AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 13th Lesson The Kings of Vijayanagara
Question 1.
How do you appreciate the services of Sri Krishna Devaraya for the Telugu language?
Answer:
- Sri Krishna Devaraya the only king and Non-Telugu king to praise the language by the following words. “Telugu is the best language among the nations various regional languages which can be seen in the book written by himself named Amuktamalyada.”
- During his rule, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached they heyday.
- In his court, eight Telugu poets were regarded as the eight pillars of the literary assembly.
- At this peak of Telugu literature, the most famous writing in the Prabhandha style was “Manucharitamu.”
Question 2.
Some important Kings of Vijayanagara:
Harihararaya (1336-1357 AD)
Bukkaraya I (1357-1377 AD)
Harihararaya II (1377-1404 AD)
Devaraya II (1426-1446 AD)
Saluva Narasimharaya (1486-1491 AD)
Sri Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529 AD)
Achyutaraya (1529-1542 AD)
Aliya Raima Raya (1543-1565 AD)
Venkatapati Raya (1585-1614 AD)
Q: Based on the information given above, answer the following questions.
a) Who were the founders of Vijayanagara Kingdom?
Answer:
Harihara Raya and Bukkaraya were the founders of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
b) Who ruled for less time?
Answer:
Saluva Narasimharaya ruled very less time.
c) When Abdul Razzac from Persia visited Vijayanagara in 1443 A.D, who was the ruler?
Answer:
Devaraya – II was the ruler during the Abdul Razzac visited Vijayanagar.
d) Who was most famous among all the kings of Vijayanagara?
Answer:
Sri Krishna Devaraya was famous among all kings.
Question 3.
This king has a million fighting troops, in which are included 35,000 cavalries (horse riders) ready to be dispatched to any quarter whenever necessary…… He is the most feared king in these parts ……..
The captains of these troops are the nobles of his kingdom and they hold the city, the towns and the villages of the kingdom. There are captains among them who have a revenue of about a million gold coins, others two hundred, three hundred or five hundred thousand coins. The king fixes for each according to his revenue the number of troops which he must maintain, on foot, on horse, and elephants. These troops are always ready for duty, whenever and wherever they may have to go. Besides maintaining these troops, each captain has to make his annual payment to the king.
Besides the troops supplied by the captains, the king has his own troops whom he pays”.
Q: Is it correct to collect high taxes from people for the army expenditure? Write your comment.
Answer:
I am not agreeing with the above statement.
Why because for the army expenditure purpose kings impose the taxes on people is correct but imposing heavy taxes on people is not correct.
Sometimes, some kings have a desire of doing more wars during that time more army is needed along with that expenditure is also increasing. During that time kings tried to impose more taxes, but people are not able to pay more taxes. And they suffered very highly. So the kings reduce the expenditure of the army of not to wage more wars.
Question 4.
Who founded the kingdom of Vijayanagara Kingdom? And when?
Answer:
Vijayanagara was located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River In Karnataka. It was founded by two brothers named Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya with the blessings of the sage Sri Vidyaranya in 1336 AD.
Question 5.
Name the dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara Kingdom?
Answer:
The dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom in chronological order were Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Araviti dynasties.
Question 6.
What do you know about the Bahmani Kingdom?
Answer:
North of the Tungabhadra river arose the Bahmani kingdom. Initially, it was a large kingdom with its capital at Gulbarga. Later on, between 1489 and 1520 AD it broke up into five smaller kingdoms. Of these five kingdoms, Bijapur and Golkonda ruled over large parts of present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. These kingdoms were ruled by Sultans and warriors many of who came from Iran and Arabia.
Question 7.
How do we know about Vijayanagara Empire? (or)
What are the sources for building the history of the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
We know much about Vijayanagara Empire from inscriptions, books and buildings of that period. The detailed accounts were left by travellers from several countries – Nicolo Conti, from Italy who visited Vijayanagara in 1420 AD, Abdul Razzak the Persian trader who visited it in 1443 AD, the Portuguese travellers and Peas who visited it in 1520 AD and Nuniz who wrote in 1537 AD. From these sources, we get insights into the daily life, the administration and the social organisation of the kingdom.
Question 8.
Write about the construction of the city of Vijayanagara.
Answer:
The rulers of Vijayanagara built a strong city fortified with walls and towers, The walls were made of strong masonry. Inside the city, there were beautiful rows of buildings with flat roofs.
The city had four separate divisions- the first one developed into temples, situated on rocky hills, the second one on the valley where crops were raised, the third a royal centre in which royal palaces and residences of important nayakas were located and fourthly the residences of ordinary townsfolk.
Each area was separated from the others as shown in the map.
Question 9.
How can you say that Vijayanagara state was highly militarized?
Answer:
Vijayanagara rulers invested a lot of money for their military power. They imported a large number of horses from Arabia and Iran. They built a large army and built many strong forts. They recruited Muslim fighters to train his soldiers in the new modes of warfare. The Vijayanagara kings adopted guns and cannons in their forces. The combination of firearms and cavalry (horse-riders) made them one of the most powerful armies in India.
Question 10.
Describe the role of the Amaranayakas – the captains of the troops in the administration of the Vijayanagara Kingdom?
Answer:
- The entire kingdom was actually controlled and administered by the commanders of these armies.
- The captains of these troops are the nobles of his kingdom and they hold the city, the towns and the villages of the kingdom.
- The king fixes for each according to his revenue the number of troops which he must maintain on foot, on horse and on elephants.
- Besides maintaining these troops, each captain has to make his annual payments to the king.
- The captains – the nayakas held Amara revenue assignments-that is they were given assignments that is they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use.
- They had an obligation to collect revenue, to maintain a certain number of troops, to administer the areas under their control, to have judicial powers too.
- Most of the amaranayakas were Telugu warriors.
- The nayakas recruited their own soldiers from among their own villages and trained
them. - Many powerful nayakas controlled vast areas and at times could even challenge the Vijayanagara kings.
Question 11.
What was the role played by Amaranayakas in the development of agriculture?
Answer:
- The Nayakas – the peasant soldiers brought land under cultivation.
- All over the empire tanks/reservoirs for capturing rainwater and other drainage water, were constructed by the kings, chiefs, nayakas and traders.
Question 12.
What were the steps taken for the enhancement of agricultural production in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
- The Nayakas settled down in various parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu, especially in regions with black cotton soils.
- All over the empire, tanks/reservoirs for capturing rainwater and other drainage water were constructed.
- They built irrigation tanks and canals.
- Even temples invested their own endowments in irrigation and were sharing the enhanced production with those who worked their lands.
- All these efforts resulted in the expansion of agriculture into hew areas and a tremendous increase in agricultural production.
Question 13.
Write about the development of trade and commerce in the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
- Trade-in agricultural produce, as well as craft, produce like cloth increased manifold in the Vijayanagara period.
- Trade centres were established on both of India’s extensive coasts.
- They were under the administration of local merchants and the representatives of trader communities of foreign countries such as Arabs, Jews, Armenians and others.
- Through the ports, war horses from Arabia could be imported by chiefs and kings in the Indian peninsula.
- Guns were another strategic good obtained through the ports.
- Indian exports remained the same as in the earlier periods as textiles and spices and other craft items.
Question 14.
Describe the foreign relations of Krishnadeva Raya and Vijayanagara emperors.
Answer:
During the period of Sri Krishnadevaraya, the Portuguese had established their power over some ports of the western coast, Goa.
Krishnadeva Raya established friendly relations with them in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them.
He also employed Portuguese troops in his wars.
Vijayanagara rulers imported a large number of horses also from Arabia and Iran. Vijayanagara rulers started recruiting Muslim fighters to serve and to train their soldiers in the new modes of warfare.
Question 15.
Write about Krishnadeva Raya’s patronisation of temples.
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya paid special attention to the temples of his kingdom. He personally visited many of them like Tirupathi, Srisailam and Ahobilam and also made big dona¬tions to a large number of temples. Krishnadeva Raya’s inscriptions announce that he had distributed the great treasure gained in his successful wars to all the major temples of southern India.
Towering temple gateways called ‘Raya Gopuram’ were built in many of these temples in his honour.
He also built some beautiful temples in Vijayanagara city. This munificence assured that his name would be remembered for long among the people of South India.
Question 16.
Write about Krishnadeva Raya’s patronisation of Telugu literature.
Answer:
- Krishnadeva Raya was also a patron of Telugu literature.
- He himself composed the poetic work “Amuktamalyada” on the life of Andal the Tamil Bhakta poetess.
- His court was adorned with eight poets known popularly as “Ashtadiggajas.”
- They are Allasani Peddana, Mukku Timmana, Dhurjati, Ramaraja Bhushana, Tenali Rama Krishna, Pingali Surana, Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu and Madayagari Mallana.
Question 17.
Read the following para and answer the questions:
Vijayanagara means the ‘City of Victory’. It was located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka. According to tradition, it was founded by two brothers named Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya around 1336 AD with the blessings of a sage named Vidyaranya. The kings of Vijayanagara worshipped Sri Virupaksha (Shiva) and greatly enlarged the temple. The Vijayanagara empire lasted for about 250 years – but it was not ruled by kings of the same family. After the family of Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya of Sangam, Saluva, Tuluva and Araviti families ruled the empire one after the other.
a. Where was Vijayanagara located?
Answer:
Vijayanagara was located on the banks of the Tungabhadra river in Karnataka.
b. Who founded the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
Two brothers named Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya founded the Vijayanagara em¬pire.
c. When was the Vijayanagara kingdom founded?
Answer:
The Vijayanagara kingdom was founded in 1336 AD.
d. Who did the kings of Vijayanagara worship?
Answer:
The kings of Vijayanagara worshipped Virupaksha.
e. How many dynasties ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom? Who are they?
Answer:
Four dynasties ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom. They are Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Araviti.
f. What is the correct chronological order of the Vijayanagara dynasties?
Answer:
The correct chronological order of the dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom is Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Arivati.
g. Which dynasty did Harihara Raya and Bukkaraya belong to?
Answer:
Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya belonged to Sangama dynasty.
Question 18.
Read the following para and answer the questions :
On the North of the Tungabhadra river too arose some new kingdoms called the Bahmani kingdoms. Initially, it was one large kingdom with its capital in Gulbarga, later on, between 1489 and 1520 AD, it broke up into five smaller kingdoms. Of these five kingdoms, Bijapur and Golkonda ruled over large parts of present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
a. Where was the Bahmani kingdom located?
Answer:
The Bahmani kingdom was located on the north of the Tungabhadra river.
b. What was the capital of the Bahmani kingdom?
Answer:
The capital of the Bahmani kingdom was Gulbarga.
c. Into how many smaller kingdoms did the Bahmani kingdom break up?
Answer:
Bahmani kingdom broke up into five kingdoms.
d. Which Bahmani kingdoms ruled Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
Golkonda and Bijapur.
e. Which rulers of South India were the contemporaries of the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
Rulers of Bahmani were the contemporaries of the Vijayanagara empire.
f. What was the original native home of the Bahmani Sultans?
Answer:
Iran and Arabia.
Question 19.
Read the following para and answer the questions :
Vijayanagara rulers invested a lot of money in building their military power. They imported a large number of horses from Arabia and Iran, which came in ships to their ports on the west coast. They recruited a large army and built many strong forts. One of the important rulers, Devaraya – II of Vijayanagara started recruiting Muslim fighters to serve him and to train his soldiers in the new modes of warfare. He also permitted the
construction of mosques in the capital city where the Muslim soldiers were garrisoned.
In those days, guns and cannons had been newly introduced. The Vijayanagara kings adopted guns and cannons in their forces. The combination of firearms and cavalry (horse-riders) made them one of the most powerful armies in India.
a. With which country did the rulers of Vijayanagara have trade relations?
Answer:
The Vijayanagara rulers had trade relations with Arabia and Iran.
b. What steps were taken by the rulers of Vijayanagara to make them powerful?
Answer:
a) Vijayanagara rulers invested in building their military power.
b) They imported a large number of horses from Arabia and Iran.
c) They recruited a large army and built many strong forts.
d) They recruited Muslim fighters to train their soldiers in the new modes of warfare.
e) The Vijayanagara kings adopted guns and cannons in their forces.
f) The combination of firearms and cavalry made them one of the most powerful armies in India.
c. Which Vijayanagara ruler recruited Muslims to train his soldiers?
Answer:
Devaraya -II of Vijayanagara recruited the Muslims to train his soldiers.
d. What kinds of arms and weapons did the rulers of Vijayanagara use?
Answer:
Guns and cannons were used by the Vijayanagara rulers.
e. What made the Vijayanagara armies one of the most powerful armies in India?
Answer:
The large and powerful army fully equipped with guns and cannons and supported by powerful cavalry made the Vijayanagara armies one of the most powerful armies in India.
f. For what did the rulers of Vijayanagara rulers maintain commercial relations With Arabia and Iran?
Answer:
It is evident that the rulers of Vijayanagara had trade relations with Arabia and Iran for horses and for the trainers of cavalry.
g. After reading the above passage what do you think about the religious policy of Devaraya -II?
Answer:
Devaraya followed the principle of religious tolerance. He recruited the Muslim fighters to train his soldiers in the new modes of warfare. He also permitted the construction of mosques in the capital city where the Muslim soldiers were garrisoned.
Question 20.
Read the following para and answer the questions:
The ‘captains’ mentioned here were the Nayakas. These nayakas held amara revenue assignments – that is they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use. They had an obligation to maintain a certain number of troops for keeping the revenue of such assignments. They also administered the areas under their control. They had judicial powers too. (the power to judge criminals and give punishments). This was quite similar to the system of the Delhi Sultanate, whose nobles or amirs were given similar revenue assignments called Iqtas.
a. What were nayakas?
Answer:
The nayakas were the military captains who were assigned amaras – the revenue assignments.
b. What were the nayakas assigned to?
Answer:
The nayakas were assigned to amaras – the revenue assignments.
c. What obligations did the nayakas have?
Answer:
The nayakas had to maintain army troops. The nayakas held amara revenue assignments – that is they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use for maintaining these troops. They were also given judicial powers.
d. What does ‘amara’ mean?
Answer:
Amara means the revenue assignments.
e. What was the land assignment given to amirs in the Delhi Sultanate called?
Answer:
The land assignments given to amirs in the Delhi Sultanate were called Iqtas.
f. What were the Delhi sultanate counterparts for ‘nayakas’ in the Vijayanagara kingdom called?
Answer:
Amirs of the Delhi Sultanate were counterparts of the Vijayanagara’s nayakas.
g. What were ‘Iqtas’?
Answer:
Iqtas were the revenue assignments of the Delhi sultanate.
h. Who were “amirs’?
Answer:
Amirs were the officers of Iqtas in the Delhi sultanate.
i. What were ‘amaras’?
Answer:
Amaras were revenue assignments in the Delhi Sultanate.
j. Which administrative department and its authorities of the Vijayanagara kingdom and the Delhi sultanate were compared to in the above passage?
Answer:
The revenue department and its authorities of the Delhi Sultanate and the Vijayanagara kingdom were compared in the above passage.
Question 21.
Read the following para and answer the questions:
During this period the Portuguese had established their power over some ports of the western coast like Goa. Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with them in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in his wars.
a. Which European country established its power in India during Sri Krishnadevaraya’s period?
Answer:
Portugal was the European country that established its power in India during the Krishnadevaraya period.
b. In India where did the Portuguese establish their power?
Answer:
In the early part of the 16th century, the Portuguese established their power in India.
c. Why did Krishnadevaraya maintain a friendly relationship with the Portuguese?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them.
d. Which Indian ruler employed Portuguese troops in the wars?
Answer:
Sri Krishnadeva Raya was the Indian ruler to employ the Portuguese troops in the war.
e. Why was it so necessary for Krishnadevaraya to maintain friendly relationships with the Portuguese?
Answer:
It was very much necessary for Krishnadevaraya to maintain friendly relationships with the Portuguese. Krishnadevaraya was a great general. He had to lead the Vijayanagara armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans and also against Gajapathis of Odisha. For facing such powerful armies, Krishnadevaraya needed to strengthen his military power by purchasing horses, firearms and ammunition from the Portuguese. It was the reason behind Krishnadevaraya for maintaining friendly relationships with the Portuguese.
Question 22.
Read the following para and answer the questions ;
The power of the Vijayanagara kings grew further during the time of Krishnadevaraya’s successors Achyutadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya. As the Bahmani rulers were unable to fight the Vijayanagara individually, by 1565 AD, all the five Bahmani kingdoms joined together and defeated Rama Raya in Rakkasi Tangadi war also known as Tallikota war, looted and destroyed the city of Vijayanagara. The emperors who succeeded him shifted their capital to Chandragiri near Tirupati, but never regained the glory of earlier times. While part of the .empire came under the control of the Sultans, the chiefs and Nayakas became independent in other parts.
a. During whose reign did the power of the Vijayanagara kings grow after Sri Krishnadeva Raya?
Answer:
During the reign of Achyutadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya the power of the Vijayanagara kings grew further.
b. When did the battle of Rakkasi tangadi take place?
Answer:
The battle of Rakkasi tangadi took place in the year 1565 AD.
c. What was the battle of Rakkasi tangadi called ?
Answer:
The battle of Rakkasi tangadi was also called as battle of Tallikota.
d. What was the reason for the Rakkasi tangadi war?
Answer:
Achyutadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya set one Bahmani king against the other. Worried by the constant interference of Vijayanagara kings in their affairs, all the five Bahmani kingdoms joined and defeated Rama Raya at Tallikota in 1565 AD.
e. Who was the Vijayanagara king at the time of Rakkasi tangadi war ?
Answer:
Aliya Rama Raya was the ruler of Vijayanagara at the time of Rakkasi tangadi war.
f. Who did Aliya Rama Raya fight with in the war of Rakkasi tangadi ?
Answer:
in the war of Rakkasi Tangadi, Aliya Rama Raya fought with the combined forces of the five Bahmani kingdoms.
g. Where was the capital of Vijayanagara shifted to?
Answer:
The capital of Vijayanagara was shifted to Chandragiri near Tirupathi.
h. How did the Vijayanagara kingdom fall down?
Answer:
Aliya Rama. Raya was defeated by the combined forces of Bahmani kingdoms. They looted and destroyed the city of Vijayanagara. While the part of the empire came under the control of the Sultans, the chiefs and Nayakas became independent in other parts.
Question 23.
Observe the following picture and answer the questions.
a. What does the picture show?
Answer:
The picture is a relief on the Hazara Rama temple.
b. Where can you find this picture?
Answer:
We can find this picture on the walls of Hazara Rama temple.
c. Can you write a story based on this picture?
Answer:
Yes, I can. Panels of the entire life of Rama and episodes from the Ramayana are delicately sculptured on the exterior of the temple.
Question 24.
Read the following passage. Fill the blanks.
Particular values are the detailed accounts left by travellers from several countries Nicolo Conti from Italy who visited Vijayanagara in 1420AD, Abdul Razzak the Persian trader who visited in 1443AD, Portuguese travellers and Paes, who visited it in 1520 AD and Nuniz who wrote in 1537 AD.
a. The Italian traveller who visited the Vijayanagara kingdom was …………………
Answer:
Nicolo Conti
b. The Persian traveller who visited the Vijayanagara kingdom in 1443 AD was ……………
Answer:
Abdul Razzak.
c. The Portuguese traveller who visited Vijayanagara kingdom in 1520 AD was …………….
Answer:
Domingo Paes
d. The …………. traveller Nuniz visited the Vijayanagara kingdom in 1537AD.
Answer:
Portuguese
Question 25.
Read the following table and answer the questions.
Some Important Kings of Vijayanagara
Harihararaya (1336 – 1357 AD)
Bukkaraya I (1357 – 1377 AD)
Harihararaya II (1377 – 1404 AD)
Devaraya II (1426 – 1446 AD)
Saluva Narasimharaya(1486 – 1491 AD)
Krishnadevaraya (1509 -1529 AD)
Achyutaraya (1529 – 1542 AD)
Aliya Rama Raya (1543 – 1565 AD)
Venkatapati Raya (1585 – 1614 AD)
a. When was the Vijayanagara kingdom founded?
Answer:
In 1336 AD.
b. Who founded the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya.
c. How long had the Vijayanagara kingdom in existence?
Answer:
278 years.
d. Who was the last Vijayanagara ruler?
Answer:
Venkatapathi Raya.
e. How long did Krishnadevaraya rule?
Answer:
For 20 years.
f. Who was the ruler of Vijayanagara at the time of Rakkasi tangadi war?
Answer:
Aliya Rama Raya.
g. Name the rulers who belonged to Sangama dynasty.
Answer:
Harihara Raya, Bukka Raya and Harihara Raya II.
h. Name the rulers who belonged to Saluva dynasty.
Answer:
Devaraya II and Saluva Narasimharaya.
i. Name the rulers who belonged to Tuluva dynasty.
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya.
j. Name the rulers who belonged to Araviti dynasty.
Answer:
Achyuta Raya, Aliya Rama Raya and Venkatapathi Raya.
Question 26.
Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions given below.
Revenue System of Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagara Kings | ||
Delhi Sultanate | Vijayanagara Kingdom | |
Name of the land assignments | The name of the land assignments in the Sultanate were called Iqtas. | The name of the land assignments in the Vijayanagara kingdom were called amaras. |
Officer of the land assignments | The officers of the Iqtas were called Muktis (or) Amirs. | The officers of the Amaras were called nayakas. |
Main responsibilities | Their main responsibility was to collect revenue from their assignments and to maintain army based on his income | Their main responsibility was to collect revenue from their landholdings and to maintain an army based on their income. |
Other responsibilities | They also administered the areas under their control. | They also administered the areas under their control. They also had judicial powers. |
a. Write about the revenue and military administration under the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
In the Delhi Sultanate, the nobles or muktis or amirs were given land assignments called Iqtas. These Muktis were military officials. They had to collect revenue, maintain an army, and administer the areas under him. He had to maintain an army based on his
income.
b. Write about the revenue and military administration under the Vijayanagara kingdom.
Answer:
The nayakas – the captains of the military, was given the land assignments known as amaras. They had to collect revenue from their holdings, maintain an army according to their income, administer the areas under his control. They also had judicial powers.
c. What were the comparisons do you find in the revenue Systems of the Delhi Sultanate and the Vijayanagara kingdoms?
Answer:
The revenue system of the Vijayanagara kingdom was similar to that of the Delhi Sultanate.
While the land holdings in the Delhi Sultanate were called Iqtas, the land holdings in the Vijayanagara kingdom were called Amaras.
While the officers of Iqtas were called Muktis or Amirs, the officers of Amaras were called the ‘nayakas’ under the Vijayanagara kingdom.
In both the reigns, these officials had similar responsibilities such as maintaining the army, collect revenue and administering the areas under them.
Question 27.
Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions hereunder.
Achievements of Krishnadevaraya
Field | Achievements |
Political achievements | Krishnadevaraya was a great general. He led the Vijayanagara armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans and also against the Gajapathis of Odisha. He also subdued several chiefs who had revolted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. This gave him control over the entire region south of river Krishna and over the ports of the eastern coast. |
Foreign relations | Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in his army. The Portuguese traveller Paes visited his court in 1520 AD. |
Patronisation of temples | Krishnadevaraya paid special attention to the temples of his kingdom. He personally visited many of them like Tirupathi, Srisailam and Ahobilam and also made big donations to a large number of temples. Krishnadevaraya distributed the great treasure he gained in his successful wars to all the major temples of southern India. He also built some beautiful temples in Vijayanagara city. Towering gateways of temples – Raya gopurams were built in many of these temples in his honour. |
Literature | Krishnadevaraya was a great patron of Telugu literature. He himself composed the poetic work ‘Amuktamalyada’ on the life of Andal. His court was adorned with eight poets, known as ‘Ashtadiggajas’. They are Allasani Peddana, Mukku Timmana; Dhurjati, RamaRaja Bhushana, Tenali Rama krishna, Pingali Surana, Ayyalaraju Rama bhadrudu and Madayagari Mallana. |
a. What were the political achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was a great general. He led the Vijayanagara armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans, and also against the Gajapathis of Odisha. He also subdued the revolts made by several chiefs. This gave him control over the entire region south of river Krishna and over the parts of the eastern coast.
b. Write about Krishnadevaraya’s relations with the Portuguese.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in wars.
c. Write about Krishnadevaraya’s patronisation of Telugu literature.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was a patron of Telugu literature. He himself composed the poetic work Amuktamalyada on the life of Andal His court was adorned with eight poets known popularly as ‘Ashtadiggajas’. They are Allasani Peddana, Mukku Timmana, Dhurjati, Ramaraja Bhushana, Tenali Ramakrishna; Pingali Surana; Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu and Madayagari Mallana.
d. Write about Krishnadevaraya’s Patronisation of temples.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya paid special attention to the temples of his kingdom. He personally visited many of them like Tirupathi, Srisailam, and Ahobilam. He also made large donations to a large number of temples. He distributed the great treasure he gained in his successful wars to all the major temples of southern India. Towering temple gateways – Raya gopurams were built in his honour. He also built some temples in Vijayanagaram city.
Question 28.
Why was Krishnadevaraya the most feared king for others?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya had a million fighting troops in which are included 35,000 cavalry ready to be dispatched to any quarter wherever necessary.
The soldiers of Vijayanagara were well trained in the new modes of warfare.
Krishnadevaraya adopted guns and cannons in their forces.
The combination of firearms and cavalry made them one of the most powerful armies in India.
Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese and got a supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in his wars.
His powerful cavalry and armies fully equipped with guns and firearms and well-trained soldiers in the use of modern warfare made Krishnadevaraya the most feared king for others.
Question 29.
Can you compare the administration of villages in Cholai kingdom with that of the Vijayanagara system and point out the differences.
Answer:
The basic unit of administration under cholas is known as ‘Ur’ – a village. Groups of such villages formed larger units called Nadu. The village council and the Nadu performed several administrative functions including dispensing justice and collecting taxes. Rich peasants of the Vellala caste exercised considerable control over the affairs of the Nadu.
But things had begun to change in the Vijayanagara empire as the power of the armies and nayakas increased. The control over the villages and towns was given to the nayakas. The nayakas had the responsibility of administering the villages or towns under his control in addition to maintain the armies given to him.
Thus there are a lot of differences in the administration of villages between the Cholas and Vijayanagara kings.
Question 30.
In what ways would nayakas have benefited from an increase in agricultural income?
Answer:
The tremendous increase in agricultural production, in turn, provided the impetus to trade. These incomes from agriculture and trade must have made the amara nayakas wealthy and powerful. They had already been vested with lots of militaries, political and administrative powers. Their financial and military strength must have made them so powerful that at times they could even challenge the Vijayanagara kings. In fact, some of them became so powerful that when a king died they took power in their own hands and themselves became kings.
Question 31.
Observe the following map and answer the questions that follow.
a. What does the map show?
Answer:
The map shows a picture of Vijayanagara city.
b. Write your comment on the picture.
Answer:
The map shows a picture of Vijayanagara city. It is a very strong city fortified with walls and towers. These walls were made of strong masonry. Inside there were beautiful rows of buildings with flat roofs. The city had four separate divisions – the first one devoted to temples, situated on rocky hills, the second one on the valley where crops were raised, third – a royal centre in which royal palaces and residences of important nayakas were located and fourthly the residences of the ordinary townsfolk. Each area was separated from the others.
c. How many separate divisions do you find in the picture?
Answer:
There are four separate divisions.
d. What is the name of the gate mentioned on the map?
Answer:
Tower gate
e. Name the temple shown in the picture.
Answer:
Pattabhi Rama temple.
Question 32.
Observe the given map and answer the following questions.
a. What are the northern borders of the Vijayanagara empire?
Answer:
Bijapur, Bidar and Golkonda.
b. What is the important city in Andhra Pradesh during the Vijayanagara empire?
Answer:
Udayagiri.
c. Which is the capital city of the Vijayanagara empire?
Answer:
Vijayanagara.
d. Mention the contemporary kingdoms of Vijayanagara in South India.
Answer:
Bijapur, Bidar, Golkonda. Ahmadnagar, Berar sultans (i.e) Bahmanis.
Question 33.
Observe the given map and answer the questions given.
a. What are the oceans surrounding South India?
Answer:
- Arabian Sea
- Bay of Bengal
- Indian Ocean
b. What are the neighbouring kingdoms of Bidar?
Answer:
- Golkonda
- Bijapur
- Ahmadnagar
- Berar
c. What are the southern frontier kingdoms of Khandesh?
Answer:
- Ahmadnagar
- Berar
d. What are the northern frontier kingdoms of the Vijayanagara?
Answer:
- Bijapur
- Bidar
- Golkonda
Question 34.
Describe how did the Vijayanagara rulers treat the Muslims.
Answer:
Though they were at loggerheads with the Bahmani rulers, they followed the policy of tolerance towards the Muslim people. They recruited Muslim fighters to train their soldiers in the new modes of warfare. They also permitted the construction of mosques in the capital city where the Muslim soldiers were garrisoned.
Question 35.
“The kingdom of Vijayanagara was famous for its wealth. It was known as one of the richest kingdoms in India” – How can you say?
(Or)
Describe the economic conditions of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
Answer:
All over the empire tanks/reservoirs for capturing rainwater and other drainage water, were constructed by the kings, nayakas and chiefs. Even temples invested their endowments in irrigation. All these efforts resulted in the enhancement of agriculture into new areas and a tremendous increase in agricultural production. This in turn provided the impetus to trade. Trade-in agricultural produce, as well as craft, produce like cloth increased manifold in the Vijayanagara period. Trade centres were established on both of India’s extensive coasts and these were under the administration of local merchants. In the city, there were broad and beautiful streets full of houses – which belongs to the merchants, and they’re all sorts of rubies, diamonds emeralds and pearls were sold. Clothes of every sort on the earth were available there. In the evening they held fairs to sell horses, vegetables, fruits and wood etc.
Thus we can say that the Vijayanagara kingdom was famous for its wealth.
Question 36.
How can you say that Krishnadevaraya was a versatile personality?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was a versatile personality. He was a great general who led his armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans and also against the Gajapathis of Odisha. He controlled over the entire region south of river Krishna and especially and over the ports of the eastern coast. He patronized many temples like Tirupathi, Srisailam, and Ahobilam and also made big donations to a large number of temples. He also built some beautiful temples in Vijayanagara city. Krishnadevaraya was also a great patron of Telugu literature. He himself was a poet who wrote Amukta Malyada on the life of Andal. His court was adorned with poets known popularly as Ashtadiggajas. Thus we can say Krishnadevaraya was a versatile personality.
Question 37.
Describe the downfall of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
Answer:
- The power of the Vijayanagara kings grew further during the time of Krishnadevaraya’s successors – Achyuthadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya.
- As the Bahmani rulers were unable to fight the Vijayanagara individually, by 1565 AD all the five Bahmani kingdoms joined together and defeated Rama Raya in Rakkasi Tangadi war also known as Tallikota war.
- They located and destroyed the city of Vijayanagara.
- The emperors who succeeded Rama Raya shifted their capital to Chandragiri near Tirupati.
- But the Vijayanagara kingdom never regained the glory of earlier times.