{"id":35984,"date":"2022-10-06T12:46:09","date_gmt":"2022-10-06T07:16:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/?p=35984"},"modified":"2022-10-06T12:46:09","modified_gmt":"2022-10-06T07:16:09","slug":"ap-inter-1st-year-civics-study-material-chapter-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/ap-inter-1st-year-civics-study-material-chapter-8\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 8 Citizenship"},"content":{"rendered":"

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material<\/a> 8th Lesson Citizenship Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material 8th Lesson Citizenship<\/h2>\n

Long Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nDefine citizenship. Describe the methods of acquiring citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\nIntroduction :
\nCitizenship is a privilege of individual residing in democratic states. People fed that citizenship enables them to lead a happy, honourable and harmonious life in the state. Citizenship instills the feelings of patriotism, sacrifice, broad outlook etc., among the people.<\/p>\n

Definitions :
\nProf. Laski:
\n“Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgement to the public good”.<\/p>\n

T.H. Marshall:
\n“Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess this status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the state is endowed”.<\/p>\n

Methods of acquiring citizenship :
\nThere are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are : i) Natural ii) Naturalization. The two methods may be studied as follows.<\/p>\n

i) Natural Citizenship :
\nNatural Citizenship is one which is acquired by the persons without specific application or request to the authorities. It comprises three elements. They are :<\/p>\n

i) Blood relationship (Jus Sanguinis) ii) Soil (Jus Soli) and iii) Mixed principle.<\/p>\n

i) Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood Relationship) :
\nThis type of Citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relationship. Under this method birth within the territory of a state entitles a person to have citizenship. Every person is treated as a citizen of the state where he is born. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Here blood relationship alone determines the Citizenship. Ex : A child born to the Indian parents will be treated as Indian citizen irrespective of its place of birth.<\/p>\n

ii) Jus Soli (Land or Place of Birth) :
\nJus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. However this method is not more popular in modem times. It was popular in the Middle Ages when citizenship was associated with land. At present, however, this practice is observed exclusively in Argentina.<\/p>\n

Mixed Principle :
\nUnder this method citizenship is granted by following either of the two principles of Jus Sanguinis and Jus Soli. Many states adopted both these principles. Ex : In Britain, France, and United States, the above two principles are employed simultaneously. In this context there may arise duplication of citizenship. Ex: A child born to British parents in the United States becomes an american citizen according to the practice of Jus Soli. The same child becomes a citizen of Britain according to the principle of Jus Sanguinis. In such a case, the child is given option to choose one of its citizenship, after becoming a major.<\/p>\n

ii) Naturalised Citizenship:
\nCitizenship may also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien will become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state. Some of them may be summed up as follows.<\/p>\n

1) Residence :
\nAn alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.<\/p>\n

2) Choice:
\nThe children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.<\/p>\n

3) Application :
\nAn alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.<\/p>\n

4) Fixed Assets :
\nAn alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.<\/p>\n

5) Service (Public or Private):
\nAn alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He is entitled for such citizenship if he serves in the public or private authorised departments. He may also be given Citizenship if the renders meritorious service in another state.<\/p>\n

6) Marriage :
\nAn alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries when a person marries an alien, Citizenship of either of the husband or wife is acquired. For instance, a British lady will acquire Indian citizenship if she marries an Indian citizen. Japanese women do not lose their citizenship even if they marry persons of alien states. The alien person on the other hand, acquires the citizenship of Japan if he marries a Japanese lady.<\/p>\n

In this context it may be noted that an alien who receives the citizenship of the new state, he will have to forego his native citizenship. In other words no one is allowed to have dual citizenships simultaneously.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nExplain the various qualities of a good Citizen.
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to Aristotle good citizens make good state. This is due to the fact that good citizens imbibe many noble qualities. Lord Bryce cited three qualities of a good citizen, namely, conscience, intelligence, and self control. On the whole, a good citizen will have the following qualities.<\/p>\n

1) Good Character :
\nGood character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful and virtuous in letter and spirit.<\/p>\n

2) Sound health:
\nA good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy. Only a sound body will have a sound mind. Sound body and mind of a citizen paves the way for the progress of the state in many spheres.<\/p>\n

3) Intelligence and education :
\nProper education is another quality of a citizen. The citizen should be well-enlightened, fully aware and informed of his rights and responsibilities. He must be intelligent enough to identify good and bad. He will not be emotional in examining the events. In this regard education enables him to play a proper role in the society. An intelligent citizen will be able to understand the problems of the state in a proper way.<\/p>\n

4) Self control :
\nA good citizen will have moderate temperment. He will have self-control in his public activities. Self control and confidence make him to lead a disciplined life. He will not indulge in inhuman activities.<\/p>\n

5) Public spirit:
\nA good citizen should have broad and liberal outlook. He should be ready to take active part in public affairs. He should be intelligent in enjoying his rights and responsibilities. He should have active participation in the social activities. He should have public-spirit and ready to offer his services for the collective welfare of the society.<\/p>\n

6) Self-sacrifice:
\nA good citizen must possess self sacrifice. He must subordinate his self-interest to the interests of the community. He must be imbibed by the spirit of service and devotion to the society, government and state.<\/p>\n

7) Honest exercise of franchise:
\nHonest exercise of one’s franchise is another essential quality of a good citizen. Self interest or sectional interest in terms of class, religion or community act as a hurdle to good citizenship.<\/p>\n

8) Sincere performance of obligations :
\nA good citizen performs his obligations sincerely and faithfully. He extends co-operation to the authorities in the discharge of their obligations. He pays his taxes to the various governmental organizations promptly and properly.<\/p>\n

9) Right ordering of loyalties :
\nA good citizen brings about a right ordering of his loyalties to the family, class, caste, club, trade union, region and nation. He avoids conflicts between various associations by assigning priorities. He sacrifices his self interest for the sake of wider purposes. When there arises a conflict between the interests of the family and the locality, one must sacrifice the interests of the family for the sake of the locality.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nDescribe the various hindrances to Good Citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\nThere are various hindrances to the growth of good citizenship in a state. These relate to caste system, communalism, ignorance, illiteracy, poverty, social discriminations etc. The main hindrances to good citizenship are discussed as below.<\/p>\n

1) Laziness :
\nCitizens in many states do not prefer to work hard. They remain narrow minded. They have little interest in working for the progress of the nation. They create havoc on many occasions in the state. Many of them are affected by apathy, inactivity, indifference and indolence. Laziness leads to the neglecting of civic duties. Ultimately it makes citizens indifferent in public affairs.<\/p>\n

2) Ignorance and Illiteracy :
\nIgnorance and illiteracy are regarded as the greatest obstacles to the good citizenship. Ignorant and illiterate citizens do not understand their rights and responsibilities properly. Laski rightly stated that citizenship consists in the contribution of one’s instructed judgment to the public good. Ignorant and illiterate persons are unable to make any such contribution. They don\u2019t have an enlightened interest in public affairs in the absence of education. Democracy degenerates into a mob rule in the hands of ignorant and illiterate persons.<\/p>\n

3) Poverty:
\nPoverty is the root cause of all evils. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where vast inequalities of wealth exist. Poverty leads to apathy and indifference in public life.<\/p>\n

4) Ill health:
\nIll health is another hindrance to the good citizenship. Because unhealthy citizens cannot carry on their services to the good of the state and society.<\/p>\n

5) Narrow Political Interests :
\nPolitical parties, which are essential in democracy, play a crucial role in promoting the ideals of good citizenship. But many members of these parties work for the party and not for the society or the nation. Leaders of various parties keep their attention only on capturing power. They show least regard to the promotion of peoples welfare. Some political parties even create rivalries and satisfier among the people. Sometimes interests of the community are sacrificed for the sake of the party.<\/p>\n

6) Communalism and Casteism :
\nCommunalism and casteism are two important handicaps in the path of good citizenship. Caste system and class distinctions are especially responsible for bringing out a discord among the people. These distinctions hamper social and political solidarity of the state. .<\/p>\n

7) Selfishness :
\nSelfishness and good citizenship cannot go together. Selfish citizens will confine their thoughts and actions to their own private benefits. They spare no time and energy for the well being of others including their mother land.<\/p>\n

8) Indifference:
\nIndifference is another great obstacle which makes citizens indolent and lazy. Such citizens are least bothered about the contemporary happenings. They do not participate in the dynamics of the state mechanism. They ignore the evil effects of backwardness, dirt, disease and poverty. Lastly, they lack the character of good citizens and suffer from total aversion to public work.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nHow many types of citizenship are there? Elucidate.
\nAnswer:
\nThere are three types of Citizenship. They are : (i) Single Citizenship (ii) Dual Citizenship and (iii) Global or Universal Citizenship.<\/p>\n

i) Single Citizenship:
\nSingle Citizenship implies possession of one type of citizenship, identical rights, privileges, and immunities by the citizens. Citizens enjoy this type of citizenship without any discrimination. It is prevalent in many states in the modem period. For instance the constitution of India provided for single citizenship to every Indian citizen irrespective of his place of birth, residence etc.,<\/p>\n

ii) Dual Citizenship :
\nDual citizenship means possession of two citizenships in two States. It is in vogue in some developed and developing countries. For instance, children born to American citizens in other states acquire natural citizenship in both the states – one in their parent American State and another in the State where they are born. However, persons having dual citizenship are not entitled to the special privileges. They are subject to the laws of both countries. Dual citizenship applies to the children until they attain adulthood. Later they have to choose citizenship of one of the two States.<\/p>\n

iii) Global or Universal Citizenship :
\nGlobal or Universal Citizenship is the latest phenomena in the contemporary international and national politics. The dramatic events that took place after 1980s and 1990s created a great awareness among the people all over the world. The advancement in communications, science, technology, and other spheres transformed human life in a miraculous way.<\/p>\n

Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWrite about the two methods of acquiring natural citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\ni) Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood Relationship):
\nThis type of Citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relationship. Under this method birth within the territory of a state entitles a person to have citizenship. Every person is treated as a citizen of the state where he is born. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Here blood relationship alone determines the Citizenship. Ex : A child born to the Indian parents will be treated as Indian citizen irrespective of its place of birth.<\/p>\n

ii) Jus Soli (Land or Place of Birth):
\nJus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. However this method is not more popular in modem times. It was popular in the Middle Ages when citizenship was associated with land. At present, however, this practice is observed exclusively in Argentina.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat are the differences between Citizen and Alien?
\nAnswer:
\nCitizen:
\nAristotle defines a Citizen as “One who has a share in the deliberative functions of the state and in the election of its officials.<\/p>\n

Alien :
\nAn alien is a person living in a state but owing allegiance to another state.<\/p>\n

Differences between Citizen and Alien :<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Citizen<\/td>\nAlien<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. A citizen resides in a particular State on permanent basis.<\/td>\n1. An alien resides in a State on temporary basis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. A citizen owes loyalty to the State in which he resides.<\/td>\n2. An alien owes allegiance to the State to which he belongs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. A citizen is entitled to enjoy civil and political rights.<\/td>\n3. An alien will have civil rights only.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. A citizen can criticize the policies and programmes of the government.<\/td>\n4. An alien has no right to criticize the policies and programmes of the government.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. A citizen will have both the rights and responsibilities.<\/td>\n5. An alien has more responsibilities than the rights.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Question 3.
\nHow is naturalised citizenship acquired?
\nAnswer:
\nNaturalised Citizenship :
\nCitizenship may also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien will become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state. Some of them may be summed up as follows.<\/p>\n

1) Residence :
\nAn alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.<\/p>\n

2) Choice:
\nThe children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.<\/p>\n

3) Application :
\nAn alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability, and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.<\/p>\n

4) Fixed Assets :
\nAn alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.<\/p>\n

5) Service (Public or Private):
\nAn alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He is entitled for such citizenship if he serves in the public or private authorised departments. He may also be given Citizenship if the renders meritorious service in another state.<\/p>\n

6) Marriage :
\nAn alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries when a person marries an alien, Citizenship of either of the husband or wife is acquired. For instance, a British lady will acquire Indian citizenship if she marries an Indian citizen. Japanese women do not lose their citizenship even if they marry persons of alien states. The alien person on the other hand, acquires the citizenship of Japan if he marries a Japanese lady.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nHow citizenship is lost?
\nAnswer:
\nCitizens loose their citizenship under the following conditions :
\n1) Renunciation :
\nA person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of one’s parent state and may become the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization. In India, the Constitution prescribes that a person who voluntarily acquires Citizenship of any other state will no longer be an Indian citizen.<\/p>\n

2) Marriage :
\nGenerally a woman loses her citizenship when she marries an alien. However some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries an alien.<\/p>\n

3) Accepting Foreign Service :
\nA person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.<\/p>\n

4) Obliging Foreign Decorations or Titles :
\nWhen a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles, it may lead to the forfeiture of his Citizenship.<\/p>\n

5) Prolonged Absence :
\nProlonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In some states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will loose their citizenship.<\/p>\n

6) Treason or Crime :
\nInvolvement of a citizen in a serious crime and subsequent proof of his action will also lead to the loss of citizenship. Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state, anti-social and anti- govemmental activities, will loose their Citizenship by a special notification to that effect.<\/p>\n

7) Desertion from Army:
\nDesertion from army thereby jeopardizing the security of a state leads to the forfeiture of citizenship.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nExplain any three conditions for securing naturalized citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\n1) Residence :
\nAn alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.<\/p>\n

2) Choice:
\nThe children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.<\/p>\n

3) Application :
\nAn alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nBriefly describe about the Global or Universal citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\nGlobal or Universal Citizenship is the latest phenomena in the contemporary international and national politics. The dramatic events that took place after 1980s and 1990s created a great awareness among the people all over the world. The advancement in communications, science, technology and other spheres transformed human life in a miraculous way.<\/p>\n

Liberalization :
\nPrivatization and Globalization (LPG) have become a boon to them. The various governments in both the advanced and Third World States have shifted their priorities ranging from defence to the welfare and well being of common men. As a result, intellectuals belonging to different walks of life have been given encouragement to go abroad and reap ample benefits.<\/p>\n

It is in the above circumstances that large number of citizen have gone abroad for educational, commercial and research purposes. Thousands of them have either settled in foreign states or remained there on work permits. They have earned a lot of money. They remain instrumental in bringing their income to the native states. In the process they have been seeking citizenship in their native state and in the states where they are rendering services. Some states have contemplated the idea of conferring dual citizenship to their citizens in other states. Such an idea became a basis of global Citizenship.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nSuggest the remedies for removing the hindrances to good citizenship.
\n(or)
\nPoint out the ways for overcoming the hindrance to good citizenship.
\n(or)
\nHow to overcome the obstacles (or) Hindrances (or) Hurdles to good citizenship?
\nAnswer:
\nIn order to remove the hindrances of good citizenship, efforts should be made by the parties, people, press and the state. Laski said that good citizenship implies “the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good”. The following are some ways to remove hindrances to good citizenship.<\/p>\n

1) Solving People’s Grievances :
\nFirst of all government should address the basic grievances of the people. Issues of poverty and unemployment should be tackled with great commitment. Good citizenship can’t be realized when people’s basic needs are not satisfied.<\/p>\n

2) Education and awareness :
\nEducation, which is the most important need of the hour should be given top priority. Steps should be taken to spread education and awareness among the people. Citizens must be provided with such instructions which make possible the understanding of human life. They must be trained for expressing their wishes and aspirations which they come across in their life.<\/p>\n

3) Efforts of Leaders:
\nCitizens should always feel that government itself cannot provide succour and rescue them on every occasion. The leaders at various levels should come forward and co-operate with the government in promoting good citizenship.<\/p>\n

On the whole, Lord Bryce suggested two types of remedies for overcoming the hindrances of good citizenship. They are : 1. Mechanical and 2. Ethical. The first relates to the laws of the state and second relates to the character of the citizens.
\nMechanical Remedies improve the machinery of the state to make it more useful to the public. The entire social structure has to be built up on the principles of equality, Citizenship, and democracy. Citizens should be allowed to utilise their civil and political rights to their maximum extent.<\/p>\n

Ethical remedies enhance the general character of citizens in the state. Ignorance and narrow party interests must be avoided. On the other hand, honesty and literacy would induce the citizens to take active role in public life.<\/p>\n

Very Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nDefine citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\ni) Prof. Laski defines “Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgement to the public good”.<\/p>\n

ii) T.H. Marshall defines “Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess this status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the state is endowed”.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat do you mean by Jus Sanguinis?
\nAnswer:
\nAcquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relation is called Jus Sanguinis. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Blood relation alone determines the citizenship in Jus Sanguinis method.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhat do you mean by ‘Jus Soli’?
\nAnswer:
\nJus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, a child acquires the citizenship of a State, where it boms. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. This method is not more popular in modem times. At present, this method is observed exclusively in Argentina.<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nWho is an alien?
\nAnswer:
\nAn Alien is a person living in a state but owing Allegiance to another State. Aliens are entitled to such rights and obligations which are incorporated in the covenants of the Foreign State. Ex: In America, Aliens must obey the laws and pay taxes just like the American Citizens.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nWrite about any two conditions for acquiring natural citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\nThe two conditions for acquiring natural citizenship are :
\ni) Jus Sanguinis (Right of blood) :
\nAccording to Jus Sanguinis, A child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth.<\/p>\n

ii) Jus Soli (Right of Soil) :
\nAccording to this method, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage.<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nList out two conditions of loss of citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\ni) Renunciation :
\nA person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of any other State.<\/p>\n

ii) Marriage :
\nGenerally a woman loses her citizenship when she marries an alien.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nMention any two qualities of a good Citizen. [A.P. Mar, 15]
\nAnswer:
\ni) Good Character :
\nGood character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful, and virtuous in letter and spirit.<\/p>\n

ii) Sound Health :
\nA good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy and wealthy.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nExplain the significance of citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\nCitizenship remains significant when the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution are available to all the citizens. Further, Citizenship ensures the citizens many political rights. Citizens could exercise their vote in elections to the various representative bodies. They could also contest for membership of legislative bodies. Above all, citizens alone are eligible for appointment to the highest offices in the executive like President, Vice-President, Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts etc.<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nIn what way do ignorance and illiteracy act as hindrances to good citizenship?
\nAnswer:
\nIgnorance and illiteracy are regarded as the greatest obstacles to the good citizenship. Ignorant and illiterate citizens do not know their rights and responsibilities properly. They are unable to make any contribution to the State. Democracy degenerates into mob rule in the hands of ignorant and illiterate persons.<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\nWhat are the suggestions of Lord Bryce for overcoming the hindrances of good citizenship?
\nAnswer:
\nLord Bryce suggested two types of remedies for overcoming the hindrances of good j citizenship. They are: i) Mechanical ii) Ethical. Mechanical remedies improve the machinery of the State to make it more useful to the public. Ethical remedies enhance the general character of citizens in the State.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nWrite short notes on Dual Citizenship.
\nAnswer:
\nDual Citizenship means possession of two citizenships in two States. Ex : Children bom to American citizens in other States acquire citizenship in both the States – one in their parent State and the other in the State, where there are born. Dual citizenship applies to the children until they attain adulthood. Later they have to choose citizenship of any one of the two states.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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