{"id":35723,"date":"2022-09-27T10:28:54","date_gmt":"2022-09-27T04:58:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/?p=35723"},"modified":"2022-09-27T10:28:54","modified_gmt":"2022-09-27T04:58:54","slug":"ap-inter-1st-year-botany-study-material-chapter-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/ap-inter-1st-year-botany-study-material-chapter-10\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material Chapter 10 Biomolecules"},"content":{"rendered":"

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material<\/a> 10th Lesson Biomolecules Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 10th Lesson Biomolecules<\/h2>\n

Very Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nMedicines are either man-made (i.e., synthetic) or obtained from living organisms like plants, bacteria, animals, etc. and hence the latter are called natural products. Sometimes natural products are chemically altered by man to reduce toxicity or side effects. Write against each of the following whether they were initially obtained as a natural product or as a synthetic chemical.
\na) Pencillin_ b) Sulfonamide_ c) Vitamin C_ d) Growth Hormone_
\nAnswer:
\na) Penicillin – Natural
\nb) Sulfonamide – Synthetic
\nc) Vitamin C – Natural
\nd) Growth Hormone – Natural.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nSelect an appropriate chemical bond among ester bond, glycosidic bond, peptide bond and hydrogen bond and write against each of the following.
\na) Polysaccharide b) Protein c) Fat d) Water
\nAnswer:
\na) Polysacharide – Glycosidic Bond
\nb) Protein – Peptide Bond
\nc) Fat – Ester Bond
\nd) Water – Hydrogen Bond.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nGive one example for each of aminoacids, sugars, nucleotides and fatty acids.
\nAnswer:
\nAminoacids – Glycine, Alanine
\nSugars – Cellulose [Glucose, Ribose)
\nNucleotides – “Adenylic acid”
\nFatty acids – Lecithin.<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nExplain the Zwitterionic form of an amino acid.
\nAnswer:
\nAt a specific PH the amino acid carries both the +ve and -ve charges in equal number and exists as dipolar ion. It is also called as zwitterionic form. At his point, the net charge on it is zero.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat constituents of DNA are linked by glylosidic bond?
\nAnswer:
\nIndividual Monosacharides are linked by glycosidic bond.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nGlycine and Alanine are different with respect to one substituent on the a cabron. What are the other common substituent groups?
\nAnswer:
\nHydrogen, Carboxyl group, amino group and a variable group designated as R group.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nStarch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin are polysaccharides found among the following. Choose the one appropriate and write against each.
\na) Cotton fibre_ b) Exoskeleton of cockroach_ c) Liver_ d) Peeled potato_
\nAnswer:
\na) Cotton fibre – Cellulose
\nb) Exoskeleton of cockroach – Chitin
\nc) Liver – Glycogen
\nd) Peeled Potato – Starch.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nWhat are primary and secondary metabolites? Give examples.
\nAnswer:
\nPrimary metabolites :
\nThe metabolites have identifiable functions and play known roles in normal physiological processes are called as primary metabolites.
\nEx : Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc.<\/p>\n

Secondary metabolites :
\nMetabolic products that do not have identifiable functions in the host organism are called as secondary metabolites.
\nEx : Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Rubbers, Resins etc.<\/p>\n

Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nExplain briefly the metabolic basis for ‘living’.
\nAnwer:
\nMetabolic pathways can lead to a more complex structure from a simpler structure. (Anabolic pathways). [For example lactic acid becomes cholesterol or sucrose formation from C02 and water in Mesophyll] or lead to a simple structure from a complex structure (catabolic pathways) [glucose becomes lactic acid in our skeletol muscle). Anabolic pathways consume energy whereas catabolic pathways lead to the release of energy.<\/p>\n

For example when glucose is degraded to lactic acid in our skeletal muscle, energy is liberated called Glycolysis, Living organisms have learnt to trap this energy and store it in the form of chemical bonds. When ever requires, this energy is utilised for biosynthetic, osmotic and mechanical work that we perform. The most important form of energy currency in living systems is adenorine triphosphate (ATP).<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nSchematically represent primary, secondary and tertiary structures of a hypothetical polymer using protein as an example.
\nAnswer:
\nThe sequence of amino acids, i.e., the positional information in a protein is called the primary structure of a protein. A protein is imagined as a line, the left end represented by the first amino acid called N- terminal amino acid and the right end represented by the last aminoacid called C-terminal aminoacid In proteins, only, right handed helics are observed. Other regions of the protein thread are folded into other forms in what is called the secondary structure. In addition, the long protein chain is also folded upon itself like a hollow woolen ball giving rise to the tertiary structure.
\n\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nNucleic acids exhibits secondary structure. Justify with example.
\nAnswer:
\nNucleic acids exhibit a wide variety of seconary structure. For example, one of the secondary structures exhibited by DNA is Watson – Crick model. According to this, DNA exists as a double helix. The two stands of polynucleotides are antiparallel i.e., run in the opposite direction. The back bone is formed by the sugar-phosphate, sugar chain. The nitrogen bases are projected more or less perpendiular to this backbone but face inside. A combines with T by two hydrogen bonds where G combines with C by three hydrogen bonds. One full turn of the helical strand would involve ten base pairs. The length of one coil is 34 A and the distance between base pair is 3.4 A . This type of DNA is called B-DNA.
\n\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nComment on the statement living sate is a non-equilibrium steady – state to be able to perform work1.
\nAnswer:
\nSeveral chemical compounds are present in a living organism called metabolites or biomolecules are present at concentrations characteristic of each of them. For example the blood concentration of Glucose in a normal healthy individual is 4.5 – 5.0 mp. All living organisms exist in a steady state characterised by concentrations of each of these biomolecules. These are in a metabolic flux. Any chemical or physical process moves spontaneously to equilibrium, The steady state is a non equilibrium state. The systems cannot work at equilibrium. As living organisms work continuously, they cannot afford to reach equilibrium. Hence the living state is a non-equilibrium steady state to be able to perform work.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nIs rubber a primary metabolite or a secondary metabolite ? Write four sentences about rubber.
\nAnswer:
\nRubber is a secondary metabolite. Rubber is an elastic hydro carbon polymer that was orginally derived from latex, d milky colloid produced-by some plants. The purified form of natural rubber is the chemical polyisoprene. It is used extensively in many products, as a synthetic rubber. It is normally very strechy and flexible and extremely waterproof.<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nDynamic state of body constituents is a more realistic concept than the fixed concentrations of body constituents at any point of time. Elaborate.
\nAnswer:
\nAll the living organisms contains biomolecules in certain concentrations, which have a turn over. They are constantly being changed into some other biomolecules and also made from some other biomolecules. This breaking and making occurs through chemical reactions called metabolism. Each of the metabolic reactions results in the transformation of biomolecules.<\/p>\n

Example :
\nRemoval of CO2<\/sub> from amino acids making into an amine removal of amino group in a nucleotide base. Majority of metabolic reactions do not occur in isolation but are linked to some other reactions. Metabolites are converted into each other by a series of linked reactions called metabolic pathways. Flow of metabolites through metabolic pathways has a definite rate and direction like auto\u00acmobile traffic. This metabolic flow is called the dynamic state of body constituents.<\/p>\n

Long Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat are secondary metabolites? Enlist them indicating their usefulness to man.
\nAnswer:
\nMetabolic products that do not have identifiable functions in the host organism are called secondary Metabolites. They are Alkaloids, Flavinoids, Rubber, Essential oils. Antibiotics, Coloured pigments, Scents, Gums and Spices.<\/p>\n

Alkaloids :<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Alkaloids from plant extracts have been used as ingredients in lotions (liquid medicine) and poisons.<\/li>\n
  2. Ancient people used plant extracts containing alkaloids for treating a large number of ailments including snake bite, fever and insanity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Flavinoids :
    \nThese are a widely distributed group of polyphenolic compounds with health related properties which include anticancer, antiviral, anti inflamatory activities, effects on capillary fregility and can ability to inhibit human platelet aggregation.<\/p>\n

    Rubber :<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Uncured rubber is used for cements for adhesive, insulating and friction tapes. The flexibility of rubber is dften used in hose, tires and rollers for a wide variety of devices.<\/li>\n
    2. Its elasticity makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers.<\/li>\n
    3. It is impermeable to gases, it is useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, bulls and cushions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Essential oils :<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants.<\/li>\n
      2. These are also known as volatile oils, etheral oils or aetherolea. These are used in aromatherapy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Antibiotics :<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Antibiotics are defined as chemicals of natural organic origin that will till certain harmful pathogens.<\/li>\n
        2. They should not be toxic or have side effects to the host.<\/li>\n
        3. An antibiotic is a substance that harms or destroys the bacteria that cause infection and disease. We take antibiotics to fight bacterial infections.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Spices :<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Asafoetida is a good remedy for whooping cough and stomach ache caused due to gas.<\/li>\n
          2. Cardamon (elachi) helps to control bad breath and digestive disorder.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Question 2.
            \nWhat are the processes used to analyse elemental composition, organic constituents and inorganic constituents of living tissue? What are the inferences on the most abundant constituents of living tissue? Support the inferences with appropriate data.
            \nAnswer:
            \nTake a living tissue (a vegetable or a piece of liver) and grind it in trichloroacetic acid with the help of Mortar and pestle. The thick slurry obtained was strained through a cheese cloth or cotton, two fractions are formed. The first one is filtrate or acid soluble pool which consists of thousands of organic compounds and the second one is retentate or acid insoluble fraction. All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissues can be called biomolecules.<\/p>\n

            Weigh a small amount of living tissue and dry it. After the evaporation of water the material is burnt to oxidise all the carbon compounds. The remaining ash contains inorganic elements like sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and inorganic compounds like sulphate, phosphate etc., therefore chemical analysis gives elemental composition of living tissues in the form of hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, carbon etc. From a biological point of view the organic constituents are classified into amino acids, nucleotide bases, fatty acids etc.<\/p>\n

            \"AP<\/p>\n

            Question 3.
            \nNucleic acids exhibit secondary structure. Describe through Watson – Crick Model.
            \nAnswer:
            \nNucleic acids exhibit a wide variety of secondary structure. For example, one of the secondary structures exhibited by DNA is Watson – Crick model. According to this, DNA exists as a double helix. The two stands of polynucleotides are antiparallel i.e., run in the opposite direction. The back bone is formed by the sugar-phosphate, sugar chain. The nitrogen bases are projected more or less perpendiular to this backbone but face inside. A combines with T by two hydrogen bonds where G combines with C by three hydrogen bonds. One full turn of the helical strand would involve ten base pairs. The length of one coil is 34 A\u00b0 and the distance between base pair is 3.4 A\u00b0. This type of DNA is called B-DNA.
            \n\"AP<\/p>\n

            Question 4.
            \nWhat is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside? Give two examples of each with their structure.
            \nAnswer:
            \n\"AP<\/p>\n

            Question 5.
            \nDescribe various forms of lipid using a few examples.
            \nAnswer:
            \nLipids are orgnaic compounds which are insoluble in water. They are fats and fatty acids, oils, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes etc.,
            \n\"AP<\/p>\n

            Fattyacids :
            \nThey have a carboxyl group attahed to an R group. The R group could be a methyl or ehtyl or higher number of CH2<\/sub> groups. For example pulmitic acid has 16 carbons including arboxyl carbon. Fatty acids could be saturated or unsaturated.<\/p>\n

            \"AP
            \nGlycolipids :
            \nThey are composed mainly of mono-di and trisubstituted Glycerols, the most well-known being the fatty acid esters of Glycerol called Triglycerides. In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of Glycerol are each esterified usually by different fatty acids. They function as a food store.<\/p>\n

            Phospholipids :
            \nSome lipids have phophorous and phsophorylated organic compound in them called phospholipids. They are found in cell membrane.
            \nEx : Lecithin.
            \n\"AP<\/p>\n

            Intext Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

            Question 1.
            \nWhat are macromolecules? Give examples.
            \nAnswer:
            \nAcid Insoluble, high molecular weight substances of the living tissue are called macromolecules or Biomacromolecules.
            \nEx : Polysacharides, Polypeptides, Nucleic acid.<\/p>\n

            Question 2.
            \nIllustrate a glycosidic, peptide and a phospho-diester bond.
            \nAnswer:
            \nGlycosidic Bond :
            \nBond involving carbons of adjacent sugar molecules.<\/p>\n

            Peptide bond :
            \nBond between aminoacids in a protein.<\/p>\n

            Phosphodiester bond :
            \nThe bond between the phosphate and hydroxyl group of sugar is called ester bond.<\/p>\n

            The ester bond an either side of phosphate is called phosphodjester bond.<\/p>\n

            Question 3.
            \nWhat is meant by tertiary structure of proteins?
            \nAnswer:
            \n3 Dimensional view of a protein essential for many biological activities is called Tertiary structure of proteins.<\/p>\n

            Question 4.
            \nFind and write down structures of 10 interesting small molecular weight bio-molecules. Find if there is any industry, which manufactures the compounds by isolation. Find out who are the buyers.
            \nAnswer:
            \nAminoacids, Monosacharide and disacharide sugars, fatty acids, Glycerol, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, nitrogen bases are the biomolecules which have low molecular weight.<\/p>\n

            Question 5.
            \nProteins have primary sturcture. If you are given a method to known which aminoacid is at either of the two termini (ends) of a protein, can you connect this information to purity or homogeneity of a protein?
            \nAnswer:
            \nProteins are the polymers of a-amino acids. The linear sephence of amino acid is called primary structure. Most of proteins starts with an amino acids called Methionine but they are not homologous. Hence, the detection of N termeni (Or) C-termeni amino acid is not give information of homogeneity of a protein.<\/p>\n

            Question 6.
            \nFind out and make a list of proteins used as therapeutic agents. Find other applications of proteins (eg. Cosmotics etc.,)
            \nAnswer:
            \nErythroproteins, Monoclenal Antibodies. Interferons thrombin and fibrinogen. Insulin, Renin, Proteins are also commonly used in the manufacture of cosmotics, toxins and as biological buffers.<\/p>\n

            Question 7.
            \nExplain the composition of triglyceride.
            \nAnswer:
            \nTriglycerides consist entirely of just three elements, carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen. The molecules of life all have carbon ‘back bones’ meaning the basic shape of the molecule comes from of connected carbon atoms. There are many hydrogen atoms connected to the carbon backbone of a molecule of life. Each triglyceride contains a small amount of O2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

            Triglycerides have four basic parts, one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. A glycerol is a three carbon molecule the fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen with two oxygen atoms at one end to produce a Triglyceride.<\/p>\n

            Question 8.
            \nCan you describe what happens when milk is converted into curd or yoghurt based on your understanding of proteins.
            \nAnswer:
            \nProteins are macromolecules formed by the polymerization of amino acids. Structurally proteins are of 4 types.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Primary<\/li>\n
            2. Secondary<\/li>\n
            3. Tertiary<\/li>\n
            4. quaternary.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Structure :
              \nMore than are polyreptide chains assemble to form the quaternary structure. When milk is converted to curd, these complex proteins get denatured, thus converting globuler proteins into fibrous proteins. Therefore by the process of denaturation, the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins are destroyed.<\/p>\n

              \"AP<\/p>\n

              Question 9.
              \nDraw the sturcture of the amino acid, alanine.
              \nAnswer:
              \n\"AP<\/p>\n

              Question 10.
              \nWhat are gums made of? Is Fevicol different?
              \nAnswer:
              \nGums are hetero polysacharides. They are made from two or more different types of mono sacharides. On the other hand, Fevicol is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) glue. It is not a polysacharide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 10th Lesson Biomolecules Textbook Questions and Answers. AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 10th Lesson Biomolecules Very Short Answer Questions Question 1. Medicines are either man-made (i.e., synthetic) or obtained from living organisms like plants, bacteria, animals, etc. and hence the latter are called …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35723"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35723"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35724,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35723\/revisions\/35724"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}