer:
According the changes in circumstances and policies, laws also should be changed.

d) How many Constitutional amendments had been done from 1951 to 1980?
Answer:
44.

Question 7.
Observe the following graph.
Now answer the following questions.
a) How many constitutional amendments were made during 1951- 60?
Answer:
7 constitutional amendments were made during 1951- 60.

b) In which period, maximum constitu¬tional amendments were made?
Answer:
Maximum constitutional amendments were made during 1971-80 and 1981-90.

c) In which decades, equal amendments were made?
A. Equal amendments were made during 1971-80 and 1981-90.

d) How many amendments were made up to 2013?
Answer:
According to the graph, 99 amendments were made up to 2013.

Question 8.
Our constitution has many provisions facilitating social change. How are they being implemented
Answer:

1. Abolition of untouchability.
2. Reservations in education, employment and legislature.
3. Directive principles of state policy.
4. Fundamental rights are enforceable by the country subject to specific restrictions.
5. Liberty, equality, Justice.

Question 9.
Observe the below Bar graph and analyse it.
Answer:
This graph is about the amendments made since the Constitution came into force on 26th January 1950 till 2013. The total amendments made were 99. Recently the Supreme Court cancelled the 99th amendment. During 1971-80 and 1981-90, the amendments number is high. Forty-four amendments were made during these two decades. The graph is given decade wise.

Our Constitution makers were aware that laws will have to be amended from time to time. Thus it laid down the provisions for amending the laws and the articles in the Constitution as well. Some laws can be made with the approval of more than half the members in legislative houses. The amendments are made in the Parliament only. Some articles can be amended with the approval of both the Houses of Parliament, i.e. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Some need ratification from the states. Finally, the amendments are approved by the President. Then the amendments come into force.

The amendment means to bring some change in existing law of the constitution. Generally, an amendment is necessary on the basis of public needs. In the initial years of our independence, the amendments are only 7. In the next decade, it went up to more than double. The period, 1971-80 and 1981-90 is crucial in Indian Politics. The emergency was declared by Indira Gandhi. Single Party domination was ended and Non-Congress governments came in to power. In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated. From 1991 onwards again the number is decreased.

The constitution can be amended without breaking or spoiling the spirit or its basic principles. In the 1970s, two words ‘Secular’ and ‘Socialist’ are added into the Preamble of the Constitution. According to the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Keshavananda Bharati, some basic principles can not be changed.

Many a time Constitution is being changed only for the sake of political benefits. It is a criticism on amendments. The true spirit of the Constitution cannot be changed. Constitutional amendments are necessary for the public interest. There should be some benefit to the masses. Ambiguity and complexity should be avoided. About a hundred times the Constitution is changed, it means the original one is getting it shape changed.

Question 10.
How can you say that India is a Secular State?
Answer:
The following points prove India is a Secular country.

1. Secularism in the Indian context implies tolerance towards others beliefs and faiths.
2. In India there is no state religion.
3. No religion is given superior status.
4. Citizens are granted complete freedom in religious matter.
5. People are free to profess, practice and propagate any religion of their choice.
6. No religious instruction is imparted in any educational institution maintained out of public funds.
7. No political party is allowed to use religion or religious symbols in the election campaigns.
8. No discrimination is made in matters of public employment on the grounds of religion.
9. The religious tolerance is followed.

Question 11.
Observe the following graph.
Now answer the following questions.
a) Since the Constitution was adopted, how many amendments were made so far?
Answer:
So far there were 99 amendments made since the Constitution was adopted.

b) What was the period of minimum amendments?
Answer:
Minimum amendments were made during 1951 – 60.

c) How many amendments were made during 2001 – 13?
Answer:
17 amendments were made during 2001 -13.

d) How many amendments were made during 1961 – 70?
Answer:
15 amendments were made during 1961 – 70.

e) What is meant by constitutional amendment?
Answer:
Changing the laws and the articles from time to time is known as a constitutional amendment.

f) Why were the amendments less in 1951- 60?
Answer:
Constitution was newly formed and society did not change much and people were illiterate to anticipate any change.

Question 12.
Read the following para and comment on what the Constitution did for social change/change of society.

The Constitution thus has many provisions facilitating social change. You have read about the abolition of Untouchability. The best example of this is the provision for reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution. The makers of the Constitution believed that the mere granting of the right to equality was not enough to overcome age-old injustices suffered by these groups or to give real meaning to their right to vote. Special Constitutional measures were required to advance their interests. Therefore the Constitution makers provided a number of special measures to protect the interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes such as the reservation of seats in legislatures. The Constitution also made it possible for the government to reserve public sector jobs for these groups.

Answer:

1. The Constitution has many provisions for social change.
2. Abolition of untouchability is the first step.
3. This was achieved by providing reservations to SC and STs.
4. Thus the Constitution helped for the upliftment of the weaker sections.
5. The Constitution has in it “the Fundamental Rights” and “the Directive Principles of State Policy.”
6. The rights of minorities are also protected in our Constitution.
7. Hence, we can conclude that, the Constitution facilitates social change.

Question 13.
On the outline map of world, identify the following places.

1. Nepal
2. Japan
3. India
4. England
5. USA
6. Ireland
7. Russia
8. France
9. Switzerland
10. Canada

Answer:

Question 14.
Locate the following in the given map of the World.
1. This country’s constitution was completed in 2015.
Answer: Nepal

2. This country’s wishes for peace in its constitution.
Answer: Japan

3. This country’s constitution was the lengthiest written constitution in the world.
Answer: India

4. the U.S.A.

5. Taiwan

6. Any two British colonies.

7. Afghanistan

8. Bhutan

9. Nagasaki

10. Switzerland