Category: Class 9

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the parts of a nerve cell?
Answer:
We can identify 3 distinct parts in nerve cell. They are :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites

Question 2.
How the bone is made up of?
Answer:

• Bone is made up of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
• These salts are secreted by osteocytes.
• Osteocytes are present in the bone marrow.

Question 3.
What is granular epithelium?
Answer:
Sometimes a portion of epithelial tissue folds inward and formed a multicellular gland. Hence, it is called as granular epithelium.

Question 4.
Where do we found columnar epithelium?
Answer:
Columnar epithelium present where absorption and secretion occurs.
Eg : Intestine.

Question 5.
Why the ‘AB’ group human beings are called as universal recipients?
Answer:

• ‘AB’group human beings can receive the blood from any other groups.
• Hence, they are called as universal recipients.

Question 6.
Why the ‘O’ group people are called as universal donors?
Answer:

• ‘0’group human beings can donate the blood to any other group.
• So, these people are known as universal donors.

Question 7.
Name some modified epithelial cells.
Answer:

• Skin is a kind of epithelial tissue.
• Nails and hair grow from it.
• The scales of fishes and reptiles and feathers of birds etc., are the modified epithe-lial cells.

Question 8.
What is tendon? What is its use?
Answer:

• Tendon is a type of connective tissue, which is also made of fibres.
• The tendon joins the muscle to the bone. It is also made of collagen.

Question 9.
Where do we found cuboidal epithelium? Why?
Answer:
Cuboidal epithelium can be found in the lining of kidney tubules, the ducts of salivary glands. They provide mechanical support.

Question 10.
What is the main function of WBC?
Answer:
WBC provides immunity to the body by providing the body against infections.

Question 11.
Give two examples of cartilage.
Answer:
Tip of the nose and external ear are two examples of cartilage.

Question 12.
Name the muscle tissue that connects muscle to a bone.
Answer:
Tendon

Question 13.
What is the yellow fibres that are connecting bones known as?
Answer:
Ligament.

Question 14.
What are the involuntary muscles?
Answer:
The muscles whose contraction is not under the control of will power.
Eg : Cardiac muscles.

Question 15.
Write the functions of cartilage.
Answer:

• Provides flexibility and support to the body parts.
• It smoothens the surface at the joints.

Question 16.
Name the tissue that is present in the hump of a camel or blubber of whale.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 17.
Name the fat storage tissue and state its location in our body.
Answer:
Adipose tissue stores fat in our body. It is present just below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 18.
Name the types of Rh factors of human body.
Answer:
Positive and Negative (A+, A-)

Question 19.
Name the tissue that is present in brain.
Answer:
Nervous tissue formed with neurons is present in the brain.

Question 20.
What is called action potential?
Answer:
Whenever a nerve is stimulated, it produces a small electrical current (0.055V) called action potential.

Question 21.
What is the other name for Areolar tissue?
Answer:
Fibroblasts.

Question 22.
Name the tissue that acts as insulator.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 23.
What is bone made of?
Answer:
Bone is made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Question 24.
Where do you find Osteocytes?
Answer:
In the central hollow portion of the bone called bone marrow.

Question 25.
Where you can see Haversian canal?
Answer:’
In Osteocytes (or Bone cells)

Question 26.
Name the tissue that is present in embryos of several vertebrae.
Answer:
Cartilage

Question 27.
Where do you find contractile proteins?
Answer:
In muscle fibres.

Question 28.
What are the 3 major portions of a nerve cell?
Answer:
1) Cell body
2) Axon
3) Dendrite (or) cyton

Question 29.
Name the only cells in our body, which do not have the ability of regenaration.
Answer:
Nerve cells.

Question 30.
Where do you see Nissl’s granules?
A. Nerve cells

Question 31.
Which nodes present at regular intervals on the nerve cells?
Answer:
Ranvier Nodes.

Question 32.
What is a nerve?
Answer:
Axons of several nerve cells form bundles called nerve.

Question 33.
Nerve tissue has neurons and supporting cells. Name the supporting cells of the nerve tissue.
Answer:
Glial cells.

Question 34.
How do Monocytes destroy the foreign materials?
Answer:
Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes they attack the foreign materials and engulf them. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells.

Question 35.
What are corpuscles?
Answer:
Cells present in blood are called corpuscles.

Question 36.
What is the “grave yard of RBC”?
Answer:
Spleen

Question 37.
What are granulocytes?
Answer:
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

Question 38.
What are agranulocytes?
Answer:
Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 39.
How many RBC are present in 1 ml of blood?
Answer:
5 million of RBC 1 ml of blood (in human adults).

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:

• There is a difference between skin cells and muscle cells.
• Skin cells are arranged in the form of layers. This is called stratified squamous epithelium.
• Muscle cells are elongated ones and responsible for movement in the body.

Question 2.
Why the involuntary muscles are also called as unstriated muscles?
Answer:

• Unstriated muscles are also called as smooth muscles.
• They have no striations or alternate light and dark bands.
• The cells are long with pointed ends.
• So, they are called as unstriated muscles.

Question 3.
What is epithelial tissue ? How many types are there?
Answer:

• Epi means outer, thelium means tissue.
• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
• Three types of epithelial tissues are identified. They are :
  a) Squamous epithelium
  b) Cuboidal epithelium
  c) Columnar epithelium
  d) Granular epithelium

Question 4.
What is squamous epithelium? Where it is found?
Answer:

• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining is called squamous epithelium.
• It is found in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli etc.
• The epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers, called stratified squa¬mous epithelium.

Question 5.
What is involuntary movement?
Answer:

• We cannot start or stop the movement of muscles by wanting to do so.
• The movement is called involuntary, the muscles caused for it are called involun-tary muscles.
  Eg : Movements in the alimentary canal, blood vessels etc.

Question 6.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of squamous epithelium. A.
Answer:

Question 7.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of areolar tissue.
Answer:

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of osteocyte.
Answer:

Question 9.
Why the pus formed in our body?
Answer:
1. Some white blood cells sacrify their life to fight against external enemy, i.e., micro-organisms.
2. These dead WBC come out of wound.
3. This is generally called pus.
4. The body excretes the dead cells in that manner.

Question 10.
Write the muscles that are present in the body parts.
Answer:

Question 11.
How are proteins present in blood helpful to our body?
Answer:
Blood contains Haemoglobin, which contains Iron in its molecule. It transports Oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body.

Question 12.
Why ‘AB’ blood group is called Universal acceptor?
Answer:
‘AB’ blood group is called universal acceptor. A person with AB’ blood group can take all types of human blood, if Rh factor matches.

Question 13.
What is muscular tissue? What is its function?
Answer:
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscular fibres. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body.

Question 14.
What is the unique feature of cells of nervous tissue as compared to other body cells?
Answer:
All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, the cells of nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. The brain spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.

Question 15.
Give four differences between bone and cartilage.
Answer:

Question 16.
Raghu wants to know more about blood. What questions Raghu will ask the teacher?
Answer:
Raghu might ask the following questions.

1. What would happen if blood possesses compact tissue?
2. Do all the organisms are having red coloured blood in their bodies?
3. What will happen if blood platelets are decreased in the blood?
4. What will happen if the percentage of Haemoglobin is decreased in the blood?

Question 17.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:

1. Areolar tissue
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Ligament
5. Tendon
6. Adipose Tissue
7. Blood

Question 18.
What are the constituents of pl& ma?
Answer:
Mainly water and several nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins and hormones, etc. required for the body and excretory products such as lactic acid, urea, salts etc…. plasma also contains factors responsible for blood clotting.

Question 19.
Draw a diagram showing blood cells.
Answer:

Question 20.
Draw a diagram showing cartilage.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on areolar tissue.
Answer:

• Areolar tissue is one type of connective tissue which joins different tissues.
• It helps in packing and helps to keep the organs in place.
• These cells are called fibroblasts.
• These are the major components of areolar tissue.
• These cells secrets fibrous material which holds the other tissue in position.
• They also help in repair of the tissue when they are injured.

Question 2.
Write a note on WBC.
Answer:

• White blood cells or WBC are one type of blood cells.
• They do not have haemoglobin, hence they are colourless.
• They are also called as leucocytes.
• They are less in number when compared to the RBC.
• They are two types :
  1. Granulocytes,
  2. Agranulocytes.
• Granulocytes are three types. They are neutrophils, basophils and esinophils.
• Granulocytes attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
• Agranulocytes are two types. They are lymphocytes and monocytes.
• Lymphocytes secret anti-bodies to guard against foreign material, that enter into blood.
• So, lymphocytes are also called as microscopic policemen.
• Monocytes attack the foreign materials and destroyed them.
• So, they are called “scavengers”.

Question 3.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue connects the organs and muscles. It performs so many functions.

1. Helps in binding the other tissues and organs together.
2. Provides a frame work and support to various organs in the body.
3. Plays a major role in the transport of material from one tissue to another.
4. Helps in the body defence.
5. Helps in the body repairs.
6. Helps in the storage of fat.

Question 4.
Write a note on a nerve cell or neuron with the help of a neat diagram.
Answer:
Nervous tissue is made up of neurons.

It has 3 parts :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites.

Cell body or Cyton :

1. It has a large nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. The cytoplasm contains Nissl’s granules.

Dendrites:

1. Projections arising from cell body are called dendrites.
2. They are sharp, branched and more in number.
3. The dendrite connected to another nerve cell’s axon.

Axon :

1. One projection of the cyton is long, called as axon.
2. In some nerve cells, axon covered with myelin sheath.
3. Nodes on axon are called Ranvier Nodes.
4. Axon of a nerve cell is connected with dendrites of another cell to frame a web like structure throughout body.

Question 5.

Read the table and answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find unstriated muscles in our body?
2) Name the muscles which are present in heart.
Answer:
1) Wall of alimentary canal, Iris of the eye, uterus, bronchi of lungs.
2) Cardiac Muscles.

Question 6.
Draw a neat diagram showing different muscles and lable their parts.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Rajiv used a blood group identification kit to test his blood group. Explain what will he observe if his blood is Rh factor positive.
Answer:
Rajiv observes for
i) Agglutinations in the circles where Anti D serum was tested,
ii) Agglutination in Anti Rh – D circle. „

Question 2.
Kamalakar teacher conducts an experiment to show blood cells under microscope to his students. Name the materials used by the teacher for the experiment.
Answer:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, needle.

Question 3.
Briefly explain epithelial tissue with examples.
Answer:
1) Epithelial tissue is one of the most important tissue of animal tissues.
2) Epithelial tissue is present in the skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules. There are three types of epithelial tissue in our body.
They are

1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium and
3. Columnar epithelium

1) Squamous epithelium :

a) This epithelium is extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
b) We can observe this tissue, in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli where transportation of substances selectively occurs through permeable membrane.
c) As this epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers. This is called as “stratified squamous epithelium”.

2) Cuboidal epithelium :

a) This tissue forms the lining of organs or tubules or other parts.
b) It provides mechanical support.

3) Columnar epithelium :

a) This is present where absorption and secretion occurs.
b) The scales of fishes, feathers of birds our skin, nails and hairs are also modified epithelial cells.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions.

i) Which connective tissue is called packing tissue?
ii) Which connective tissue joins muscle with bone?
iii) What are the main components of skeletal system?
iv) Where do you find adipose tissue in the body?
Answer:
i) Areolar tissue
ii) Tendon
iii) Cartilage
iv) Adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 5.
Draw the structure of neuron. Label parts. What is the function of myelin sheath?
Answer:

Function of myelin sheath :

1. Myelin is an insulating layer that forms around nerves. It is made up of proteins and fatty substances.
2. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

Question 6.
Write the names of the following.
a) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
b) Tissue that transports food in animals.
Answer:
a) Adipose tissue
b) Blood

Question 7.
Doctor examine Kshitija’s blood report and said, that she did not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What questions will you put the doctor to know about the effects of low level Haemoglobin?
Answer:

• What changes can we observe in a person who has low percentage of haemoglobin?
• What are the reasons for the low haemoglobin levels?
• Which type of food should we require to improve haemoglobin levels?
• Name the disease that occurs when we have less haemoglobin in our blood.

Question 8.
Observe the given diagram :

a) Identify the name of the diagram.
b) Write the names of the parts A & B.
c) Name the granular structure in the cytoplasm.
Answer:
a) The given diagram is nerve cell.
b) A – Cyton (cell body)
B – Axon
c) Nissl’s granules

Question 9.
A lab technician added a few drops of “Antigen-D” to a blood sample. What is the aim of him by doing so?
Answer:
If agglutination occurs in Anti RhD serum the Rh factor is positive and if it does not the Rh factor is negative.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 6th Lesson Sense Organs

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How many sense organs are present in human beings? What are they?
Answer:
We have five sense organs.
They are :
1. Eye
2. Ear
3. Nose
4. Tongue
5. Skin.

Question 2.
What are the main parts of an eye?
Answer:
Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.

Question 3.
What are the three layers that covers an eye?
Answer:
Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.

Question 4.
How eye is different from other sense organs?
Answer:
The unique characteristic of the eye that makes it different from other sense organs, lies in its ability to take the information from light waves then transforms the characteristics of light into neutral signals that the brain can process.

Question 5.
What are the recent findings regarding the structure of eye?
Answer:
Presence of some other receptor cells sensitive to edges and boundaries of objects and those that respond to light and shadow and motion in the retina have been reported recently.

Question 6.
How iris patterns are useful to issue ‘AADHAR’?
Answer:
Iris patterns are individual specific and can be used for identification as our finger prints.

Question 7.
Write about the diseases and defects of the eye.
Answer:
The main diseases and defects of the eye are night blindness, Xeropthalmia, myopia (Near sightedness, hypermetropia (far sightedness), glaucoma, cataract and colour blindness.

Question 8.
What are the functions of ear?
Answer:

• To collect and transform vibrations produced by sound to nerve impulses to be carried to the brain.
• To maintain balance or equilibrium.

Question 9.
What are the uses of hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity?
Answer:
The hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity kept dust, germs and other unwanted materials away from gaining entry into our bodies through the nose.

Question 10.
How do we see movies?
Answer:
The impression of an image stay in the retina for about 1/16th of a second. If the still images of an object are flashed at the rate faster than 16 per second, the eye receive it as moving. In this way we see movies.

Question 11.
How do we take care of our skin?
Answer:

• Taking bath regularly
• Use soap to clean the body
• In any redness, itching, discoloration and rashes appear we consult the dermatologist,

Question 12.
Write two diseases of skin.
Answer:
Leprosy, chicken pox, measles, leucoderma, pellagra etc.

Question 13.
You entered into a darkroom from outside which is very bright. What happens?
Answer:
We can not see anything in the dark room for sometime because Iris size is very small.

Question 14.
Why coffee tastes less sweet if it is taken after eating sweet?
Answer:
Because a higher level of the same stimulus masks that of the lower level.

Question 15.
What changes the focal length of the eye lens?
Answer:
Ciliary muscles and suspensor ligaments adjust the focal length of the eye lens.

Question 16.
What is the main function of the cornea?
Answer:
Cornea protects the eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 17.
What are the main function of melanin?
Answer:

• The colour of the skin is due to the presence of ’Melanin”.
• Due to this, the skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.

Question 18.
What are the important functions of our ear?
Answer:
a) Hearing
b) Maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Question 19.
What is MSG?
Answer:
Monosodium Glutamate (Huching) often used in Asian cuisine

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is stimulus? How the information from surroundings reaches the brain?
Answer:

• Something external that influences an activity is called stimulus.
• Information carried by these stimuli are picked up by the certain organs called as receptors.
• The receptors present in sense organs convert the information into nerve signals.
• Nerve signals are carried by sensory nerves to the brain and processed to create a sensation.

Question 2.
What are photoreceptors? How they sense light?
Answer:

• The real work in the retina is performed by light sensitive cells known as photore-ceptors.
• These receptors consists of two different types of specialised cells the rods and cones that absorb light energy and respond by creating nerve impulse.

Question 3.
Write a short note on rods of retina.
Answer:

• Nearly 125 million tiny rods are present in the retina.
• Rods contain the pigment rhodopsin. which defect low intensities of light at night.
• Rods cannot make the fine distinctions that give rise to our sensations.

Question 4.
Write briefly about cones of retina.
Answer:

• Cones contain a pigment called idopsin which helps in identifying colours in bright light.
• Cones are about 7 million in number and concentrate most in the very centre of the retina in a small region called fovea, which gives us sharp vision.

Question 5.
How eyes are protected?
Answer:

• Eye is protected by eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal or tear glands.
• The protective cover conjunctiva covers the front part of the eye.
• Lachrymal glands wash the unwanted substances out of the eye.
• The fluids present in the eyeball protect the lens and other part of the eye from mechanical shocks.
• Cornea protects eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 6.
Write briefly about middle ear.
Answer:

• Middle ear plays an important role in amplifying the vibrations received on the tympanum membrane.
• The chain of three bones malleus, incus and stapes helps to the same.
• Oval window is a membrane, covered ending of the middle ear, it opens into the inner ear through round window.

Question 7.
What is the sensory nature of skin?
Answer:

• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.
• It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure, nocireceptors for temperature etc.

Question 8.
What is melanin? What is its function?
Answer:

• Melanin is the pigment present in skin.
• This pigment gets stimulation, when exposed to sunlight.
• The skin becomes dark to protect other layers of the skin from harmful effects of light.

Question 9.
What illusions tells us about sensation?
Answer:

• When our mind deceives us by interpreting a stimulus pattern incorrectly, we are experiencing an illusion.
• Such illusions can help us to understand some fundamental properties of sensation and particularly the descripancy between what we see and external reality.

Question 10.
Identify the iabelled parts of the tongue.
Answer:

1) Foliate papillae
2) Vallate papillae
3) Fungi form papillae

Question 11.
What are the different receptors present in the skin?
Answer:
a) Tactile receptors for skin
b) Pacinian corpuscles for pressure
c) Nociceptors for temperature etc.

Question 12.
What happens when light is thrown on the face of your friend?
Answer:
My friend immediately closes his/her eyes because of the light. This is because the eye gets damaged if more light enters inside at a time.

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the centre for ail the sensitive activities? How it interpret the information? Give example.
Answer:

• Brain is the centre for all the sensitive activities.
• It receive information in the form of nerve signals through sensory nerves.
• It interpret the information sends off signals through another type of nerves called as motor nerves.
• Motor nerves take the signals to parts that show response.
• For example, when a mosquito bits you on your leg the sensation is carried to the spinal cord through sensory nerves.
• The spinal cord sense the message to the hand to kill the mosquito through motor nerves. Then we kill it.

Question 2.
Describe the structure of an eye with a neat diagram.
Answer:

• Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.
• A thin layer called conjunctiva covers the front portion of the eye.
• The eyeball is located in the eye socket only 1/6 portion of the eyeball is invisible to us.
• Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.
• The sclera bulges to form cornea.
• The end of sclera connects to the optic nerve.
• The choroid layer is black in colour and contains lot of blood vessels.
• Choroid layer encloses the eye except the part pupil.
• The part formed by the choroid layer around the pupil is iris.
• Biconvex lens is present behind the pupil.
• The lens divides the inner eyeball as aqueous chamber and vitreous chamber.
• Retina contains the cells called rods and cones.
• The area of no vision called blind spot and the area of the best vision called yellow spot are present in the retina.
• The yellow spot is also called macula or fovea.

Question 3.
Write about the functioning of an eye.
Answer:

• The eye gathers light through convex lens, focusses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
• The lens turns the image left to right and upside down.
• Brain tends to maintain this reversal in its sensory processing regions.
• Most information from the sense organs crosses over to the opposite side of the brain.
• In the brain’s sensory areas are typically reversed and inverted.
• The eye forms an image that gets extensive further processing in the brain.

Question 4.
Write a short note on external ear.
Answer:

• External ear is a flap like structure, called the pinna.
• Pinna has wax producing ceruminous glands and oil producing sebaceous glands.
• These help to keep the ear canal lubricated prevent the dust and other particles from entering into the ear canal.
• The ear canal is also called auditory meatus.
• A thin layer called tympanum or ear drum is present at the end of the auditory meatus.
• Ear drum is present in between external and middle ear. It is in the shape of a cone.
• Its narrow area connects to the first bone malleus of the middle ear.

Question 5.
Write briefly about inner ear.
Answer:

• Internal or inner ear consists of bony labyrinth enclosing the membranous labyrinth.
• The membranous labyrinth consists of vestibule, three semicircular canals and cochlea.
• The anterior part of the vestibule is sacculus and the posterior part is utriculus.
• Nerve fibres from them form vestibular nerve.
• Vestibule and semicircular or semilunar circles together form vestibular apparatus.
• Vestibular apparatus maintains the equilibrium of the body, pertaining to the posture and balance of the body.
• Cochlea is a spiral shaped structure. It has three parallel tubes called scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani.
• Cochlear nerve fibres form cochlear nerve.
• The vestibular and cochlear nerves join together to form auditory nerve.

Question 6.
How the hearing or auditory sensation occurs?
Answer:

• External ear collect the sound waves. They enter into the auditory meatus.
• Then they strike tympanum. The vibrations from tympanum reach the malleus, incus and stapes.
• They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations.
• The stapes transmits the vibrations to the membrane of oval window.
• Then they transmit to the cochlea.
• The basillar membrane is moved then the vibrations reach to the organ of corti.
• The impulses are sent to the brain through auditory nerve.
• The hearing can be done according to the responses given by the brain.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the structure of nose.
Answer:

1. Our external nose has two nostrils. They lead to nasal cavity.
2. Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves.
3. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane and small hairs.
4. Olfactory receptors are present in the mucous membrane.

Question 8.
What are the different kinds of structures that are seen on our tongue?
Answer:

• We can clearly see flake like structures called the filiform papillae.
• The roundish structures on the tongue are fungiform papillae.
• There are large roundish ones at the back of the tongue are circumvallate papillae.
• On the sides of the tongue are the bump like structures are foliate papillae.
• Taste buds are present on all of these except the fili form papillae that are not the sites of taste sensation.

Question 9.
Write a short note on skin.
Answer:

• Skin is the outermost covering of our body.
• It regulates the body temperature and eliminates certain waste material through sweat.
• It is the sense organ of touch.
• The sense of touch is done by the cutaneous receptors.
• It is the largest organ of all.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.

Question 10.
What are the diseases effecting the skin?
Answer:
Some of the diseases effecting the skin are

1. Viral diseases such as measles, chicken pox etc.
2. Bacterial diseases such as leprosy.
3. Leucoderma, the disease due to the deficiency of melanin.
4. Pellagra the disease due to deficiency of vitamins.
5. Fungal diseases such as ringworm.

Question 11.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of the skin.
Answer:

1. hair
2. oil gland
3. blood vessel
4. sweat gland
5. nerve
6. fat lobules
7. endodermis
8. epidermis
9. pore

Question 12.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of nose.
Answer:

Question 13.
Draw a neat and labelled diagrams showing Rods and Cones of the eye.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the following picture. Label the parts 1, 2, 3, 4 and answer the following questions.

1) Ear is broadly divided into how many parts?
2) Name the bones of middle ear in correct order.
3) Which part of ear vibrates on receiving sound waves?
4) Name the part of ear that is associated with balancing.
Answer:

1. 3 parts. They are
   a) External ear
   b) Middle ear and
   c) Internal ear
2. Malleus, incus, stapes
3. Ear drum
4. Vestibular apparatus.

Question 2.
What happens if our tympanum ruptured?
Answer:

• If tympanum (or) ear drum is damaged, the sound vibration will not reach the auditory nerve. Hence, it will not carry the hearing impulses to the brain.
• Deafness will occur.

Question 3.
Draw a labelled diagram of eye. What happens if there are no cones in eye?
Answer:

• Cones are very useful in identifying different colours. They are responsible for bright light vision.
• If cones are absent, we can’t identify the array of colours and see in bright light.

Question 4.
Explain how skin works as a sense organ.
Answer:

• Skin is the largest sense organ in our body.
• It gives us the sense of touch which has supreme importance in the sphere of senses.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.
• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure. It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure nociceptors for temperature, etc.
• By the above reasons, we can say that skin is a sense organ.

Question 5.

1. Label A, B and C.
2. What is the function of lens?
3. Name the cells present in Retina.
4. Give examples of two defects of eye.
Answer:

1. A) Sclera
   B) Choroid
   C) Retina
2. The eye gathers light through a convex lens, focuses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
3. Rods and cones are the specialised cells present in Retina.
4. Night blindness, glaucoma, cataract, dry eye, etc.

Question 6.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.

a) Correct the wrongly labelled ones.
b) What is the function of X?
c) There are two types of photo receptors in the Retina of human eye. What are they?
Answer:
a) Retina
b) The denoted part x’ is optic nerve. Optic nerve carries the information of the object seen to brain.
c) Rods and cones are the two types of photo receptors present in human eye.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are biogeochemical cycles?
Answer:
The cycles that involve the flow of nutrients in on earth from environment to organisms and back through certain pathways are known as biogeochemical cycles.

Question 2.
Write briefly about assimilation.
Answer:
Nitrogen compounds mainly as nitrates or ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) are taken up from soils by plants which are then used in the formation of plant proteins and as animals eat these plants, animal proteins are synthesised.

Question 3.
What is bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
A constant interaction between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere makes a system and this flow of components form a cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of nitrogen and oxygen in the air?
Answer:
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen-21%

Question 5.
Name few green house gases.
Answer:
Methane (CH₄), Carbondioxide (CO₂), and Carbon monoxide(CO).

Question 6.
What is denitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of nitrates into free Nitrogen is called denitrification.
Nitrates → Nitrogen(N₂)

Question 7.
What is nitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of free nitrogen present in the atmosphere into compounds of nitrogen is called nitrification.

Question 8.
Name the three processes by which oxygen is lost from the atmosphere.
Answer:
By combustion, respiration, and formation of oxides of nitrogen are the main processes by which oxygen is lost.

Question 9.
Why are root nodules useful for plants?
Answer:
In root nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium’ is present which fixes the atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the plant for its growth.

Question 10.
What is acid rain?
Answer:
The gases released due to combustion of fossil fuels are SO₂, NO₂, CO₂. These gases remain suspended in the air. When it rains, the rain water mixes with these gases to form sulphuric acid, nitrous acid, carbonic acid and comes down on the surface of the earth in the form of acid rain.

Question 11.
Give the names of few organisms that help in nitrogen fixation?
Answer:

• Rhizobium helps in the fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen into Ammonia.
• Nitrosomonas converts ammonia to Nitrates
• Nitrobactor converts nitrites into nitrates.

Question 12.
List any three activities which would lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide content of air.
Answer:

1. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum
2. Industrialisation
3. Deforestation

Question 13.
Which gas is added to the atmosphere by decay of organic matter?
Answer:
CO₂ (Carbondioxide)

Question 14.
List out three recently organized problems of environment.
Answer:
Ozone layer depletion, Green house effect, and Global warming.

Question 15.
What would happen if ail oxygen present in the environment is converted to ozone?
Answer:
Ozone is a poisonous gas and is present in a thin layer in the stratosphere. If all the oxygen is converted to ozone (O₃) the environment becomes poisonous and kills all living things.

Question 16.
Expand CFC’s.
Answer:
Chloro Fluoro Carbons

Question 17.
Expand B.O.D.
Answer:
Biological Oxygen Demand

Question 18.
What is the main concern of montreal protocol?
Answer:
To control the use of gases which have destructive effect on ozone layer.

Question 19.
Define Eutrophication.
Answer:
Increase growth of algae in lakes and ponds is called Eutrophication.

Question 20.
Which ’forms’ of nitrogen are taken up by plants from the soil?
Answer:
Nitrates and Ammonium ions.

Question 21.
What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Nitrogen.

Question 22.
What is called as ’Universal Solvent’?
Answer:
Water (H₂O).

Question 23.
How much percentage of water on the earth is present in the ocean?
Answer:
97%

Question 24.
What is the other name for water cycle?
Answer:
Hydrological cycle.

Question 25.
How many oxygen atoms are present in Ozone?
Answer:
Three – (O₃).

Question 26.
What is the chemical formula of ammonium ion?
Answer:
NH₄⁺

Question 27.
What are the affects of ‘Global warming’?
Answer:
1) Global warming affects the weather patterns on Earth and causes climatic change.
2) Climatic changes results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, severe droughts and floods.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the uses of water?
Answer:

• Water participates in many biochemical mechanisms, including photosynthesis, digestion, and cellular respiration.
• Living organisms drink water.
• Water is also used by terrestrial animals and plants for various life processes.
• Water provides hydrogen and oxygen that form integral part of basic organic compounds of life.

Question 2.
What is nitrification? What are the bacteria that participate in nitrification?
Answer:

• Nitrates can also be converted to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.
• The nitrifying bacteria may then use this ammonia to synthesize compounds for their own cell and eventually convert to proteins, nucleic acids, nitrites, and nitrates.
• Nitrites are produced mainly by nitrosomonas, while nitrates by nitrobacters that are also capable of utilizing nitrites and converting them to nitrates.
• Death of these organisms add the nitrogenous compounds to the soil.

Question 3.
What is ammonification? Under which conditions ammonification occurs?
Answer:

• Production of ammonia (NH₃) from nitrates and other nitrogenous compounds is called ammonification.
• Ammonification also occurs when plants and animals die, or when animals emit wastes, the nitrogen in the organic matter reenters the soil and water bodies where it is broken down by other organisms, known as decomposers.

Question 4.
What is denitrification? Explain the process of denitrification.
Answer:

• Denitrification is the conversion, principally by bacteria, of compounds of nitrogen in solid and aquatic systems to the gases, nitrogen (N₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) and eventual release of these into the atmosphere.
• Denitrification occurs primarily in wet soils where water makes it difficult for microorganisms to get oxygen.
• Under these conditions, certain organisms – known as denitrifying bacteria – will process nitrate to gain oxygen, leaving free nitrogen gas as by-product.

Question 5.
Explain briefly about green house effect.
Answer:

• Some gases present in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water vapour trap heat from radiating back to the space.
• The natural green house gases act like a big blanket around the earth, keeping it warm and making life possible without which temperatures would have fallen to sub zero values.
• This phenomenon of naturally warming up is called ‘Green house effect’.

Question 6.
What are the uses of oxygen?
Answer:

• Oxygen helps in burning things.
• Oxygen is required for survival of living organisms.
• Respiration utilizes oxygen releasing carbon dioxide to atmospheric pool maintaining a balance in nature.
• Dissolved oxygen supports aquatic life.
• Oxygen is needed for the decomposition of organic waste.

Question 7.
What is biological oxygen demand? Explain briefly.
Answer:

• The content of biodegradable substances in water is expressed by a special index called “biological oxygen demand” (BOD).
• BOD represents the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria to decompose the waste.
• As the wastes get degraded and the dissolved oxygen is used up proportionately, the need or demand for oxygen increases i.e. the BOD increases.
• Thus BOD is a good indicator for amount of biodegradable waste.

Question 8.
What are the differences between oxygen and ozone?
Answer:

• Oxygen has two atoms and it is colorless and odourless.
• Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. It is blue in colour and has a strong odour.

Question 9.
Complete the following flow chart.

Answer:

1. Ammonia
2. Nitrate
3. Denitrifying bacteria
4. Nitrosomonas
5. Nitrobactor

Question 10.
How is a balance maintained in the environment?
Answer:
The living or biotic components (plants and animals) and the non – living or physial components (air, water, soil, light and temperature) interact and affect each other resulting in the establishment of a complex and complete balance in the environment. There is a continuous cycle of nutrients among the biotic and abiotic components.

Question 11.
Write the two harmful effects of ozone hole.
Answer:

• Ozone hole allows harmful U.V radiation to reach the earth’s surface that may cause skin cancer, cataract, etc
• Ultraviolet rays also ionize the cells, change the gene structure in animals and plants.

Question 12.
What are the harmful effects of acid rain?
Answer:

• It makes the soil acidic.
• It damages the crops and plantations.
• It corrodes statues, monuments of marble buildings, etc…

Question 13.
What is the difference in fog and smog? Give two harmful effects of smog.
Answer:
The water vapour present in air when condenses due to very low temperature is called fog. The smoke released in the air due to burning of fuels mixes with the fog and forms smog.
Smoke + Fog = Smog
a) Smog reduces visibility
b) Smog creates respiratory diseases like asthma etc.

Question 14.
What is bad ozone and good ozone?
Answer:
Ozone when present in the earth’s surface is very poisonous gas hence called bad ozone. When ozone present in stratosphere is very protective in nature as it does not allow the harmful U.V radiation to enter the earth’s atmosphere and hence is called good ozone.

Question 15.
Consider that there is a mass mortality of Ashes in a pond. Guess, what may be the reason for that.
Answer:

• Addition of hot water to the fish tank may leads to their death.
• Addition of poisonous mercury compounds in water may leads to their death.
• Blockage of gills of fishes with any pollutant may be .a cause for their mass death.

Question 16.
Why is it said that nitrogen is important for us?
Answer:

• Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere (78%)
• Nitrogen is a part of many molecules essential to our life like proteins, nucleic acids, (DNA and RNA), and some vitamins.
• It is found in other biologically important compounds also such as alkaloids and urea.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the expansion of water on earth.
Answer:

• Nearly 97% of all the water on the earth is in the oceans, and so only about 3% is freshwater.
• About 2% of this fresh water is permanently frozen in glaciers and at the polar ice caps.
• Thus only about 1% is available fresh water.
• Again about 1/4 of this 1% is present as underground water.
• Only about 0.009% of water on earth is in the rivers and lakes.
• Rest is present in the bodies of living organisms, as soil moisture, as humidity of atmosphere, etc.
• Water is the most essential, abundant substance in living things.
• The human body, for example, is composed of about 70% of water.

Question 2.
What is water cycle? Explain it briefly.
Answer:

• The whole process in which water evaporates and falls back on the surface of the earth as rain and other forms of precipitation including its flow from land into the sea/oceans via several routes like rivers, ground water channels, etc., is known as the water – cycle.
• All of the water that falls on the land does not immediately flow back into the sea.
• Some of it seeps into the soil and becomes part of the underground reservoir of fresh water.
• Some of this underground water finds its way to the surface through springs.
• We bring it to the surface for our use through wells or tube wells.
• Water is continuously exchanged between sea, land and atmosphere.

Question 3.
What is nitrogen fixation? How it occurs?
Answer:

• Atmospheric nitrogen occurs primarily in inert form (N₂) or non-reactive form that few organisms can use; therefore it must be converted into a compound (or) fixed form in a process called nitrogen fixation.
• Most atmospheric nitrogen is ‘fixed’ through biological processes.
• A number of bacteria and blue green algae are known to be able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into compounds in their own body.
• These may be symbiotic e.g.: Rhizobium or free living, e.g.: Nitrosomonas respectively.
• These organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into the organic nitrogen for their own cells.
• In leguminous plants like pea, beans, etc., there is a symbiotic relationship of the nitrogen fixing bacteria with the plant, thus nitrogenous compounds are added to the soil after a leguminous crop is grown.
• Nitrogen can also be fixed as nitrates by lightning.

Question 4.
In which forms carbon found on earth?
Answer:

• Carbon is found in various forms on the earth.
• It occurs in the elemental form as say soot, diamond, and graphite.
• In the combined state, it is found as gases, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, as carbonate it is found in various salts and minerals.
• While all life – forms are composed of carbon containing molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and vitamins.
• The endoskeletons and exoskeletons of various animals are also formed from carbonate salts.

Question 5.
What is Global warming? What are its effects?
Answer:

• Due to human activities, an excessive amounts of carbon dioxide and other green house gases has been emitted to the environment.
• As a result, more heat gets trapped.
• This causes the temperature of the earth to rise, which results in global warming.
• Global warming is the recorded increase in the average temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans.
• Global warming affects the weather patterns on earth and cause climate change.
• Climate change results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, and severe droughts and floods.

Question 6.
Describe carbon cycle briefly.
Answer:

• Carbondioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis.
• During this process, CO₂ is converted to glucose.
• Some amount of this glucose is used for respiration by plant.
• Rest of it converted to other carbohydrates and fats stored in various parts of plants.
• When animals eat plants these carbon containing compounds are taken up by the animals and digested and absorbed.
• These are used by animals for respiration.
• Thus carbon in carbon dioxides in atmos-phere finds its way into animals.
• Metabolic degradation of these compounds especially during respiration releases the CO₂ into air.
• Decomposition of dead bodies of animals and plants by bacteria also releases CO₂ into air.
• Thus the CO₂ find its own way into the bodies of animals and plants and back to air.

Question 7.
Briefly describe oxygen cycle.
Answer:

• Oxygen dissolved in water is used for respiration by aquatic plants and animals,
• Terrestrial animals use oxygen present in air for their respiration.
• The by-products of respiration, CO₂ and water are released into air.
• These two are taken up by plants and are used for photosynthesis.
• The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen, which is released into air.
• CO₂ is also formed when fuels are burnt.
• There is fine balance between these processes so that the total amount of oxygen present in air remains constant.
• All these processes together represent oxygen cycle.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Asa responsible citizen what measures you would follow to reduce global warming at your school or village level?
Answer:

• Planting trees in open fields and wastelands.
• Minimising the usage of motorcycles and start using cycles which are eco-friendly.
• Stop burning of firewood, which release the green house gases start using LPG cylinders for cooking.

Question 2.
What is nitrification? Explain how it occurs.
Answer:

1. The denitrifying bacteria present in the soil convert the nitrates into Ammonia.
2. Nitrifying bacteria utilises this ammonia and form proteins, nitrites, nitrates.
3. Nitrosomonas produce nitrites whereas nitrobactor produce nitrates.
4. Due to the death of microorganisms in the soil, the soil becomes nitrogen rich.

Question 3.
Write differences between nitrification and denitrification.
Answer:

Question 4.
Explain how human activities lead to global warmig.
Answer:

1. Deforestation
2. Burning of excess of fossil fuels in industries and automobiles.
3. Power genaration and utilization
4. Refrigerators, coolers, cell towers
5. Automobiles and cement roads etc.
6. Forest fires and burning of firewood.

Question 5.
Observe the following figure and answer the following questions.

a) What is green house effect?
b) Apart from rest of the world which country contributes more for it?
c) What are CFCs? Give some examples.
d) Suggest some preventive measures to reduce it.
Answer:
a) The phenomenon of naturally warming up by CO₂ and water vapour is called “Green house effect”.
b) USA
c) Fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydro carbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H) chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F) which are volatile are called chloro fluorine.
Ex : Freon – 12, R – 410A, R -134

d) i) Stop deforestation
ii) Restrict the usage of fossil fuels
iii) Introducing eco friendly fuels like CNG.
iv) Introducing alternative energy resources like solar energy, wind power etc.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 10th Lesson Soil Pollution

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if there is increase in acidic or basic nature of soil?
Answer:

• The nutrients available to plants will be greatly reduced by increase in acidic or basic nature of soil.
• This results in the decrease of plant yield.

Question 2.
What is decomposition?
Answer:
Decomposition is the process of materials being digested and broken down into simpler substances, making nutrients more available to plants.

Question 3.
What are the effects of toxic chemicals released into the soil?
Answer:
Toxic chemicals leached from oozing storage drums into the soil, underneath homes, causing an unusually large number of birth defects, cancers and respiratory, nervous and kidney diseases.

Question 4.
What is bioremediation?
Answer:
The process of using microbes to clear up the contamination in soil and water is called bioremediation.

Question 5.
What is mineralization?
Answer:
The process of converting organic elements to inorganic forms and liberating C02, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate etc…. is called mineralization.

Question 6.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:
The removal of top layer of the soil by wind, rainfall is called soil erosion.

Question 7.
What is top soil comprised of?
Answer:
Humus, living organisms and soil particles are present in the top soil.

Question 8.
What is soil profile?
Answer:
Soil profile is the vertical section of earth’s crust generally up to the depth of 1.83 metres.

Question 9.
Name the three natural resources on the earth.
Answer:
Air, water and land.

Question 10.
What is soil?
Answer:
The top most layer of the lithosphere is called soil.

Question 11.
Fertile soils have lots of humus. Why?
Answer:
Fertile soil is rich in organisms that decompose dead organic matter into humus. Humus gives minerals, absorb water and makes soil porous.

Question 12.
Why step farming is common in hills?
Answer:
Step farming is common in the hills to check soil erosion through water currents on the slopes.

Question 13.
What are the factors determining the soil type?
Answer:
The soil type depends on
a) Amounts of humus
b) Size of the soil particles
c) Microorganisms present in the soil.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the components of soil?
Answer:

• Soil is made up of minerals and decomposed organic matter, along with air and water.
• Soil can create a habitat for fungi, bacteria and related organisms which in turn, feed and support plants life.

Question 2.
Write a short note on biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

• Substances that can be degraded by microbes into harmless and toxic substances are known as biodegradable waste.
• Agricultural and animal wastes like leaves, twigs, hay, dung etc., are examples for biodegradable wastes.

Question 3.
Write a short note on non-biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

• Substances that cannot be easily degraded are non-biodegradable substances.
• Aluminium cans, plastics, glass, DDT etc., are examples of non-biodegradable wastes.

Question 4.hat is soil erosion? What are causative factors for soil erosion?
Answer:

• Soil erosion occurs when the weathered soil particles are dislodged and carried away by wind or water.
• Deforestation, agricultural development, temperature extremes, precipitation including acid rain and human activities contribute to soil erosion.
• Humans speed up this process by construction, mining, cutting of timber, over¬cropping and overgrazing.
• It results in floods and cause soil erosion.

Question 5.
What are the problems that arise due to uncollected and decomposed solid waste in cities?
Answer:
If solid waste left uncollected and decomposed, they are a cause of several problems such as

1. Clogging of drains
2. Barrier to movement of water
3. Foul smell
4. Increased microbial activities
5. Create health problems if they are solid wastes of hospital.

Question 6.
What will happen if you throw the wastes wherever you want?
Answer:

1. They pollute our surroundings.
2. These wastes cause land pollution.
3. These wastes spread diseases.
4. They show effect on the health of human beings.

Question 7.
What are the effects of soil pollution on agriculture?
Answer:

1. Reduced soil fertility.
2. Reduced nitrogen fixation.
3. Increased erodibility.
4. Larger loss of soil and nutrients.
5. Deposition of silt in tanks and reservoirs.
6. Reduced crop yields.
7. Imbalance in soil fauna and flora.

Question 8.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to industrial waste?
Answer:

1. Dangerous chemicals entering underground water.
2. Ecological imbalance.
3. Release of pollutant gases.
4. Release of radioactive rays causing health problems.
5. Increased salinity.
6. Reduced vegetation.

Question 9.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to urban activities?
Answer:

1. Clogging of drains
2. Inundation of areas
3. Public health problems
4. Pollution of drinking water sources
5. Foul smell and release of gases
6. Waste management problems

Question 10.
What are Bio-degradable pollutants? Give examples.
Answer:
The pollutants that are degraded by natural means are called Bio-degradable pollutants.
Eg : Paper, wood, leaves, etc

Question 11.
Enlist the main causes of soil erosion.
Answer:
(a) Deforestation
(b) Urbanisation
(c) Excessive over grazing
(d) Leaving the land uncultured for a long time.

Question 12.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Contour ploughing
2. Planting trees
3. Crop Rotation
4. Salinity Management

Question 13.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Reusing of materials
2. Recycling and recovery of materials
3. Reforesting
4. Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticides use.

Question 14.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Agricultural soil pollution
2. Soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes
3. Pollution due to urban activities.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How soil is formed?
Answer:

• Soil formation is a long and complex process and it can take 100 to 10,000 years to create one inch of top soil.
• The factors responsible for soil formation are climate, topography, living organisms and the type of parent material.
• Parent materials come from breakdown of underlying rocks or from deposits by streams and rivers, seas and gulfs, hills, wind and glaciers or organic plant residues.
• Over time, these materials are weathered by the effect of freezing, thawing, wetting, drying, heating, cooling, erosion, plants and animals and from chemical reactions.
• Eventually, the parent material is divided into three horizontal layers, the top layer consists of mostly organic matter and biological activity.
• The middle layer is the zone of maximum material accumulation.
• The bottom layer bold is mainly the parent material, but slightly altered.
• The top soil is important since it is the foundation for the life on the earth.

Question 2.
What are the chemical properties of soil? What effects do this have on the plants?
Answer:

• The term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of a soil.
• The range of pH values of a good soil lies from 5.5 to 7.5.
• Below pH 7 the soils are termed as acidic and above pH 7 alkaline.
• The pH of soil is important in determining the type of vegetation that will grow in the soil.
• Availability of plants nutrients is strongly tied to the pH in soil.
• The availability of N, K, Ca, Mg and S tends to decrease with decreasing pH.

Question 3.
What are the biological properties of soil? What effects do this have on plants?
Answer:

• Soil is the most abundant and diverse ecosystem on the earth.
• Soil organisms include both plants and animal forms ranging from submicroscopic viruses to earthworms, to large burrowing animals such as gophers (rats) and ground squirrels.
• Major microbial groups in soil are bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa.
• These feed on plant residues burrow the soil and help in aeration and percolation of water.
• Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms and liberate carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate and inorganic forms of other elements. This process is known as mineralization.
• Soil bacteria control the forms of ions in which these nutrients occurs.

Question 4.
Write the effects of insecticide DDT on environment.
Answer:

• The first widespread insecticide use began at the end of world war 11 that included DDT and gamanaxene.
• Insect soon became resistant to DDT and as the chemical did not decompose readily, it persisted in the environment.
• Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted calcium metabolism in birds, causing egg shells to be thin and fragile.
• As a result, large birds of prey such as the brown pelican, ospreys, falcons and eagles became endangered.
• DDT is now banned in most of the western countries.

Question 5.
Write the examples of pesticides. What are their effects on soil and human beings?
Answer:

• Besides DDT the most important pesticides are Benzene hexachloride (BHC), chlorinate dihydro carbons, organophosphates, aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan etc., are the examples.
• The remnants of such pesticides used on pests may get absorbed by the soil particles, which then contaminate root crops grown in that soil.
• The consumption of such crops causes the pesticides remnants to enter human biological systems, affecting them adversely.
• Pesticides not only have toxic effect on human and animals but also decrease the fertility of the soil.
• Some of the pesticides are quite stable and their biodegradation may take weeks and even months.

Question 6.
Write briefly about biomagnification.
Answer:

1. The nutrients necessary for plant growth are found at very low concentrations in most natural waters.
2. In the process of collecting nutrients, phytoplankton also collects certain human made chemicals such as some persistent pesticides.
3. These may be present in the water at a very low concentrations that they cannot be measured even with a very sensitive instruments.
4. The chemicals however, biologically accumulate in the organism and become concentrated at levels that are much higher in the living cells than in the open water.
5. The small fish and zooplankton eat vast quantities of phytoplankton.
6. In doing so, any toxic chemicals accumulated by the phytoplankton are further concentrated in the bodies of the animals that eat them.
7. This is repeated at each step in the food chain.
8. This process of increasing concentration through the food chain is known as bio-magnification.

Question 7.
What is solid waste? What are different types of solid waste?
Answer:
1. Solid waste may be defined as the organic and inorganic waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their value to the first user.

2. Solid waste, on the basis of its sources of origin can be classified as
a) Municipal solid waste :
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue.

b) Hazardous solid waste :
Industrial and” hospital waste is considered to be hazardous waste as they contain toxic substances.

c) Infectious solid waste:
Biomedical or hospital waste generated during diagnosis, treatment etc., which include sharp chemical wastes, discarded medicines and human excreta.

Question 8.
What are the different ways and methods possible for soil conservation? Briefly explain them.
Answer:
There are several ways possible for soil conservation. They are planting trees, terraces, no-till farming, contour ploughing, crop rotation, soil pH, watering the soil, salinity management, soil organisms and indigenous crops.

1. Planting trees :
a) Soil that is under a vegetative cover has hardly any chance of getting eroded as the vegetative cover acts as a wind barrier.
b) As the roots of the trees spread deep into the layers of soil they contribute to the prevention of soil erosion.

2. Terraces :
a) A terrace is a leveled section of hilly cultivated area.
b) Owing to its unique structure, it prevents the rapid surface runoff of water.

3. No-till farming : It is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage.

4. Contour ploughing :
a) It is the method of ploughing across the contour lines of a slope.
b) This method helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents the soil from being washed away along the slope.

5. Crop rotation: Crop rotation helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility.

6. Soil pH :
Maintenance of the most suitable value of pH is essential for the conservation of soil.

7. Water the soil :
Watering the soil along with the plants is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind.

8. Salinity management :
a) If salinity of the soil increases it results in the death of vegetation.
b) The death of vegetation is bound to cause soil erosion.
c) Hence salinity management is one of the indirect ways to conserve soil.

9. Soil organisms :
The helpful organisms of soil promote its fertility and form an element in the conservation of soil.

10. Indigenous crops :
Planting of native crops is known to be beneficial for soil conservation.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two preventive measures for fluorosis.
Answer:

• Use river water in place of groundwater.
• Use rainwater and groundwater with less fluoride percentage.
• By using defluoridation method, fluorides can be removed from water.

Question 2.
Look at the picture and answer the questions below.

a) Which substance cause less soil pollution?
b) Which of the above pollutants can be biodegradable?
c) Give two examples of construction soil pollutants.
d) Mention any two preventive measures for soil pollution.
Answer:
1) Peat waste (1%).
2) Organic waste, peat waste, paper.
3) Construction and demolition, metals.
4) Using 4’R principle in our daily life implementing comprehensive solid waste management.

Question 3.
You know that Fluoride cause health hazards, how can you aware people of your village regarding this?
Answer:

• Using surface water sources like rivers and streams.
• Defluoridation technique is very useful in getting Fluorine free water.
• We should not consume the vegetables which are grown in high Fluoride soils.

Question 4.
Plastic is harmful to the environment. What will you do to replace it?
Answer:
We should use paper bags, jute bags and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.

Question 5.
Ravi decided not to use plastic bags. What alternative methods will you suggest?
Answer:

• Using jute covers and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.
• Using bamboo baskets in place of large plastic covers to store and carry goods.

Question 6.
There is an ecosystem, where industrial sewage occurs. Arrange the following living organisms in various trophic levels as per the persistent. (Biomagnification).
Grass, Fish, Sheep, Grass hopper, Phytoplankton, Prawn, Crow, Frog, Larval forms.

Answer:

Question 7.

Observe the above diagram, answer the following questions.
i) Name the pollutant which pollutes the soil the most.
ii) Write the biodegradable materials given in the figure.
iii) What will happen if the usage of plastic increased?
iv) What metals pollute the soil, due to the excessive usage of Super Phosphate fertilisers in cultivation?
Answer:
i) Organic wastes 32%
ii) Organic wastes and paper
iii) They remain in the soil for several hundreds of years. They cause a lot of soil pollution. They damage the soil health.
iv) Nitrates and phosphates

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term tissue? (AS 1)
Answer:
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function.
Eg : Nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue etc.

Question 2.
Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres with diagrams. (AS 1)
Answer:

Question 3.
What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? (AS 1)
Answer:
Specific function of the cardiac muscle :

1. Cardiac muscle present in the heart.
2. It is responsible for pumping of blood.

Question 4.
Differentiate between striated and unstriated muscles on the basis of their shape and site/location in the body. (AS 1)
Answer:

Question 5.
Draw a neatly labelled diagram of a neuron. (AS 3)
Answer:

Question 6.
Name the following. (AS 1)
a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
c) Tissue that transports food in animals.
d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
e) Connective tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
a) Epithelial cells
b) Tendon
c) Connective tissue/blood
d) Adipose tissue
e) Areolar tissue

Question 7.
Identify the types of tissue in the following : Linings of the organs, skin, bone, internal lining of kidney tubule. (AS 1)
Answer:

Question 8.
If the platelets are not present in the blood, what happens? (AS 2)
Answer:

• If the platelets are not present in the blood, blood loss may be more from the injury.
• Whenever a blood vessel is injured, at the site of injury formation of a blood clot will not takes place.
• The wound will not be sealed by the clot.

Question 9.
If you touch at elbow, you get a shock like feeling. Why? (AS 7)
Answer:

• In human beings ulnar nerve runs from the shoulder to the hand.
• The ulnar nerve comes close to the surface near the elbow.
• Due to the superficial location it is not protected by muscle, fat or other soft tissues.
• Thinner skin layer around bone at elbow makes ulnar nerve more receptive for any small stimuli.
• That is the reason for getting a shock like feeling if we touch at elbow.

Question 10.
Why the blood is called a connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue :
A loosely spaced tissue mainly carrying different materials to different parts of the body as well as rendering support, making connection between organs is called connective tissue.

Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers and matrix.
3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which all other connective tissues also originate.

Question 11.
Write the procedure to identify your blood group with the help of kit. (As 3)
Answer:
Aim :
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus :
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle.

Materials used :
Cotton, 70/6 alcohol, toothpicks.

Procedure:

1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it.
2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles.
3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge of the circles.
4. Clean the fingertip with an alcohol and let it dry.
5. Press on the bottom of the fingertip with the thumb and quickly prick the fingertip with the help, of a needle.
6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle, but not touching the anti-serum.
7. Apply gently pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and anti-serum and stir gently.
9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and Inference :
By using the following table determine the blood group.

If agglutination occurs in anti – RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive, and if it does not . the Rh factor is negative.

Note :
1. See the needle is sterile.
2. Usually choose left ring finger.
3. Don’t use same needle to other body.

Question 12.
Ramu felt weak. Ramu’s father took him to hospital. The doctor advised a blood test. The report says that he does not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What are its ill effects?
Answer:
Ill effects of haemoglobin :

• Blood is red in colour due to the presence of red coloured protein called haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Low haemoglobin is the main cause for anemia.
• If there is not enough haemoglobin in blood. The oxygen supply to various parts will be less, which causes shortness of breath.
• Low haemoglobin levels many aggravate extant heart problems.
• People with low haemoglobin levels get very tired as their cells do not get enough oxygen to perform their activities.

Question 13.
How blood test is useful to diagnose the disease? Explain with daily life situation. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Blood test is useful to diagnose diseases such as malaria, typhoid, cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, anemia coronary heart disease, abnormalities in the functioning of kidney, liver, thyroid, etc.
• Abnormal red blood cell levels might be a sign of anemia. Dehydration, bleeding, and other disorder.
• Complete blood count with differential can measure the amounts of different types of white blood cells in our body.
• Abnormal white blood cell levels might be a sign of infection, blood cancer or an immune system disorder.
• Abnormal platelet levels might be a sign of a bleeding disorder or thrombotic disorder.
• Abnormal haemoglobin levels might be a sign of anemia, sickle cell anemia or thalassemia.
• Abnormal glucose levels in the blood might be a sign of diabetes.
• Abnormal calcium levels in the blood might suggest kidney problems, bone disease, thyroid disease, cancer, or malnutrition.
• Abnormal electrolyte levels might be a sign of dehydration, kidney disease, liver disease, heart failure or high B.P.
• Abnormal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels might suggest a kidney disease.
• High levels of enzymes like Troponin and creatine kinase is a sign of Heart attack.
• Abnormal cholestrol or triglyceride levels might be a sign of increased risk of coronary heart disease.
• Abnormal coagulation pannel test results might suggest risk of bleeding or developing clots in blood vessels.
• Existence of microorganisms or their antibodies in the blood suggest occurence of corresponding disease.
  E.g. : Plasmodium – Malaria, HIV – AIDS etc.

Question 14.
Collect the old blood reports of your friends/relatives and prepare a project report on the contents of the blood.
Answer:
On collection and observation of old blood reports I came to know that the contents of blood should present in definite proportions such as.

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 29

Question 1.
Why do old people shiver in winter when compared to youngsters? Is there any insulator like substance to prevent the escape of heat energy during winter?
Answer:

• Old people shivers in winter when compared to youngsters.
• They didn’t have enough fat storages below the skin.
• Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.
• The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules.
• Storage of fat also acts as insulator.

Question 2.
Which tissue gives definite shape to body of vertebrae?
Answer:

• Bone is one type of connective tissue.
• It forms the frame work that supports the body.
• It is a major component of the skeletal system of several vertebrae.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 34

Question 3.
During winter, body shivers. Why?
Answer:

• When the body is exposed to cold air, we shiver.
• During shivering muscles contract and relax and produce large amount of heat.
• This keeps the body heat.
• It is one type of defensive mechanism of the body.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Blood is a type of connective tissue. Why is it called connective tissue?
Answer:
Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers, and matrix.
3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which ail other connective tissues also originate.

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Activities

Lab Activity – 1

Question 1.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, forceps, brush.

Procedure:

1. Collect a small piece of chicken with bone from your nearby chicken centres or market.
2. Put it in dilute HCl for two hours.
3. Take the skin part of chicken piece.
4. Place the material with forceps or brush on the slide
5. Then keep the another slide on it and press both the slides gently.
6. Place a cover slip tap on it and observe under microscope.
7. Draw the diagram of what you have observed under microscope in your notebook.
8. Compare your diagram with the given picture.

Answer these questions.
1. Are all the cells similar?
Answer:
Yes. All the cells are similar.

2. How are they arranged?
Answer:
They are arranged in layers. Each cell is round and nucleated. Observed diagram

3. Are these cells tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath?
Answer:
Yes. The cells are tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath.

4. Is there any intercellular space?
Answer:
No. There is no intercellular space.

5. Think, why these cells look like continuous sheath.
Answer:
These cells are look like continuous sheath because there is no intercellular space and the cells are tightly packed.

6. Does this tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body.

Question 2.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, cotton.

Procedure:

1. Take a sterilized syringe needle.
2. Collect one drop of blood from finger tip by pricking with syringe needle.
3. Take a slide. Keep the finger on the slide to collect one drop of blood.
4. Put another slide on it gently and press both :
5. Observe under microscope.
6. Draw the diagram of what you observe L microscope in your notebook. Compare diagram with the given picture.
   In this procedure we can identify red blood

Question 3.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, vinegar, forceps.

Procedure:

1. Take a piece of muscle of chicken.
2. Put in diluted HCl or vinegar and leave it for two hours.
3. Next morning collect the piece of muscle on a slide with forceps.
4. Press gently with another slide, put few drops of water and place a cover slip on it.
5. Observe under microscope. Observed diagram
6. Draw the diagram what you have observed under microscope in your notebook. Compare your diagram with the above picture.

Answer these questions.

1. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are arranged in layers one above the other.

2. Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:
Muscle cells are long and nucleated.

3. If you want to observe the bone tissue in the chicken bone, settle it in vinegar or diluted HCl over night. Then only the bone becomes soft. Take a piece from it by using knife. Do you find any relation among these tissues?
Answer:
Usually muscle tissue is attached to bones.

4. Is this tissue useful for movements in our body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue is useful for movements in our body.

Activity – 1

Question 4.
1. Collect the substance lining of mouth by using wooden spoon and observe this under microscope.
2. Draw the diagram that you observed in the microscope, in your notebook.
a) How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.

b) Are there any intercellular spaces?
Answer:
No. Intercellular spaces are absent.

c) Think, why are the epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers?
Answer:

Because skin has to protect our body from cold, heat etc.

d) If you drink hot tea or chilled cool drink, how would you feel?
Answer:
Inner layers of our mouth cannot bear hot tea or chilled cool drink. We immediately spill hot or cold substances from our mouth.

e) If your skin burns or wounded, which tissue would effected ?
Answer:
Epithelial tissue.

Activity – 2

Question 5.
1. Take a permanent slide of cuboidal epithelium from your laboratory slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the picture in your notebook.
3. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
The cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.

4. Conclusion :
These are the cuboidal epithelial cells which form the lining of organs or tubules or other parts and provide mainly mechanical support.

Activity – 3

Question 6.
1. Take a permanent slide of columnar epithelium from the slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the figure that you observed under microscope. Observed diagram
3. How are the cells? Do you find any hair like projections on the outer surface of epithelial cells?

Answer:
a) The cells are long, compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
b) Hair like projections are present on the outer surface of these cells.
c) These type of epithelial cells are present in the small intestine.

Activity – 4

Question 7.
1. Invite a scientist or doctor to your place.
2. Record an interview about blood structure and its functions.
3. It is important to make a questionnaire in order to conduct an interview.
4. After completion of interview, prepare a booklet about blood and display it on bulletin board or classroom library.

Booklet about blood.

1. Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
2. There are different types of cells in blood and each one has a different function.
3. All the cells in the blood cells float freely in the plasma.
4. Extracellular space is filled with fluid called plasma. There are no fibres in the blood.
5. Normal adult human beings have about 5 litres of blood. A chief component in plasma is water.
6. Besides water it also has several nutrients such as glucose, aminoacids, proteins, vitamins and hormones.
7. Plasma also contain factors responsible for blood clotting. Heparine helps to prevent blood clotting in blood vessels.
8. Cells present in blood are corpuscles. They are three types l.RBC, 2. WBC, 3. Blood platelets.
9. Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin.
10. haemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
11. When we are in mother’s womb, RBC are formed in the liver and spleen. After birth RBC are generated from the bone marrow of long bone.
12. RBC live for 120 days.
13. The second type of cells present in blood are white blood cells, which do not have haemoglobin. Hence they are called leucocytes.
14. There are two types of cells in WBC – granulocytes and agranulocytes.
15. There are three types of cells in the granulocytes – Neutrophils, Basophils and Esinophils.
16. These cells attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
17. There are two types of agranulocytes – lymphocytes and monocytes.
18. Lymphocytes secret anti – bodies to guard against foreign material that enter into blood. So they are called microscopic policemen.
19. Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells. They are called as ‘scavengers’.
20. Blood platelets are a separate group of cells which do not have a nucleus. They help in blood clotting.

Lab Activity – 2

Question 8.
Aim:
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus:
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle, cotton, tooth picks, 70% alcohol.

Kit components:

Procedure:

1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it. The plate must be very clean so that it does not interfere with the reaction.
2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles, one in each part as shown in figure.
3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge but within each of the circles as shown in figure.
4. Choose a left ring finger clean it with alcohol in a cotton ball and let it dry. Keep the cotton ball nearby, as it is needed again. Dangle the hand down to increase the amount of blood in the fingers.
5. Press on the bottom of the finger tip with the thumb of the same hand and quickly prick the finger tip with the help of a needle.
6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle but not touching the anti-sera.
7. After putting three drops of blood, apply gentle pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and antiserum and stir gently. Do it for each of the circles using a fresh toothpick every time.
9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and inference :
Determine the blood type depending on the result. Following table can be used to determine the blood type :

If agglutination occurs in anti-RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive; and if it does not, the Rh factor is negative.

Result should be noted in the given table :

Activity – 5

Question 9.
Collect three types of muscle slides (Striated muscles, Non-striated muscles, Cardiac muscles) from slide box. Then observe these under microscope. Write your findings in the following table.

Activity – 6

Question 10.
Collect the slide of nerve cells from the slide box. Observe it under microscope. Write your findings.
Answer:

1. We can identify three distinct parts in nerve cells.
2. They are
   1. Cell body or cyton,
   2. Axon and
   3. Dendrites
3. Cell body or cyton has a large nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains granular structure called Nissal’s granules.
4. Projections arising from the cell body are called dendrites. They are sharp, branched, more in number.
5. One projection of the cyton is somewhat longer than remaining projections. This is called axon.
6. Nerve cell is covered with myeline sheath. Nodes of Ranvier are present in myelin sheath.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
The structure which controls the entry and exit of the materials through the cell is
A) Cell wall
B) Cell membrane
C) Both
D) None of them
Answer:
Cell membrane.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
a) The smell of flowers reaches us through the process of …………………..
Answer:
Diffusion

b) The MIC gas of Bhopal tragedy was spread throughout the city through the process of …………………
Answer:
Diffusion

c) Water enters the potato osmometer due to a process called ………………
Answer:
Osmosis

d) The fresh grape wrinkles, if kept in salt water because of …………………
Answer:
Osmosis

Question 3.
What do you mean by permeability of membrane? Explain with suitable example.
Answer:
Allowing only certain materials to pass through the membrane is called permeability.

Example :

1. The cell membrane is very much permeable to gases such as carbondioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and fat solvent compounds such as alcohol, ether and chloroform.
2. It is impermeable to polysaccharides, phospholipids and proteins.

Question 4.
If the dried vegetables are kept in water they become fresh. What is the reason?
Answer:

1. The dried vegetables have less water content and high salt concentration in cells.
2. When they are kept in water they absorb water and become fresh.
3. The water enter into the vegetables by a process known as osmosis.

Question 5.
Name the process by which we can get fresh water from sea water.
Answer:
Reverse Osmosis.

Question 6.
What will happen to a marine fish if kept in fresh water aquarium? Support your answer with reasons.
Answer:
The marine fish dies.
Reasons:

1. Usually marine fishes have high concentration of salts in their body.
2. When they are kept in fresh water, the water from the fresh water aquarium enters the body of fishes due to osmosis.
3. More amount of fresh water enters the cells of fish. This results in bursting of cells and fish dies.

Question 7.
Why do the doctors administer saline (salt solution) only, but not the distilled water?
Answer:

• Distilled water causes cells to lyse, so injecting distilled water into a vein will cause some degree of haemolysis.
• Haemolysis is the rupture of red blood cells.
• Large amount of distilled water would cause much more damage not just limited to haemolysis and also cause brain damage or cardiac arrest and death.
• That is why fluids are administered to patients as saline (which include appropriate amount of salt)

Question 8.
What will happen if 50% glucose solution (dextrose) is injected intravenously (into vein)?
Answer:

• 50% glucose solution (dextrose) is used for reduction of increased cerebrospinal pressure and cerebral edema.
• If 50% glucose solution is injected intravenously it may produce allergic reactions in sensitive persons.
• The allergic reactions include nervous excitement infection at the joint site, tissues necrosis, venous thrombosis extending from the site of injection etc.
• Hence concentrated dextrose (glucose) should be administered via central vein only after suitable dilution.

Question 9.
What will happen if cells do not have ability of permeability?
Answer:

1. If the cells do not have ability of permeability they would not be able to carryout any of their fundamental life functions.
2. Oxygen, glucose, fats, proteins and vitamins are needed by cells to perform life process.
3. Mature cells become impermeable to any molecules or atoms it would die of toxicity and it would not be able to remove its wastes.

Question 10.
Draw the flow chart showing different stages in doing the experiment with egg.
Answer:

Question 11.
You have purchased a coconut in the market. By shaking it you found there is less water in coconut. Can you fill the coconut with water without making a hole to the coconut?
Answer:

• No, it is not possible to fill the coconut with water without making a hole.
• The husk of coconut is mostly made up of sclerenchymatous cells which are dead.
• Osmosis do not takes place in dead cells.
• It is not possible to fill the coconut with water without making a hole.

Question 12.
What are your observations in experiments to know about diffusion?
Answer:
Observations in experiments to know about diffusion are :

1. Materials kept in medium (water/air) get dissolves in the medium.
2. These dissolved molecules gradually move randomly in all directions. (from center to periphery)
3. They move from higher concentration to lower concentration.
4. This movement occures till these molecules spread equally throughout the medium.

Question 13.
Discuss with your friends and write the list of incidences where diffusion occurs.
Answer:

• A sugar cube in a glass of milk/water diffuses throughout it and make it sweet.
• The smell of cookies diffuses through the house as they bake.
• Tea leaf pigments diffuse through the tea bag into the water to give it colour and taste.
• Air freshner/deodorent molecules diffuse into the air when put on so we can smell it.
• If the cooking gas is leaked it spreads all over the house through diffusion.
• CO₂ bubbles in soft drink diffuses out of soda leaving the soda flat.
• Robbin Blue drops diffuses in water, making the water blue.
• Agarbatti, mosquito repellents work on the principle of diffusion.

Question 14.
How diffusion is useful in everyday life?
Answer:

• A wilted carrot made firm again by soaking in water.
• Cigarette smoke. It diffuses into air and spreads through the room.
• A sugar cube in a glass of water that is not stirred will dissolve slowly and the sugar molecules will distribute over the water by diffusion.
• The smell of cookies diffuses through the house as they bake.
• Tea leaf pigments diffuse through the tea bag to give the water its colour and taste of tea.
• Air freshner / deodorant molecules diffuse into the air when put on. So we can smell it.
• If the cooking gas is leaked, it spreads all over the house through diffusion.
• CO₂ bubbles in soft drink diffuses out of our soda leaving our soda flat.
• Air freshners, agarbatti, mosquito repellents work on the principle of diffusion.

Question 15.
Give examples of three daily life activities in which osmosis is involved?
Answer:

• Water enters into the roots through osmosis.
• In our body waste materials are filtered from the blood.
• Osmosis helps in the opening and closing of stomata.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Look at the substances in the table identify the (✓) substances that should go into the cell and should go out of the cell?
Answer:

Procedure :

• Keep the raw eggs in dil HCl / toilet cleaning acid for 4 to 5 hours.
• Take out the egg with the help of table spoon.
• Wash the eggs under tap water.

• Measure the circumference of each egg with long strip of paper, as its widest place, and mark on the paper with pen or pencil.
• Prepare a concentrated salt solution in a beaker.
• Place one egg in the beaker with tap water and place the other in the salt water.

• Leave the beakers for 2 to 4 hours.
• Take the eggs out, wipe them and measure the circumference with the same strip of paper. Mark on the paper with pen or pencil.

Observation :
The egg placed in salt water shrinks, the egg placed in the tap water swells.

Result:

• Shrinking of egg placed in the salt water is due to exosmosis in which water molecules leave the cell.
• Swelling of egg placed in the tap water is due to endosmosis in which water molecules enter the cell.

Lab Activity – 3

Question 2.
Prepare semi-permeable membranes and conduct an experiment to prove osmosis with it.
Answer:
Preparing semi-permeable membranes.

• Take two raw eggs.
• Keep the two eggs in dil. HCl for 4 to 5 hours.
• The shells which are made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) are dissolved.
• Wash the eggs under tap water.
• Carefully pierce a pencil sized hole in the egg membrane and drain the contents.
• Wash the membrane with fresh water. Now the semi-permeable membrane is ready for use.

Experiment of osmosis with egg membranes :

Aim :
To prove osmosis through semi- permeable membrane of an egg.

Materials required :
Two egg membranes, three beakers, sugar, water, thread, measuring jar, disposable syringe.

Procedure :

1. Take one egg membrane and fill it with 10 ml of saturated sugar solution with a syringe.
2. Tie its mouth with a thread.
3. Measure 100 ml of tap water in a beaker.
4. Keep the egg membrane in fresh water beaker.
5. Leave it for overnight.
6. Take the second egg membrane and fill it with 10 ml of tap water with the syringe.
7. Prepare 100 ml of saturated sugar solution and keep the egg membrane in it.
8. Leave it for overnight.
9. Measure the contents of the egg membranes and beakers.

Observations:

1. Water entered into the egg membrane in which sugar solution is filled. So size of the membrane increased.
2. Water left from the egg membrane in which water is filled. The size of the membrane decreased.
   Result: Water move across membranes from solutions of one concentration to the other through a process called osmosis.

Activity – 4

Question 3.
How do you observe the diffusion of coffee powder in water? Write your findings.
Answer:

1. Take half bowl water.
2. Prepare a small ball of coffee powder.
3. Slowly put in water and observe.

Observations:

1. The ball of coffee powder starts dissolving in water.
2. The water around the coffee powder will appear dark in colour.
3. As time progresses, all the water in the beaker becomes coloured.
4. Initially pale in colour and slowly all the water in the beaker becomes uniformly coloured. Coffee powder molecules diffuse into the water forming uniform colour.

Activity – 5

Question 4.
Observe the diffusion of potassium permanganate in water. Write your findings.
Answer:

• Keep a crystal of KMNO₄ (Potassium permanganate) in the centre of the petridish with the help of a forceps.
• Carefully fill the petridish with water.
• Observe the movement of pink colour in the petridish every minute.
• Also observe the spreading of colour from centre to periphery.

Observations:

1. Potassium permanganate crystal starts dissolving in water.
2. The water around the crystal will appear in pink colour.
3. As time progresses all the water in the beaker becomes coloured.
4. Initially pale in colour and slowly all the water in the beaker become uniformly pink coloured.

Diffusion :
The permanganate molecules moves from higher concentration to lower concentration in water through diffusion.

Activity – 6

Question 5.
How do you observe the diffusion of copper sulphate in water? Write your findings.
Answer:

• Keep a small crystal of copper sulphate in the center of the petridish with the help of a forceps.
• Carefully fill the petridish with water.
• Observe the movement of blue colour in the petridish every minute.
• Also observe the spreading of colour from centre to periphery.

Observations :

1. Copper sulphate crystal starts dissolving in water.
2. The water around the crystal will appear in blue color.
3. As time progresses, all the water in the beaker becomes coloured.
4. Initially pale blue in colour and slowly all the water in the beaker becomes uniformly blue in color.

Diffusion :
The copper sulphate molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration in water through diffusion.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What do you understand by adaptations in organisms and why do they adapt? (AS 1)
Answer:

• The ways and means that organisms adapt or develop over a certain period of time in different conditions for better survival are adaptation of organisms.
• Adaptation is a feature that is common in any population because it provides some improvement for better survival.

Question 2.
With the help of two examples, explain how these organisms have adapted themselves in the ecosystem? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Mangroves grow in a wet and salty place.
• They have evolved to have curious looking projections from their roots called pneu- matophores or knees.
• These pneumatophores develop from the lateral roots that are growing near the surface, and protrude upto 12 inches out of the soil.
• Pneumatophores aid the plants in maintaining adequate root respiration in a watery environment.
• We don’t find such structures in plants growing around us.
• Another example is in kaiabanda, the leaves are reduced to spines so that there is little transpiration loss and water is stored in the tissues of the stem (succulent stems)
• This helps the plant to live in conditions of water scarcity as we come across in deserts.
• With the above two examples, we can say that these organisms have adapted them-selves in the ecosystem.

Question 3.
Collect some aquatic plants- cut the leaves and stems. Observe them under microscope and record your observations like presence air /absence of air spaces etc. and answer the below. (AS 3)
a) Are there any other reasons for their floating?
Answer:
The bodies of aquatic plants are delicate with more than 80% of their weight consisting of water.

b) Draw a diagram of what you have observed under microscope.

Question 4.
What special adaptations can be seen in the following organisms? (AS 1)
a) mangrove trees
b) camel
c) fish
d) dolphins
e) planktons

a) Mangrove trees :
Answer:

1. Mangroves grow in a wet and salty place near the sea shore.
2. From their roots arise pneumatophores or knees.
3. These pneumatophores develop from the lateral roots that are growing near the surface and protrude upto 12 inches out of the soil.
4. Pneumatophores. aid the plants in maintaining adequate root respiration in a watery environment.

b) Camel:
Answer:

1. In camel hump stores fat fordater use.
2. Long eyelashes protects eye from sand.
3. Nostrils closes voluntarily to protect from blowing sand.
4. Long legs keeps the body away from hot ground.

c) Fish :
Answer:’

1. The body is covered by scales.
2. Fishes bear specialised structures to swim like fins.
3. Fishes have floaters in their body (special structures of their digestive canals) to be able to inhabit particu¬lar levels in the water body.
4. Fishes respire with gills.

d) Dolphins:
Answer:
Dolphins have adapted to their environment in the following ways :
Fins shape – A dolphins tail goes up and down to help it dive up to get the air. The shape of their fins also help to propel them through the water.

To help dolphins save oxygen while they dive under water, their heart beat slower during a dive and their blood is diverted from other parts of their body to their heart, lungs and brain. They also save oxygen via muscles, which have a protein called myo-globin which in turn stores oxygen.

They have a blubber or fat which provides insulation helping the dolphin stay warmer under cold water.

They have a body covering of skin. The upper most layer of skin produces an oil which forms a film that cover the dolphin’s body.

Being mammal dolphin breathe with lungs rather than gills. So they breathe from a blow hole which closes before the dolphin goes into the water. The long nose helps the dolphin to fight sharks and their teeth help them to catch fish.

They have well developed echo location by which they locate other animals and also communicate with each other.

e) Planktons:
Answer:
Microscopic photosynthetic organisms like planktons have droplets of oil in their cells that keeps them float.

Question 5.
If an animal of euphotic zone has to survive in abyssal zone, what adaptations are required to survive there? (AS 1)
Answer:
Adaptations required to survive in abyssal zone are :

1. The animals should have wide mouths and huge curved teeth which prevent escape of any prey.
2. Absence of skeleton, flattened bodies are required.
3. Animals should have special structures that produce light on their bellies, around their eyes, and at the sides of their bodies.
4. The animals should show bioluminescence in the dark waters.

Question 6.
Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes. Do you agree? Justify.
Answer:

• Yes, marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes.
• Because several marine fishes have a lower internal salt concentration than that of the water they swim in.
• So they tend to dehydrate as water is lost by osmosis.
• To compensate, they drink large amount of water and excrete the salts both via their kidneys and through highly specialised cells in the gills.

Question 7.
Visit a nearby pond or lake. Record the organisms you have observed and their adaptations. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Nearby pond or lake consists of three zones namely littoral zone, limnetic zone, and profundal zone.
• In the topmost littoral zone, the edge of a water body is home to snails, insects, several crustaceans, fishes and amphibians, and the eggs and larvae of dragonflies.
• Predators present are tortoise, snakes, and ducks.
• Adaptations : Several organisms have well developed sight, usually have dull and greyish bodies, and are fast swimmers.
• Limnetic zones contains fresh water fish, crustaceans like daphnia, cyclops, and small shrimps are present.
• Floating- plants like water hyacinth, wolfia, pistia along with algae are present.
• Adaptations seen in the plants this zone are presence of air space, leaves covered with wax, etc.
• In the profundal zone scavengers and predators for example crustaceans, crabs, fishes like eels and snails, turtles are present.
• They adapt themselves by feeding on dead animals that settle down.

Question 8.
Draw a lake showing different zones. Why are they called so? (AS 5)
Answer:
Zones of Lake :

1) Littoral zone :
The zone close to shore. They reaches all the way. Plants living in this zone perform photosynthesis.

2) Limnetic zone :
Sunlit part of the lake surrounded by the littoral zone. This zone extends at a depth where sunlight penetrates.

3) Profundal zone :
It is much colder and denser than previous zones.

Question 9.
Collect information of one lake from internet and prepare a table of organisms adapted at different zones.
Answer:
Different zones in lakes and types of organisms present:
1) The littoral zone :
a) The topmost and warmest zone at the edge of a water body is home to snails, clams, insects, several crustaceans, fishes and amphibians and eggs and larvae of dragonflies.
b) Plants like mosses, water lily, vallisneria, hydrilla etc. are found along with several types of algae.
c) Predators of this zone are tortoise, snakes and ducks.

2) The limnetic zone :
a) This zone contains variety of fresh water fish with bright shiny scales.
b) Transparent or whitish bodied crustaceans like daphnia, cyclops, small shrimps are also found in this zone.
c) There are different types of floating plants like water hyacinth wolfia, pistia along with a variety of algae.

3) The profundal zone :
a) Mostly heterotrophs are present.
b) Scavengers and predators like crustaceans, crabs, fishes like eels and glossogobius (isika dondu), snails, turtles etc are present.
c) Many kinds of bacteria are also present in this zone that help in decomposition.

Question 10.
Write the effect of temperature on the organisms adapted in a lake and pond in a tabular form. (AS 1)
Answer:

• In deeper lakes during summer only the surface water is heated up while the deeper layer remain cold. During summer the ponds dry up.
• In tropical regions water gets heated up and evaporates in lakes. During average temperatures the water in the pond heated up and evaporates.
• The requirements necessary to the organisms like oxygen and nutrients gets decreased in the lake.
• The salinity of the water increases, concentration of oxygen decreases and availability of food decreases in pond during average temperatures.
• In the cold regions upper layers of the lake gets frozen during winter and lower layers does not.
• The entire pond gets frozen during winter.
• Aquatic animals in tropics undergo aestivation or hybernation to overcome extreme cold or hot seasons.

Question 11.
Amphibians are wonderful creatures on the earth. How do you appreciate their adaptation? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Amphibian body has small waist, no neck. Streamlined body shape helps in swimming.
• Skin is thin and moist allows gaseous exchange in cutaneous respiration.
• Front legs used to keep the front portion of the body off the ground.
• Hind legs able to jump great distances and change direction quickly.
• Eyes are positioned on top of head gives the frog a wide angled visual field.
• Mouth is very large and broad can able to catch and eat large prey.
• Tongue attached at front of mouth enables it stick the prey when caught.
• Frogs start their lives as aquatic tadpoles with gills to breathe. As tadpole grows into frogs lungs replace the gills and allows frog to breathe on land.

Question 12.
Some animals and plants survive only in certain conditions. Nowadays human activities cause damage to these conditions. What do you think about this? (AS 7)
Answer:

• Human activities are causing lot of damage to biodiversity.
• Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, conversion of forest land to agricultural land, hunting and indiscriminate killing of animals for their products, and pollution can endanger the plant and animal species.
• If proper care is not taken plants and animals may disappear totally from the surface of the earth.

Question 13.
In the chapter on ecosystem, we had studied about the mangrove ecosystems. What kind of abiotic conditions did you study in them? (AS 1)
Answer:
Kinds of abiotic conditions in mangrove ecosystems are soil, pH, oxygen, nutrients, winds and currents, light, temperature, humidity, tides, salinity.

Question 15.
Are there any rivers meeting in the Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem? Collect information and make a note on them.
Answer:

• Coringa mangrove is situated South of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km South of Visakhapatnam.
• Coringa is named after the river Coringa.
• Coringa mangroves receive fresh water from Coringa and Gaderu rivers, distributors of Gautami, Godavari rivers, and neritic waters from Kakinada Bay.
• Numerous creeks and canal traverse this coringa ecosystem.

Question 17.
The Murrel (Korramatta) and Rohu are fishes found in rivers. Will they be able to live in the coringa ecosystem ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

• Yes, Murrel and Rohu be able to live in the coringa ecosystem.
• Because coringa ecosystem gets fresh water from rivers coringa, Gaderu and distributories of Gautami, Godavari rivers.
• If the salinity of the water in the coringa ecosystem increases, the water enters the body of fresh water fishes.
• The water can be excreted in the form of urine, but to maintain a suitable salt bal¬ance fresh water fish need to reabsorb salt through the kidneys and salt collecting cells in gills.

Question 18.
How the frogs got protected themselves from cold and heat?
Answer:

• Frogs are cold blooded animals so they can’t tolerate extreme cold or heat conditions.
• They protect themselves from extreme cold conditions by a process called hibernation (winter sleep) and from extreme heat conditions by Aestivation (summer sleep)
• During these processes they burrow deep in the ground and remain motionless until the conditions are favourable.
• During this period the rate of metabolic activities slow down and the animal goes into a nearly unconscious sleepy condition.

Question 19.
How do you appreciate the processing protection pebble plants from the enemies?
Answer:

• Pebble plants are also called living stones.
• They protect themselves from their enemies by adapting themselves to their habitat.
• They survive by living partly underground.
• They avoid being eaten by blending in with surrounding rocks.
• Leaves of these plants are not green as in almost all higher plants, but various shades of cream, grey and brown, patterned with darker windowed areas, dots and red lines.
• The markings on the top surface disguise the plant in its surroundings (camouflage)
• Thus, they adopt wonderfully to their habitats and protect themselves from their enemies.

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 131

Question 1.
What is a habitat?
Answer:
Habitat is the immediate environment occupied by an organism or the living place of an organism.

Question 2.
Is a tree habitat only for a crow?
Answer:’
No. Tree is a habitat for variety of birds and insects.

Question 3.
In what way an ecosystem is different from habitat?
Answer:
In ecosystem biotic and abiotic components are present. Habitat is the place where organisms live in an ecosystem.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 134

Question 4.
You may know animals that live in water. Do you find in them any suitable characters adapted to live in water? Write a note on them in your notebook.
Answer:

• Structural adaptations in the bodies like presence of special air spaces.
• Such air spaces help them to swim and float in water.
• The aquatic organisms bear specialized structures to swim like flippers as in turtles and fins in fishes.
• Fishes, dolphins have floaters in their body to be able to inhabit particular levels in the water body.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 135

Question 5.
In what way flexible stem is useful to the aquatic plants?
Answer:

• In aquatic plants flexible stem contains a parenchymatous tissue known as arenchyma.
• Arenchyma consists of number of air filled spaces.
• These air spaces help the plant to float on water.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 137

Question 6.
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
Answer:

a) How many zones can you see in the figure basis of light penetration? Name them.
Answer:
Three zones are present. They are eu- photic zone, bathyal zone and abyssal zone.

b) What types of abiotic conditions do you find as per the given table?
Answer:
Light, temperature and depth.

c) What will effect adaptation to marine life other than the conditions shown in the table and figure?
Answer:
Salinity, oxygen, rainfall, regular windflow, soil, pH, nutrients, humid-ity, oceanic currents effect adaptation to marine life.

d) What happens to the temperature and pressure as depth increases?
Answer:
As depth increases temperature decreases and pressure increases.

e) Which zone has more animals? Guess why.
Answer:

1. Bathyal zone has more animals. Because the conditions in this zone are suitable for the organisms to grow.
2. Red and brown kelps are the primary producers. They provide food to other organisms in that zone.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 139

Question 7.
Does Pulikat lake of Nellore come under fresh water ecosystem or not? Why?
Answer:

• Pulikat lake of Nellore comes under marine or salt water ecosystem.
• Because the salinity of water in the lake is 3.5%.
• Main salts present in the Pulikat lake are sodium and potassium.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 140

Question 8.
‘Think, how webbed feet helps ducks?
Answer:

1. Webbed feet of birds help them to adapt conditions on land as well as in water.
2. Webbed feet have enabled them to be good swimmers.

Question 9.
Why cranes have long legs and long beaks?
Answer:

1. Cranes have long, thin legs wander through the mud shallows searching for insects.
2. Long beak help them in searching of insects in the mud.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 141

Question 10.
How are marine ecosystems different from fresh water ones?
Answer:

1. The saliny of water in marine ecosystem is 3.5% whereas it is 1.8% in fresh water.
2. Marine ecosystems are huge and they make up about three-fourths of the earths surface.
3. The number of organisms present in marine ecosystems are more when compared to fresh water ecosystem.

Question 11.
Write two types of adaptations you find in marine ecosystems, different from fresh water ecosystems.
Answer:

• Many marine animals have blubber fur insulation from the cold and some fish have an antifreeze like substance in their blood to keep it flowing.
• Marine animals must regulate the interaction of fresh water and salt water in their bodies.
• Specially developed kidneys, gills and body functions help to maintain salt concentrations across members through osmosis.

Question 12.
What are the similarities in adaptation on the basis of light penetration in the two aquatic ecosystems?
Answer:

• In both the aquatic ecosystems, light penetrates upto a depth of zoom only.
• The light intensity is sufficient to perform photosynthesis.
• In the low light intensities below 200 mts depth is sufficent to perform photosynthesis by some kelps.
• Due to the lack of light in abyssal and profundal zones, usually scavengers and predators exists.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 142

Question 13.
Which zone do you think, when compared to marine ecosystems, is absent in fresh water ecosystem?
Answer:
Benthic zone is absent in fresh water ecosystem when compared to marine ecosystem.

Question 14.
What would be a major factor leading to different types of adaptations in marine, fresh water ecosystems?
Answer:
Light would be a major factor leading to different types of adaptation in marine, fresh water ecosystems.

Question 15.
Do all plants shed their leaves at same time in a year throughout the world?
Answer:

1. No. Some plants in temperate regions shed their leaves before the winter starts.
2. In tropical regions some plants shed their leaves before the start of summer.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 143

Question 16.
Are thorny leaves also an adaptation to temperature?
Answer:

1. No. They are not adaptation to temperature.
2. They are adaptation to protect themselves from the animals who eat them.

Question 17.
If the trees have broad leaves at the time of snow fall season what will happen?
Answer:
If the trees have broad leaves at the time of snow fall season, the branches of tree can break due to the weight of snow gathered on each leaf and branch during snow fall.

Question 18.
Why polar bear has thick fur on its body?
Answer:

1. Polar bear has thick fur coat or hair covering on their bodies.
2. The fur act as insulator preventing heat loss from its body.

Question 19.
In what way thick skin helps the seal to protect from cold weather?
Answer:

1. In the thick layer of skin, fat is deposited in seals.
2. The thick layer of fat deposited under their act as insulators preventing heat loss from its body.
3. The fat not only insulates the body but helps in producing heat and energy.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 132

Question 20.
Can you give some examples of fleshy leaf plants?
Answer:
Yes. Bryophyllum, Aloe, and Agave are the examples for fleshy leaved plants.

Question 21.
Why xerophytic plants do not have broad leaves?
Answer:
To prevent the excessive loss of water through respiration xerophytic plants do not have broad leaves.

Question 22.
You may see Kittanara, a xeric plant, grown as fence around crop fields in some areas in our state. Actually those places are not desert. How can they grow there?
Answer:
They grow there because this plant shows adaptations in that places.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 133

Question 23.
Do all animals living in desert conditions show adaptations?
Answer:
Yes, all animals living in desert conditions show adaptations.

Question 24.
Why some animals have scales on their body?
Answer:

1. Scales mainly protect the animals from environment.
2. In desert animals scales allow them to retain moisture by preventing the evaporation of water through the skin.
3. This allows the animal to become dehydrated and animal requires small amount of water to survive.

Question 25.
Why the animals that lives in burrows usually comeout during night time only?
Answer:
To protect themselves from extreme hot conditions, animals that live in burrows usually comeout during night time only.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 139

Question 26.
Which organism among jelly fishes and decomposers present in euphotic zone?
Answer:
Jelly fishes are present in euphotic zone.

Question 27.
What kinds of adaptations can be seen in the organisms of the euphotic zone?
Answer:

1. The organisms living in this zone are mostly floaten and swimmen.
2. Animals in this zone usually have shiny bodies reflecting light away to merge with shiny water surface are transparent.
3. These usually have sharp vision.

Question 28.
What kind of adaptations can be seen in the organisms of abyssal zone?
Answer:

• The larger animals in abyssal zone have wide mouths and huge curved teeth which prevent escape of any prey.
• Absence of skeleton, flattened bodies are some other characteristics observed.
• Some animals also have special structures that produce light on their bellies, around their eyes and at the sides of their bodies.
• Some animals shows bioluminiscence in the dark waters.

Question 29.
What differences can you find in the animals of bathyal zone when compared to animals of euphotic and abyssal zones?
Answer:

• Most of the plants found in this zone are the red and brown kelps, sponges, corals even animals with tubular bodies like squids and large animals like whales, etc.
• Some of the animals in the bathyal zone have a flat body like the ray fishes.
• Big eyes sensitive to very dimlight may present in bathyal zone animals.

Question 30.
How organisms of different zones of marine ecosystem are adapted?
Answer:

• The animals of euphotic zone are mostly floaters and swimmers.
• Animals in this zone usually have shiny bodies reflecting light away to merge with shiny water surface.
• Animals of euphotic zone have very sharp vision.
• Some of the animals in bathyal zone have a flat body like the ray fishes.
• The animals may have big eyes sensitive to very dim light in bathyal zone.
• Absence of skeleton, flattened bodies are some adaptations found in animals of abyssal zone.
• Some animals in abyssal zone may have special structures that produce light on – their bellies, around their eyes and at the sides of their bodies.
• Some animals in abyssal zone shows bioluminiscence in the dark waters.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 141

Question 31.
Organisms of the oceans have a lesser salt content in their bodies than the seawater around 3.5%. The fluid could drain out of the body of the organisms into the sea. This could be dangerous and fatal to the organism. How do they survive under such conditions?
Answer:

• Several marine species have a lower internal salt concentration than that of the water they swim in. So they tend to dehydrate as water is lost by osmosis.
• To compensate, they drink large amounts of water and excrete the salts both via their kidneys and through highly specialised cells in the gills.

Question 32.
Can fish in estuarine ecosystem survive in river as well as in sea?
Answer:

• Yes, fish in estuarine ecosystem survive in river as well as in sea.
• Two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation.
• Many species of fish living in estuarine have various methods of control to the salt shifts.
• They regulate the salt concentrations using osmoregulaters.

9th Class Biology 9th Lesson Adaptations in Different Ecosystems Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
i) Take a Kalabanda (Aloevera) and a Balsam plant in two separate pots.
ii) Water each of them with two tablespoons of water.
iii) Do not water them for a week.
iv) Observe the condition of the plants after a week.

Observations :
a) Which plant showed growth?
Answer:
Kalabanda plant showed growth.

b) Which plant dried first? Why?
Answer:
Balsam plant dried first. Because Balsam plants are not watered regularly. They need water to grow.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
i) Collect an aquatic plant out of a water body (e.g. Duck weed, Hydrilla, Vallisneria etc.) ii) Carry it back home and plant it in a pot and water it.
Observations :
a) From the above activity we see that some plants dry up without water very quickly, while other can grow even with very little water.
b) Each of these plants are adapted to the conditions in their surroundings on the basis of need of water.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
You know some of the animals that reside in and around lake or pond. Make a list of those animals and the characteristics of their body.
List of animals and reside in and around lake or pond :
Insects : Dragonfly, Damsefly, Mayfix, Stonefly, Dobsofly, Caddisfly, Cranefly, Water bugs, Beetles, etc.

Characteristics of the body of animais living in and around lake:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is the importance of different biogeochemical cycles in the nature? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Biogeochemical cycles enables the transformation of matter from one ecosystem to another.
• Biogeochemical cycles enable the transfer of molecules from one locality to another.
• Some elements such as nitrogen are highly concentrated in the atmosphere, but some of the atmospheric nitrogen is transfer it to soil through the nitrogen cycle.
• Biogeochemical cycles facilitates the storage of elements.
• Biogeochemical cycles assists in functioning of ecosystem.
• Biogeochemical cycles link living organisms with living organisms, living organisms with non-living organisms and non-living organisms with non-living organisms.
• Biogeochemicals regulate the flow of substances.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Ozone layer? Write an essay to participate in elocution competition on importance of ozone layer. (AS 6)
Answer:
Ozone is concentrated in a layer in the stratosphere, about 15-30 kilometres above the earth’s surface. Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. It is blue in colour and has a strong odour.

Significance of ozone layer :
Even the small amount of ozone plays a key role in the atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planets.
Most important of all it absorbs the portion of ultra violet light which causes many harmful effects including various types of skin cancer and harm to some crops, certain materials and some forms of marine life.

Ozone depletion :
Certain industrial processes and consumer products results in the emission of ozone depleting substances to the atmosphere. Chlorofluoro carbons used in almost all refrigeration and air conditioning systems destroy ozone layer. The ozone hole is not really a hole, but it was observed that there is less ozone in Antarctica than in arctic region.

Conservation of ozone layer :
The discovery of an ozone hole over Antarctica prompted action to control the use of gases which have a destructive effect on the ozone layer. From this concern emerged the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer signed by 24 countries in 1987.

Question 3.
What emissions from human activities lead to ozone depletion? And what are the principal steps in stratospheric ozone depletion caused by human activities? (AS 1)
(OR)
Which human activities emit gases that lead to Ozone depletion. What measures you suggest to control the emission of these gases?
Answer:

• Certain industrial processes and consumer products result in emission of ozone depletion substances to the atmosphere.
• These gases bring chlorine and flourine atoms to the atmosphere when they destroy ozone in chemical reactions.
• Important emissions from human activities are chlorofluoro carbons used in all most all refrigeration and air conditioning system.
• Most of these gases accumulate in the lower atmosphere because they are unreactive and do not dissolve readily in rain or snow.
• Natural air motions transport these accumulated gases to the stratosphere, where they are converted to make reactive gases.
• Some of these gases then participate in reactions that destroy ozone.

Measures to control these gases :

• We should control and phase out the production and supply of ozone depleting chemicals specifically CFCs and their derivatives.
• We should control and phase out of Halons, which destroy the growing plants in waste lands and starting reforestation works.

Question 4.
Why could we say that biogeochemical cycles are in “balance”? (AS 1)
Answer:

• We can say that biogeochemical cycles are in balance because the composition of various gases present in atmosphere does not change.
• And also even the substances of the biogeochemical cycles change from one ecosystem to the other, their percentage in soil, water and atmosphere remain same.
• By this, we can say that the biogeochemical cycles are in balance.

Question 5.
What role does carbon dioxide play in plant life processes? (AS 7)
Answer:

• The fixing of carbon in biological form takes place within plant and other organisms known as producers – in a process called photosynthesis, by which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical form.
• In photosynthesis, light energy helps to combine carbon dioxide and water to create the simplest of sugars, the carbohydrate molecules known as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
• The carbohydrates then become the source of chemical energy that fuel living cells in all plants and animals.
• In plants, some carbon remains as simple glucose for short term energy use, while some are converted to large complex molecules such as starch for longer term energy storage.

Question 6.
If all the vegetation in the pond died, what effects would it have on the animals? Why? (AS 2)
Answer:

• If all the vegetation in the pond dies, the animals which are herbivores also die due to the lack of food materials.
• So, the herbivores depend on vegetation for their food, dies immediately.

Question 7.
Burning of fossil fuels a concern for scientists and environmentalists. Why? (AS 6)
Answer:

• There are two problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.
• The first problem is that they are non – renewable resources.
• In other words as we use these fuels, their supply gets exhausted.
• It is estimated that the available supply of fossil fuels will get exhausted in another 50 to 100 years.
• The second problem with the use of fossil fuels is pollution.
• When these fuels are burnt various gases are produced.
• These are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide etc.
• Carbon dioxode is responsible for green house effect in the environment.
• As its concentration increases, more heat is retained in the atmosphere and the temperature all over the world increases and this is called global warming.
• Global warming causes floods in some areas and droughts in some areas.
• Sulphur dioxide released by the industries in to the atmosphere mixes with water vapour forming sulphuric acid and sulphurous acids. These are known as acid rains.

Question 8.
How human activities caused an imbalance in biogeochemical cycles? (AS 7)
Answer:

• In recent years human activities have directly or indirectly affected the biogeochemical cycles that determine climatic conditions of earth.
• Use of fertilizers mainly has affected the phosphorous and nitrogen cycles.
• Plants may not be able to utilize all of the phosphate fertilizer as a consequence, much of it lost from the land through the water run off. This result in pollution of water bodies.
• Humans have interfered with carbon cycle where fossil fuels have removed from the earth crust.
• Additionally, clearing of vegetation that serve as carbon sinks has increased the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere.
• Human impact on the sulphur cycle is primarily in the production of sulphur dioxide from industry.
• Sulphur dioxide can precipitate on to surfaces where it can be oxidized to sulphate in the soil, reduced to sulphide in atmosphere, or oxides to sulphate in the atmosphere as sulphuric acid.
• As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes, creation of chemical fertilizers, and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants, human beings have more than doubled the annual transfer of nitrogen in to biologically available form.

Question 9.
List three ways we, as humans, have affected the water cycle. (AS 7)
Answer:

• The earth’s water supply stays the same but humans can alter the cycle. As population increases, and living standards rise this can increase the demand for water.
• Human impact the water cycle by polluting the water in rivers, streams, reservoirs etc.
• We are polluting it with harmful chemicals and disgusting substances. Technically we cannot alter the water cycle, however we can mess it up by dumping waste in to the ocean.

Question 10.
Describe interdependence of biotic and abiotic components by taking Nitrogen cycle as an example. Draw Nitrogen cycle. (AS 5)
Answer:
Interdependence of biotic and abiotic components in nitrogen cycle :

• Atmospheric nitrogen is present in inert form.
• From abiotic atmosphere nitrogen fixing bacteria abiotic component fixes nitrogen and uses it and stores in the body cells.
• Nitrates can also be converted to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.
• From soil plants take up nitrates as well as ammonium ions from the soil to convert them to proteins and nucleic acids.
• When animals and plants die, the nitrogen in the organic matter reenters the soil and water bodies.
• There the decomposing bacteria releases ammonia into soil and water.
• From abiotic soil component nitrogen makes its way back into atmosphere through a process called denitrification in which soil nitrate is converted back to gaseous nitrogen.

Question 11.
Go to a nearby pond observe organisms living in the pond and biodegradable substances mixing in water. How they effect on those organisms? Write your observation. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Biodegradable pollutants could have serious environmental consequences if large quantities are released in a small area.
• For example, dumping of biodegradable waste in to a small pond will deplete the •pond’s oxygen supply.
• Microorganisms in the ponds uses oxygen for degrading biological wastes.
• More amount of oxygen will be utilised by microorganisms for degradation.
• Left with no oxygen the aquatic organisms like fish die.
• Thus biodegradable substances become pollutants.

Question 12.
Prepare an article for newspaper on the item “How human activities effects the environment”. (AS 7)
Answer:
When the human population was smaller, people lived in small communities, so the effects of their activities were small and localised. A rapid increase in the human population and increase in the standard of living have lead to wide spread damage of the environment.

Question 13.
Write an experiment to prove Green house effect on temperature.
Answer:
Aim :
To prove the green house effect on temperature.

Appratus :
Two glass bottles, two corks, two thermometers, vinegar, baking soda, high voltage lamp

Procedure:

1. Take 100ml of vinegar and a table spoon of baking soda in one bottle and close its mouth with cork.
2. Insert the thermometer into the bottle through cork such that the bulb of the thermometer should not touch the material in the bottle.
3. Insert another thermometer into the empty bottle through the cork.
4. Keep these two bottles opposite to a high voltage bulb such that both bottles receives the same amount of temperature.
5. Note down the initial temperatures and record the temperatures for an hour.

Observation:

1. We can observe that the vinegar and baking soda in the first bottle react with each other to produce CO₂.
2. This CO₂ absorbs and retains the more heat from the bulb than the normal air in the second bottle.
   Inference : This proves the green house effect (green house gases such as CO₂) increases the temperature of the earth.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Activities

Lab Activity – 1

Question 1.
Aim :
Test the effect of a green house on temperature.

Materials required :
Plastic bottle, nail, 2 thermometers, notebook and pencil.

Procedure:
1) Make a hole near the top of the plastic bottle with the nail.
2) Insert the first thermometer into the hole.
3) Place the second thermometer next to the bottle.
4) Make sure that the same amount of sunlight reaches both thermometers.
5) After 10 minutes, note temperature values from both thermometers.
6) Record the data in the notebook.
7) Take the temperature records again after another 10 minutes and repeat it for 2 – 3 times more.

Answer the following questions :
1) Do both thermometers record the same temperature?
Answer:
No.

2) If not, which one is higher?
Answer:
The thermometer kept in the plastic bottle shows higher temperature.

3) Can you explain why these two temperature records are not the same?
Answer:
a) The plastic bottle traps the sun’s rays and keeps the heat from escaping.
b) That is why it is warm inside the bottle.
c) The higher temperature in thermometer kept inside the bottle is due to the warmness inside the bottle.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Suggest some ways through which our country could increase the production of rice to meet at least global limits. (AS 1)
(OR)
Day by day population is increasing. But the cultivated land is very limited. To produce required quantity of food for the growing population, what are the poible solutions in your view?
Answer:

• Increasing area of cultivated land.
• Increasing production in the existing land.
• Developing high yielding rice varieties.
• Conserving the genetic diversity of rice so it can be used in the development of new varieties suited to different growing conditions.
• Developing rice crop management strategies that improve nutrient use efficiency.
• Management of crop protection and suitable irrigation methods.
• Organic manure to be used for rice crop.
• Alternating crops and mixed crop system to be followed.

Question 2.
How are biofertilizers more beneficial as compared to chemical fertilizers? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Biofertilizers add natural nutrients to soil.
• They increases soil organic matter and improves soil structures.
• Biofertilizers improves water holding capacity of the soil and reduces soil crusting problems.
• They reduces soil erosion from wind and water.
• Biofertilizers increases crop yield.
• Biofertilizers improves the percentage of humus and remained long time in the soil.

Question 3.
a) Find out the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers need for growing the high yielding varieties of crops. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Chemical fertilizers pollute lakes, rivers and streams.
• They destroy beneficial soil life including earthworms.
• By using chemical fertilizers, we can get high yielding for only 20 to 30 years.
• After that soil becomes reluctant to plant growth.
• Chemical fertilizers damage soil fertility.
• Make certain crops vulnerable to diseases.
• Prevent some plants from absorbing needed minerals.
• Food produced by using chemical fertilizers do not taste as good.

b) Can high yielding varieties be grown without them (Chemical Fertilizers) as well? How? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Yes, high yielding varieties be grown without chemical fertilizers.
• By using biofertilizers, instead of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pyrethroids we get higher yielding.

Question 4.
What threats to nature do chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbi-cides pose? (AS 6)
Answer:

• When we use insecticides to kill pests or weedicides/herbicides to destroy weeds, a large percentages of herbicides, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides remain in the soil.
• From the soil, these chemicals find their way into water sources.
• People spray these chemicals in fields are exposed to them and some of the chemi-cals enter their body.
• Insecticides destroy all insects in which some of them are useful in pollination.
• Extensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and weedicides makes the soil unsuitable to grow crops after sometime.

Question 5.
What are the adverse effects of using high yielding varieties of seeds? (AS 1)
Answer:
The adverse effect of using high yielding seeds is – they use more nutrients from the soil. Thus the soil can lose its fertility if they are used continuously.

Question 6.
What are the essential measures that a farmer needs to take before sowing the seeds of a crop? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Preparation of soil is done before sowing the seeds.
• The soil is ploughed to loosen and break the solid pieces of soil.
• The field is watered before sowing.
• Seed treatments against/soil-borne diseases to reduce the incidence of diseases.

Question 7.
Suppose you had a farm in a drought striken area of your state, what crops would you grow and how? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Sorghum, Pearlmillet, Red gram, Green gram, Horse gram can be grown in drought striken area.
• We can grow these crops by rain water harvesting building check dams, drip irrigation methods, watershed management and soil and water conservation methods.

Question 8.
What measures will you take to save your field from seasonal outburst of insects? (AS 1)
Answer:
Nowadays farmers use insecticides and other chemicals to save their crop field.

• I prefer catching the insects manually and removed from the field.
• I also use predatory insects to remove insects from the field.
• I place lighted bulb (Deepapu Teralu) so that insects could cluster around it.
• Insecticides are sprayed at regular intervals.

Question 9.
What basis would you adopt to explain to a farmer using chemical fertilizers switch over to organic fertilizers? (AS 4)
Answer:

• Organic fertilizers replenish the soil, keeps soil easily broken up into small pieces.
• Organic fertilizers promotes beneficial soil life.
• Organic fertilizers increase crop yield.
• They maintain a natural balance in the soil.
• They protect certain crops from diseases.
• Benefit the environment by recycling agricultural wastes into energy for local community.

Question 10.
A farmer had been using a particular insecticide for a long time. What consequences will it have on – a) insect population b) soil ecosystem? (AS 1)
Answer:
a) Insect population :

1. Insect develop immunity to the insecticide used.
2. And it has any effect on the insect it targets. Hence the number of insects increases,

b) Soil ecosystem :

1. A large percentage of insecticide chemicals remain in the soil.
2. These chemicals kill the worms in the soil which are useful to soil.
3. Hence soil ecosystem destroys by increasing the concentration of salts in the soil.

Question 11.
Venkatapuram village is in drought prone area. Somaiah wants to cultivate sugar-cane in his fields. Is it beneficial or not? What questions will you ask him to convey your belief? (AS 7)
Answer:

• It is not beneficial for Somaiah to cultivate sugarcane crop.
• Sugarcane grown in places where rich water resources are present.
• “Where do you get water to cultivate sugarcane crop?” I ask this question to Somaiah.
• I advise him to grow crops which needs less water (Aruthadi Pantalu) in drought prone area.

Question 12.
Draw a block diagram of water resources in your village. (AS 5)
Answer:

Question 13.
Ramaiah has soil testing done in his field. The percentages of nutrients are 34-20-45. Is it suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop ? Which crops can be cultivate without using pesticides in Ramaiah’s field? (AS 2)
Answer:

• Ramaiah’s field is not suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop.
• Because sugarcane needs 90% of nitrogen in the soil but Ramaiah’s field has only 34% of nitrogen.
• Maize and groundnut can be cultivated in Ramaiah’s field.

Question 14.
Organic manure is helpful to biodiversity. How do you support this statement? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Biological research on soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to the system of organic farming.
• Varieties of bacteria and fungi breakdown chemicals, plant matter and animal waste into productive soil nutrients.
• In turn the producer benefits by heal their yields and more suitable soil for future crops.

Question 15.
Make a list of major weeds in your area (You have already conducted the project) Find out the different weeds that grow along with different crops in your area. (AS 4)

Answer:
Cynodondacylon, Digitaria longifolia, Dacty loctenium colonum, Setaria glauca, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Eichornia crassipes, Salvinia mollusta, Alternathera sps. Celosia argentea, Leucas aspera, Portulaca oleracea, cleome sps. Solanum nigum, Argemone mexicana, Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia sps. Vernonia Cinnera, Eichnochloa colonum, Commelina bengalensis, Avenafatua, Eichnochloa Crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia hirta, Achyranthus, despera, Eclipta prostrata.

Question 16.
Spraying high dose of pesticides is hazardous to biodiversity and crop yielding. How can you support this statement?
Answer:

• When we use pesticides large percentage of it will remain in the soil. These kill the germs in the soil.
• From the soil pesticides find their way into water bodies affecting the aquatic animals.
• People who spray these pesticides in the fields are exposed to them and some of the chemicals enter their bodies causing health problems or some times the person dies.
• Pesticides destroy all the insects which are useful to the plants causing hazardous to biodiversity.

Question 17.
Natural pest controlling methods are useful to biodiversity. Comment it.
Answer:

• Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects.
  E.g.: Spiders, Dragonfly, Krisopa etc.
• Trachoderma bacterium lives in the eggs of stemborer, tobacco caterpillar destroy the pests at the egg stage.
• Some bacteria like Bacillus Turengenisis destroy some pests.
• Mixed crops also control some pests and diseases.
• Hence natural pest control methods are useful to biodiversity because these methods destroys only the selected pests.

Question 18.
Observe the fields in your surroundings and collect the information from farmers about the process to remove weeds.
Answer:
Farmers use different methods to remove weeds. Some of them are
1) Manual method:
Many farmers still remove weeds by manually pulling them out of the field, making sure to include the roots that would otherwise allow them to resprout.

2) Stale seed bed method :
This method involves cultivating the soil, then leaving it follow for a week or so when the initial weeds sprout, the farmer lightly hoes them away before planting the desired crop.

3) Using Herbicides :
Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the de¬sired crop relatively unharmed.

4) Biological control:
Vinegar kills the visible part of the weed. They will wrinkle and die next day.

5) Ploughing & Tilling :
Ploughing includes filling of soil, inter-cultural ploughing and summer ploughing. Ploughing up roots weeds causing them to die. Mechanical tilling can remove weeds around crop plants at various points in the growing process.
Crop rotation method also helps in controlling weeds.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 1.
Rate of growth of population and food grain production.

1. In which decade population growth is higher?
Answer:
Population growth is higher in 1961-1971.

2. In which decade food grain production is higher?
Answer:
Food grain production is higher in 1981-1991.

3. What major differences did you find in the table?
Answer:
The major differences find in the table are :
i) Foodgrain production is not increasing according to population growth.
ii) Ratio of FP/PG is in irregular order.

4. Is food grain production increasing according to population growth?
Answer:
No, last two decades food grain production is not increasing according to population growth.

5. In which decades production of food grains didn’t satisfy the needs of population? What will happen if the production is not sufficient?
Answer:
In 1991-2001 production of food grains didn’t satisfy the needs of population. If the food production is not sufficient then it leads to food crisis.

6. The decade 1991-2001 shows that rate of food production was nearly half as compared to population. What can you infer from the decade when population growth was highest?
Answer:
The reasons for the highest population growth :
i) Wide spread diseases are controlled.
ii) Health care programmes were made available in rural areas.
iii) So death rate declined.
iv) Therefore population growth become inevitable.

Question 2.

1. Find out from the graph the months in which the most water evaporates from plants.
Answer:
The months in which the most water evaporates from plants are May and June.

2. Are these the same months in monsoon season when the rainfall is heavy?
Answer:
No, these are not same.

3. So how does the availability of more water effect the plant?
Answer:
The availability of more water effects the plant with more evaporation.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 3.
When the weather is hot and the stomata dose, what effect would this have on the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant?
Answer:
If the stomata closed, then the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less.

Question 4.
What effect would a change in the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed have on the growth of the plant?
Answer:
If the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less then the growth of the plant decreases.

Question 5.
If the plant does not get water at this time, what effect would this have on its growth? Discuss in your class and find out reasons.
Answer:
If the plant does not get water at this time then the growth of the plant will stopped.

Question 6.
What are the main water sources in your village for agriculture? How farmers utilise them?
Answer:

• Canals, Bore wells, ponds are the main water sources in our villages.
• Farmers utilise water from these sources to cultivate crops.

Question 7.
Make a list of crops which require less amount of water.
Answer:
Cotton, Jute, Bajra, Maize, Coconut, Black gram, Green gram etc.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 111

Question 8.
If a field is cultivated for many years, what would happen to the nutrient content of the soil?
Answer:
If a field is cultivated for many years, then the nutrient content of the soil is decreased.

Question 9.
How does the soil get back or replenish these nutrients?
Answer:
The soil get back or replenish of these nurients by adding organic manure or chemical fertilizers.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 112

Question 10.
A farmer cultivated sugar cane in his land for the last five years. Another farmer culti¬vated sugarcane in the first year and soya bean in the second year and sugarcane in third year.
– In which case do you think has the land lost most of its nutrients?
Answer:
The land lost most of its nutrients in the case of first farmer.

Question 11.
Have you ever seen two types of crops in the same field?
Answer:
Yes, I have seen two types of crops in the same field.

Question 12.
Which crops are grown in this way?
Answer:
In the fruit growing fields like Lemon, Pomegranate, Papaya, etc. pulses like Red gram, Black gram, Green gram, etc. are grown in this way.

Question 13.
What are the uses of cultivating mixed crops?
Answer:
The uses of cultivating mixed crops are :
1) The soil becomes fertile.
2) The nutrients which are used by one crop will be regained by cultivating another crop.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 113

Question 14.
Is betel (Tamalapaku) a mixed crop? How can you justify your answer?
Answer:
Yes. Betel is mixed crop. Sorghum grown along with betel.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 121

Question 15.
If we don’t use these chemicals, how can we get a good crop? How can we increase production? Is there an answer to this question? What coidd it be?
Answer:
Suppose we can use some other methods that do not give rise to these problems. For example, they say we can make use of the natural food chains to control pests. There are many insects that eat other insects. They are called predatory insects. We can make use of these insects. There are also birds that eat insects. We can use these birds to get rid of insects.

Question 16.
If insects that pollinate crops are killed, what effect will this have on crop production?
Answer:
If insects that pollinate crops are killed, the crop production will decrease.

Question 17.
In recent times, why farmers touch the flowers with handkerchiefs in sunflower fields?
Answer:
Farmers touch the flowers with handkerchiefs in sunflower fields to control the insects.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 122

Question 18.
Do you know why Jatropa in cotton fields and marigold in mirchi fields are cultivated?
Answer:
Some mixed crops controls some diseases and pests. That’s why Jatropa in cotton field, marigold in mirchi fields are cultivated.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 19.
In what way this kind of water supply is useful to the crop as well as the farmer?
Answer:
To prevent water wastage and economically helpful to the farmer.

Question 20.
Water Shed is a process to improve ground water level. In what way it is related to irrigation? Support with your answer.
Answer:
If ground water level will be increased then it will help to irrigation.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 117

Question 21.
In what way vermi compost is better than chemical fertilisers?
Answer:
After using vermi compost, investment on chemical fertilizers and other pesticides became reduced and the quantity of their agricultural products increased.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Activities

Activity -1

Question 1.
Observe the Transpiration :

1. Take a polythene bag. Cover the bag on leaves and tie it.
2. Do this experiment during day time and night time separately.
3. Note the difference in your notebook.

Observations :

1. If we tie a plastic bag over a leaf, we will be able to see how much water a plant releases in the air.
2. It is estimated that a plant use only 0.1 percent of the water it absorbs to form carbohydrate.
3. The rate of transpiration is high during day time when compared to night time.

Question 2.
b) Draw the route map of Jawahar and Lai Bahadoor canals of Nagarjuna sagar in Andhra Pradesh & Telangana map.
Answer:

I. 1) Take one example from each of millets, cereals, vegetables, and fruits.
2) First you have to list out the known characters of the above and then list out the characters that you want to change or modify in them.
3) But you need to give your own reasons – why do you want to make such changes in them?

II. Red and yellow equal to rellow.

1) If you want to make your own hybrid flower you need to do the following. But it is time consuming process and patience job too.
2) For this you need red and yellow colour chandrakantha plants.
3) Select 5 or 6 red flowers on a plant.
4) Remove all the other flowers of that plant.
5) Take each flower, remove stamens carefully.
6) Take yellow flower and rub with that flower gently on the stigma of selected red flower for pollination. Do this process in the evening only.
7) Tie a tag with a thread loosely to the pollinated flower to avoid confusion in iden¬tifying these flowers for seeds in the next few days.
8) Within a week days you will get black seeds.
9) Keep them another two weeks to dry and sow them in a pot.
10) Take care to grow the plants until they flower.

Observations:
1) The colour of the flowers will be orange.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Variations in organisms lead to diversity in living organisms. State reasons. (AS 1)
Answer:

• The presence of differences between organisms of the same species is called variation.
• Variation between different species is always greater than the animals within a species.
• The uniqueness of individual is the basis of the diversity that is shown by the living organisms.
• In our daily life, we see a variety of plants and animals in our locality.
• But if we go to some other places such as hills, forests or sea we entirely find different types of animals and plants.
• In fact, different parts of the world have their own typical kinds of living beings.
• Thus-we can say that variations in organisms lead to diversity in living organisms.

Question 2.
What was the basis for early classifications? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Living things are classified on the basis of their body structures.
• Living things are classified on the basis of dissimilarities and similarities.
• Charaka and Sushrut had classified plants on the basis of their medical importants.
• Parasar classified plants basing on the structure of flowers.
• Aristotle classified animals according to whether they lived on land, in water, or in the air.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of classifying organisms? (AS 1)
Answer:
Advantages of classifying organisms :

1. Classification makes the study of various organisms easy.
2. Classification helps to understand the inter relationships among different groups of organisms.
3. Classification helps in exploring the diversity of life forms.
4. Classification reveals evolution trends by showing simple body structures to complex body structures.
5. Geographical distribution of plants and animals is entirely dependent on the information given by classification.

Question 4.
What is the need of classification? What questions will you ask? (AS 2)
Answer:
Need of classification :

1. Classification gives better knowledge and better understanding of organisms that are studied.
2. It helps to study the organisms in a proper and systematic manner.
3. Classification helps to make comparison in an easier way.
4. It helps in understanding relationship among the organisms and their interdependence.
5. Classification makes our study more focused and helps us to handle huge population of organisms.
6. Classification gives us an idea of evolution.

Questions:
1. Who made the classification?
2. What are the advantages of classification?
3. What are the recent developments being done?

Question 5.
How do monocots differ from dicots? (AS 1)
Answer:

Question 6.
One day Kavita soaked seeds of green grams, wheat, maize, peas, and tamarind. After they became tender, she tried to split the seed. Name which would split, which would not, and identify them according to the characters. (AS 4)
Answer:

Question 7.
Make a flow chart of invertebrates in the kingdom Animalia, based upon their characteristic features. (AS 4)
Answer:

Question 8.
Write some common characters of Pisces, Reptilia, and Aves. (AS 1)
Answer:

1. Pisces, Reptilia, and Aves belong to vertebrate.
2. All these animals lay eggs.
3. All these animals possess vertebral column.

Question 9.
Name the kingdom to which these organisms belong according to Whittaker. (AS 1)

Answer:
a) Protista
b) Animalia
c) Fungi
d) Monera

Question 10.
Explain how animals in vertebrata are classified into further subgroups. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Vertebrata can be further classified into sub groups on the basis of simple to complex body structures and their functions.
• For example, fishes have two chambered hearts, amphibians have three chambered hearts while in birds and mammals have four chambered hearts to keep the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.
• The following characteristic features are considered for classifying vertebrate into the further sub groups.

Question 11.
Platypus or Echidna is a group that forms a link between reptiles and mammals. Think and write about some characteristic features that these would have. (AS 4)
Answer:

• The platypus and echidna both belong to the group of animals known as monotremes.
• These two are characterised by the feature of egg laying mammals. Yet they are not birds or reptiles.
• Both creatures hatch their young from eggs, yet the mother of each species feeds her babies with milk from milk glands.
• These two are found in Australia and Tasmania.
• One of the characteristics of platypus is that it has an unusual duck like bill and does not have teeth an unusual characteristic for a mammal.
• Echidna, the spiny ant eater also does not have teeth. Tongue helps in feeding.
• Echidna and platypus young stay in burrow after they are hatched. Echidna develops a rudimentary pouch during breeding season.
• Both creatures have sharp claws for burrowing.
• Both the platypus and echidna like the water. Platypus hunt food in the water. Echidna regulates its temperature through swimming.

Question 12.
Sujata says Bat is not a bird but a mammal. How can you support Sujata’s statement?
Answer:

• Sujata’s statement that bat is not a bird but mammal is correct
• Like other mammals, including ourselves bats have hair or fur on their bodies.
• They are warm blooded animals.
• A baby bat that feed on its mother milk after it is born.
• Bats are the only mammals that can fly.

Question 13.
Which Phylum do I belong to? (AS 1)
a) My body is made of pores. I live in water. I do not have backbone also ……………….. .
b) I am an insect. 1 have jointed legs …………………. .
c) I am a marine living animal with spiny skin. My body is radially symmetrical ……………….. .
Answer:
a) Porifera
b) Arthropoda
c) Echinodermata

Question 14.
How can you appreciate the effort of scientists in classifying a wide range of organisms? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Classification makes the study of wide variety of organisms easy.
• It is essential to understand the inter-relationships among different groups of animals and plants.
• Classification gave us an idea of evolution of organisms from simple to complex ones.

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 59

Question 1.
Why do you think classification system has undergone changes over the years?
Answer:
Classification system has gone changes over the years due to the new discovered organisms, advancement in genetic science invention of powerful microscope.

Question 2.
If you were asked to classify organisms what would be your basis of classification?
Answer:
Our basis of classification would be whether the organism.

1. Has a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell
2. Is unicellular or multicellular
3. Is autotrophic or heterotrophic
4. Mode of reproduction.
   Like that, I classify the organism in an orderly manner.

9th Class Biology 5th Lesson Diversity in Living Organism Tissues Activities

Question 1.
Collect leaves from different plants, observe them carefully and fill the table.

a) Could you find any two leaves which are similar with respect to any of the characters, size, shape, colour or any other as mentioned in the table?
Answer:
No. Every leaf has its size, shape and colour are same in many of the leaves.

b) Note down the differences you observed in the sample of leaves collected by you.
Write two such characters that differed most.
Answer:
1. Length and breadth of the leaves are different for each leaf.
2. Most of the leaves have reticulate venation but only in plantain parallel venation is present.

Question 2.
Collect 5 different plants from your surroundings and observe them carefully. Write your observations in the table given below.

a) Which characters given above varied most?
Answer:
Length of stem, Inter nodal distance, venation in leaves, and in type of root system.

b) Select a character mentioned above which shows minimum diversity.
Answer:
Flower shows least diversity arrangement of flowers in bunches.

c) Did you find any similarities? What were they?
Answer:
Yes. Similarity in venation, number of sepals and petals, and in type of root system.

d) Did you find patterns like plants with fibrous roots had flowers borne in groups? Note the other patterns that you observed.
Answer:
Yes. The flowers are borne in groups, reticulate venation.

e) Carefully observe the plants collected by you and note down some other characters not mentioned in the table.
Answer:
Spine are present in rose plants whereas they are absent in other plants.

f) Did you notice any two plants which were alike with regard to the above characteristics? If not, note down what differences you found?
Answer:
No. Venation, root system are the differences.

Question 3.
How do you observe the number of cotyledons in different seeds? Write your findings in the table.
Answer:
Observing cotyledons in seeds :

1. Collect seeds of plants from green gram, red gram, bengal gram, wheat, paddy, groundnut, maize and soak them for a day.
2. Take a maize seed and press it between fingers.
3. A small whitish structure come out of the maize seed.
4. Whitish structure is known as embryo/baby plant.
5. The portion left in our hand within the seed coat has a single cotyledon.
6. Repeat the activity with soaked seeds by pressing them with fingers.
7. Observe the pressed seeds with the help of a hand lens and fill the table.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Collect the plants or pictures of the plants to complete the following table.
Answer:

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Collect housefly, mosquito, ant, dung beetle, butterfly, moth and cockroach from your surroundings. Observe them with magnifying glass and fill the table.
Answer:

a) What differences did you observe with regard to legs?
Answer:
In some insects legs are large in size whereas in some like Cockroach, Butterfly the legs are big in size.

b) What differences did you observe with regard to wings?
Answer:
In ant, housefly, mosquito and in dungbeetle a pair of wings are present whereas in butterfly, moth and cockroach 2 pairs of legs are present. In some like ant, housefly, mosquito the wings are small whereas in others they are big in size.

c) Is there any relationship between the number of wings and legs?
Answer:
As the size of the wings increases the length of legs decreased. The number of legs in all the insects are 3 pairs whereas the wings are one or two pairs.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
In order to observe diversity in animals select 10 children from your class and fill the following table with their data.
Answer:

a) Which character helps you to make a group with maximum individuals?
Answer:
Height helps us to a group with maximum individuals.

b) Which character helps you to have just a single individual in a group?
Answer:
Thumb impression.

c) Compare your group table with that of other groups and note down the differences you found.
Answer:
Student’s activity.

d) Did you find same observations of any two students in your class?
Answer:
No.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Collect two small almost equal sized neem plants from your surroundings observe them and fill the table.

a) What differences did you find in the similar neem plants?
Answer:
The differences are in length of the stem and number of leaves.

b) Why do such differences present in nature?
Answer:
Every plant has got its own characteristics. The age of the plants also responsible for diverse characters.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
How do you observe moss plant through hand lens or dissection microscope? Draw the diagram and write the characteristics of moss plants.
Answer:

• Collect mosses from the greenish velvety growth on bricks during rainy season.
• Scrap a bit of the greenish velvety over a slide and observe under a dissection microscope.

Observations :

1. The structure that are seen in moss plants are not flowers but they are spores.
2. Spores are formed in Sporangium.
3. Spores contain very little amount of food.

Lab Activities

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 67

Question 1.
Observe slide of Hydra under a microscope. Draw the diagram and write your finding.
Observations :

a) Is the body made of single cell or a group of cells?
Answer:
The body of Hydra is made up of number of cells.

b) Did you find any hollow structure inside the body?
Answer:
The hollow structure found inside the body is called coelom or body cavity.

c) Did you find any other characters in it?
Answer:

• The proximal or aboral end is drawn into a slender stalk on the end of which is the basal disc for attachment.
• The free distal end or oral end bears the mouth which is situated on hypostome.
• The hypostome is encircled by 6 -10 tentacles.
• Bud is present at side with a mouth or tentacles like the parent.

Question 2.
Observe slide of tape worm (Taenea Solium) under microscope and write its external characters. Draw diagram of it.
Observations :

a) How does the body look like?
Answer:
1) The body of Taenia Solium (Tape worm) is long, dorso- ventrally, flattened, narrow, ribbon like.
2) Body consists of scolex or head, neck and strobila or body segments.

b) Did you see a body cavity in it?
Answer:
There is no true internal body cavity or coelom.

c) How does the anterior and posterior look like?
Answer:
The anterior (head) is smaller than the head of a pin. The posterior (tail) is very long and bigger than head and neck.

Question 3.
Observe slide of round worm (Ascaris) and write the characters of it by drawing the figure.
Observations :
a) Does the body look like the same as in the platyhelminthes?
Answer:
The body is round and cylindrical but not flat as in tape worm.

b) What are the differences you observed between tape worm and round worm?
Answer:

Pseudocoelom is present, whereas it is absent in Tape worm. The head and tail are tapering at the ends.

Question 4.
Observe the specimen of earthworm and draw the diagram. Write its characters you have observed.
Observations :

Answer:

1. The body of earthworm is bilaterally symmetrical and extensively segmented.
2. The anterior end is tapering while posterior end is more less blunt.

a) Touch the skin of the earthworm and say how do you feel?
Answer:
The skin of earthworm is moist.

b) What is the colour?
Answer:
The colour of earthworm is dark brown in colour.

c) Are there any differences you observed in its body colour and among the body parts?
Answer:
The dorsal surface is darker than the ventral surface.

d) How does it move?
Answer:
Earthworm moves by alternate contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles.

e) Are there any ring like structures seen in its body?
Answer:
Ring like segments are present in earthworm.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 68

Question 5.
Observe the specimen of Cockroach. Draw its diagram and write its characteristics.
Observations :
a) How does the skin look like? Did you observe any hard layer on the skin?
Answer:

The entire body of cockroach is covered by a hard brown Coloured chitinous exoskeleton.

b) How many parts is the body divided into?
Answer:
The body is segmented and distinctly divisible into three parts

1. Head
2. Thorax
3. Abdomen.

c) Observe the legs and says how does it look like.
Answer:
Three pairs of legs are present. Each leg consists of five segmented. Jointed legs are present.

d) Name some more animals whose legs are jointed as seen in Cockroach.
Answer:
Prawn, scorpion, grasshopper, ant, mosquito have jointed legs.

Question 6.
Observe the snail by keeping inside a glass beaker and observe its characters.
Observations :

a) How does the outer body look like?
Answer:
The outer body is covered with shell.

b) Keep the snail unmoved for sometime and when it starts moving observe its body.
Answer:
The animal creeps by its ventral muscular foot. The movement is gliding movement.

c) Is the body soft or hard?
Answer:
The body of the snail is soft.

d) Did you find any antennae like structure in it?
Answer:
Yes, Tentacles are present.

Question 7.
Observe specimen of starfish and write your observations.
This specimen belongs to Phylum echinodermata.
Observations :
a) What do you find on the skin of the starfish?
Answer:

Spines are present on the skin of the starfish.

b) Are there any arms and ray shaped structure in it?
Answer:
Most of them are pentamemal, it means they have five fold symmetry with rays of arms in fives.

c) Do you find a small hole in the middle of the starfish?
Answer:
In the middle of starfish a small whole is present which is the mouth of it.

Question 8.
Collect a fish from a fish monger and observe its external characters.
External characters of fish :

a) Observe the skin of the fish. How does it look like?
Answer:
Body is covered with scales.

b) Write the body parts of the fish where scales are not present.
Answer:
On the head, on the tail, fins and on the lower side of the fish.

c) Open the mouth of the fish. What do you seen in it ?
Answer:
Teeth are present in the mouth. Tongue is also present.

Activity – 9

Question 9.
Try to find out the scientific names of at least 10 organisms that you see around you.
Answer:
Scientific names of plants around us :

Scientific names of animals around us :

AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is the advantage of reflex action? (AS 1)
(a) It has to be learned
(b) It happens differently each time
(c) It does not have to be learned
(d) None of them
Answer:
(c) It does not have to be learned.

Question 2.
If a rat is given a mild electric shock when it goes to a certain part of its cage, it eventually avoids going there. This is because of- (AS 1)
(a) Imitation
(b) Conditioning
(c) Instinct
(d) Imprinting
Answer:
(b) Conditioning

Question 3.
Describe all types of behaviour discussed in the lesson with appropriate examples. (AS 1)
(OR)
Describe different types of animal behaviours discussed in the classroom with suitable examples.
Answer:
Scientists categorize animal behaviour into different categories like instinct, imprinting, conditioning, imitation.
1) Instinct:
A) Instinctual behaviours are behaviours that need not be learned.
B) They are inborn behaviours and can be complex like making nest by birds, choose mates and forming into groups for protection.
C) Reflexes are also a type of instinct behaviour.

2. Imprinting:
A) Chickens and ducklings are able to walk almost immediately after hatching from the egg.
B) Duckling can even swim after a few days.
C) They recognise their mother because of a behaviour type called imprinting.
D) Imprinting lets young animals recognise their mother from a young age. They can follow her for food and protection.

3. Conditioning:
A) Conditioning is a type of behaviour involving a response to a stimulus that is different from the natural one.
B) It is a type of learned behaviour.
C) If we take ringing of school bell as an example, student shows different types of conditioning to a school bell as per the time.

4. Imitation:
A) It is a type of behaviour where one animal copies another animal.
B) Kohler conducted experiments on imitation in chimpanzees.
C) One chimpanzee tried to take a fruit from a tree. But it failed in reaching the fruit.
D) Later chimpanzee used sticks to reach the fruit. This time it succeded in reaching the fruit.
E) Chimpanzee used sticks to spear juicy grubs to eat.
F) Other chimpanzees copy this behaviour.

Question 4.
Differentiate between (AS 1)
Answer:
a) Imitation and Imprinting.

Question 5.
How human behaviour is different from behaviour of other animals? Explain with an example. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Humans show many of the same types of behaviour as other animals.
• But human behaviour is often more complex because we are more intelligent and aware of ourselves.
• For example, hungry persons might want to start eating immediately when they sit down at the dining table.
• But the humans have learned that good manners mean they should wait until everyone is seated and ready to eat.
• But animals eat food whenever they find it.

Question 6.
Observe ants going on a line. Ask your teacher how they communicate and write a note on this. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Ants talk to each other using chemical signals called pheromones that they detect with antennae.
• Ants use their antennas to pick up smells.
• For example, when ants find food they have a pheromone trail from the food soure to the colony.
• Other ants follow this trial. As the other ants follow the trial, the pheromone scent becomes stronger.
• The paired antennas of ants provide information about the direction and intensity of scents.
• Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromene trail that may be followed by other ants.
• Some ants produce sounds using gaster segments and their mandibles.
• Sounds may be used to communicate with colony members or with other species.

Question 7.
“Understanding of animal behaviour creates positive attitude towards animals”. How do you support this statement? Explain with suitable examples. (AS 6)
Answer:

• I support the above statement that understanding of animal behaviour creates positive attitude towards animals.
• Animals usually make sounds depending upon their needs. They show different facial expressions.
• For example, cattle make sounds whenever they need food and water.
• After giving food and water by the master they calmdown.
• When a crow dies, all the other crows come around making sounds ‘kaww, kaww’ shows their sadness, we have to understand nature of the crows in this situation.
• We have to identify the unity and integrity among the ants when they go in line in search of food.
• When dogs bark during nights, we should understand that they are doing that for our safe.
• We have to show positive attitude towards animals who are useful in our daily life. Live and let live should be our motto.

Question 8.
Look at this picture. How do you feel about sibbiling care nature of animals. Have you ever seen such kind of situations in your surroundings? Explain in your own words. (AS 7)

Answer:

• Sibbiling care nature of animals are animals with instinct behaviour.
• Every animal take care of their young ones until they are grown adults.
• I observed sibbiling care situations in my surroundings.
• The newly hatched chickens are taken by their mother to surrounding places to feed them.
• Whenever the chicks faces danger mother brings them under her wings.
• When the eagle tries to take away the chicks the mother attacks the eagle to save its chickens.
• Chicken feeds and protect young ones until they are able to collect their own food.
• A new born kitten is born blind. Its eyes normally do not open until it is 10 to 12 days.
• Finding the milk source is accomplished with help from mom, who encourages young kittens to feed a few minutes after birth.
• Cat often changes its living place by transfering young kitten. It does so to protect kittens from enemies.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Activities

Lab Activity

Question 1.
Behaviour of Cockroach : For this we need a choice box and calcium chloride.
Answer:
Making of Choice box :

• Take a box, and divide it into four chambers with the help of a card board.
• Make tiny holes in any two chambers of one side so that light can pass through these holes into the chambers.
• Let other two chambers as it is (dark).
• Now create humid environment with help of moist cotton wool in one of the lightened and one of the dark chambers.
• Create dry atmosphere with help of calcium chloride in one of the lightened and one of the dark chambers.

• So, the box has been divided into four chambers with different conditions i.e., light and dry, light and humid, dark and dry, dark and humid.
• Make four groups in class. Each group will put several cockroaches into a choice of chamber with four different conditions.
• Cover the box and leave the setup for 15-20 minutes.
• Count the number of cockroaches in each chamber.

Observations :

1. Cockroaches prefer dark and damp conditions.
2. The quarter of the choice chamber with these conditions contains most or all of the cockroaches.

Activity – 1

Question 2.
Observe the following behaviours of different animals. Identify their instinct, imprinting, conditioning or imitation.
a) Our pet dog barks only on strangers. If is not stopped, how would it behave?
Answer:
Conditioning.

b) Ants which usually go in a line reach sweet kept in tin. How do they know the way to reach the tin?
Answer:
Conditioning.

c) Mosquitoes, cockroaches come out of their places only when it is dark. How do they know the difference between light and dark?
Answer:
Instinct.

d) Bats and owl move and search for food during night only. How could they know what is a day what is a night?
Answer:
Instinct.

e) When you untie the neck of your bull at the time of ploughing, it moves towards plough without any instructions. In the same way, it moves towards tub at the time of feeding. How does the bull respond differently?
Answer:
Conditioning.

f) Birds collect material which is soft, strong to build its nest. How do they know the quality of material?
Answer:
Instinct.

g) Puppies, kitten fight each other when they saw a piece of cloth. They try to tare it off why?
Answer:
Imitation.

h) In a particular season some birds in our surroundings migrate from long distances. . How do they know their way?
Answer:
Instinct.

Activity – 2

Question 3.
Select any one of the animals in your surroundings. Observe it how it behaves in the following situation.
Answer:
1) Name of the animal:
Crow (corvus species)

2) Place where it lives :
They live in nests build on trees. Usually, they build nest where they feel safe from predators.

3) How it builds its place :
Crow builds its nest using tree branches, small sticks, hay etc.

4) Way of collecting food/prey:
Crows go around places where food is available. Crows are omnivorous and they eat almost everything.

5) External characters :
Crows are usually black in colour or black with little white plumage.

6) Expressions :
A) Crows make a wide variety of calls or vocalizations.
B) In many species the pattern and number of numerical vocalizations have been observed in response to events in the surroundings like arrival or departure of crows.
C) Crows show their happiness, Jadness, fear, threat by making sounds like ‘KOWWS’.

7) Group behaviour:
A) If one crow finds food it call others to join.
B) If one crow dies, all the other crows make ‘KOWWS’ continuously without interference.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 2 Plant Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Define the terms (AS 1)
A) Tissue
B) Meristematic tissue
C) Dermal tissue.
Answer:
A) Tissue :
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and performing similar functions.

B) Meristematic tissue :
Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions of the plant.

C) Dermal tissue :
Tissues that form outer coverings are called as dermal tissues. It gives protection to the plant.

Question 2.
Differentiate the following. (AS 1)
A) Meristematic tissue and Ground tissue :

B) Apical Meristem and Lateral Meristem :

C) Parenchyma and Collenchyma :

D) Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma :

E) Xylem and Phloem :

F) Epidermis and Bark :

Question 3.
Name the following. (AS 1)
A) Growing tissue, which causes growth in the length of the plant.
Answer:
Apical Meristem

B) Growing tissue, which causes growth in the girth (diameter) of the plant.
Answer:
Lateral Meristem.

C) Large air cavities in the aquatic plants.
Answer:
Arenchyma.

D) Food material in parenchyma.
Answer:
Storage tissue

E) Pores essential for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
Answer:
Stomata

Question 4.
Compare and contrast the following. Xylem and Phloem. (AS 1)
Answer:

Meristematic tissue and Dermal tissue :
Answer:

Question 5.
Give reasons to the following. (AS 1)
A) Xylem is a conductive tissue.
Answer:

1. Xylem conducts water and mineral salts from the soil to the apical parts of the plants.
2. It transports materials away from the root.
3. Conduction of water by xylem is unidirectional i.e., from roots to apical parts of the plants.

B) Epidermis gives protection.
Answer:

1. Epidermis usually consists of a single layer of cells.
2. The walls of the cells of epidermis are thicker.
3. The epidermis protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage, and invasion by parasitic and disease causing organisms.

Question 6.
“Bark cells are impervious to gases and water”. What experiment will you perform to prove this? (AS 3)
Answer:

• In big trees dermal tissue forms several layers above the epidermis. It is called Bark.
• The several layers of bark does not allow any things like gases and water to pass through it.
• Hence bark cells are impervious to gases and water.

Question 7.
Though Chlorenchyma, Arenchyma, and storage tissues are parenchyma in nature, why do they have different (specific) names? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Chlorenchyma, Arenchyma and storage tissue are parenchymatous tissues,
• These three parenchymatous tissues are modified to perform various functions.
• The parenchyma which contains chloroplasts is called chlorenchyma. It performs photosynthesis.
• The parenchyma which contain large air cavities or spaces is called Arenchyma. It helps the plant to float.
• The parenchyma which stores water or food or waste products is called storage tissue.

Question 8.
Draw and label the diagram of the T.S of stem. (AS 5)
Answer:

Question 9.
Describe the functions of Meristem, Xylem and Phloem. (AS 1)
Answer:
1. Functions of Meristem:

1. It is a dividing meristematic tissue. It divides continuously. The cells formed from meristems later they differentiated as components of other tissues.
2. It brings about overall growth and repair.

2. Functions of xylem :

1. It conducts water and mineral salts from the root to apical parts of the plant like stems and leaves.
2. It gives mechanical support to the plant.

3. Functions of phloem :
Phloem conducts food material from the photosynthetic parts of the plants to other parts.

Question 10.
While observing internal parts of plants, how do you feel about its structure and functions? (AS 6)
Answer:

• While observing the internal parts of plants I felt that there are different types of tissues to perform various functions.
• For examples xylem and phloem of stem and stomata present on the outer layers of leaf are mend for performing different functions.
• Hence 1 felt that cells are organised from tissues and tissues are organised to perform various functions making the plant alive.

Question 11.
If you want to know more about tissues in plants, what questions you are going to ask? (AS 2)
Answer:
i) Which plant tissue provides both mechanical strength and flexibility?
ii) Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of disease causing organisms?
iii) What will happen if apical meristem is destroyed or cut?
iv) What is the tissue present in the husk of coconut?
v) Why plants need different types of tissues?

Question 12.
Collect information about dermal tissues of plants in what way they help to them? Display it on wall magazine. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Dermal tissue usually consists of a single layer of tissues showing variations in the types of cells.
• On the basis of their location and function dermal tissues are studied as three different types epidermis (outer layer), mesodermis (middle layer) and endodermis (inner- most layer).
• Small pores are seen in the epidermis of the leaf called stomata.
• Cells of the roots have long hair like parts, called root hairs.
• Gum is secreted from the dermal layer of gum tree.
• The dermal layer protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage and invasion by parasitic and disease causing organisms.

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Parts of the plants and their functions.
Fill in the table.

Answer:

Activity – 2

Question 2.
How do you observe the cells in onion peel under microscope? Draw and label the diagram. Write your observations.
Answer:
Observing cells in onion peel:
Take a piece of onion peel. Place it on the slide.

Put a drop of water and then a drop of glycerine on it. Gently cover it with a cover slip. Observe it under microscope.

Observations:

1. All the cells are similar in shape and structure.
2. Intercellular spaces are present.
3. Cells are arranged in rows.
4. Each cell has cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Observe the Cells in a leaf peel.
Answer:

• Take a betel leaf or a Tradescantia leaf.
• Tear it with a single stroke. So that a thin edge be seen at the torn end.
• Observe the thin edge where the leaf has been torn under the microscope in the” same manner as you had observed the onion peel.

Draw a diagram what you have observed and compare it with figure.

Observations:
We may have observed that the cells are present in groups with certain arrangement. With the help of following activities, we shall try to find out whether these arrangements have special roles to play in the plant body.

a) Are all the cells similar?
Answer:
All the cells are not similar in shape and size.

b) Is there any difference in their arrangement?
Answer:
They are arranged compactly living the small gaps called stomata. Stomata are surrounded by bean shaped cells (Guard cells).

c) What can we infer from the above activities?
Answer:
From the above activities it infers that some of the cells may modify or arranged in a different way to perform specific functions.

d) Have you noticed that the cells are in groups in both the activities?
Answer:
The cells are arranged in groups.

e) Compare and write a note on the arrangements of the cells that you have observed in both of the activities.
Answer:
In the second activity cells are almost of same size and shape but in this activity cells shape and size varies from one another depending on their function.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
How do you observe root tips of onion? Draw the diagram you observe under microscope. Write your observations.
Answer:

1. Take a transparent bottle filled with water. Take the onion bulb slightly larger than the mouth of the bottle.
2. Put the onion bulb on the mouth of the bottle.
3. Observe the growth of roots for few days till they grow to nearly an inch.
4. Take the onion out and cut some of the root tips.
5. Take an onion root tip. Place it on the slide. Put a drop of water and then a drop of glycerin on it.
6. Cover it with a cover slip. Put the 2-3 layer of filter paper on the cover slip.
7. Tap the cover slip gently press with the blunt end of the needle or brush to spread the material.
8. Observe under the microscope.

Observations:

1. All the cells are not similar in shape and structure.
2. Cells are arranged in rows.
3. Meristems are present below the root cap.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Observe the roots of onion which had been cut off? Write your findings.
Answer:

• Take the onion and cut the end of the roots. Mark the cut end of roots with a permanent marker.
• Put the onion bulb on the mouth of the bottle.
• Leave the set up aside at least four to five days.
• Take care that there is enough water in the glass so that the roots are submerged.

Observations :

1. By removing the tip of the onion root, having a particular arrangement of cells, the growth of the root in length is stopped.
2. Cells are present in groups.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Write down the arrangement of cells in the given table :
Answer:

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Observe temporary mount of T.S of Dicot stem under microscope and draw, label the diagram. Write your findings.
Answer:
Observing mount of T.S of Dicot Stem : Prepare a temporary mount of the T.S of dicot stem observe it under microscope.

Findings :

1. In the T.S of dicot stem meristematic tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue and ground tissue are present.
2. All the cells are not similar in shape and structure.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
Observe Rheo leaf peel under microscope. Draw and label the parts. Write your findings.
Answer:

1. Take a fresh leaf of Rheo leaf.
2. Tear it with a single stroke, so that a thin whitish edge can be seen at torn end.
3. Slowly remove it and observe the peel under microscope.

Findings:

1. Cells are structurally similar. They are compactly arranged without intercellular.
2. It is the dermal tissue of the plant.
3. It has an stomatal opening.

Activity – 9

Question 9.
Observe some tissues.
Answer:
Take permanent slides of Chlorenchyma, Arenchyma, Storage Tissue from your laboratory and observe them under the microscope. Find out the characteristics and differences and record them in your notebook.