{"id":35729,"date":"2022-09-27T10:31:29","date_gmt":"2022-09-27T05:01:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/?p=35729"},"modified":"2022-09-27T10:31:29","modified_gmt":"2022-09-27T05:01:29","slug":"ap-inter-1st-year-botany-study-material-chapter-13","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/ap-inter-1st-year-botany-study-material-chapter-13\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services"},"content":{"rendered":"

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material<\/a> 13th Lesson Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 13th Lesson Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services<\/h2>\n

Very Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nClimax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary succession. Why?
\nAnswer:
\nIn secondary succession, the species that Invade depend on the condition of the soil, availability of water, the environment as also the seeds or other propagules present. Since soil is already there, the rate of succession is much faster and hence climax stage is also reached quickly than primary succession.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nAmong Bryophytes, lichens and ferns which one is a pioneer species in a xeric succession.
\nAnswer:
\nAmong Bryophytes, lichens and Ferns, lichens are the pioneer species in a xeric succession.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nGive any two examples of xerarch succession.
\nAnswer:
\nCrustose lichens – Rhizocarpon, Lecanora.
\nFoliose lichens – Parmelia, Dermetocarpon.
\nMossess – Funaria<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nName the type of land plants that can tolerate the salinities of the sea.
\nAnswer:
\nHalophytes.
\nEx : Rhizophora.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nDefine Heliophytes and Sciophytes. Name a plant from your locality that i$ either Heliophyte or Sciophyte.
\nAnswer:
\nPlants grow in direct sunlight are called heliophytes.
\nEx : Tridax, grass.<\/p>\n

Plants grow in shady places are called Sciophytes.
\nEx : Ferns, Mosses.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nDefine population and community.
\nAnswer:
\nA group of similar individuals belonging to the same species found in an area is called population. An assemblage of all the populations belonging to different species occuring in an area is called community.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nDefine communities? Who classified plant communities into hydrophytes, meso- phytes and xerophytes?
\nAnswer:
\nAn assemblage of all the populations belonging to different species occuring in an area are called communities. “Eugene Warming” classified plant communities into Hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nHydrophytes show reduced xylem. Why?
\nAnswer:
\nAll submerged organs are capable of absorbing water that’s why Hydrophytes show reduced xylem.<\/p>\n

Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat are hydrophytes? Briefly discuss the different kinds of hydrophytes with example.
\nAnswer:
\nHydrophytes are the plants which grow in water or in very wet places. According to their relation to water and air hydrophytes are classified into five categories. They are<\/p>\n

1. Free floating Hydrophytes :
\nThey float freely on the surface of the water and have no contact with soil.
\nE.g. : Pistia, Eichhornia, Wolffia, Salvinia, Azolla.<\/p>\n

2. Rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves :
\nThey are attached to the muddy soil by roots. Their leaves have long petioles which keep them floating on the surface of water.
\nE.g. : Nymphaea, Nelumbo and Victoria regia.<\/p>\n

3. Submerged suspended hydrophytes :
\nThey are completely submerged and suspended in water, but not rooted in the mud and have no contact with air.
\nE.g. : Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum, Utricularia and Najas.<\/p>\n

4. Submerged rooted hydrophytes :
\nThese plants are completely submerged in water. They are attached to the muddy soil by roots.
\nE.g. : Vallisneria, Potamogeton etc.<\/p>\n

5. Amphibious plants :
\nThese live partly in water and partly in air.
\nE.g. : Sagittaria, Ranunculus, Limnophila.<\/p>\n

Some amphibious plants grow around water bodies, with water touching them. They will survive in dry periods also.
\nE.g. : Typha, Cyperus etc.
\n\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nEnumerate the morphological adaptations of hydrophytes,
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Roots may be absent or poorly developed. In some plants (Salvinia) submerged leaves compensate for roots.<\/li>\n
  2. Root caps are usually absent. In some amphibious plants which grow in mud, roots are well developed with root caps. In some plants root caps are replaced by root pockets.
    \nE.g. : Eichhornia.<\/li>\n
  3. Roots if present, are generally fibrous, reduced in length, uribranched or poorly branched.<\/li>\n
  4. Stem is long, slender and flexible.<\/li>\n
  5. Leaves are thin and either long and ribbon shaped (vallisnaria) or long and linear {potamogeton) or finely dissected (caratophyllum).<\/li>\n
  6. Floating leaves are large and flat with their upper surfaces coated with wax (Nymphaea, Nelumbium).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"AP<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nList out the anatomical adaptations of hydrophytes.
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Cuticle is totally absent in the submerged parts of the plants. It may be present in the form of a thin film on the surface of parts exposed to atmosphere.<\/li>\n
    2. The epidermis is composed of thin walled cells. They perform absorption and assimilation as all cells contain chloroplasts.<\/li>\n
    3. Stomata are totally absent in submerged hydrophytes as the gaseous exchange takes place by diffusion.<\/li>\n
    4. In Nymphaea, Nelumbium, the leaves are epistomatous.<\/li>\n
    5. All Hydrophytes contain aerenchyma that helps in gaseous exchange and buoyancy.<\/li>\n
    6. Mechanical tissues like Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma are poorly developed.<\/li>\n
    7. Xylem is poorly developed.<\/li>\n
    8. Secondary growth is absent<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 4.
      \nWrite a brief account on classification of xerophytes.
      \nAnswer:
      \nOn the basis of their Drought resisting Capacity, Xerophytes are generally classified into the following three categories.
      \n\"AP<\/p>\n

      1. Ephemerals :
      \nThey are called “drought evaders” or “drought escapers”. They are annuals which complete their life cycle with in a period of 6-8 weeks. They are found in dry zones, e.g. : Tribulus, chenopodium.<\/p>\n

      2. Succulents :
      \nThese are called “drought avoiding plants”. They are fleshy due to storage of water in the form of mucilage. The stored water is sparingly utilised during dry periods.
      \nExamples :
      \na) Stem succulents : Opuntia, Euphorbia.
      \nb) Leaf succulents : Bryophyllum, Aloe, Agave etc.
      \nc) Root succulents : Asparagus, Ceiba.<\/p>\n

      Non-succulents :
      \nThey are called true xerophytes. These are perennial plants which can withstand prolonged period of drought.
      \nE.g. : Casuarina, Nerium, Ziziphus, Calotropis, Acacia, etc. .<\/p>\n

      Question 5.
      \nEnumerate the morphological adaptations of xerophytes.
      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Roots are long with extensive branching spread over wide areas.<\/li>\n
      2. Root hairs and root caps are very well developed.<\/li>\n
      3. Mostly the stem is stunted, woody, hard and covered with thick bark.<\/li>\n
      4. Stems are usually covered by hairs or waxy coatings.<\/li>\n
      5. Leaves are very much reduced to small, scale like and sometimes modified into spines to reduce the rate of transpiration.<\/li>\n
      6. Certain Xerophytes shed their leaves during the dry period.
        \nEx : Capparis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Question 6.
        \nGive in detail the anatomical adaptations shown by xerophytes.
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Epidermis is covered with thick cuticle to reduce the rate of transpiration.<\/li>\n
        2. Epidermal cells may have silica crystals.<\/li>\n
        3. Epidermis may be multilayered as in leaves of Nerium.<\/li>\n
        4. Stomata are generally confined to lower epidermis of leaves called hypostomatous. They are present in pits called sunken stomata.<\/li>\n
        5. Hypodermis is parenchymatous to check evaporation of water.
          \nEx : Calotropis.<\/li>\n
        6. Mechanical tissues are very well developed.<\/li>\n
        7. Vascular tissues are very well developed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Question 7.
          \nDefine plant succession. Differentiate primary and secondary successions.
          \nAnswer:
          \nThe gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called plant succession.<\/p>\n

          Differences :<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Primary succession<\/td>\nSecondary succession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          1. It occurs on a primary bare area or reservoir.<\/td>\n1. It occurs in areas where mutual biotic communities have been destroyed such as in abandoned form lands, burned forests.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          2. It occurs in Biologically sterile area.<\/td>\n2. It occurs in biologically fertile area.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          3. It takes a long time to reach the climax stage.<\/td>\n3. It is quite rapid to reach climax stage because of presence of soil.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Question 8.
          \nDefine ecosystem\/ecological services. Explain in brief with regard to pollination.
          \nAnswer:
          \nThe processes by which the environment produces resources that we often take for granted such as cleen water, timber and habitat for fisheries and pollination of native and agricultural plants is called Ecosystem \/Ecological services.<\/p>\n

          The transfer of pollengrains to fertilize the ovaries of flowers is called pollination. It is an essential part of a healthy ecosystem. Most flowering plants require pollinators to produce fruits and seeds. So pollinators play a significant role in the production of more food crops in the world. Declines of pollinator activity could have serious economic repercussions throughout the world.<\/p>\n

          The most important pollinator for Agriculture is Honeybee. Over 1,00,000 invertebrate species such as bees, moths, butterflies, beetles and flies serve as pollinators worldwide. At least 1035 species of vertebrates including birds, mammals and reptiles also pollinate many plant species. Continued declines in pollinator activity could mean rising costs for pollinator dependent fruits and vegetables and the disruption of entire ecological systems.<\/p>\n

          \"AP<\/p>\n

          Question 9.
          \nWrite about the measure to be taken to sustain ecological functions.
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Choose products produced with methods that conserve resources, minimize waste and reduce or eliminate environmental damage.<\/li>\n
          2. Prefer products made with methods that reduce the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers.<\/li>\n
          3. Reduce consumption and waste production.<\/li>\n
          4. Support usage of renewable energy alternatives.<\/li>\n
          5. Use public transit, cycle or walk to conserve natural resources and to reduce pollution and enjoy the health benefits.<\/li>\n
          6. Participate in developing community garden and tree plantation programmes.<\/li>\n
          7. Avoid the usage of pesticides and follow methods of natural pest control.<\/li>\n
          8. Use native plants in the garden and provide habitat for wildlife.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Question 10.
            \nWhat measure do you suggest to protect the pollinators?
            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Creating own pollinator friendly garden using a wide variety of native flowering plants.<\/li>\n
            2. Reducing the use of pesticides used in and around your home.<\/li>\n
            3. Encouraging local clubs or school groups to build artificial habiutats like butterfly gardens, bee boards and bee boxes.<\/li>\n
            4. Supporting agriculture enterprises with pollinato-friendly practices to minimize pesticide use.<\/li>\n
            5. Encouraging government agencies to take into account the full economic benefits of wild pollinators when formulating policies for agriculture and other land uses.<\/li>\n
            6. To develop techniques for cultivating native pollinator species for crot pollination.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Long Answer Type Question<\/span><\/p>\n

              Question 1.
              \nGive an account of ecosystem services with reference to carbon fixation and oxygen release.
              \nAnswer:
              \nTrees are essential to carbon sequestration keeping excess carbon from entering the atmosphere. The main chemical flow between forest and atmosphere is the exchange of CO2<\/sub> and O2<\/sub>. Forests provide a vast bank for CO2<\/sub> and a large amount of CO2<\/sub> is deposited in its timber. It plays an essential role in maintaining a dynamic balance between CO2<\/sub> & O2<\/sub> in atmosphere. According to photosynthesis equation 180 gm of Glucose and 193 gm O2<\/sub> are produced by using 264 gm of CO2<\/sub> and 108 gm of water and 677.2 K.cal. of solar energy.<\/p>\n

              180 gm of Glucose can be transformed to 162 gm of polysaccharide inside the plant. So whenever plant produces, 162 gm of dry organic matter 264 gm of CO2<\/sub> will be fixed. Then the total amount of the dry organic matter of the reserve forests can be estimated. It provides a foundation for reckoning the total amount of CO2<\/sub> fixation by the forests in the reserve.<\/p>\n

              Natural ecosystems may have helped to stabilize climate and prevent overheating of the earth by removing more of the greenhouse gas, CO2<\/sub> from the atmosphere. Many countries have established a carbon tax system to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases, especially to cut down CO2<\/sub> and CO in atmosphere.<\/p>\n

              Ecosystem services – oxygen release :
              \nTrees and plankton play a big role in release of oxygen; which depends on the species of tree, its age, its health, and also on the trees surroundings. “A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 peole in hale in a year”, or A single mature tree can absorb carbon dioxide at a rate of 48 Ibs\/year and release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere to support 2 human beings.<\/p>\n

              One acre of trees annually consumes the amount of CO2<\/sub> equivalent to that produced by driving an average can for 26,000 miles. That same acre of trees also produces enough oxygen for 18 people to breathe for a year.<\/p>\n

              Submerged macrophytes release O2<\/sub> and enrich dissolved O2<\/sub> in water. The plants and planktons are described as “the Lungs of the World”, taking billion of tonnes of CO2<\/sub> and exhaling billions of tones of O2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

              Micro organisms also contribute to the oxygen release in direct and indirect ways.<\/p>\n

              Ex : Cyanobacteria releases O2<\/sub> in a direct way. The other supporting services include Nutrient cycling through decomposition of fallen Logs in forests, soil formation by bacteria and lichens.<\/p>\n

              Intext Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

              Question 1.
              \nCategorise the following plants into hydrophytes halophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes and give reasons.
              \na) Salvinia b) Opuntia c) Rhizophora d) Mangifera
              \nAnswer:
              \na) Salvinia is a hydrophyte, It grows on the surface of water.
              \nb) Opuntia is a xerophyte, grows in xeric (dry) areas.
              \nc) Rhizophora is a Halophyte which tolerates the salinities of the sea.
              \nd) Mangifera is a mesophyte, grows in habitats where water is neither scarce nor not abundant.<\/p>\n

              \"AP<\/p>\n

              Question 2.
              \nIn a pond, we see plants which are free-floating ; rooted-submerged; rooted emergent; rooted with floating leaves, write the type of plants against each of them.
              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Plant name<\/td>\nType<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              a) Hydrilla<\/td>\nSubmerged suspendend Hydrophyte.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              b) Typha<\/td>\nAmphibious plant.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              c) Nymphaea<\/td>\nRooted with floating leaves.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              d) Lemna<\/td>\nFree floating hydrophytes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              e) Vallisnaria<\/td>\nSubmerged, rooted hydrophyte.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Question 3.
              \nUndertake the following a part of learning process.
              \na) Identify and assess ecological services found in your area.
              \nb) Think of measures or means to sustain such ecological services.
              \nc) Observe the type of plants or crops grown in your area.
              \nd) Enumerate ecological servies of your area.
              \ne) find out the ecological goods of natural forests commonly used in your area.
              \nf) Observe the biotic agents of pollination for ornamental flowring plants and or agricultural crops in your locality.
              \nAnswer:
              \na) Ecological services :<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Purification of air and water.<\/li>\n
              2. Detoxification and decomposition of water.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                b) Measures to sustain Ecological services are<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Reduce consumption and waste production.<\/li>\n
                2. Avoid the usage of pesticides.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  c) Crops grown in our area are
                  \na) Paddy b) Maize c) Black gram d) green gram e) Crotalaria (fodder) g) vegetables.<\/p>\n

                  d) Ecological services :<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Purification of air and water.<\/li>\n
                  2. Mitigation of floods and droughts<\/li>\n
                  3. Decomposition of wastes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    e) Ecological goods :
                    \na) Clean air b) Fresh water c) Food d) fibre e) Timber f) Medicines.<\/p>\n

                    f) Biotic agents of pollination
                    \na) Insects b) Birds c) Animals (Bats, Snails, Snakes).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 13th Lesson Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services Textbook Questions and Answers. AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 13th Lesson Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services Very Short Answer Questions Question 1. Climax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35729"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35729"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35730,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35729\/revisions\/35730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}