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Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 8th Lesson Taxonomy of Angiosperms Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 8th Lesson Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is ‘Omega Taxonomy’?
Answer:
Omega Taxonomy is the Taxonomy based on information from other branches i.e., Embryology, Cytology, Palynology, Phytochemistry, Serology etc., along with Morphological characters.

Question 2.
What is Natural system of plant classification? Name the scientists who followed it.
Answer:
Plants are classified on the basis of all possible Morphological characters is called Natural system of classification. It was proposed by ‘Bentham’ and ‘Hooker’.

Question 3.
Explain the scope and significance of ‘Numerical Taxonomy’.
Answer:
Numerical Taxonomy is a branch of taxonomy that use mathematical methods to evaluate observable differences and similarities between taxonomic groups. In this, number and codes are assigned to all the characters and the data are then processed. Each character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of charactes can be considered.

Question 4.
What is geocarpy? Name the plant which exhibits this phenomenon.
Answer:
Geocarpy is the development of fruits inside the soil. It is seen in Arachis (ground nut).

Question 5.
Name the type of pollination mechanism found in members of Fabaceae.
Answer:
‘Piston Mechanism’.

Question 6.
Write the floral formula of solanum plant.
Answer:

Question 7.
Give the technical description of ovary in solanum nigrum.
Answer:
Bicarpellarly, Syncarpous, bilocular,superior ovary with many ovules on swollen axile placentation. Carpels are arranged obliquely at 45°.

Question 8.
Give the technical description of anther of Allium cepa.
Answer:
In Allium cepa. Anthers are dithecs, basifixed, Introrse and dehisce longitudinally.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a brief note on semi technical description of a typical flowering plant.
Answer:
The plant is described beginning with its habit, habitat, vegetative characters (root, stem, leaves) and floral characters (inflorescence, flower and its parts) followed by fruit. Then floral diagram and a floral formula are presented. In floral formula, Br stands for bracteate (bracts are present), Ebr stands for ebracteate (bracts are absent). Brl stands for bracteolate (bracteoles are present), Ebrl stands for ebracteolates

Floral formula also indicates the number of free or united (within brackets) numbers Of the each whorl and also show cohesion or adhesion of stamens. Floral diagram provides information about the number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and the relation they have with one another. The mother axis represents the posterior side of the flower indicates as a dot or circle at the top of the floral diagram. K, C, A and G are drawn in successive whorls. The bract represents the anterior side of the flower and is indicated at the bottom of the floral diagram.

Question 2.
Describe the non-essential floral parts of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
Answer:
In Fabaceae, non-essential floral parts are Calyx and Corolla.

Calyx :
Sepals 5, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivation, odd sepal anterior.

Corolla :
Petals 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous type consists of a large posterior petal (standard) two laterals (wings). Two anterior fused petals (keel) enclosing essential organs. They show vexillary/descendingly imbricate aestivation.

Question 3.
Give an account of floral diagram.
Answer:
A floral diagram representing the number of parts of flower, the structure, arrangement, aestivation, cohesion and adhesion of stamens and position with respect to mother axis. The mother axis represents the posterior side of the flower and is indicated as dot at the top of the floral diagram. K, C, A, G are drawn in successive whorls. Calyx being the outermost and the gynoecium being the centre represented by T.S. of ovary. The bract represents the anterior side of the flower and is indicated at the bottom of the floral diagram.

Question 4.
Describe the essential floral parts of plants belonging to Lilliaceae.
Answer:
The essential floral parts of Lilliaceae are Androecium and Gynoecium.
Androecium :
Six stamens in two whorls, free or Epipyllous, anthers are Dithecus Basifixed, Introrse and dehisce longitudinally.

Gynoecium :
Tricarpellary, Syncarpous, trilocular superior ovary with many ovules on axile placentation. Style is terminal and stigma is trifid and capitate.

Question 5.
Write a brief account on the class of Dicotyledanae of Bentham and Hooker’s classification.
Answer:
In Bentham and Hookers classification, the class Dicotyledonae was divided into three sub classes namely Polypetalae, Gamopetalae and Monochlamydae. Polypetalae, sub class is divided into three series namely Thalamiflorae (6 orders), disciflorae (4 orders) and Calyciflorae (5 orders). Gamopetalae, sub class is divided into three series namely Inferae (3 orders), Heteromerae (3 orders) and Bicarpellatae (4 orders). Monochlamydae was divided into eight series.

Question 6.
Explain floral formula.
Answer:
The floral formula is represented by some symbols of floral parts. In it, Br stands for bracteate (bracts are present), Ebr stands for ebracteate, (bracts are absent), Brl stands for bracteolate (bracteoles are present).

Ebrl stands for ebracteolates (bracteoles are absent).
⊕ stands for actinomorphic flower,
% stands for zygomorphic flower.

ovary. Floral formula also indicates the number of free or united members of the corresponding whorls. It also shows cohesion or adhesion of stamens.

Question 7.
Give economic importance of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
Answer:
Economic importance :

1. Pulses like red gram (Cajanus cajan), black gram (Phaseolus mungo), green gram (Phaseolus aureus), Bengal gram (Cicer aritetinum) are a rich source of proteins.
2. Pods of Dolichos, Glycine are used as vegetables.
3. Seeds of Pisurn and Arachis are edible.
4. Groundnut oil from Arachis hypogea seeds and soyabean oil from seeds of Glycine max are used in cooking.
5. The oil cake from Arachis hypogea is used as fodder.
6. The oil from the seeds of Derris indica is used in the making of medicines.
7. Goldsmiths use the seeds of Abrus precatorius for weighting.
8. Several crops are used in crop rotation due to their nitrogen fixing ability.
9. Seeds of Trigonella are used as condiment and medicine. The leaves are used as vegetable.
10. Sesbania andTephrosia are used as green manure.
11. Crotalaria and Phaseolus are used as fodder.
12. Fibre from Crotalaria is used in making ropes.
13. Indigofera yields blue dye, which is used as a fabric whitener.
14. Wood from pterocarpus is used for making musical instruments.
15. Wood from Da/zberg/a is used for making furniture.

Question 8.
Describe the essential organs of Solanaceae.
Answer:
Androecium :
There are five epipetalous stamens alternating witht he petals and are free. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed and introse. The dehiscence may be longitudinal (Datura) or Porous (So/anum).

Gynoecium :
The ovary is superior, bicarpellary and syncarpous. It is oblique in position and anterior carpel to the left at an angle of 45°. Usually bilocular occassionally unilocular (Capsicum). There are numerous anatropous ovules arranged on axile placeritation on swollen placenta. The style is terminal and stigma is capitate,

Long Answer type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the characteristics of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
Answer:
VEGETATIVE CHARACTERISTICS :
Habitat:
Most of the members of this family are mesophytes.

Habit :
The plants are annual herbs, some are shrubs, some others are trees. Some are weak stemmed that climb as twiners (Dolichos) or with tendrils (Pisum).

Root System :
It is tap root system. The roots bear root nodules in which the symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria. Rhizobia are present.

Stem :
It is aerial, erect, herbaceous or woody. In some plants stem is weak and prostrate or twinner (Dolichos) or a tendril Climber (Pisum, Lathyrus).

Leaf:
Leaves are cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate and dorsiventral. The leaf base is pulvinous. They are simple or pinnately compound, the entire leaf except stipules in Lathyrus and terminal leaflets in Pisum are modified into tendrils. In ulex, the leaflets are modified into spines. Venation is Reticulate.

Floral characteristics :
Inflorescence :
It is usually an axillary or terminal raceme (Crotalaria).

Flower :
Flowers are bracteate, bracteoles may be present or absent, pedicellate, complete, zygomorphic, bisexual, pentamerous and perigynous. The thalamus is cup shaped.

Calyx :
There are five sepals which are fused. The aestivation is valvate. The odd sepal is anterior in position.

Corolla :
It consists of five petals which are free (Polypetalous). The corolla is papilionaceous. The posterior petal is largest and is called ‘Standard petal or Vexillum’. The two lateral petals are called ‘Wings or Alae’. The two boat shaped petals are called ‘Keel or Carina’. These are fused and encloses the essential organs. The aestivation is ‘descendingly imbricate’.

Androecium :
It consists of 10 stamens occasionally there may be only 9 stamens (Abrus, Datbargis). Usually the filaments of the stamens unite to form two bundles of 9 + 1 (Diadelphous) as in Dofichos, Tephrosia, Pisum etc., or a single bundle (Monadelphous) as in Crotalaria, Arachis etc. Anthers are dithecous, introrse and dehisce longitudinally.

Gynoecium :
It consists of monocarpellary, unilocular, half-inferior ovary. Usually many pendulous ovules are arranged in two vertical rows on marginal placentation. Style is long and curved at the apex. Stigma is capitate.

Pollination :
As flowers are protandrous, usually cross pollination occurs. In lathyrus andpisum, there is self pollination.

Fruit:
Mostly the fruit is a legume or pod (Pisum, Cajanus, Dolichos). In pterocarpus and Dalbergia it is a samara while in Arachis the pods are indehiscent and geocarpic.

Seed :
It is non-endospermic and dicotyledonous. The cotyledons store proteins in large quantities.

Question 2.
Write about the key characteristics of Solanaceae.
Answer:
VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS :

Habitat :
These plants are mostly mesophytes. A few are xerophytes. (Solarium surattense).

Habit :
Mostly annual or perennial herbs. Some are shrubs (Oestrum sps).

Root system :
Tap root system.

Stem :
It is aerial, erect and mostly herbaceous. Stem is an underground tuber in Solanum tuberosum (potato). Bicollateral vascular bundles are present in the stem.

Leaf :
Leaves are exstipulate, petiolate and show alternate phyllotaxy. They are usually or pinnately lobed. Venation is reticulate.

FLORAL CHARACTERS :
Inflorescence :
It is usually cymose type. It may be terminal or axillary in position. In some species of Solarium, it is an axillary. In Datura, it is solitary and terminal, panicle in tobacco.

Flower :
The flowers are bracteate or ebracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinomorphic, complete, bisexual, pentamerous and hypogynous.

Calyx :
It consists of 5 speals which are fused (gamosepalous) and persistent (Capsicum, Solatium). The aestivation is valvate.

Corolla :
The corolla consists of 5 petals and is gamopetalous. The aestivation is valvate or twisted. (Datura)

Androecium :
There are five epipetalous stamens alternating with the petals and are free. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed and introse. The dehiscence may be longitudinal (Datura) or porous (So/anum).

Gynoecium :
The ovary is superior, bicarpellary and syncarpous. It is oblique in position due to the tilting of posterior carpel to the right and anterior carpel to the left at an angle of 45°. Usually bilocular occasionally unilocular (Capsicum). There are numerous anatropous ovules arranged on axile placentation on swollen placenta. The style is terminal and stigma is capitate.

Pollination :
Flowers are usually protandrous. Some species of So/anum are protogynous. Cross pollination through insects (entomophily) is common.

Fruit:
The fruit is mostly berry (Capsicum, Solatium, Lycopersicon, Physalis etc.). It is septifragal capsule in Datura and Nicotiana.

Seeds :
The seeds are endospermic and dicotyledonous.

Question 3.
Give an account of the family Liliaceae.
Answer:
VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS :
Habitat:
Plants may be mesophytes (Allium, Ulium) as well as xerophytes (Asparagus, Ruscus, Aloe) are found in this family.

Habit :
Plants are mostly perennial herbs. In some plants like Dracaena, Yucca, Aloe etc., Shrubs or trees are also found. Few are climbers (Gloriosa, Smilax).

Root system :
It is adventitious root system. In Asparagus fasciculated tuberous roots are present.

Stem :
In majority of the species the stem is underground and perennial. It may be a bulb (Sci/la, Allium, Ulium), a Rhizome (Gloriosa) or a corm (Colchicum). The aerial stem is weak in tendril climbers like Gloriosa, Smilax etc. Stem is aerial and shows anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena and Yucca. Branches are modified into cladophyllus (Asperagus, Ruscus).

Leaf:
The leaves may be radical (Allium; Ulium) or cauline (Smilax, Gloriosa). Alternat phyllotaxy is common. Leaves are petiolate, simple stipulate or exstipulate.Venation is usually parallel, but exceptionally reticulate in Smilax. Leaves are succulent in yucca and Aloe.

FLORAL CHARACTERS :

Inflorescence : Solitary cyme or umbel or raceme.
Flower :
The flowrs are usually bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinomorphic, complete. Bisexual, homochlamydeous, trimerous and hypogynous. Exceptionally flowers are unisexual in Smilax and Ruscus.

Perianth :
It consists of six tepals arranged in two whorls of three each. The odd tepal is anterior in position. The aestivation is valvate.

Androecium :
Stamens are six, arranged intwo whorls of three each. Epiphyllous (Asparagus). Anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and dehiscence is longitudinal.

Gynoecium :
It is tricarpellary and syncarpous. The oary is superior and trilocular with several anatropous ovules on axile placentation. The style is terminal and stigma is trifid and capitate.

Pollination :
It is of entomophilous type. Flowers may be protandrous (Allium) or protogynous (Colchicum) in Glorisa flowers show herkogamy.

Fruit:
It may be a berry (Asparagusr, Smilax) or loculicidal capsule (Lilium) or septicidal capsule (Gloriosa).

Seed :
It is endospermic with straight or sometimes curved embryo and monocotyledonous. Polyembryony is seen in some memebrs (Allium).

Question 4.
Write the characteristics of plants that are necessary for classification. Describe them in brief.
Answer:
VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS :
Habit:
Herbs (Plants grow to a height of 1 – 3 feet)

Shrubs (Plants which grow in the form of a bush)
Trees (Plants with erect, woody branched or unbranched)
Habitat : Hydrophytes : (Plants which grow in water)
Mesophytes : (Plants which grow in Moderate climatic conditions)
Xerophytes : (Plants which grow in dry areas)
Root system : Taproot system : (The main root called Tap root, which inturn forms lateral roots and Root lets).
Ex : Dicots.
Fibrous Root system : (Cluster of roots which arise from the base of the stem)
Ex : Monocots.

Stem :
Aerial (which grows aerially) or underground (which grows into the soil), erect (Stands in upright position) or creeping (which grows on the soil Horizontally) Tendril climbers (Climbing with the help of Tendrils) Stragglers (Woody plants that climb up with the help of Hooks or thorns) Lianes (Large woody perennial twinners) Branched (Stem with Branches) or unbranched (stem without Branches) green or Brown or black in colour.

Leaf : Leaf Base :
Pulvinous (Swollen) or sheathing (Broad and surround the stem as envelope).
Stipules : Stipulate (Leaf with stipules)
Exstipulate (Leaf without stipules).

Petiole : Petiolate (Leaf with petiole)
Sessile (Leaf without petiole).

Lamina :
Shape – Ovate (oval) or Linear (Long and slightly Broader) Reniform (Kidney shaped) Cordate (Heart Shaped) Centric (hollow).

Venation :
Reticulate (Midrib, Laterial veins and veinlats are arranged in the form of net like).

Parallel :
(Mid rib produce lateral veins and veinlets arranged parallely).

Kind :
Simple (Leaf with undivided Lamina) .
Compound (Lamina is divided into leaflets).

Phyllotaxy :
Alternate (only one leaf arises at a node)
Opposite (Two leaves arises at each node)
Whorled (More than 2 leaves arises at each node).

FLORAL CHARACTERS :
Inflorescence : Racemose (Peduncle is long)
Cymose (Peduncle is short) ‘
Special (Verticillester or Hypanthodium or Cyathium).

Flower : Bracteate (The flower with Bracts)
Ebracteate (The flower without Bracts)
Bracteolate (The flower with Bracteoles)
Ebracteolate (The flower without Bracteoles)
Pedicillate (The flower with Pedicel)
Sessile (The flower without Pedicel)
Complete (The flower with all four floral parts)
Incomplete (The flower without an any one of the floral parts).

Arrangement of Floral parts Acyclic : The floral parts are spirally arranged.

Cyclic : The floral parts are arranged in whorls.
Hemicyclic : K & C are in whorls and A & G are in spiral Manner).
Sex : Bisexual : The flower with both sex organs.
Unisexual: The flower with any one of the sex organs.

Gynoecium Position : Hypogynous : The flower with superior ovary.
Epigynous : The flower with Inferior ovary.
Perigynous : The flower with Half superior ovary.
Merosity : Trimerous : Three parts in each whorl
Tetramerous : Four parts in each whorl.
Pentamerous : Five parts in each whorl.

Symmetry :
Actinomorphic: A flower can be cut into two equal halves in any vertical plane.

Zygmorphic :
A flower can be cut into two equal halves in one vertical plane.

Calyx :
Number of sepals 3 or 4 or 5, polysepalous (free) or gamo$epalous (fused) valvate (arranged in a whorl) or twristed Aestivation (arranged in one whole with one margin Inside and one margin outside). Imbricate Aestivation (arranged with overlapping pattern).

Corolla :
Number of petals, polypetalous (free) or gamopetalous (fused), Aestivation (valvate or Twisted or Imbricate).

Androecium :
Number of stamens 4 or 5 or 10 or many.
Monadelphous : All are in one Bundle
Diadelphous : All are in two Bundles
Polyadelphous : All are in. more than two Bundles.
dithrecous : Anther with two Theca.
Monothecous : Anther with one Theca.
Basifixed ; Filament gets attached to the Base of the Anther.
Dorsifixed : Filament gets attached to the Dorsal side of the anther.

Dehiscence : Longitudinal (Breaks vertically)
Transverse (Breaks Transversely)
Porous (Pollengrains are released through Apical pore).

Gynoecium :
Monocarpellary – The ovary with one carpel.
Bicarpellary – The ovary with Two carpels.
Tricarpellary – The ovary with Three carpels.
Tetracarpellary – The ovary with Four carpels.
Pentacarpellary – The ovary with Five carpels. .
Multicarpellary – The ovary with more than five carpels.
Syncarpous : All the carpels are fused.
Apocarpous : All the carpels are free.
Superior ovary : K, C, A develops from the base of the ovary.
Interior ovary : K, C, A develops from the upper part of the ovary.
Half superior ovary : K, C, A develops from the centre (Half) of the ovary.

Placentation :
Marginal (Ovules are arranged on Placenta present along the margins).
Axile (Ovules are arranged on the centre)
Basal (Ovules are arranged at the Base of the ovary).

Style : Terminal (develops above the ovary)
Laferal (develops from the latual side).

Stigma : Capitate (Round) Bifid (divided Hairy (with hairs).

Question 5.
Describe typical flowering plant in the taxonomic perspective.
Answer:
The plant is described beginning with vegetative characters like Habit (Herb or Shrub or Tree or Climber), Habitat (Hydrophyte, Mesophyte or Xerophyte), roots (Taproot or Fibrous root). Stem (aerial, erect, herbacious or woody), leaves (Simple or Compound, Reticulate or Parallel venation stipulate or exstipulate, Alternate or opposite or cyclic phyllotaxy) and then floral characters. Inflorescence (Recemose or Cymose) Flower and its floral parts followed fruit. After this, a floral diagram and floral flormula, are presented.

The floral formula is represented by some symbols of floral parts. In it, Br stands for Bracteate (Bracts are present). Ebr stands for Ebracteate (Bracts are absent) Brl stands for Bracteolate (Bracteoles are present). Ebrl stands for Ebrapteolates (Bracteoles are absent).
⊕ stands for Actinomorphic flower,
% stands for Zygomorphic flower.

for inferior ovary. Floral formula also indicates the number of free or united members of the corresponding whorls. It also shows cohesion or Adhesion of stamens.

A floral diagram representing the number of parts of flower, the structure, arrangement, aestivation, cohesion and adhesion of stamens and position with respect to mother axis. The mother axis represents the posterior side of the flower and is indicated as dot at the top of the floral diagram. K, C, A, G are drawn in successive whorls. Calyx being the outermost and the gynoecium being the centre represented by T.S. of ovary. The bract represents the anterior side of the flower and is indicated at the bottom of the floral diagram.

Question 6.
Give an account of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants.
Answer:
Bentham and Hooker divided the flowering plants into three classes namely Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae. Dicotyledonae was divided into three subclasses namely polypetalae Gamopetalae and Monochlamydae. Polypetalae was divided into three series namely Thalamiflorae, disciflorae, Calyciflorae.

Thalamiflorae includes 6 order, disciflorae with 4 orders and Calyciflorae is with 5 orders. Gamopetalae was divided into three series namely Inferae (3 order) Heteromerae (3 orders) and Bicarpellatae (4 orders). Monocotyledonae was divided into seven series. Thus they grouped the flowering plants into 202 natural orders now called as families. Of these 165 families belongs Dicottyledonae, 3 to Gymnospermae and 34 belong to Monocotyledonae.

Question 7.
What is taxonomy 7 Give a brief account of different types of plant classification.
Answer:
Plant taxonomy deals with characterization, Identification nomenclature and classification of plants.

Several classifications were proposed by different taxonomists based on various criteria. All these classifications can be grouped into 3 types.

1. Artificial systems,
2. Natural systems,
3. Phylogenetic systems.

1) Artificial systems :
These systems are based on one or few easily comparable characters like morphology, nutritional habits etc.
e.g.: A) Classification of plants into herbs, shrubs, trees etc., on the basis of form by Theophrastus in his book “Historia Plantarum”.

B) Sexual system of Linnaeus, in which he classify the plants on the basis of morphological nature of stamens and carpels.

2) Natural systems :
These are the systems in which plants are grouped on the basis of their natural reltionships taking into consideration all possible morphological characters. They believed that all species are specially created by God and they do not undergo any change.
E.g. : Classification of Bentham and Hooker.

3) Phylogenetic systems :
The classification of post-Darwinian period considered evolutionary trends in plants and so they are considered as Phylogenetic systems. In a phylogenetic system, primitive and advanced characters an recognised. While considering the status of a taxon, a comprehensive picture of all the characters is taken into account. The system proposed by Engler and Prantl in their book, “Die Naturlichen Planzenfamilien” (1887-1893) and by J.Hutchinson (1954) in his book, “Families of flowering plants” are examples. The latest phylogenetic system is APG (Angiospermic Phyogenetic Group) system.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Name the component cells of the “egg apparatus” in an embryo sac.
Answer:
One egg cell and two synergids.

Question 2.
Name the part of gynoecium that determines the compatible nature of pollen grain.
Answer:
Stigma.

Question 3.
Name the common functions that cotyledons and nucellus perform.
Answer:
Cotyledons and nucellus are often fleshy and full of reserve food materials.

Question 4.
Name the parts of pistil which develop into fruit and seeds.
Answer:
Ovary of the pistil develops into fruit and ovule of the pistil develops into seed.

Question 5.
In case of polyembryony, if an embryo develops from the synergid and another from the nucellus which is haploid and which is diploid?
Answer:
In case of polyembryony, the embryo develops from synergid is haploid and the embryo develops from nucellus is Diploid.

Question 6.
Can an unfertilised, apomictic embryo sac give rise to a diploid embryo? If yes, then how?
Answer:
Yes. Unfertilised apomictic embryosac give rise to a diploid embryo. The diploid Egg cell is formed without Meiosis and develop into the embryo without fertilisation.

Question 7.
Which are the three cells found in a pollen grain when it is shed at the three celled stage?
Answer:
Two male gametes and one vegetative cell.

Question 8.
What is self-incompatibility?
Answer:
Incompatibility of pollengrains to germinate on the stigma of the same flower is called self – incompatibility of self sterility.

Question 9.
Name the type of pollination in self incompatible plants.
Answer:
Cross pollination is seen in self-incompatible plants.
Ex : Abutilon.

Question 10.
Draw the diagram of a mature embryo sac and show its 8-nucleate, 7 – celled, nature. Show the following parts : antiopodals, synergids, egg, central cell, polar nuclei.
Answer:

(a) Parts of the ovule showing a large megaspore mother cell, a dyad and a tetrad of megaspores.
(b) 2, 4 and 8-nucleate stages of embryo sac and a mature embryo sac
(c) A diagrammatic representation of the mature embryo sac.

Question 11.
Which is the triploid tissue in a fertilized ovule? How is the triploid condition achieved?
Answer:
Endosperm. It is formed by the fusion of 2^nd male gamete with Diploid secondary nucleus to form PEN which changes into endosperm.

Question 12.
Are pollination and fertilisation necessary in apomixis? Give reasons.
Answer:
Pollination and fertilization are not necessary in Apomixis. The diploid egg cell is formed without meiosis and develops into embryo without fertilisation. It is an assured reproduction in the absence of pollinators.

Question 13.
How is pollination carried out in water plants?
Answer:
In vallisnaria, pollination occurs on the water surface (Epihydrophily). Inzoostera, pollination occurs under water (Hypohydrophily). In water hyacinth and water lily, the pollination occurs by Insects.

Question 14.
What is the function of the two male gametes produced by each pollen grain in angiosperms.
Answer:
Of the two male gametes produced by each pollen grain, one male gamete fuses with the egg to form Diploid zygote (Syngamy). The second male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus to form primary endosperm nucleus (Tripple fusion).

Question 15.
Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophyte take place.
Answer:
Microspore develops into Male gametophyte and Megaspore develops into female gametophyte.

Question 16.
What is meant by monosporic development of female gametophyte?
Answer:
The method of embryosac formation from a single Megaspore is called as Monosporic type of Embryo sac.

Question 17.
Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
Answer:
Herkogamy and Heterostyly strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
1) Herkogamy :
The anther and the stigma are placed at different positions so that anthers cannot come in contact with the stigma of the same flower.
Ex : Hibiscus, Gloriosa

2) Heterostyly :
Styles of the flowers of the same species are in different heights.
Ex : Lythrum

Question 18.
Why do you think the zygote is dormant for some time in a fertilized ovule ?
Answer:
In a fertilised ovule, Endosperm develops before embryo development, the primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly and forms a triploid endosperm tissue. The cells of this tissue are filled with reserve food materials and are used for the nutrition of the developing embryo. Thats why, the zygote is dormant for some time.

Question 19.
If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?
Answer:
Banana and Grapes are parthenocarpy fruits. These fruits are useful in juice and Jam industries because of more pulp.

Question 20.
What is meant by scutellum? In Which type of seeds is it present?
Answer:
The single cotyledon of a monocot embryo is known as scutellum. It is situated towards one side of the embryonal axjs.
Ex : Grass seeds.

Question 21.
Defien with examples endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.
Answer:

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List three strategies that a bisexual chasmogamous flower can evolve to prevent self pollinaltion (autogamy).
Answer:
A) Dichogamy :
“Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not synchronised”. In sunflower, the pollen is released before the stigma becomes receptive (protandry). In Datura, Solanum, the stigma becomes receptive much before the release of pollen (Protogyny) leads to cross pollination.

B) Herkogamy:
The Male (anther) and female (stigma) sex organs are placed at different positions (Hibiscus) or in different directions (Gloriosa), called Herkogamy. In these plants, the pollen can not come in contact with the stigma of the same flower leads to cross pollination.

C) Self-sterility :
It is a genetic mechanism which prevents the self pollen from fertilising the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the pistil.
E.g. : Abutilon.

Question 2.
Given below are the events that are observed in an artifical hybridization programme. Arrange the in the correct sequential order in which they are followed in the hybridization programme.
a) Re-bagging
b) Selection of parent
c) Bagging
d) Dusting the pollen on stigma
e) Emasculation
f) Collection of pollen from male.
Answer:
a) Selection of parents.
b) Emasculation
c) Bagging
d) Collection of pollen from male
e) Dusting the pollen on stigma
f) Re-bagging.

Question 3.
What is polyembryony and how can it be commercially exploited?
Answer:
Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is called polyembryony.

In many citrus and Mango varieties, some of the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryosac and develop into embryos. In such species, each ovule contains many embryos.

Polyembryony plays a main role in plant breeding and horticulture. The plantlets obtained from
these embryos are virus free has more vigour.

Hybrid varieties of several food and vegetable crops are being extensively cultivated. Cultivation of Hybrids has tremendously increased productivity.

Question 4.
Are parthenocarpy and apomixis different phenomena? Discuss their benefits.
Answer:
Yes. Apomixis and parthenocarpy are different phenomenon.

Significance of Apomixis :

1. During Apomixis, chromosomal seggregation and recombinations does not occur. So characters are stable for several generations.
2. It simplifies commercial Hybridised production because isolation would not be necessary to produce F, or maintain or Multiply parental generation.
3. Adventive embryony is being used in produced uniform root – Stock and virus free scion material.

Significance of parthenocarpy :

1. The fruit production without fertilization of the ovary is called parthenocarpy. This phenomenon is applied for the commercial production of seedless fruits.
   E.g. : Banana, Grapes.
2. This is more useful to juice industries. .

Question 5.
Why does the zygote begin to divide only after the division of Primary endosperm cell (PEC)?
Answer:
The primary endosperm cell divides repeatedly and forms a triploid endosperm tissue. The cells of this tissue are filled with reserve food materials and are used for nutrition of the developing embryo. Embryo develops at the Micropylar end of the embryosac where zygote is situated. Most zygotes divide only after certain amount of endosperm is formed. This is an adaptation to provide assured nutrition to the developing embryo.

Question 6.
The generative cell of two-celled pollen divides in the pollen tube but not in a three-celled pollen. Give reasons.
Answer:
Pollengrain, at maturity divides periclinally and produce two unequal cells. The larger cell is vegetative cell, has abundant food reserve and a large irregularly shaped nucleus. The smaller cell is generative cell and floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell which is spindle shaped with dense cytoplasm and a nucleus. In over 60% of angiosperms, pollengrains are shed at this 2‘celied stage. In the remaining, species, the generative cell divides mitotically to give rise to the 2 male gametes before pollen grains are shed (3 celled stage).

The pollen grain germinates on the stigma to produce a pollen tube through one of the germpores. The contents of the pollen grain moves into the pollen tube. Pollen tube grows through the tissues of the stigma and style and reaches the ovary.

In plants, when pollen grains are shed at 2 celled stage, the generative cell divides and forms two male gametes, during the growth of the pollen tube in the stigma.

Question 7.
Discuss the various types of pollen tube entry into ovary with the help of diagrams.
Answer:
Pollen tube enters into the ovule by any one of the three ways.
1) Porogamy :
Pollen tube enters into ovule through Micropyle and then enters into embryosac by destroying one of the synergids.
E.g. : Ottelia, Hibiscus.

2) Chalazagamy :
Pollen tube enters into ovule through chalaza.
E.g. : Casuarina.

3) Mesogamy :
Pollen tube enters into ovule through the integuments.
E.g. : Cucurbita.

(a) Entry of Pollen tube through Micropyle
(b) Entry of Pollen tube through Chalaza
(c) Entry of Pollen tube through Integuments.

Question 9.
Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Which type of cell division occurs during these events? Name the structures formed at the end of these two events.
Answer:

In both these events Meiosis occurs. At the end of these events. Microspores and Megaspores are formed.

Question 10.
What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?
Answer:
Covering the emasculated flower with a bag made of butter paper is called Bagging.

In Artificial hybridisation technique, after the selection of parents, Anthers are to be removed from bisexual flower of a female parent is called Emasculation. After this, these emasculated flowers have to be covered with a bag of suitable size, generally made of butter paper. It is to be done to prevent contamination of the stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called Bagging. Bagging technique is useful in producing new cultivar.

Question 11.
What is triple fusion? Where and how does it take place? Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.
Answer:
Fusion of second male gamete with secondary nucleus (fusion of product of two polar nuclei) is called Triple fusion.

It occurs in the embryosac. Pollen tube with two male gametes enters into embryosac by destroying one of the synergids.

The tip of the pollen tube dissolves and releases two male gametes in the vicinity of the egg. In tripple fusion, one male gamete and secondary nucleus (two polar nuclei) are involved.

Question 12.
Differentiate between
a) Hypocotyl and Epicotyl
b) Coleoptile and Coleorhiza
c) Integument and testa
d) Perisperm and Pericarp.
Answer:
a)

b)

c)

d)

Question 13.
What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?
Answer:
“Removal of Anthers from the bisexual flower of a female parent, when the flower is in Bud condition, with the help of a forceps” is called emasculation. This technique is employed, when only the desired pollengrains are used for pollination arid the stigma is protected from contamination.

Question 14.
What is apomixis? What is its importance?
Answer:
Production of seeds without fertilisation is called Apomixis. It is a form of asexual Reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction. In some species, the diploid egg cell is formed, with out Meiosis and develops into embryo without fertilization. It is an assured reproduction in the absence of pollinators such as in extreme environments.

Importance :

1. Apomixis do not involve meiosis. Hence reggregation and recombination of chromosomes do not occur. Thus Apomixis help in preserving desirable characters for Indefinite periods.
2. Apomixis, simplified commercial hybrid seed production.

Question 15.
Describe briefly different types of agents of pollination.
Answer:
The various agencies helpful in pollination can be grouped into two broad categories : biotic and abiotic. Majority of plants use biotic agents for pollination.

I. Abiotic pollinating agents :
It includes non-living agnets like air and water.
a) Anemophily :
Transfer of pollen grains through wind is known as anemophily. It is the most common type of abiotic pollination method. Wind pollinated flowers are small, stigmas are feathery and non-sticky.
Ex : Widn pollination is a quite common in grasses.

b) Hydrophily :
Transfer of pollen grains trhough the agnecy of water is known as hydrophily. It is of two types.

1) Hypohydrophily :
In this type the pollination of flowers occurs below the water level, it is found in submerged plants like Zosterra and sea grasses.

2) Epi-hydrophiiy :
Here, the pollination of flower occurs at the surface of water.
Ex : Vallisneria and Hydrilla.

II. Biotic pollinating agents :
It includes living organisms such as insects, birds, bats and snail.
a) Entomophily :
Pollination thorugh the agncy of insects is known as entomophily.
Ex : Bees, beetles, wasps etc.

b) Ornithophily :
Pollination thorugh the agency of birds is kriown as ornithophily.
Ex : Sun birds and humming birds.

c) Cheiropterophily :
Pollination through the agency of bats is known as Cheiropterophily.

d) Therophily :
Pollination through the agency of squirrels is known as Therophily.

e) Ophiophily :
Pollination through the agency of snakes is known as ophiophily.

Question 16.
Write briefly about the different types of ovules.
Answer:
The ovule is a megasporangium with one or two integuments. In Angiosperms three main types of ovules are present. They are :

1) Orthotropous ovule :
It is traight ovule with micropyle, chalaza and funiculus arranged in one stright line. It is a primitive type of ovule.
Ex : Polygonum, Piperaceae.

2) Anatropous ovule :
It is a inverted type of ovule. Due to unilateral growth of funicle, the whole body of the ovule is inverted through 180°. As a result the micropyle comes close to the base of the funicle. The most common type of ovule found in several families.
Ex : Healianthus, Tridax.

3) Campylotropous ovule : In this type of body of the ovule is bent more or less at right angles to the funicle. The microphyle part of the ovule become curved, without any curvature in the embryosac.
Ex : Fabaceae, Brasicaceae.

Question 17.
Vivipary automatically limits the number of offsprings in a litter. How?
Answer:
Vivipary is defined as the seeds germinate while they are still attached to the mother plant. Plants which grows in Marshy places are called Mangrooves. In these plants, seeds when fall on Marshy places, can not germinate because of high salinity and more water conditions. So in those plants, seeds germinate when they are in mother plant to raise their generations. The seeds of Mangrooves can not germinate even on litter because of unfavourable conditions. So the number of offsprings will dicrease.

Question 18.
Does self incompatibility impose any restrictions on autogamy? Give reasons and suggest the method of pollination in such plants.
Answer:
Self Sterility :
In some bisexual flowers, if the pollengrains fall on the stigma of the same flower, germination does not occur. But the same pollen grains germinates when they fall on the stigma of other flowers of the same species. It is a genetic mechanism to prevent self pollination.
E.g. : Abutilon, Passiflora. In these plants cross pollination only occurs. In some plants, the pollen grains become poisonous and make the flower wither if self pollination occurs. E.g. : Orchids.

Question 19.
Explain the role of tapetum in the formation of pollen grain wall.
Answer:
The inner walls of Tapetal layer breaks and releases their protoplasts into the inner space of the Anther. There, they mix with each other and form periplasmodium. It covers the Microspore Mother cells, help in the formation of outer wall (exine) of pollen grain. Moreover, the ubisch bodies of Tapetum chemically made of carotenes and carotenoids which are equallent to sporopollenin of pollengrain.

Long Answer type Questions

Question 1.
Starting with the zygote, draw the diagrams of the different stages of embryo development in a dicot.
Answer:

Question 2.
What are the possible types of pollinations in chasmogamous flowers? Give reasons.
Answer:
Chasmogamy :
The pollination that occurs in opened flowers is called chasmogamy. It is the most common type of pollination in all types of flowers. There are two types of chasmagamy.

1. Self pollination
2. Cross pollination.

1) Self Pollination :
The transfer of pollengrians from Anther to stigma of the same flower is called autogamy or self-pollination. It is found in both cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers.

2) Cross pollination Or allogamy :
The transfer of pollengrains from Anther to stigma of another flower is called cross pollination. It is of 2 types,
a) Geitonogamy
b) Xenogamy.

a) Geitonogamy :
The transfer of pollengrains from anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant. It is functionally Gross pollination involving a pollinating agent, genetically, it is similar to autogamy. Since the pollengrains come from the same plant.

b) Xenogamy :
The transfer of pollengrains from the flower of one plant to the stigma of another plant. This is the only type of pollination which brings genetically different types of pollengrains to the stigma.

Question 3.
With a neat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a mature angiosperm embryo sac. Mention the role of synergids.
Answer:
Megaspore is the Mothercell for the development of female gametophyte (embryosac). The nucleus of the functional Megaspore divides mitotically to form two nuclei, which move to the opposite poles forming 2 nucleate embryo sac. Two more Mitotic nuclear divisions occur in two nuclei results the formation of 8 nucleate embrayo sac. After this stage, cell walls are laid down leading to the organization of the typical femaie gametophyte or embryo sac.

Six of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls and organised into cells. Three cells present towards the micropylar end grouped together, constitute the egg apparatus. The egg apparatus, inturn consists of two synergids and one egg cell. The synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called filliform apparatus which play an importent role in guiding the pollen tubes into the synergid.

Three cells of the chalazal end are called the antipodals. The large central cell is formed by the fusion of 2 polar nuclei. Thus a typical angiospermic embryosac, at maturity consists of 8 nuclei and 7 cells. This embryosac is formed from the single megaspore, so called Monosporic embryo sac.

Role of synergids :
Filiform apparatus in synergids help in guiding the pollen tubes towards the embryo sac.

(a) Parts of the ovule showing a large megaspore mother cell, a dyad and a tetrad of megaspores.
(b) 2, 4 and 8-nucleate stages of embryo sac and a mature embryo sac.
(c) A diagrammatic representation of the mature embryo sac.

Question 4.
Draw the diagram of a microsporangium and label is wall layers. Write briefly about the wall layers.
Answer:

(a) Transverse section of a young anther
(b) Enlarged view of one microsporangium showing wall layersl

A typical angiospermic anther is bilobed with each lobe having two theca. The anther is a four sided structure consisting of four microsporangia located at the corners, two in each lobe.

In a transverse section, a typical microsporangium is circular in out line and is surrounded by four wall layers, the
a) epidermis
b) endothecium
c) wall layers
d) tapetum.

a) Epidermis :
The epidermis is one called thick, the cells present between the pollen sacs are the thin walled and their region is called as stomium which is useful for the dehiscence of pollen sacs.

b) Endothecium :
It is present below the epidermis and expands radically with fibrous thickenings, at maturity these cells loose water and contract and help in the dehiscence of pollen sacs.

c) Wall layers :
Beneath the Endothecium, there are thin walled cells, arranged in one to five layers, which also help in dehiscence of Anther.

d) Tapetum :
The innermost wall layer is Tapetum, the cells are large, with thin cell walls, abundant cytoplasm and have more than one nuclei. Tapetum is a nutritive tissue which nourishes the developing pollen grains.

The centre of the microsporengium consists of sporogeneous tissue, which undergo meiotio divisions to form microspore tetrads. This process is known as Microsporogenesis.

Question 5.
Embryo sacs of some apomictic species appear normal but contain diploid cells. Suggest a suitable explanation for the condition.
Answer:
Replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction without fertilisation is called apomixis. It does not mention Meiosis. Replacement of the seed by a plant, or replacement of the flower by bulbils are types of apomixis. Apomitically produced offsprings are genetically identical to the parent plant. In flowering plants, apomixis is used in a restricted sense to mean aganosperms i.e., asexual reproduction through seeds. In some plant families, apomixis is common.
Ex : Astha ceae, Poaceae.

In some species, the diploid egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into embryo without fertilisation. It is an asexual reproduction in the absence of pollinators such as in extreme environments. In some species like citrus, some of the nuclear cells surrounding the embryosac start dividing and develop into embryos.

In Allium, Antenraria, the megaspore mother cell does not enter Meiosis and produces diploid embryosac through Mitotic divisions.

In Hieracium species, the Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a letraol. At this stage, the nucellar cell at the chalazal end becomes activated and starts developing into aposposons unreduced embryosac which only matures.

Importance :
Apomixis do not involve meiosis. Hence segregation and recombination of chromosomes do not occur. It helps in the pereserving desirable characters for Indefinite periods.

Finally it states that, Embryosacs of some opomitic species appear normal but produce diploid cells.

Question 6.
Describe the process of Fertilization in angiosperms.
Answer:
Fusion of male and female gametes is called Fertilization. In Angiosperms, Female gamete (Egg) is embeded in ovule. Pollengrians are carried upto stigma by some agents, germinate and produce pollentubes. They enter into ovule and releases male gametes near the Egg in Embryo sac.

In Angiosperms, Fertilization completes in 5 steps they are
A) Entry of pollentube into the ovule : Pollentube enter into the ovule by any one of three ways. They are
1) Porogamy :
Pollentube enters into the ovule through micropyle and then into embryo sac by destroying one of the svnergids.
Ex : Ottelia, Hibiscus

2) Chalazogermy :
Pollentube enters in to theo vule through chalaza.
Ex : Casuarina

3) Mesogamy :
pollentube enters into the ovule through the integuments.
Ex : Cucurbita,

(a) Entry of Pollen tube through Micropyle
(b) Entry of Pollen tube through Chalaza
(c) Entry of Pollen tube through Integuments.

B) Entry of pollentube into the embryo sac :
After entering into the ovule by anyone of the three methods, pollentube enter into the embryosac by destroying one of the synergids or by space present between the Egg and synergids. Filliform apparatus in synergids helps in entering into the embryo sac.

C) Discharge of Male gametes :
Due to the dissolution of the tip of the pollentube or by pore formed at the tip of the pollentube, two male gametes are released near the Egg in embryo sac.

D) Syngamy :
One male gamete fuses with the Egg forming diploid zysote. It was discovered by strasberger in 1884.

E) Triple Fusion :
Second male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus forming triploid primary endosperm nucleus. In this, one haploid male gamete fuses with diploid secondary nucleus forming Triploid primary endosperm nucleus. So called Triple fusion. It was first discovered by Nawaschin in hilium and fertilillaria.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 6th Lesson Modes of Reproduction Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 6th Lesson Modes of Reproduction

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of an angiosperm?
Answer:
The dominant phase in the life cycle of an angiosperm is Diploid sporophyte.

Question 2.
What is meant by heterospory? Mention the two types of spores developed in an angiospermic plant?
Answer:
Heterospory means the formation of more than one type of spores. Microspores and Megaspores are developed in an angiospermic plant.

Question 3.
Mention the modes of reproduction in Algae and Fungi.
Answer:
In Algae (Chlamydomonas) Reproduction is by motile zoospores and by fragmentation. In fungi (Rhizopus), reproduction is by non motile spores produced in the sporangia and by fragmentation.

Question 4.
How do Liver worts reproduce vegetatively?
Answer:
Reproduction in liver worts is by specialized structure via fragmentation called ‘Gemmae’.

Question 5.
Mention any two characteristics of bacteria and yeast that enable them to reproduce asexually.
Answer:

1. Rapid Growth.
2. The offsprings produced asexually are not only identical to one another but are also exact copies of their parent.

Question 6.
Why do we refer to offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction as clones?
Answer:
There is no involvement of sex organs. Hence the offsprings produced by Asexual Reproduction are called clones.

Question 7.
Between an annual and a perinneal plant, which one has a shorter juvenile phase? Give one reason.
Answer:
Annual have a shorter Juvenile phase because they show clear cut vegetative reproductive and senescent phases.

Question 8.
Rearrange the following events of sexual reproduction in the sequence in which they occur in a flowering plant : embryogenesis, fertilisation, gametogenesis, pollination.
Answer:
Gametogenesis, Pollination, Fertilisation, Embryogenesis.

Question 9.
Is there a relationship between the size of an organism and its life span?
Answer:
No relationship between the size of an organism and its life span.

Question 10.
Give reasons as to why cell division can or cannot be a type of reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Answer:
In Multicellular organisms, cell division cannot be a type of Reproduction because, Reproduction in them takes place by vegetative Asexual and Sexual Methods.

Question 11.
Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms :
a) Date palm b) Coconut c) Chara d) Marchantia.
Answer:
a) Date Palm – Dioecious
b) oconut – Monoecious
c) Chara – Monoecious
d) Marchantia – Dioecious

Question 12.
Match the following given in Column A with the vegetative propagules given in Column B.

Answer:

Question 13.
What do the following parts of a flower develop into after fertilisation?
a) Ovary b) Stamens c) Ovules d) Calyx.
Answer:
After fertilisation.
a) The ovary develops into a fruit
b) Stamens – wither away
c) Ovules – develop into seeds
d) Calyx – Wither away or persistent in some species (Capsicum, Solanum).

Question 14.
Define vivipary with an example.
Answer:
In Mangrooves, the seeds germinate while still attached to the mother plant is called vivipary”.
Ex : Rhizophora.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe briefly the gametogeneis with suitable example.
(Or)
Write a brief account on gametogenesis with examples.
Answer:
Gametogenesis is a process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. They are two types.
1) Homogametogenis :
In some algae like cladophora the two gametes are so similar in appearance that it is not possible to categorize them into male and female gametes. They are called hormogametes and process is called homogametogenesis.

2) Heterogametogenesis :
In a majority of sexual reproducing organisms the gametes produced are of two morphologically distinct types. In such organisms, the male gamete is called the authorized and the female gamete is called the egg.
Ex : Funaria, Cycas, Pteris.

Question 2.
Give an account of sexuality in organisms.
(Or)
Describe Sexuality in living organisms.
Answer:
Sexuality involves formation and fusion of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex. Sexuality in plants is varied, particularly in angiosperms, due to the production of diverse types of flowers. Plants are defined as monoecious and dioecious.

Monoecious :
If the male and female flowers may be present ont he same individual such plants are called as monoecious plants.
Ex : Cucurbita and coconuts.

Dioecious :
If the male and female flowers may be present on the separate individual such plants are called Dioecious plants.
Ex : Papaya and date palm.

In Angiosperms based on sexualty flowers divided into two types. They are :
1) Staminate flowers :
The flowers bearing stamens are called as staminate flowers.

2) Pistillate flowers :
The flowers bearing pistil or Gynoecium are called as pistillate flowers.

Question 3.
In haploid organisms that undergo sexual reproduction, name the stage in the lifecycle where meiosis occurs. Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Zygote :
It goes through Meiosis, it develops into spore or some other in structure. Meiosis produces 4 cells from each zygote and go through Mitosis to become an organism. Then it reproduce a either by Asexual method or by sexual method. It produce gametes, which fuse together, resulting in the formation of zygote. It is called Zygotic life cycle.
Ex : Volvox, Ocologonium.

Question 4.
The number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in higher plants (angiosperms) when compared to the lower groups of paints. Analyse the possible reasons for this situation.
Answer:
Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones similar to itself. Reproduction becomes a vital process without which species cannot survive for long days. Each individual leaves its progeny by asexual or sexual means. Sexual mode of Reproduction enables creation of new variants; So that survival advantage is enhanced.

The plants obtained through asexual reproduction produce offsprings which are identical to each other and to their parent They cannot withstand in different environmental condition. Thats why, the number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in Higher plants, where as in lower groups of plants. Asexual Reproduction results in formation of large number of spores or cinidia which germinate, increase their Race.

Question 5.
Is it possible to consider vegetative propagation observed in plants like bryophyllum, water hyacinth and ginger as a type of asexual reproduction? Give two/three reasons.
Answer:
In Bryophyllum, buds formed on Knotches of the leaf develop into new Individuals in which no involvement of two parents. So this process is called asexual mode of Reproduction.

In water hyacinth, a weed is formed growing wherever there is stanoling water. It can propagate vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and spread all over the water body in a short period of time. So it is also called asexual mode of Reproduction.

In Ginger, a underground stem modification nodes and internodes are present. At each node, an auxiliary bud is present which develops into new plant, so treated as Asexual Reproduction.

Question 6.
“Fertilisation is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants”. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Production of fruits without fertilisation of ovules is called parthenocarpy. It is common in Banana, grapes, Cucurbita, pollination or other stimulation is required for parthenocarpy called stimulative parthenocarpy. Plants that do not require pollution or simulation to produce parthenocarpic fruits have vegetative parthenocarpy. Seedless cucumbers, watermelons.

Panthenocarp is also desirable in fruit crops that may be difficult to pollinate or fertilize, such as tomato and summer squash. If plant harmones, gibberellin, auxin and cytokinins are sprayed on flowers, they induce parthenocarpy called artificial parthenocarpy. It is also induced by natural agents like low light cool conditions, to produce seedless fruits. Parthenocarpic fruits are advantageous because they are bigger in size, flavour is more :

1. Easier to eat with less waste.
2. Shelf like longer due to reduced ethylene generated by seeds.
3. Seedless fruits have higher total soluble contents so fertilization is not an obligatory event in fruit production.

Question 7.
List the changes observed in angiosperm flower subsequent to pollination and fertilisation.
Answer:
Event in sexual Reproduction after the formation of zygote are called post fertilisation events. They are

1. Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, style and stigma wither away.
2. Ovary develops into fruit.
3. Ovules develop into seeds.
4. The zygote develops into an embryo.
5. Primary endosperm nucleus develops into endosperm which provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
6. The synergid and antipodals degenerate after fertilization.
7. Funicle of the ovule changes into stalk of the seed.
8. Outer antegumentofthe ovule changes into testa (outer seed coat). Inner integument changes into Inner seed coat (Tegmen).
9. Micropyle changes into seed pore.
10. Hilum changes into scar of the seed.

Question 8.
Suggest a possible explanation why the seeds in a pea pod are arranged in a row where as the tomato are scattered in the juicy pulp.
Answer:
In Pea :
Fruit is legume. It is a dry dehiscent fruit developed from Monocarpellary, unilocular and half superior ovary. At maturity, the fruit splits along the dorsal and ventral sutures and discharge its seeds. More over, the ovules are arranged in Marginal placentation (i.e.,) placentation axis is present along the Margin of Ventral suture. Thats why seeds are arranged in a row in legume (Pea) pod.

In tomato, the fruit is Bery. It is a fleshy fruit develop from superior or Inferior ovary. In this, the margins of the carpels grow inwards to the centre of the ovary forming locules. So that ovules are arranged in a divided central column. Thats why the seeds are scattered in the Juicy pulp which are dispersed after the delay of pulp. ‘

Question 9.
Justify the statement “Vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual “reproduction”.
Answer:
In multicellular or colonjal forms of algae, moulds and mushrooms, the body may break into smaller fragments. Each fragment thus formed develops into a mature Individual. This process is called Fragmentation. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction called Gemmae (in liverworts).

In flowering plants, the units of vegetative propagation such as Runners, Stolons, Suckers, Offset, Rhizome, Corm, Stem tuber, Bulb, Bulbil, Reproductive leaves, are cell capable of giving rise to new offsprings. These structures are called vegetative propagules. In all these plant. No involvement of sex organs takes place. So vegetative reproduction is also a asexual Reproduction and formed progeny are called clones.

Question 10.
Define : a) Juvenile phase, b) Reproductive phase.
Answer:
a) All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and Maturity in their life, before they can reproduce sexually and this storage is known as Juvenile stage or vegetative pahse.

b) The stage which occurs after the Juvenile stage, which can be seen easily in the higher plants when they came to flower is called Reproductive phase. In this, reproduction occurs either by asexual or by sexual means produce offsprings.

Question 11.
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
Answer:

In multicellular or colonial forms of algae, moulds and mushrooms, the body may break into smaller fragments. Each fragment thus formed develops into a mature Individual. This process is called Fragmentation. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction called Gemmae (in liverworts). In flowering plants, the units of vegetative propagation such as Runners, Stolons, Suckers, Offsets, Rhizome, Corm, Stem tuber. Bulb, Bulbil, Reproductive leaves, are capable of giving rise to new offsprings. These structures are called vegetative propagules. In all these plants, sex organs are not involved. So vegetative reproduction is also a asexual Reproduction.

Question 12.
Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (n) or diploid (2n).
a) Ovary —– b) Anther —– c) Egg —– d) Pollen —– e) Male gamete —– f) Zygote
Answer:
a) Ovary – Diploid (2n)
b) Anther – Diploid (2n)
c) Egg – Haploid (n)
d) Pollen – Haploid (n)
e) Male gamete – Haploid (n)
f) Zygote – Diploid (2n)

Question 13.
Give a brief account on the phases of the life cycle of an angiosperm plant.
Answer:
In the life cycle of an angiospermic plant, two phases occur alternately. They are
A) Sporophytic phase :
It is diploid (2n) and dominant phase of the life cycle. It is developed from the zygote. Reproductive organs develop on this plant.

B) Gametophytic phase :
It is haploid (n). It is derived from a spore which is a product of meiotic division of spore mother cell. In angiosperms, microspore mother cells and megaspore mother cells are present. Microspore mother cells develop in an anther while megaspore mother cells develop from the nucleus of the ovule. Each of these cells in turn gives microspores and megaspores after meiotic division.

These micro and megaspores develop into male and female gametophytes respectively. The male gametophyte gives male gametes & the female gametophyte forms the egg cell. Male and female gametes (Egg) fuse to form a diploid zygote which develops into embryo in the seed. When the seed germinates, the embryo develops into sporophytic plant.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Enumerate the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Describe the types of asexual reproduction exhibited by unicellular organisms.
Answer:

Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular organisms :
In Protista and Monereans, the organism or the parent cell divides into two to give rise to hew individuals. Many single celled organisms reproduce by binary fission, where a cell divides into two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult. (Euglena, Bacteria). In yeast, asexual reproduction takes place by budding, where the division is unequal. Small buds are produced that remain attached initially to the parent cell which, eventually get separated and mature into new yeast organisms.

Question 2.
Describe the post – fertilisation changes in a flower.
Answer:
After fertilisation many changes takes place in the embryo sac ovule, ovary and flower. These changes are called post fertilisation changes. The sepals, petals, stamens, styles and stigmas fall off. Ovary stores food materials and develops into a fruit. The fertilized ovules develop into seeds. The various changes that occur in the ovule are as follows :

Endosperm :
In majority of angiosperms, endosperm is triploid and formed after fertilisation. In gymnosperms, endosperm is haploid and formed from female gametophyte before fertilisation.

In certain plants, the developing embryo utilises the endosperm completely. The seed contains only embryo. Endosperm is absent. Such seeds are called the non-endospermic seeds or ex-albuminous seeds.
E.g. : Dolichos, Cicer, capsella etc.

In certain plants, the developing embryo utilises the endosperm partially and the seed contains some amount of endosperm. Such seeds are called the endospermic seeds at albuminous seeds.
E.g. : Ricinus, Datura, Cocos etc.

In members of Orchidaceae endosperm is not formed (Podestamaceae).

Perisperm :
As the embryo and endosperm are developing in the embryo sac, this embryosac grows by absorbing the nutrients from the nucellus. Hence Nucellus gets depleted when the seed reaches maturity. But in some seeds, some amount of nucellus is left out called perisperm.
E.g. : Seeds of Piperaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Coffee seeds etc.

Additional Question & Answer

Question 1.
Although sexual reproduction is long drawn, energy-intensive complex form of reproduction, many groups of organisms in kingdom plantae prefer this mode of reproduction. Give atleast three reasons for this.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is a long drawn, energy Intensive, Complex and slow process as compared to asexual reproduction but Mung organisms in kingdom plantae prefer sexual reproduction because,

1. The fusion of Male and female gametes results in offspring that are not identical to the parents or amongst themselves.
2. Sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations as compared with asexual reproduction. These variations further helps plant to survive in different climatic conditions.
3. Sexual reproduction may prove advantageous in plant defense.
4. Seeds produced by sexual reproduction can be dispersed in more locations and grow in more favourable environments efficiently.
5. Seed dormancy allows the plant to survive until bad environmental conditions are reversed.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Answer:
Reproduction is a vital process without which species can not survive for long. It enables the continuity of species, generation on after generation.

Question 2.
Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or asexual? Why?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is better mode of reproduction because it enables creation of new variants. So that survival advantage is enhanced.

Question 3.
Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?
Answer:
In Asexual reproduction, a single parent is capable of producing offsprings. As a result, the offspring produced are not ony identical to one another but are also exact copies of their parent so referred to as clones.

Question 4.
How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?
Answer:
The progeny formed from asexual reproduction are identical to one another and also exact copies of their parent. Their survival chance in different environments is low.

The progeny obtained from sexual reproduction are not identical to the parents. So their survival chance is enhanced. ‘

Question 5.
What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
Answer:
It is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
Ex : Bryophyllum, Zinger, Turmeric, Colacasia, Gemmae (Liver worts)

Question 6.
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction varies the gene pool; as all offspring are slightly different from the parents and their ability to adapt over time is good.

Question 7.
Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
Answer:
In Angiosperms, Meiosis occurs in Microspore mother cells and Megaspore mother cells, without which male and female gametes are not formed.

Question 8.
Define external fertilisation. Mention its disadvantages.
Answer:
In Aquatic organisms, syngamy occurs outside the body of the organism. This type of gametic fusion is called external fertilisation. In this method, zygote is formed in the external medium (water).

Question 9.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:

Activity :

Question 10.
Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you know any other plant that bears unisexual flowers?
Answer:
In Cucurbitaceae family – flowers are unisexual rarely bisexual in Schizo pepon.

In All unisexual flowers, In Luffa cylindrica and Thladiantha – stamens with Monothecus anthers are present.

In Citrullus, Legenaria, Cucumis (all unisexual) stamens are three, one with Monothecus (all unisexual) stamens are three, one with Monothecus and two with Dithecous anthers. In female flowers, stamens are represented by staminodes. In Male flowers, Gynoecium is represented by Pistiollodes.

Question 11.
What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your neighbourhood and with the help of your teacher find out their common and scientific names.
Answer:
The flower with both Androecium and Gynoecium is called bisexual flower.

1. Hibiscus rosa – sinensis – shoe flower
2. Gloriosa superba – Adavinabhi
3. Datura metal – Thorn apple
4. Dolichos lab – lab – Bean
5. Solanum melongena – Brinjal

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 5th Lesson Morphology of Flowering Plants Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 5th Lesson Morphology of Flowering Plants

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate fibrous roots from adventitious roots. [T.S. May, 18]
Answer:

Question 2.
Define modification. Mention how root is modified in Banyan tree and mangrove plants.
Answer:
Modification is defined as “A permanent morphological change in an organ in order to perform a special function”. In banyan tree, roots develop from the huge branches and grow into the soil become pillar like called prop roots or piller roots. In Mangroves – Many roots come out of the ground, grow vertically upwards called Pneumatophores, or Respiratory roots help in gaseous exchange.

Question 3.
What types of specialized roots are found in Epiphytic plants? What is their function?
Answer:
In Epiphytic plants, velamen roots are present. They help in absorption of moisutrefrom atmosphere.

Question 4.
How does the sucker of chrysanthemum differ from the stolon of Jasmine?
Answer:

Question 5.
What is meant by pulvinus leaf base? In members of which angiospermic family do you find them? [A.P. May, 18, 17. Mar, 14]
Answer:
The swollen leaf base is called pulvinous leaf base. It is seen is “Leguminasae” family.

Question 6.
Define venation. How do Dicots differ from Monocots with respect to venation. [A.P. Mar, 15]
Answer:
“The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of the leaf” is called venation.

In Dicots, Midrib, lateral veins and veinlets form a network so called Reticulate venation.

In Monocots, the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina so called parallel venation.

Question 7.
How is Pinnately compound leaf is different from a palmately compound leaf? Explain with one example each.
Answer:
Lamina is divided into leaflets which are arranged on either side of the rachis is called pinnately compound leaf.
Ex : Neem

Lamina is divided into leaflets, which are arranged at the tip of the petiole, called Palmately compound leaf.
Ex : Bean, Citrus.

Question 8.
Which organ is modified to trap insects in Insectivorous plants? Give two examples. [Mar, 13]
Answer:
In Insectivorous plants, leaves (Lamina) are modified to trap insects.
Ex : Nepenthes, Drosera.

Question 9.
Differentiate between Racemose and Cymose inflorescences. [T.S. Mar, 15]
Answer:

Question 10.
What is the morphology of cup like structure in Cyathium? In which family it is found?
Answer:
In Cyathium, cup like structure is formed from Involucre of Bracts. It is seen in “Euphorbiaceae” family.

Question 11.
What type of Inflorescence is found in fig trees ? Why does the insect Balstophaga visits the Inflorescence of fig tree?
Answer:
In ‘Fig’ trees, ‘Hypanthodium’ Inflorescence is seen. An Insect called ‘Blastophaga’ visits this inflorescence, because it lay its eggs in the gall flowers.

Question 12.
Differentiate actinomorphic from zygomorphic flower.
Answer:

Question 13.
How do the petals in pea plant are arranged? What is such type of arrangement called?
Answer:
In Pea and Bean Flowers, there are five petals. The largest petal (standard) overlaps the two lateral petals (wings) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (Keel). This type of aestivation is called Descendingly Imbricate aestivation. This type of corolla is called vexillary or papilionaceous corolla.

Question 14.
What is meant by eipetalous condition? Give an example.
Answer:
When the stamens are attached to the petals that condition is called Epipetalous condition.
Ex : Brinjal, Datura.

Question 15.
Differentiate between apocarpous and syncarpores ovary.
Answer:

Question 16.
Define placentation. What type of placentation is found in Dianthus. [T.S. Mar, 15]
Answer:
“The arrangement of ovules with in the ovary is known as placentation”. In Dianthus – Free Central placentation is seen.

Question 17.
What is meant by parthenocarpic fruit? How is it useful?
Answer:
The fruit which is formed without fertilization of the ovary is called parthenocarpic fruit. They are useful commercial production of seedless fruits and also useful in Juice Indus tries.

Question 18.
What is the type of fruit found in mango ? How does it differ from that of coconut?
Answer:
In Mango, the type of fruit is Drupe. In Mango Epicarp is thin, Mesocarp is fleshy and edible and endocarp is stony. Where as in coconut, the mesocarp is fibrous.

Question 19.
Why certain fruits are called false fruits? Name two examples of plants having false fruits. [T.S. May, 18. Mar, 13]
Answer:
Fruits which are formed form other parts of the flower along with ovary are called false fruits.
Ex : Apple – Thalamus develops into false fruit.
Cashewnut – Pedicel develops into False fruit,

Question 20.
Name any two plants having single seeded dry fruits.
Answer:
(1) Rice (Caryopsis) (2) Cashew nut (nut) (3) Tridax (Cypsela)

Question 21.
Define Schizocarpic dry fruits. Give an example.
Answer:
The fruits which split into one-seeded bits, called mericarps and are called Schizocarpic fruits.
Ex : Acacia, Castor. ,

Question 22.
Define mericarp. In which plant you find it?
Answer:
The one seeded bits of Schizocarpic fruits are called mericarps.
Ex : Acacia.

Question 23.
What are aggregate fruits? Give two examples. [A.P. May, 18]
Answer:
In custard apple. Many carpels are present. Each carpel of apocarpous gynoecium develops into a fruitlet. Such bunch of fruitlets are called aggregate fruits.
Ex : Annona, Naravalia.

Question 24.
Name a plant that has single fruit developing from the entire inflorescence. What is such a fruit called? [Mar, 14]
Answer:
Pine apple. This fruit is called composite fruit.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain different regions of root with neat labelled diagram.
Answer:

The tip of the root is covered by Thimble like structure called root cap which protect the root apex. A few m.m above the root cap, meristematic zone is present which consists of small, thin walled cells with dense protoplasm. These cells divide repeatedly. The cells proximal to this zone undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for growth of the root in length.

This region is called elongation region. The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and mature so called maturation zone. From this zone, some of the epidermal cells form very thin and delicate thread like structures, called root hairs which help in absorption of water and Minerals from the soil.

Question 2.
Justify the statement, “Underground parts of plants are not always roots”.
Answer:
In some plants, stems are underground and help in storage of food materials, organs of perennation to tide over unfavourable conditions, vegetative propagation and also protect themselves form grazing animals. More over, underground stems bear nodes, internodes, buds and scale leaves. Because of this, they are treated as stems but not roots, so underground parts of plants are not root.
Ex : Stem tuber of Potato, Rhizome of Zinger, Turmeric, corm of Amorphophallus, Colocasia and Bulb of onion.

Question 3.
Explain with examples different types of phyllotaxy.
Answer:
Arrangement of leaves on the stem or on the branchs is called Phyllotaxy. It is of three types.
A) Alternate Phyllotaxy : A single leaf arises at each node arranged in alternate manner.
Ex : Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, mustard.

B) Opposite Phyllotaxy : A pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other.
Ex : Calotropis, Guava.

C) Whorled Phyllotaxy : More than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl.
Ex : Nerium, Alstonia.

Question 4.
How do leaf modifications help plants?
Answer:
Leaf modifications will help to plants in Many ways. They are
a) In weak stemmed plants like peas, leaves are converted into long, coiled tendrils and help in climbing.
b) In Desert plants like Cacti, leaves are modified into spines, which gave protection from grazing animals.
c) In Onion and Garlic : The fleshy leaves help in storage of food materials.
d) In Australian acacia, the leaves are pinnately compound in which leaflets are small and short lived. The petioles of these plants expand, become green and synthesize food called phyllodes.
e) In Insectivores plants, like Nepenthes, Dionea, leaves are modified into traps which kill insects for their nitrogen requirement.
f) In Bryophyllum, epiphyllous buds which arise from the notches of the leaves develop into new plants, thus help in vegetative Propagation.

Question 5.
Describe any two special types of Inflorescences.
Answer:
1) Cyathium :

It is a single flower like special inflorescence found in Euphorbiaceae members. The inflorescence is covered by a deep cup like involucre of bracts. At the centre of the cup, there is a single female flower represented by a long stalked tricarpellary, Syncarpous pistil. Encircling this females flower, many male flowers are arranged in scorpioid cymes. Each male flower is represented by a single and stalked stamen. Male and female flowers are achlymadeous. Flowers are arranged in centrifugal manner.
Ex : Euphorbia and Poinsettia

2) Hypanthodium :

It is a fruit like inflorescence. The inflorescence axis is condensed and forms a fleshy, cup like structure with an apical opening. Small, sessile, unisexual flowers develop on the inner wall of the cup. Male flowers are near the apical opening and female flowers are at the base. In between these two types of flowers, some sterile female flowers called ‘gall flowers’ are present. The opening of flowers is not in a definite order.
Ex : Ficus species.

Question 6.
Describe the arrangement of floral membes in relation to their insertion on thalamus.
Answer:
Based on the position of Calyx, corolla and androecium on thalamus in respect to the ovary, the flowers are of three types.
They are :
A) Hypogynous,
B) Perigynous,
C) Epigynous

A) Hypogynous flower :
The gynoecium occupies the highest position, while the other parts are situated below it. The ovary is said to be superior.
Ex : Mustard, Brinjal.

B) Perigynous flower :
Gynoecium is present in the centre of the thalamus and other parts of the flower are located on the rim of the thalamus. The ovary is said to be half superior.
Ex : Rose, Pea.

C) Epigynous flower :
The ovary is completely embeded in the cup like thalamus. Other floral parts of the flower arise just above the ovary. In this, the ovary is said to be Inferior.
Ex : Guava, Cucumber.

Question 7.
“The flower of many angiospermic plants which show sepals and petals differe with respect to the arrangement of sepals and petals in respective whorls” – Explain.
Answer:
The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud is knwon as Aestivation. It is of 4 types.
A) Valvate :
“When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margins without overlapping”.
Ex : Calotropis.

B) Twisted :
“If the margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on”.
Ex : Cotton, Hibiscus. (Petals).

C) Imbricate :
If the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction.
Ex : Cassia, gulmohar.

D) Vexillary :
5 petals are present, of which the largest Petal (standard) overlaps the two lateral petals (Wings) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (keel). This is known as vexillary or papilionaceous aestivation.
Ex : Pea, Bean.

Question 8.
Describe any four types of placentations found in flowering plants.
Answer:
The arrangement of ovules with in the ovary is known as placentation. It is of 5 types.
A) Marginal :
“The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows”.
Ex : Pea.

B) Axial :
The ovules are attached to central placenta in a multilocular ovary.
Ex : Tomato, lemon.

C) Parietal :
The ovules develop on the inner wall of the oary. Ovary is one chambered but it becomes two chambered due to the development of flase septum.
Ex : Mustard.

D) Free central :
The ovules are borne on central axis without septa.
Ex : Dianthus.

E) Basal :
The placenta develops at the base of the ovary and a single ovule is attached to it.
Ex : Sunflower.

Question 9.
Describe in brief fleshy fruits you studied.
Answer:
Fruits which become fleshy at maturity one are called fleshy fruits. They are 5 types.
1) Berry :
It develops from Bi or multicarpellary syncarpous Gynoecium. The mesocarp and endocarp are fused to form the pulp and the seeds are hard.
Ex : Tomato, Guava.

2) Pepo :
It develops from Tricarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary. The epicarp is rigid, the mesocarp is fleshy and the endocarp is smooth.
Ex : Cucumber.

3) Pome :
It develops from Bi of multicarpellary inferior ovary and is surrounded by fleshy thalamus. The endocarp is cartilegumous.
Ex : Apple.

4) Hesperidium :
It develops from Multicarpellary syncarpous, superior ovary. The epicarp is leathery with volatile giands, Mesocarp is papery and endocarp is several chambered with juicy hairs.
Ex : Citrus.

5) Drupe :
It develops from Monocarpellary superior ovary. In Mango, the epicarp is thin, a middle fleshy edible mesocarp and inner stony hard endocarp. In coconut, the mesocarp is fibrous.

Question 10.
Describe with examples, the various dry fruits you studied.
Answer:
The fruits which become dry at maturity are called Dry fruits. They are of 3 types.
1) Dry dehiscent fruits :
“The fruits which breaks and liberate the seeds”.
Ex : (a) In legumes the fruit dehisces dorsiventrally into two halves and liberate the seeds,
(b) In Cotton, Datura – The capsule dehisce in different ways to liberate the seeds.

2) Dry Indehiscent fruits :
The fruits do not break and liberate the seeds only after the disintegration of pericarp.
Ex : (a) In Rice, The fruit is caryopsis. In this the pericarp and seed coat fuse together.
(b) In Cashew, the fruit is nut, whiph develops from multicarpellary, Syncarpous ovary. The pericarp is stony.
(c) In Tridax, The fruit is cypsela, Identified by the presence of persistent pappus like calyx.

3) Schizocarpic fruits :
“The fruit at maturity split into one – seeded bits called mericarps”.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define root. Mention the types of root systems. Explain how root is modified to perform different functions. [A.P & T.S. Mar, 17, 15, 13]
Answer:
The Radicle of the embryo elongates leads to the formation of primary root which grows into the soil is called root. In Angiosperms, two types of root systems are present namely, (a) Tap root system (b) Fibrous root system.

a) Tap root system :
The primary root grows into the soil called tap root, which produce lateral roots and root lets constitutes tap root system. It is seen in Dicotyledonous plants.

b) Fibrous root system :
The primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots which orginate from the base of the stem constitutes fibrous root system. It is seen in Monocotyledonous plants.

Root Modifications :
In some plants, roots change their shape and structure to perform functions other than absorption and conduction of water and Minerals called root modifications. They are of different types.

1) Storage roots :
In Carrot, turnip (Tap roots), Sweat potato (Adventitious roots), Asparagus (Fibrous roots) become swollen due to storage of food called storage roots.

2) Prop roots :
In Banyan tree, Roots arise from the branches grow into the soil, become pillar like and give additional support called prop roots or pillar roots.

3) Stilt oots :
In Maize, sugarcane, roots arise from the lower nodes of the stem, give additional support called stilt roots.

4) Respiratorty roots :
In Mangroves like Rhizophora and Avicennia, Many roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards, help in respiration called Pneumatophores.

5) Epiphytic roots :
In Epiphytes like Vanda, special adventitious roots arise, help in absorption of moisture from almosphere called Velamen roots.

6) Parasitic roots :
In partial parasites like viscum and strga, some Haustorial roots enter into xylem of the host plant to get water and Minerals. In complete parasitic like cuscuta and Rafflesia, the haustorial roots enter into xylem and phloem of the host plant and obtain water and Minerals and food materials called Parasitic roots.

7) Nodular roots :
In the members of Fabaceae, the roots are inhabited by Rhizobium bacteria which helps in N2 fixation called Nodular roots.

8) Photosynthetic roots :
In some plants like Taeniophyllum, the roots are chlorophyllous and perform photosynthesis so called photosynthetic roots.

Question 2.
Explain how stem is modified variously to perform different functions. [Mar, 14] [A.P & T.S. Mar, 18]
Answer:
Stems are modified in several ways to perform different functions.

In some plants stem grows into soil, not only stores food materials but also acts as organs of pennations. Such stems are called underground stem modifications. Further, they also help in vegetative propagation.
Ex : The stem tuber of potato, Rhizome of zingiber, corm of colocasia and Bulb of onion.

In some plants, Aerial stems show many modifications.
1) Tendrils :
Slender, spirally coiled structures which may develop either from Auxiliary Bud [Cucumber, watermelon] or from Terminal Bud [Grapes] called stem Tendrils, help in climbing.

2) Thorns :
In some plants, buds are modified into woody, straight, pointed thorns, which protect plants from grazing animals.
Ex : Citrus, Bougainvillaea.

3) Phylloclade :
In some plants of arid regions, stems are modified into fleshy flattened (opuntia) or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) or needle like structures (casuarina), called phylloclades. They carry out photosynthesis as their leaves are reduced to scales or spines to reduce the transpiration.

4) Bulbils :
In some plants, the vegetative buds (Diascorea) or floral buds (Agave) store food materials. At maturity they detach from the parent plants, develop adventitious roots and help in vegetative propagation. These are called Bulbils.

In some plants, some part of the stem is aerial and some part is underground. Such stems are called sub aerial stem modifications.
1. Runners :
Sub aerial stems of “oxalis” spread to new niches and form new plants when older parts die. Such plants are called runners.

2. Stolons :
In plants like Nerium, Jasmine, a slender lateral branch called ‘stolon’ arises from the base of the main axis, grow vertically, arches downwards and touch the ground, produce adventitious roots.

3. Off-sets :
In some aquatic plants like pistia and Eichhornia, a lateral branch of one internode length called offset which bears a rosette of leaves at each node and a tuft of adventitious roots arising from the base of the discoid stem.

4. Suckers :
In plants like banana, chrysanthemum, the lateral branches originate from the basal portion of the main stem, grows horizontally, beneath the soil and then come out obliquely upwards giving rise to leafy shoots. These branches are called suckers. All these sub-aerial stem modifications help in vegetative propagation.

Question 3.
Explain different types of Racemos inflorescences.
Answer:
Racemose Inflorescences are of several types. They are :
1) Simple Raceme :
The pedunde is simple, unbranched producing many pedicellate, bracteate flowers in Acropetal Manner.

2) Corymb :
The peduncle is long, and bears many flowers in Acropetal manner, but all the flowers are brought to the same level due to varied lengths of pedicels even through they are borne at different nodes.
Ex : Cassia, Cauliflower.

3) Umbel :
The flower appear to have arisen from the same point of the peduncle and is called umbel type. The Inflorescence is covered by a whorl of bracts called “Involucre”. Ex : Apiaceae, carrot.

4) Spike :
The peduncle is long and bears many sessile flowers, arranged in Aeropetal Manner.
Ex : Achy rant hus, poaceae.

5) Spadix :
In some plants, penduncle bears sessile unisexual and neutral flowers arranged in acropetal manner, covered and protected by modified Bract called spathe.
Ex : Cocos, colocasia.

6) Head :
In some plants, unisexual and bisexual sessile flowers develop centripetially on a condensed peduncle.
Ex : Tridax, sunflower.

Additional Questions & Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by Scutellum? In which type of seeds it is present?
Answer:
Large and shield shaped cotyledon is known as scutllum. It is seen in Monocot seeds.

Question 2.
Define with examples endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.
Answer:
Endosperm may be completely consumed by the developing.

embryo before seed maturation. Such seeds are called non-endospermic seeds.

The seeds with endosperm after maturation are called endospermic seeds.
Ex : Castor, Coconut.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
In which plant, the underground stem grows horizontally in soil and helps in perennation?
Answer:
Zingiber officinalis (ginger) – Rhizome.
Curcuma tonga (Turmeric) – Rhizome.

Question 2.
Needle like phylloclades are found in which plant?
Answer:
Casuarina.

Question 3.
Why do plants like Nepenthes trap Insects?
Answer:
Nepenthes generally grow in Nitrogen deficient soils. In this, leaves are modified into pitcher to trap insects for their nitrogen requirement.

Question 4.
What is the characteristic Inflorescence found in members of Asteraceae?
Answer:
Head or Capitulum.

Question 5.
Can you name a plant that has least number of flowers in its inflorescence?
Answer:
Hibiscus, Datura.

Question 6.
Which family shows naked flowers?
Answer:
Euphorbiaceae.

Question 7.
In which flowers of the fig trees does the Insect Blastophaga lay its eggs ?
Answer:
Gall flowers.

Question 8.
What type of symmetry is shown by the flowers of Canna?
Answer:
Asymmetric.

Question 9.
On which side of the flower do the flowers of pea have the keel petals?
Answer:
Anterior side.

Question 10.
What is the ratio of overlapping margins of petals to overlapped ones in imbricate aestivation?
Answer:
5 : 4

Question 11.
How many ovules are found attached in Basal placentation?
Answer:
One

Question 12.
Which part of the flower in Cashew plant forms the false fruit?
Answer:
Pedicel

Question 13.
Which plant has hard, stony endocarp and fleshy edible mesocarp?
Answer:
Mango

Question 14.
What is the morphology of spathe in spadix Inflorescence?
Answer:
Bract (enlarged)

Question 15.
What is the type of fruit known as if it develops from apocarpus ovary of a single flower?
Answer:
Aggregate fruits. (Anona squamosa)

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 4th Lesson Plant Kingdom Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 4th Lesson Plant Kingdom

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the basis of classification of Algae?
Answer:
The basis for the classification of Algae is pigmentation and the type of stored food.

Question 2.
When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm, and an angiosperm?
Answer:
In liver worts, reduction division occurs in sporophyte as a result spores are produced in the capsule.

In Mpsses, reduction division occurs in sporophyte in spore mother cells.

In ferns :
Reduction division occurs in Macro and Micro sporangia to produce Macrospores and Microspores.

In Gymnosperms – Reduction division occurs in Microsporangia and Megasporangia.

In Angiosperms – Reduction division occurs in Microspore Mother cells (Anther), Megaspore Mother cell (ovule).

Question 3.
Differentiate between syngamy and triple fusion.
Answer:

Question 4.
Differentiate between antheridium and archegonium.
Answer:

Question 5.
What are the two stages found in the gametophyte of mosses? Mention the structure from which these two stages develop?
Answer:
The gametophyte of Mosses consists of two stages namely
a) Juvenile stage, the Protonema and
b) Adult leafy stage, gametophore.

Protonema is developed directly from spore. Gametophore is developed from the protonema as a lateral adventitious bud.

Question 6.
Name the stored food materials found in Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.
Answer:
In Phaeophyceae, the stored food material is Laminarin or Mannitol. The stored food material in Rhodophyceae is floridean starch.

Question 7.
Name the pigments responsible for brown colour of phaeophyceae and red colour of Rhodophyceae.
Answer:
“Fucoxanthin” pigment is responsible for brown colour of phaeophyceae and “r-phycoerythrin” is responsible for red colour of Rhodophyceae.

Question 8.
Name different methods of vegetative reproduction in Bryophytes. [A.P. Mar. 15]
Answer:
In Bryophytes vegetative Reproduction takes place by fragmentation or by Gemmae, or by budding in secondary protonema.

Question 9.
Name the integumehted megasporangium found in Gymnosperms. How many femals gametophytes are generally formed inside the megasporangium?
Answer:
The Integumented Megasporangium found in Gymnosperms is ovule. One multicellular female gametophyte develops inside the megasporangium which bears two or more archegonia.

Question 10.
Name the Gymnosperms which contain mycorrhiza and coralloid roots respectively.
Answer:
The Gynnosperm which contain Mycorrhiza is pinus, and which contain corralloid roots is cycas.

Question 11.
Mention the ploidy of any four of the following.
a. Protonemal cell of a moss.
b. Primary endosperm nucleus in a dicot.
c. Leaf cell of a moss.
d. Prothallus of a fern,
e. Gemma cell in Marchantia
f. Meristem cell of monocot
g. Ovum of a liverwort and
h. Zygote of a fern.
Answer:
a) Haploid
b) Triploid
c) Haploid
d) Haploid
e) Haploid
f) Diploid
g) Haploid
h) Diploid

Question 12.
Name the four classes of pteridophyta with one example each.
Answer:
The four classes of pteridophyta are :
i) Psilopsida Ex : Psilotum
ii) Lycopsida Ex : Lycopodium
iii) Sphenopsida Ex : Equisetum
iv) Pteropsida Ex : Pteris

Question 13.
What are the first organisms to colonise rocks? Give the generic name of the moss which provides peat?
Answer:
The first organisms to colonise rocks are Mosses along with Lichens. Generic name is sphagnum.

Question 14.
Mention the fern characters found in Cycas.
Answer:
Some of the fern characters are :

1. Circinate vernation of young leaves.
2. Presence of ramenta.
3. Multiciliated Male gametes.
4. Presence of Archegonia.

Question 15.
Why are Bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant Kingdom?
Answer:
They live in moist soil and they depend on water for sexual reproduction. So they are called amphibians of plant Kingdom.

Question 16.
Name an algae which show
a) Haplo – diplontic and b) Diplontic types of life cycles.
Algae which show Haplo – diplontic life cycle is Ectocarpus. Algae that show Diplontic life cycle is Fucus.

Question 17.
Give examples for unicellular, colonial and filamentous algae.
Example are volvox, spirogyra and chara. These are the members of chlorophyceae.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between red algae and brown algae. [A.P. May. 18, Mar. 14]
Answer:

Question 2.
Differentiate between liverworts and mosses.
Answer:

Question 3.
What is meant by Homosporous and Heterosporous pteridaphytes? Give two examples. [T.S. May. 18 A.P. Mar. 18, 15, 13]
Answer:
Pteridophytes which produce similar type of spores are called Homosporous pteridophytes.
Ex : Lycopodium, Pteris.

Pteridophytes which produce two types of spores are called Heterosporous Pteriodophytes.
Ex : Selaginella, Saivinia.

Question 4.
What is Heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples. [T.S. Mar, 15]
Answer:
Heterospory refers to the production of different types of spores.

Significance :

1. Microspores formed from Microspore mother cells are small with 0.015 – 0.05 mp. Megaspores formed from Megaspore Mother cell are big and are with 1.5 mp.
2. Microspores develop into Male gametophytes and Megaspores develop into female gametophytes which lead to unisexuality.
3. The female gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophyte for variable periods.
4. The development of zygote into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes.
5. The female gametophyte is with abundant food materials.
   Ex : Selagenella, Saivinia.

Question 5.
Write a note on economic importance of Algae and Bryophytes.
Answer:
Importance of Algae :

1. At least a half of the carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by Algae through photosynthesis and increases the level of oxygen in the environment.
2. They are paramount importance as primary producers of energy rich compounds which form the basis of the food cycles of aquatic animals.
3. Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and sargassum are used as food.
4. Some marine Brown and red algae produce large amounts of hydro carbons.
   Ex : A/gin and Carrageen.
5. Iodine is extracted from kelps like Laminaria.
6. Chlorella and Spirullina are used as food supplements even by space travellers.

Economic importance of Bryophytes :

1. Some mosses provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
2. Species of Sphagnum, a moss provide peat used as fuel and because of its capacity to hold water as packing material for trans – shipment of living material.
3. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to Colonise rocks.
4. They play significant role in plant succession.
5. Mosses form dense mats on the soil, thus they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.

Question 6.
How would you distinguish Monocots from Dicots.
Answer:

Question 7.
Give a brief account of Prothallus.
Answer:
In Pteridophytes, the spores germinate to give rise to Inconspicuous, small but multicellular free living, photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called Prothalli. They require cool, damp, shady places to grow. Because of this specific requirement and water for fertilization, the spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions. The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs, called antheridia and archegonia respectively. The sex organs are multicellular, jacketed and sessile.

Question 8.
Draw labelled diagrams of :
a) Female thallus and Male thallus of a liverwort.
b) Gametophyte and sporophyte of funaria.
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
Answer:
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms are the three ‘groups of plants that bear archegonia. The plant body in bryophytes is haploid. It produces gametes hence it is called gametophyte. The sex organs are multicellular, Jacketed and stalked. Antheredium, which is the male sex organ produces biflagellate antherozoids. Archegonium, the female sex organ, which is flask shaped, produces a small egg.

The antherozoids are released into water where they come in contact with archegonium. One antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the zygote. This is called zooidogamous oogamy. Zygote produce a multicellular body called sporophyte. It is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and extracts nourishment from it.

Some cells of the sporophyte, called spore mother cells undergo reduction division to produce Haploid spores. These spores germinate to produce gametophyte. Bryophytes show alternation of generations (because garhetophytic and sporophytic bodies are different) and life cycle is Haplo-diplontic type.

Question 2.
Describe the important characteristics of Gymnosperms.
Answer:

1. Gymnosperms are embryophytic, trachaeophytic, archegoniate phanerogams.
2. They include medium size trees or tall trees and shrubs.
3. The root system is tap root system. In some genera roots have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza (Pinus) and in some Cycas roots have coralloid roots which are associated with Nitrogen fixing Cyanobacteria (Nostbc and Anabaena)
4. The stems are unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus Cedrus).
5. The leaves may be simple or compound. In Cycas, the pinnate leaves persists for a years in Cycas.
6. Anatomically the stem shows eustele. The vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and open.
7. Vessels are generally absent in xylem and companion cells are absent in phloem.
8. Secondary growth occurs in stem and roots.
9. The Gymnosperms are heterosporous, they produce haploid microspores and megaspores.
10. The two types of spores are produced in sporangia that are borne on sporophylls which are arranged spirally an aixs to form compact strobili.
11. The male strobili consists of microsporophylls and Microsporangia which produce Micro-spores.
12. Microspores or pollen grains develop into Male gametophyte.
13. The strobili bearing Megasporophylls with ovules are called female strobili.
14. Micro and Megasporphylls may be borne on the same tree (Pinus) or on different trees (Cycas).
15. Megaspore develop into female gametophyte. The pollination is direct and anemophilous.
16. Gymnosperms are divided into three classes namely Cycadopsida, Coniferopsida and Gnetopsida.

Question 3.
Give the sailent features of Pteridophytes.
Answer:

1. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders.
2. These are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues.
3. They are embryophytic, archegoniate vascular cryptogams.
4. They prefer cool, damp and shady places.
5. The plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.
6. The root system is adventitious.
7. The stele may be protostele or siphonostele or solenostele or’dictyostele.
8. The leaves are small (selagenella) or large as in ferns.
9. The sporophytels bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf like sporophylls.
10. Most of the pteridophytes are homosporous but selaginella and Salvinia shows Heterosporous.
11. The spores germinate to give rise to Prothalli.
12. The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia.
13. The sex organs are multicellular, jacketed and sessile.
14. Fusion of Male gamete with the egg present in the archegonium results in the formation of zygote.
15. Zygote develops into young embryo which produces a multicellular sporophyte.

Question 4.
Give an account of plant life Cycles and alternation of Generations.
Answer:
In plant, both haploid and diploid cells can divide by mitosis which leads to the formation of different plant bodies, haploid and diploid. The haploid plant body produces gametes by mitosis and is called gametophyte. It is followed by fertilization, which results in the formation of zygote which also divides by mitosis to form diploid sporophytic plant body. In this, Meiosis occurs, results in the formation of spores. These spores again divide by mitosis to form a Haploid plant body. Thus during life cycle there is a alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte.

Different plants show different life cycles. For Ex :
1) Many Algae such as Vo/vox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomomas shows Haplontic life cycle. In this, zygote represents the sporophytic stage which divides by meiosis results in the formation of Haploid spores. These spores divide mitotically and form the gametophyte.

2) In some species, the diploid sporophyte is the dominant photosynthetic. Independent phase of the paint. The haploid phase is represented by gametes only. So this lifecycle is called diplontic type. In some pteridophytes, the gametophyte is represented by few celled stage so called diplo-haplontic type. Other exmples are polysiphonia.

3) In Bryophytes, both phases are multicellular with dominant gametophytic phases and dependent sporophytic phage. So this life cycle is called haplo-diplontic type. Other examples for this are Ectocarpus, Laminaria.

Question 5.
Both Gymnospoerms and Angiosperms bear seeds then why are they classified separately?
Answer:

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 3rd Lesson Science of Plants – Botany Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 3rd Lesson Science of Plants – Botany

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain how the term Botany has emerged.
Answer:
In the ancient Greek language, the term Bouskein means Cattle feed. The term ‘Bouskein’ gave rise to “Botane” from which the term “Botany’’ is derived.

Question 2.
Name the books written Parasara and mention the important aspects discussed in those books. [A.P. Mar. 17]
Answer:
Parasara’s ‘Krishi Parasaram’ mentioned about agriculture and weeds. ‘Vrikshayurveda’ gives information about 14 types of forests; the external and internal characters of plants and about medicinal plants.

Question 3.
Who is popularly known as father of Botany ? What was the book written by him? [T.S. Mar, 18]
Answer:
“Theophrastus” is regarded as the Father of Botany. The book written by him was ‘De Historia plantarum”,

Question 4.
Who are Herbalists? What are the books written by them?
Answer:
The scientists who described the live Medicinal plants technically are called the Herbalists. The books written by them are called Herbals.

Question 5.
What was the contribution of Carolus Von Linnaeus for the development of plant taxonomy?
Answer:
“Carolus Von Linnaeus” popularised Binomial Nomenclature. He also proposed the sexual system of classification.

Question 6.
Why is Mendel considered as the father of Genetics?
Answer:
Mendel conducted Hybridization experiments on pea plants and also introduced the laws of inheritance in 1866. Hence, he is considered as the Father of Genetics.

Question 7.
Who discovered the cell and what was the book written by him? [A.P. May 17, Mar 14]
Answer:
Robert Hooke first discovered the cell. “Micrographia” was the book written by him.

Question 8.
What is Palaeobotany? What is its use? [T.S. Mar, 17, 15, 13]
Answer:
Palaeobotany deals with the study of fossil plants. It helps in understanding the course of evolution in plants.

Question 9.
Name the branches of Botany which deal with the chlorophylfous autotrophic thallophytes and non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic thallophytes.
Answer:
Study of chlorophyllous autotrophic thallophytes is called Phycology. Study of non- chlorophyllous heterotrophic thallophytes is called Mycology.

Question 10.
What are the group of plants that live as symbionts in lichens? Name the study of Lichens. [T.S. May, 18]
Answer:
Algae and Fungi are the plant groups that live as symbionts in lichens. The study of lichens is called lichenology.

Question 11.
Which group of plants are called Vascular cryptogams ? Name the branch of Botany which deals with them?
Answer:
“Pteridophytes” are called vascular cryptogams. The branch of Botany that deals with them is called Pteridology.

Question 12.
Which group of plants are called amphibians of plant kingdom? Name the branch of Botany which deals with them.
Answer:
Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant Kingdom. The branch that deals with Bryophytes is called Bryology.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the scope of Botany in relation to agriculture, horticulture and medicine.
Answer:

1. The problems like decreasing resources and increasing population could be solved by enhancing crop yield through Green Revolution and.also by developing disease* pest resistance crops by utilizing the principles of Biotechnology.
2. Progress in Agriculture, Forestry horticulture is possible through hybridization experiments and Genetic Engineering technology.
3. New plant breeding techniques are useful to develop hybrid varieties in crop plants like Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sugarcane etc.
4. Phytopathology is helpful in the prevention and eradication of several plant diseases.
5. Knowledge on the role of plant hormones in plant growth and development is significant to improve Agriculture and Horticulture through herbicidal control of weed, breaking of seed dormancy etc., Experiments in tissue and organ culture is possible to produce large number of plants in the laboratory within a short duration.
6. Several industries could be developed based on Botany.
7. Studies in Medicinal plants like Arnica, Cinchona, Neem, Datura, Rauwolfia, Ocimum are also important to explore them for human health care.
8. Production of Antibiotics, Bioinsecticides, single cell proteins is also made possible by study of these product yielding plants.

Question 2.
Explain the scope of Botany taking plant physiology as example.
Answer:

1. The role of Minerals iri plant nutrition is useful in rational usage of chemical fertilizers and control of mineral deficiencies to improve Agricultural productivity.
2. Knowledge on the role of plant hormones in plant growth and development’s highly significant to improve Agriculture and horticulture through herbicidal control of weeds, breaking of seed dormancy, enhancement of shelf-life period of leafy vegetables like spinach, artificial ripening of fruits like apple, banana and rooting of stem cuttings for Vegetative propogation.

Question 3.
What are the different branches of botany that deal with morphology of plants ? Give their salient features.
Answer:
Morphology deals with the study of different organs of a plant. It is a fundamental requisite for classification of plants. It is of two types,
a) External Morphology
b) Internal Morphology.

a) External Morphology :
It is the study and description of external characters of plant organs like root, stem, leaf, flower, seed and fruit etc.

b) Internal Morphology :
It is the study of internal structure of different plant organs. It is of two types. They are i) Histology ii) Anatomy.
i) Histology :
Study of different tissues present in the plant body.

ii) Anatomy :
Study of gross internal details of plant organs like root, stem, leaf, flower etc.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Give a comprehensive account on the scope of Botany in different fields giving an example for each.
Answer:
I) Agriculture :

1. Enhancement of crop yield through Green Revolution solves the problems like decreasing resources and increasing population.
2. New plant breeding techniques are useful to develop hybrid varieties in crop plants like Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sugarcane etc.
3. Phytopathology is helpful in prevention and eradication of several plant diseases.

II) Medicine :

1. Studies in Medicinal plants like Arnica, Cinchona, Neem, Datura, Rauwolfia, Ocimum are important to explore them for human health care.
2. Production of antibiotics, bioinsecticides, single cell proteins is made possible by study of these plants.

III) Environmental Issues :

1. Control of Green house effect by tree plantation and soil pollution by bio-remediation, recycling of nutrients by saprophytic organisms, usage of biofertilizers to avoid soil and water pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and prevention of soil erosion by sand binding plants.
2. Usage of algae (Chlorella) as food for astronauts in space research programmes and extraction of Iodine, agar-agar etc. from several sea weeds also indicate the scope of Botany for the Contemporary World.

IV) Commercial Products :
Knowledge of plants which yield commercially important and useful products like timber fibres, beverages such as coffe and tea, condiments, rubber, gums, resins, dyes, essential and aromatic oils is of great importance for their exploitation.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 2nd Lesson Biological Classification Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 2nd Lesson Biological Classification

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the nature of cell-walls in diatoms?
Answer:
In Diatoms, the cell wall is made up of silica and thus the walls are Indestructible.

Question 2.
How are Viroids different from viruses? [Mar. 14]
Answer:

Question 3.
What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify? [A.P. Mar, 17, Mar. 13]
Answer:
The Algal component in a lichen is called phycobiont. The fungal component in a lichen is called Mycobiont.

Question 4.
What do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘Red Tides’ signify?
Answer:
In cyanobacteria :
The colonies and trichomes or filaments are surrounded by gelatinous sheath which often forms blooms in polluted water bodies called algal blooms.
Ex : Nostoc, Anabaena.

Red Dinoflagellates like “Gonyaulax” undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea “Red” so called Red Tides.

Question 5.
State two economically important uses of heterotrophic bacteria.
Answer:
Heterotrophic Bacteria help in making curd from milk, production of Antibiotics and Nitrogen fixation in legume roots.

Question 6.
What is the principle underlying the use of cyanobacteria in agricultural fields for crop improvement? [A.P. Mar. 15]
Answer:
Cyanobacteria are used in Agricultural fields for crop improvement because they help in Nitrogen fixation and make the soil fertile and also they show oxygenic photosynthesis.

Question 7.
Plants are autotrophic. Name some plants which are partially heterotrophic.
Answer:
Partial heterotrophic plants are viscum, loranthus, striga.

Question 8.
Who proposed five Kingdom classification? How many Kingdoms of this classification contain eukaryotes?
Answer:
R.H.Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification. In this classification, four kingdoms [Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia are Eukaryotes.

Question 9.
Give the main criteria used for classification by Whittaker. [T.S. May. 18, Mar, 15]
Answer:
The main cricteria for five kingdom classification include cell structure, thallus organization. Mode of Nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.

Question 10.
Name two diseases caused by Mycoplasmas. [A.P. May. 18]
Answer:
Mycoplasmas cause witches broom disease in plants, pleuropneumonia in cattle and v mycoplasmal urethritis in Humans.

Question 11.
What are slime moulds? Explain what is meant by plasmodium with reference to slime moulds.
Answer:
Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. The multinucleated mass of protoplasm is surrounded by a plasamamembrane under favourable conditions, they form an aggregation called plasmodium.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
Answer:

1. Most of the euglenoids are Fresh Water organisms found in stagnant water.
2. They have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes body flexible.
3. They have Two flagella, a short and a long one.
4. The anterior part of the cell bears an invagination consisting of cytostome, cytopharynx and reservoir.
5. Eye spot or photosensitive stigma is present in the reservoir.
6. They behave as heterotrophs when deprived of sunlight.
7. The reproduction is by lohgitudinal binary fission.

Question 2.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Two kingdom classification?
Answer:
Advantages :

1. The two kingdom classification received considerable recognition from biologists and was in use for quite a long period of time.
2. Classification of organisms into plants, animals was easily done and was easy to understand.
3. The character that unified this whole kingdom was that all organisms included had a cell wall in their cells.

Disavantages :
1. There is no clear Cut distinction in the lower forms of life into plants and animals. Euglena for example is a unicellular organism having certain features of criminals and certain features of plants. If has a flagellum which is used for locomotion and food capturing. However it has chloroplasts like plant cells.

2. Chlomyclomonas is a unicellular algue. It is purely antotrophic but has 4 locomotor structures called flagella like protozoans.

3. The classification did not differentiate between the heterotrophic group, fungi and the autotrophic green plants through they also showed a characteristic difference in their wall composition. Hence two kingdom classification used for a lone time was found inadequate.

Question 3.
Give the salient features and importance of chrysophytes. [A.P. Mar, 15, 13]
Answer:
Chrysophytes includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids). They are found in freshwater as well as in marine water.’Most of them are photosynthetic. In diatoms the cell wall form two thin overlapping shells, epitheca over hypotheca which fit together as soap box. The walls are embedded with silica and thus the walls are indestructible. Diatoms leave larger amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat, this accumulation is referred as diatomaceous earth or kieselghur. They reproduce a sexually by Binary fission and sexually by gametes.

Importance :

1. The diatomaceous soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils 8 syrups.
2. Diatoms are the chief “producers” in the oceans.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of Dinoflagellates. [A.P. May, 18, Mar, 18] [T.S. Mar, 15]
Answer:

1. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and photosynthetic.
2. The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
3. They have two flagella and produce spinning movements. So these protists are called “whirling whips”.
4. The nucleus has condensed chromosomes, which are without histones.
5. Some Dinoflagellates like Noctiluca show bioluminescence.
6. Red dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red
   (Redtides in Medeterranelian sea)
7. Toxins produced by them may kill fishes.

Question 5.
Write the role of Fungi in our daily life. [T.S. May, 18. Mar, 14]
Answer:
The role of Fungi in our dialy life show some uses and disuses. They are :
Uses :

1. Yeast are used to make bread and beer.
2. Some Fungi like penicillium are the source of antibiotics. (Penicilin)
3. Some Fungi like Agaricus are edible mushrooms.

Disuses :

1. Some Fungi cause rot of orange fruits
2. Spoilage of bread
3. White spots are seen in musterd leaves by Albugo.
4. Some Fungi (Puccinia) cause rust in wheat.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the salient features and comparative account of different classes of fungi studied by you.
Answer:
A) Phycomycetes :

1. They are found in Aquatic habitats and on decaying wood or as obligate parasites on plants. They arealso called algal fungi.
2. The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.
3. A sexual reproduction takes place by zoospores or by aplanospores.
4. Zygospores are formed by the fusion of two gametes which may similar (Isogamous) or dissimilar (Anisogamous) or oogamous.
   Ex : Mucor, Rhizopus, Albugo.

B) Ascomycetes :

1. They are commonly called “sac fungi”
2. They are unicelluar (yeast) or multicellular (Penicillium).
3. They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung).
4. The mycelium is Branched and septate.
5. The reproduce asexually by conidia, produced on conidiophores.
6. Sexual spores are called ascospores Ex : Aspergillus, pencillium, ckiviceps.

C) Basidiomycetes :

1. They are commonly known as Mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs or club fungi.
2. They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites.
   Ex : Rusts.
3. The mycelium is branched and septate.
4. The asexual spores are not found but common method is fragmentation.
5. Sex organs are absent.
6. Plasmogamy takes place by the fusion of two vegetative cells of different strains or genotypes.
7. Karyogamy and Meiosis take place in the basidium producing basidiospores.
   Ex : Agaricus, ustilago, polyporus Lycoperdon.

D) Deuteromycetes :

1. They are commonly known as imperfect fungi.
2. Some members are saprophytes or parasites, while a large members are decomposers.
3. The mycelium is branched and septate.
4. They reproduce asexually and vegetatively.
5. When the sexual stages were discovered, they were moved into another classes, asco or basidiomycetes.
   Ex : Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma.

Question 3.
Describe briefly different groups of Monerans you have studied.
Answer:
They indued Alio prokaryotes like Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma and Actinomycetes.

I. Archaebacteria :

1. They live in salty areas, hot springs or in Marshy places.
2. The cell wall contains pseudomurein.
3. The cell membrane contains branched chain lipids.
4. Methanogens are present in the gut of ruminant animals, and are responsible for the production of methane gas from the dung.

II. Eubacteria :

1. They occur almost everywhere, such as hotsprings, deserts, snow and deep oceans as parasites and as symbionts.
2. They are classified-into spherical coccus, rod shaped bacillus, the comma shaped vibrio and the spiral shaped spirillum, based on their shape.
3. The cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.
4. The cell membrane shows infoldings called mesosomes.
5. They contain 70s type of ribosomes along with naked genetic material (nucleoid).
6. Some of eubacteria are autotrophic and the vast majority are heterotrophs.
7. Cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena are Unicellular, colonial or filamentous, aquatic or terrestrial algae.
8. They often forms blooms in polluted water bodies. Some of them can fix Atmospheric Nitrogen in specialised cells called Heterocysts.

III. Mycoplasma :

1. They completely lack a cell wall and are pleomorphic.
2. They are smallest living cells and can survive without oxygen.
3. They cause diseases in plants [witches broom]; in cattle (pleuropneumonia) and in humans (Mycoplasmal urethritis).

IV. Actinomycetes :

1. They are branched, filamentous bacteria.
2. The cell wall contains mycolic acid.
3. Most of them are saprophytic and decomposers.
4. Some are (Mycobacterium and corynebacterium) parasites.
5. A number of antibiotics are produced from the genus streptomyces.

Question 3.
Enumerate the salient features of different groups in protista.
Answer:
I. Chrysophytes :

1. Chrysophytes includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids).
2. They are found in freshwater as well as in marine water.
3. Most of them are photosynthetic.
4. In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, epitheca over hypotheca which fit together as soap box.
5. The walls are embedded with silica and thus the walls are indestructible.
6. Diatoms leave larger amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat, this accumulation is referred as diatomaceous earth or kieselghur.
7. They reproduce asexually by Binary fission and sexually by gametes. ‘

II. Dinoflagellates :

1. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and photosynthetic.
2. The cell was has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
3. They have two flagella and produce spinning movements. So these protists are called “whirling whips”.
4. The nucleus has condensed chromosomes, which are without histones.
5. Some Dinoflagellates like Noctiluca show bioluminescence.
6. Red dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red (Redtides in Medterranian sea)
7. Toxins produced by them may kill fishes.

III. Euglenoids :

1. Most of the euglenoids are Fresh Water organisms found in stagment water.
2. They have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes body flexible.
3. They have Two flagella, a short and a long one.
4. The anterior part of the cell bears an invagination, consisting of cytostome, cytopharynx and reservoir.
5. Eye spot or photosensitive stigma is present in the reservoir.
6. They behave as heterotrophs when deprived of sunlight.
7. The reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission.

IV. Slime moulds :

1. They are saprophytic protists. The multinucleated mass of protoplasm is surrounded by a plasamamembrane.
2. Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation called plasmodium.
3. During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
4. The spores are extremely resistant and are dispersed by air.

V. Protozoans :

1. They live as predators or parasites.
2. They do not contain cell wall.
3. The protoplason is surrounded by plasma membrane.
4. Among them. Amoeboid protozoans live in fersh water, sea water or moist soil. They move and capture their prey by pseudopodia.
   Ex : Entamoeba.
5. Flagellated protozoans are either free living or parasitic.
6. They have flagella.
7. The parasitic forms cause diaseases such as sleeping sickness.
   Ex : Trypanosoma.
8. Ciliated Protozoans : They are aquatic and actively moving organisms by having cilia.
9. They have a cavity that opens to outside of the cell surface.
   Ex: Paramoecium.

IV. Sporozoans :
They have an Infectious spore like stage in their life cycle.
Ex : Plasmodium (Malarial parasite) causes Malaria in humans.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
State two economically important uses of :
a) Heterotrophic bacteria b) Archaebacteria
Answer:
a) Heterotrophic bacteria :
They help in making curd from milk, production of Antibiotics and \ Nitrogen fixation in legume roots.

b) Archaebacteria :
1) Produce methane 2) Used by humans in biotechnoogy.

Question 2.
Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi on the basis of the following :
i) mode of nutrition
ii) mode of reproduction.
Answer:
i) mode of nutrition :
a) Phycomycetes : Obligate parasites.
b) Ascomycetes : Saprophytic, decomposers.
c) Basidiomycetes : Parasites.

d) Deuteromycetes :
Saprophytes, decomposers, ii) mode of reproduction :
a) Phycomycetes : Asexually by zoospores or aplanospores, sexually by gametes.
b) Ascomycetes : Asexually by conidia, sexually by ascospores.
c) Basidiomycetes : Asexually by fragmentation, sexually by fusion of two somatic cells.
d) Deuteromycetes : Asexually by conidia.

Question 3.
Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic material. Also name four common viral diseases.
Answer:
Viruses are made up of Nucleic acid and protein. The Nucleic acid could be either RNA or DNA. The protein part is called capsid which encloses the Nucleic acid. Tobacco Mosaic virus and Human Immuno Virus (HIV) contains RNA as genetic material. Bacteriophages, contain DNA as genetic material.

Common viral diseases are –

1. Tobacco Mosaic virus.
2. Potato spindle Tuber disease.
3. Human Immuno virus.
4. Scrapie disease of sheep.

Question 4.
Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or non-living?
Answer:
Viruses are not truly ‘living’. They exist in crystal form outside the host. They are called obligate parasites.

Question 5.
Suppose you accidentally find an old preserved permanent slide without a label and in your effort to identify it, you place the slide under microscope and observe the following features :
a) unicellular body
b) well defined nucleus
c) biflagellate condition – one flagellum lying longitudinally and the other transversely.
What would you identify it as? Can you name the kingdom it belongs to?
Answer:
Protistian cell. They belongs to kingdom protista.

Question 6.
Polluted water bodies have usually high abundance of plants like Nostoc and Oscillatoria. Give reasons.
Answer:
Abundence of reserved food materials.
– Increase the level of dissolved O₂ in their environment.
– N₂ fixing capacity.

Question 7.
Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria have been clubbed together in Eubacteria of Kingdom Monera as per the five kingdom classification, even though the two are vastly different from each other. Is this grouping of the two types of taxa in the same kingdom justified? If so why?
Answer:
Grouping of the two types of tax a in the same kingdom is justified because both organisms contain ‘nif’ genes and are involved in Nitrogen fixation.

Question 8.
What observable features in Trypanosoma would make you classify it under kingdom protista?
Answer:

1. They are free living or parasitic.
2. They have flagella.

Question 9.
At a stage of their life cycle, ascomycetous fungi produce the fruiting bodies like cleistothecium perithecium or apothecium. How are these three types of fruiting bodies differ from each ohter?
Answer:
The globose ascocarp without opening is called cleistothecium.
The flask shaped ascocarp with an apical opening is called perithecium.
The cup or saucer shaped ascocarp is called apothecium.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 1st Lesson The Living World Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 1st Lesson The Living World

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What does ICBN Stand for? [T.S. Mar, 18]
Answer:
ICBN stand for “International Code for Botanical Nomenclature”.

Question 2.
What is Flora? [T.S. Mar, 15]
Answer:
Actual account of habitat, distribution and systematic listing of plants of a given area is called Flora.

Question 3.
Define metabolism. What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
Answer:
Sum total of all the chemical reactions occuring in the body of an organism is called Metabolism.

Question 4.
Which is the largest botanical garden in the world? Name a few well known botanical gardens in India.
Answer:
Royal Botanical Garden (RBG) at kew (England) is the largest Botanical Garden in the world. Well Known Botanical gardens in India are

1. Indian Botanical gardens, Howrah.
2. National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow.

Question 5.
Define the terms couplet and lead in taxonomic key. [A.P. Mar, 15]
Answer:
The contrasting characters generally in a pair is called “couplet”. Each statement in the key is called “Lead”.

Question 6.
What is meant by manuals and monographs?
Answer:
Manual is a small book specially designed for ready reference. Monographs contain Information on any one taxon.

Question 7.
What is systematics? [T.S. Mar, 18]
Answer:
“The study of different kinds of organisms, their diversities and also the relationship among them”.

Question 8.
Why are living organisms classified?
Answer:
Living organisms are classified to know their growth, reproduction, ability to sense environment and mount a suitable response, metabolism, ability to self replicate, interaction and emergence.

Question 9.
What is the basic unit of classification? Define it. [A.P. Mar, 17, 14, 13]
Answer:
“Species”.

“Species is defined as a group of Individual organisms with fundamental similarities”.

Question 10.
Give the scientific name of Mango. Identify the generic name and specific epithet. [T.S. Mar, 17]  [A.P. May, 18]
Answer:
Mangifera indica. Its Generic name is “Mangifera” and specific epithet is “indica”.

Question 11.
What is growth? What is the difference between the growth in living organisms and growth in non-living objects?
Answer:
Growth is a permanent and irreversible increase in the size of a living organism.

In Living organisms, growth is from Inside. Where as in Non-living objects like Mountains and sand mounds, growth occurs by accumulation on of material on the outer surface.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Identification and nomenclature? How is a key helpful in the identification & classification of an organism?
Answer:
Identification is defined as, “Whether a collected organism is entirely new or already known”. Nomenclature is defined as “providing a scientific name to an Identified organism”.

Key is a taxonomical aid used for Identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and dissimilarities. The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet. It represents the choice made between two opposite options. Each statement in the key is called lead, separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and species for Identification purposes. Keys are generally analytical in nature.

Flora, Manuals, Monographs, and catelogues are also help in correct Identification of plants of a given area.

Question 2.
What are taxonomical aids? Give the importance of herbaria and museums.
Answer:
Taxonomical aids are the collection of actual specimens of plant and animal species which are useful in agriculture, forestry. Industry and in knowing bio-resources and their diversity.

Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed, and preserved on sheets. These sheets are used for future use and also carry a label providing information about data and place of collection, English, local and botanical names, family, collector’s name. Herbaria also serve as quick referal systems in taxonomical studies. Museums are generally set up in Educational Institutes. Museums have collections of preserved plant and animals specimens for study and reference.

Question 3.
Define a taxon. Give some examples of taxa at different hierarchial levels.
Answer:
Taxon is defined as, Any unit of category in a Taxonomic system. There are different taxonomic levels such as
a) Species – It is the lowest category in which a group of Individual organisms w|th fundamental similarities are placed.
Example : Mangifera indica (Mango), indica is the specific epithet.

b) Genus – A group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.
Example : Potato and brinjal are two different species but belong to the genus solanum.

c) Family – It has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species.
Example : Solanum, Nicotiana and Datura are three different genera but placed in the family solanaceae.

d) Order – It is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characters.
Example : Based on the floral characters.Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae are included in the order polemoniales.

Question 4.
How are botanical gardens useful in conserving biodiversity? Define the terms Flora, manuals, monographs and catalogues?
Answer:
Botanical gardens have collections of living plants for reference. Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and each plant is labelled indicating its botanical name and its family.

Flora :
It contains the actual account of habitat, distribution and systematic listing of plants of a given area.

Manual :
It is a small book containing the information for identification of names of species found in an area.

Monograph :
They contain information on any one taxon.

Catelogues :
Books which help in correct identification of plants.

Question 5.
Explain binomial nomenclature.
Answer:
Naming the plants with two words is called Binomial nomenclature. This system was given by Carolus Linnaeus. Naming is done by following some rules. They are

1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in Italics.
2. The first word represents the Genus while the second word represents the species.
3. Both the words, when handwritten, are separately underlined.
4. The first word should starts with a capital letter while second word should starts with a small letter.
5. The name of the auther should be at the end of scientific name in abbreviated form.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by living? Give a detailed account of any four defining features of life forms.
Answer:
The state of Material complex or individual characterized by the capacity to perform certain functional activities including metabolism, growth, and Reproduction.

1) Growth :
All living organisms increase in mass and increase in number. In plants, growth occurs by cell division, continuously throughout their life span. Unicellular organisms also grow in size until they divide by cell division.

2) Reproduction :
“Reproduction means progeny possessing feautures more or less similar to those of parents organisms, reproduce asexually and also by sexual methods. Fungi reproduce asexually by spores. Filamentous algae and Protonema of mosses reproduce by Fragmentation. In unicellular oganisms like Bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba reproduction is synonymous with growth. There are many organisms which do not reproduce. Hence reproduction also cannot be an all-inclusive defining characterestic of living organisms.

3) Metabolism :
The sum total of all the chemical reaction occuring in the body of a living organisms is called metabolism. All plants, Animals, Fungi and Microbes exhibit metabolism. No nonliving obejct exhibit metabolism.

4) Ability to sense their surroundings :
All living organisms, have the ability to sense their surroundings or environment and respond to Physical, Chemical or Biological stimuli. This response to environmental stimuli is called Irritability. Plants respond to external factors like light, water, temperature other organisms, pollutants etc. All organismsare aware of their surroundings and is called consciousness. Human beings has self consciousness except patients.

Question 2.
Define the following terms with examples.
i) Class ii) Family iii) Order iv) Genus v) Division
Answer:
i) Class :
A group of related orders constitutes class.
Ex : In plant kingdom, orders like Malvales, Rosales, Polemoniales are included in the class
Dicotyledonae.

ii) Family :
A group of related Genera’ is called family. They are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species.
Ex : Solanum, Nicotiana and Datura are three different Genera but are placed in the family Solanaceae.

iii) Order :
Assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characters is called order.
Ex : Families like convolvualeceae, Solanaceae are included in the order polemoniales based on the floral characters.

iv) Genus :
A groupo of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other Genera is called Genus.
Ex : Potato (tuberosum) and Brinjal (melongena) are two different species but are placed in the same Genus, ‘Solanum’.

v) Divsion :
‘A group of related .classes’ is called Division.
Ex : Dicotyledonae and Monocotyl’edonae are two classes with a few similar characters are placed in Division spermatophyta.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
Some of the properties of tissues are not constituents of their cells. Give two examples to support the statement.
Answer:

1. Properties of tissues arise as a result of Interactions among the constituent cells.
2. Properties of cellular organelles arise as a result of Interactions among the molecular components comprising the organelle.

Question 2.
What do we learn from identification of individuals and populations?
Answer:
It is the prime source of taxonomic studies and also knows about or bioresources and their diversity.

Question 3.
Given below is the scientific name of Mango. Identify the correctly written name.
Mangifera Indica
Mangifera indica
Answer:
Mangifera indica.

Question 4.
Can you identify the correct sequence of taxonomical categories?
a) Species, Order, Division, Kingdom
b) Genus, Species, Order, Kingdom
c) Species, Genus, Order, Phylum
Answer:
C is correct.

Question 5.
Define the following terms :
i) Species ii) Class iii) Family iv) order v) Genus.
Answer:
i) Species :
A group of Individual organisms with fundamental similarities.

ii) Class :
An assemblage of related orders is called class.

iii) Family :
A group of related genera with less number of similarities as compared to genus and species.

iv) order :
An assemblage of families.

v) Genus :
A group of related species which has more characters in comparison to species of other Genera.

Question 6.
Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable example of a plant.
Answer:
Kingdom = Plant kingdom
Division = Spermatophyta
Class = Dicotyledonae
Order = Sapindales
Family = Anacardiaceae
Genus = Mangifera
Species = Indica

Question 7.
What are the distinctive characteristics exhibited by living organisms? Describe them in brief.
Answer:
Growth, reproduction, ability to sense environment, Metabolism, ability to self duplicate.

Growth :
Increase in mass and Increase in number of Individuals.

Reproduction :
It is the production of progeny possessing features more or less similar to those of parents.

Metabolism :
It is the sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body of an organism.

Question 8.
Life forms exhibit ‘unity in diversity’ – Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:
An important aspect of life is its vast diversity built on a base of underlying unity. For example, organisms as outwardly dissimilar as a bacterium, a human and an Oak tree are all composed of the same basic structural element, the cell, which in turn have many similar subcellular and molecular components.

Question 9.
List out the principles followed to provide scientific names for newly found organism?
Answer:

1. Identification of organisms whether it is entirely new or already known.
2. Particular organism should be named by same name all over the world. Thus nomenclature is providing a scientific name to an identified organism.

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AP Intermediate 1st Year Economics Study Material Pdf Download | Jr Inter 1st Year Economics Textbook Solutions

• Chapter 1 Introduction
• Chapter 2 Theory of Consumers Behaviour
• Chapter 3 Theory of Demand
• Chapter 4 Theory of Production
• Chapter 5 Theory of Value
• Chapter 6 Theory of Distribution
• Chapter 7 National Income
• Chapter 8 Macro Economic Aspects
• Chapter 9 Money, Banking and Inflation
• Chapter 10 Economic Statistics

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Intermediate 1st Year Economics Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Economics Syllabus

Paper – I Introductory Economic Theory

Unit – I Introduction
a) Origin and meaning of Economics –
b) Definitions of Economics; Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, Paul Samuelson, & Jocob Viner. Concept of Economics – Micro & Macro Economics Deductive and Inductive Method, Static and Dynamic Analysis, Positive and Normative Economics. Goods: (Free, Economic, Consumer, Producer, and Intermediary), Wealth, Income, Utility, Value, Price, wants and welfare.

Unit – II Theory of Consumers Behaviour
a) Cardinal and Ordinal Utility, the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility – Limitations – Importance; law of Equi-Marginal Utility Limitations and –Importance of the Law, Indifference Curve Analysis – Properties and Consumer’s Equilibrium.

Unit – III Theory of Demand
a) Meaning – Demand Function – Determinants of Demand, Demand Schedule – Demand Curve, Law of Demand, Exceptions to Law of Demand – Causes for the downward slope of the demand curve, Types of Demand – Price Demand, Income Demand, and Cross Demand,
b) Elasticity of Demand – Meaning and Types – Price Elasticity, and Income Elasticity and Cross Elasticity – Price Elasticity-Types; Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand- Point Method. Arc Method, Total Outlay Method. Determinants of Elasticity of Demand; Importance of Elasticity of Demand

Unit – IV Theory of Production
a) Meaning – Production Function – Factors of Production; Short-run and Long-run Production Function; Law of variable proportions
b) Law of returns to scale; Economies of Scale – Internal and External
c) Supply – Supply Function – Determinants of Supply –– Law of Supply
d) Cost Analysis – Basic Concepts of Costs- (Money, Real, Opportunity, Fixed and Variable, Total, Average and Marginal costs)
e) Revenue Analysis – Revenue under perfect and imperfect competition

Unit – V Theory of Value
a) Meaning and Classification of Markets – Perfect competition – features – price determination- Short-run and Long-run equilibrium of a firm and Industry b) Imperfect Competition – Monopoly – Price Determination – Price-Discrimination-Monopolistic Competition- Features- Meaning of Oligopoly – Duopoly

Unit – VI Theory of Distribution
a) Determination of Factor Prices – Marginal Productivity Theory
b) Rent – Ricardian theory of Rent – Modern theory – Quasi Rent – Transfer earnings.
c) Wages – Meaning and types of wages – Money and Real wages
d) Interest- Meaning – Gross and Net interests
e) Profits – Meaning – Gross and Net profits

Unit – VII National Income
a) Definitions of National Income and Concepts
b) Measurement of National Income – Census of Product Method – Census of Income Method – Census of Expenditure Method
c) Methods of Measuring National Income in India; Problems and importance

Unit – VIII Macro Economics Aspects
a) Classical theory of Employment –J.B. Say Law of Markets- Limitations – J.M. Keynes Effective Demand.
b) Public Economics – Public Revenue – Public Expenditure – Public debt – Components of Budget.

Unit – IX Money, Banking and Inflation
a) Money – Definitions and Functions of money – Types of Money
b) Banking – Commercial Banks – Functions; Central Bank – Functions – Reserve Bank of India – Net Banking.
c) Inflation – Definitions – Types – Causes and Effects of inflation – Remedial Measures

Unit – X Statistics for Economics
a) Meaning, Scope and Importance of Statistics in Economics with Diagrams (Bar diagrams and Pie diagrams) Measures of central tendency – Mean, Median, Mode.

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AP Intermediate 1st Year Accountancy Study Material Pdf Download | Jr Inter 1st Year Accountancy Textbook Solutions

• Chapter 1 Book Keeping and Accounting
• Chapter 2 Accounting Principles
• Chapter 3 Double Entry Book Keeping System
• Chapter 4 Journal
• Chapter 5 Ledger
• Chapter 6 Subsidiary Books
• Chapter 7 Journal Proper
• Chapter 8 Cash Book
• Chapter 9 Bank Reconciliation Statement
• Chapter 10 Trail Balance
• Chapter 11 Rectification of Errors
• Chapter 12 Final Accounts
• Chapter 13 Final Accounts with Adjustments

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Intermediate 1st Year Accountancy Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Syllabus

Chapter 1 Book Keeping and Accounting

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Book Keeping
• 1.3 Accounting
• 1.4 Basic Accounting Terms

Chapter 2 Accounting Principles

• 2.1 Accounting Principles
• 2.2 Accounting Concepts
• 2.3 Accounting Conventions
• 2.4 Accounting Standards

Chapter 3 Double Entry Book Keeping System

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Meaning
• 3.3 Advantages
• 3.4 Account
• 3.5 Classification of Accounts

Chapter 4 Journal

• 4.1 Meaning
• 4.2 Proforma
• 4.3 Illustrations

Chapter 5 Ledger

• 5.1 Meaning
• 5.2 Advantages of Ledger
• 5.3 Posting

Chapter 6 Subsidiary Books

• 6.1 Meaning of the Subsidiary Books
• 6.2 The Need / Advantages of Subsidiary Books
• 6.3 Types of Subsidiary Books
• 6.4 Preparation of Subsidiary Books
  • 6.4.1 Purchase Book
  • 6.4.2 Purchase Returns Book
  • 6.4.3 Sales Book
  • 6.4.4 Sales Return Book
  • 6.4.5 Cash Book
  • 6.4.6 Bills Receivable Book
  • 6.4.7 Bills Payable Book
  • 6.4.8 Journal Proper

Chapter 7 Journal Proper

• 7.1 Meaning
• 7.2 Advantages
  • 7.2.1 Opening Entries
  • 7.2.2 Purchases of Assets on Credit
  • 7.2.3 Sale of Asset on Credit
  • 7.2.4 Rectification entries
  • 7.2.5 Adjustment entries
  • 7.2.6 Closing journal entries
  • 7.2.7 Transfer entries
  • 7.2.8 Other entries

Chapter 8 Cash Book

• 8.1 Meaning of Cash Book
• 8.2 Characteristics and Advantages
  • 8.2.1 Characteristics
  • 8.2.2 Advantages
• 8.3 Importance
• 8.4 Various kinds of Cash Book and their Preparation
  • 8.4.1 Simple Cash Book
  • 8.4.2 Double column Cash Book
  • 8.4.3 Triple column Cash Book
  • 8.4.4 Petty Cash Book

Chapter 9 Bank Reconciliation Statement

• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Nature Of The Cash Book And Bank Pass Book (Bank Statement)
• 9.3 Meaning and Advantages of Bank Reconciliation Statement
• 9.4 Procedure for Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement
• 9.5 Reasons for Difference
• 9.6 Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement
  • 9.6.1 Favourable Balances
  • 9.6.2 Unfavourable Balance or Overdraft Balance
  • 9.6.3 When extracts from Cash Book and Pass Book are given

Chapter 10 Trail Balance

• 10.1 Meaning
• 10.2 Features or Characteristics
• 10.3 Merits
• 10.4 Limitations
• 10.5 Types of Preparation
• 10.6 Proforma
• 10.7 Key Points

Chapter 11 Errors and their Rectifications

• 11.1 Errors
• 11.2 Types of Errors
• 11.3 Rectification of Errors
• 11.4 Suspense Account

Chapter 12 Final Accounts

• 12.1 Meaning
• 12.2 Objectives
• 12.3 Advantages and Limitations
• 12.4 Capital and Revenue Items
• 12.5 Preparation of Trading Account
• 12.6 Preparation of Profit & Loss Account
• 12.7 Balance Sheet

Chapter 13 Final Accounts with Adjustments

• 13.1 Meaning
• 13.2 Types of Adjustments
• 13.3 Summary of Adjustments
• 13.4 Accounting Treatment to the Adjustments given in Trial Balance

We hope that this Telangana & Andhra Pradesh BIEAP TS AP Intermediate Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material Textbook Solutions Guide PDF Free Download 2022-2023 in English Medium and Telugu Medium helps the student to come out successful with flying colors in this examination. This Jr Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material will help students to gain the right knowledge to tackle any type of questions that can be asked during the exams.

Telangana & Andhra Pradesh BIEAP TS AP Intermediate Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material Textbook Solutions Guide PDF Free Download, TS AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Blue Print Weightage 2022-2023, Telugu Academy Intermediate 1st Year Commerce Textbook Pdf Download, Questions and Answers Solutions in English Medium and Telugu Medium are part of AP Inter 1st Year Study Material Pdf.

Students can also read AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Syllabus & AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Important Questions for exam preparation. Students can also go through AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Notes to understand and remember the concepts easily.

AP Intermediate 1st Year Commerce Study Material Pdf Download | Jr Inter 1st Year Commerce Textbook Solutions

• Chapter 1 Concept of Business
• Chapter 2 Business Activities
• Chapter 3 Forms of Business Organization
• Chapter 4 Joint Hindu Family Business & Co-op Society
• Chapter 5 Partnership
• Chapter 6 Joint Stock Company – Formation
• Chapter 7 Formation of a Company
• Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance-I
• Chapter 9 Sources of Business Finance-II
• Chapter 10 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
• Chapter 11 Multi National Corporations (MNCs)
• Chapter 12 Emerging Trends in Business

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TS AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Weightage 2022-2023 | TS AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Blue Print 2022

Intermediate 1st Year Commerce Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Syllabus

Chapter 1 Concept of Business

• 1.1 Introduction to Business
• 1.2 Classification of Economic Activities
• 1.3 Characteristic Features of Business
• 1.4 Objectives of Business
• 1.5 Social Responsibility of Business

Chapter 2 Business Activities

• 2.1 Industry
• 2.2 Commerce
• 2.3 Hindrances involved in Commerce
• 2.4 Branches of Commerce
• 2.5 Inter relationship between Industry, Trade and Commerce
• 2.6 Distinction between Industry, Commerce and Trade

Chapter 3 Forms of Business Organisation

• 3.1 Concept of Business organisation
• 3.2 Forms of Business organisation
• 3.3 Sole Proprietorship

Chapter 4 Joint Hindu Family Business and Cooperative Society

• 4.1 Joint Hindu Family form of Business Organisation
• 4.2 Cooperative Society

Chapter 5 Partnership

• 5.1 Meaning and Definition
• 5.2 Features
• 5.3 Types of Partners
• 5.4 Advantages and Limitations
• 5.5 Registration of Partnership
• 5.6 Partnership Deed
• 5.7 Rights and Duties of Partners
• 5.8 Dissolution of Partnership Firms

Chapter 6 Joint Stock Company – Formation

• 6.1 Joint Stock Company
• 6.2 Features
• 6.3 Classification of Companies
• 6.4 Distinction between Private Company and Public Company
• 6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages

Chapter 7 Formation of a Company

• 7.1 Steps In Formation of a Company
• 7.2 Promotion
• 7.3 Functions of Promoters
• 7.4 Types of Promoters
• 7.5 Incorporation of a Company or registration
• 7.6 Capital subscription
• 7.7 Commencement of Business
• 7.8 Memorandum of association
• 7.9 Articles of association
• 7.10 Prospectus
• 7.11 Minimum Subscription
• 7.12 Certificate of Commencement of Business

Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance-I

• 8.1 Meaning of Business Finance
• 8.2 Nature of Business Finance
• 8.3 Need for and Significance of Business Finance
• 8.4 Classification of Sources of Funds
• 8.5 Factors Determining the choice of Sources of Finances

Chapter 9 Sources of Business Finance-II

• 9.1 Non-institutional Sources of Finance
• 9.2 Institutional sources of Finance
• 9.3 International sources of Finance

Chapter 10 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

• 10.1 Meaning and definition of Enterprise and MSMEs
• 10.2 Registration requirements under the MSMED Act, 2006
• 10.3 Significance of MSMEs
• 10.4 Privileges offered To Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises
• 10.5 Other Promotional Measures For MSMEs

Chapter 11 Multi National Corporations (MNCs)

• 11.1 Meaning and definitions
• 11.2 Necessity of Globalization
• 11.3 Multi-national Corporations
• 11.4 Features of MNCs
• 11.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of MNCs

Chapter 12 Emerging Trends in Business

• 12.1 Meaning and Definition of E-Business
• 12.2 Scope of E-business
• 12.3 Benefits of E-business
• 12.4 Opportunities and challenges of business in 21st Century
• 12.5 Opportunities
• 12.6 Challenges

We hope that this Telangana & Andhra Pradesh BIEAP TS AP Intermediate Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material Textbook Solutions Guide PDF Free Download 2022-2023 in English Medium and Telugu Medium helps the student to come out successful with flying colors in this examination. This Jr Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material will help students to gain the right knowledge to tackle any type of questions that can be asked during the exams.

Telangana & Andhra Pradesh BIEAP TS AP Intermediate Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Textbook Solutions Guide PDF Free Download, TS AP Inter 1st Year Civics Blue Print Weightage 2022-2023, Telugu Academy Intermediate 1st Year Civics Textbook Pdf Download, Questions and Answers Solutions in English Medium and Telugu Medium are part of AP Inter 1st Year Study Material Pdf.

Students can also read AP Inter 1st Year Civics Syllabus & AP Inter 1st Year Civics Important Questions for exam preparation. Students can also go through AP Inter 1st Year Civics Notes to understand and remember the concepts easily.

AP Intermediate 1st Year Civics Study Material Pdf Download | Jr Inter 1st Year Civics Textbook Solutions

• Chapter 1 Scope and Significance of Political Science
• Chapter 2 State
• Chapter 3 Nationalism
• Chapter 4 Law
• Chapter 5 Liberty and Equality
• Chapter 6 Rights and Responsibilities
• Chapter 7 Justice
• Chapter 8 Citizenship
• Chapter 9 Democracy
• Chapter 10 Secularism
• Chapter 11 Constitutions
• Chapter 12 Government

TS AP Inter 1st Year Civics Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS AP Inter 1st Year Civics Weightage 2022-2023 | TS AP Inter 1st Year Civics Blue Print 2022

Intermediate 1st Year Civics Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Civics Syllabus

Chapter 1 Scope and Significance of Political Science
Meaning of Political Science, Origin of Political Science, Definitions of Political Science, Nature of Political Science, Scope of Political Science, Significance (or) Importance of Politica Science

Chapter 2 State
Meaning and definition of State, State and Its Essential elements – Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty, Other elements of the State – International recognition, permanence, general obedience, and popular will, Relationship between State and Society, DIfferences between Stat. and Society, Relationship between State and Association, Differences between State and Association, Relationship between State and Government, Differences between State and Government

Chapter 3 Nationalism
Meaning and definitions of Nation, Meaning and definition of Nationality, Essential Elements of Nationality, Nationalism, Differences between Nation and State, Differences between Nation and Nationality, National self-determination, India is a Nation State, Uni-national State, Multi-national State, Connotations of Nationality, Different phases of Nationalism, Merits and Demerits of Nationalism

Chapter 4 Law
Meaning of Law, Definitions of Law, Features of Law, Sources of Law, Classification of Law, Law and Morality Relationship, Law and Morality Differences, Relation between Law and Liberty, Differences between Law and Liberty, Rule of Law

Chapter 5 Liberty and Equality
Introduction to Liberty, Meaning of Liberty, Definitions of Liberty, Aspects of Liberty, Characteristics of Liberty, Types of Liberty, Safeguards of Liberty, Elements Threatening of Individual Liberty, Introduction to Equality, Meaning of Equality, Aspects of Equality, Essential features of Equality, Types of Equality, Various obstacles to Equality, Relation between Liberty and Equality

Chapter 6 Rights and Responsibilities
Introduction, Meaning and Definition of Rights, Features of Rights, Classification of Rights, Important Civil Rights, Important Political Rights, Important Economic Rights, Fundamental Rights, Safeguards of Rights, Human Rights, Features of Human Rights, Responsibilities, Types of Responsibilities, Important Responsibilities of a citizen, Relationship between Rights and Responsibilities

Chapter 7 Justice
Introduction, Definitions, Major Concepts of Justice, Connotations of Justice, Aspects of Justice, Evolution of Justice, Sources of Justice, Types of Justice, Social Justice, Achievement of Social Justice

Chapter 8 Citizenship
Introduction, Definition, Aliens, Methods of Acquiring Citizenship, Loss of Citizenship, Qualities of good Citizen, Hindrances to good Citizenship, Suggestions for overcoming the hindrances to good Citizenship, Types of Citizenship, Global or Universal Citizenship, Significance of Citizenship

Chapter 9 Democracy
Introduction, Origin, Evolution, and growth of Democracy, Features of Democracy, Types of Democracy, Merits of Democracy, Demerits of Democracy, Essential conditions to the success of Democracy, Importance of Democracy, Working of Democracy in India, Devices of Direct Democracy, Future of Democracy in India

Chapter 10 Secularism
Introduction, Origin of Secularism, Meaning and definitions of Secularism, Interpretations on Secularism, Types of Secularism, Factors that led to the spread of Secularism, Conceptions of Secularism, Dimensions of Secularism, Secularism Vs Theocracy, Meaning of Theocracy, Differences between Secular State and Theocratic State, Merits of Secularism, Meaning of Secular State, Features of Secular State, Importance of Secular State, Secularism in the Indian context, Suggestions for making India as a Secular State

Chapter 11 Constitutions
Introduction, Definitions of Constitution, Essential features of the Constitution, Classification of Constitution

Chapter 12 Government
Introduction, Meaning of Government, Classification of Governments, Unitary Government, Federal Government, Distinction between Unitary and Federal Governments, Parliamentary Government, Presidential Government, Differences between Parliamentary and Presidential Governments, Theory of Separation of Powers, Organs of Government, Legislature, Executive, Judiciary

We hope that this Telangana & Andhra Pradesh BIEAP TS AP Intermediate Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Textbook Solutions Guide PDF Free Download 2022-2023 in English Medium and Telugu Medium helps the student to come out successful with flying colors in this examination. This Jr Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material will help students to gain the right knowledge to tackle any type of questions that can be asked during the exams.