{"id":35628,"date":"2022-09-23T11:51:35","date_gmt":"2022-09-23T06:21:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/?p=35628"},"modified":"2022-09-23T11:51:35","modified_gmt":"2022-09-23T06:21:35","slug":"ap-inter-1st-year-zoology-study-material-chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/ap-inter-1st-year-zoology-study-material-chapter-1\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material Chapter 1 Diversity of Living World"},"content":{"rendered":"

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material<\/a> Lesson 1 Diversity of Living World Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material Lesson 1 Diversity of Living World<\/h2>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nDefine the term metabolism. Give any one example.
\nAnswer:
\nThe sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the bodies of organisms constitutes metabolism.
\nEx: Photosynthesis is one of the metabolic processes in living organisms.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nHow do you differentiate between growth in a living organism and a non-living object?
\nAnswer:
\nGrowth is one of the fundamental characteristics of living beings growth in living beings is growth from the inside, whereas growth in non-living things is by the accumulation of material on the surface.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhat is biogenesis?
\nAnswer:
\nLife comes only from life is called biogenesis. Living organisms produce young ones of their kind using molecules of heredity.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nDefine the term histology. What is it otherwise called?
\nAnswer:
\nHistology is the study of the microscopic structure of different tissues. It is also called Micro anatomy.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nDistinguish between embryology and ethology.
\nAnswer:
\nEmbryology: It is the study of events that lead to fertilization, cleavages, early growth, and differentiation of a zygote into an embryo.
\nEthology: The study of animal behaviour based on systematic observation, with special attention to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary aspects is called ethology.<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nIn a given area, remains of animals that lived in the remote past are excavated for study. Which branch of science is it called?
\nAnswer:
\nThe branch of science Palaeontology deals with that. In a given area, remains of animals that lived in the remote past (fossilized remains) are excavated for study.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nZoos are tools for ‘classification’ Explain.
\nAnswer:
\nZoos are places where wild animals are taken out of their natural habitat and are placed in protected environments under human care. This enables us to learn about the animal’s external features, habits, behaviour, etc. These observations enable us to systematize the organism and position it in the animal world.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nWhere and how do we preserve skeletons of animals dry specimens etc?
\nAnswer:
\nThe Skeletons and dry specimens are preserved in Museums and are usually stuffed and preserved.<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nWhat is trinominal nomenclature? Give an example.
\nAnswer:
\nThe trinominal nomenclature is the extension of the binominal system of nomanclature. It permits the designation of subspecies with a three-worded name called ‘trinomen’.
\nEx: Homo Sapiens Sapiens, Corvus splendns spelendns.<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\nWhat is meant by tautonymy? Give two examples.
\nAnswer:
\nThe practice of naming animals or organisms, in which the generic name and species name are the same, is called Tautonymy.
\nEx: Axis axis – spotted dear
\nNaja naja – The Indian Cobra<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nDifferentiate between Protostomia and Deuterostomia.
\nAnswer:
\nProtostomia (Gr. mouth first) are the organisms in which blastopore develops into the mouth.
\nDeuterostomia (Gr. second mouth) are the organisms in which blastopore develops into the anus, the mouth is formed later.<\/p>\n

Question 12.
\n‘Echinoderms are enterocoelomates’. Comment.
\nAnswer:
\nThe animals of phyla Echinodermata have a true coelom, which is an ‘enterocoel’. It is formed from the archenteron.<\/p>\n

Question 13.
\nWhat does ICZN stand for?
\nAnswer:
\nICZN stands for ‘International Code of Zoological Nomenclature which specifies the mandatory rules to be followed for the naming of animals by the International congress (ICZ) in 1898.<\/p>\n

Question 14.
\nGive the names of any four protostomian phyla.
\nAnswer:
\nThe phylum Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca are the protostomian phyla.<\/p>\n

Question 15.
\nNematoda is a protostomian but not a coelomate justify the statement.
\nAnswer:
\nAnimals of group Nematoda are protostomian but they have no true coelom\/secondary body cavity as it is not lined by mesodermal epithelial layers. Pseudocoel is a remnant of the embryonic blastocoel. Hence they are protostonian. Pseudocoelomata, but not coelomates.<\/p>\n

Question 16.
\nWhat is ecological diversity? Mention the different types of ecological diversities.
\nAnswer:
\nDiversity at a higher level of organization, i.e., at the ecosystem level is called ‘Ecological diversity.
\nThe other ecological diversities are Alpha, Beta, and Gama diversities.<\/p>\n

Question 17.
\nDefine species richness.
\nAnswer:
\nThe more the number of species in an area (unit area) the more species richness.<\/p>\n

Question 18.
\nMention any two products of medicinal importance obtained from Nature.
\nAnswer:
\nAnticancer drugs Vinblastin from the plant Vinco rosa and Digitalin from the plant for gloves are obtained from nature.<\/p>\n

Question 19.
\nInvasion of an Alien species leads to the extinction of native species. Justify this with two examples.
\nAnswer:
\nWhen alien species are introduced into a habitat, they turn invasive and establish themselves at the cost of the native species.
\nEx: Nail perch introduced into lake Victoria, in east Africa led to the extinction of 200 species of Cichlid fish in the lake. The illegal introduction of exotic African catfish for aquaculture purposes in posing a threat to the native catfish.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 20.
\nList out any four sacred groves in India.
\nAnswer:
\nThe following are the Sacred Groves in India.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Khasi and Jaintia Hills – Meghalaya<\/li>\n
  2. Aravalli Hills – Rajasthan and Gujarat<\/li>\n
  3. Western Ghat region – Karnataka and Maharashtra<\/li>\n
  4. Sarguja, Bastar – Chhattisgarh<\/li>\n
  5. Chanda – Madhya Pradesh<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Question 21.
    \nWrite the full form of IUCN. In which book threatened species are enlisted.
    \nAnswer:
    \nIUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
    \nAll the threatened species are enlisted in the Red Data Book Published by IUCN.<\/p>\n

    Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nExplain the phylogenetic system of biological classification.
    \nAnswer:
    \nPhylogenetic classification is an evolutionary classification based on how a common ancestry was shared. Cladistic classification summarizes the ‘genetic distance’ between all species in this ‘Phylogenetic tree’. In Cladistic classification characters such as analogous characters (characters shared by a pair of organisms due to convergent evolution e.g. wings in sparrows and patagia (wing-like structures) in flying squirrels) and homologous characters (characters shared by a pair of organisms, inherited from a common ancestor e.g. wing of sparrows and finches) are taken into consideration. Ernst Haeckel introduced the method of representing Phylogeny by ‘tree’ branching diagrams.<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nExplain the hierarchy of classification.
    \nAnswer:
    \nHuman beings are not only interested in knowing more about different kinds of organisms and their diversities, but also the relationships among them. This branch of study is referred to as systematics. Systematics is the branch of science that deals with the vast diversity of life. It also reveals the trends and evolutionary relationships of different groups of organisms. These relationships establish the phylogeny of organisms. A key part of systematics is taxonomy. The taxonomic hierarchy includes seven obligate categories namely kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species, and other intermediate categories such as subkingdom, grade, division, subdivision, subphylum, superclass, subclass, superorder, suborder, superfamily, subfamily, subspecies, etc.<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nWhat is meant by classification? Explain the need for classification.
    \nAnswer:
    \nClassification is defined as the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characteristics. It is impossible to study all living organisms. So, it is necessary to devise some means to make this possible. This process is called classification. The scientific term used for these categories is ‘TAXA’. Taxa can indicate categories at different levels, e.g. Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, etc. represent taxa at different levels.<\/p>\n

    Hence based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa: This process of classification is called taxonomy. External and internal structures, along with the structure of cells, developmental processes, and ecological information of organisms are essential and they form the basis of modern taxonomic studies, Hence characterization, identification, nomenclature, and classification are the processes that are basic to taxonomy. To understand the interrelationships among the diversified animal groups, a systematic classification is necessary.<\/p>\n

    \"AP<\/p>\n

    Question 4.
    \nDefine species. Explain the various aspects of ‘species’.
    \nAnswer:
    \nSpecies: Species is the ‘basic unit’ of classification. Species is a Latin word meaning ‘kind’ or ‘appearance’. John Ray in his book ‘Historia Generalis Plantarum’ used the term ‘species’ and described it on the basis of common descent (origin from common ancestors) as a group of morphologically similar organisms. Linnaeus considered species, in his book ‘Systema Naturae’, as the basic unit of classification. Buffon, in his book ‘Natural History, proposed the idea of the evolution of species which is the foundation for the biological concept of evolution. This biological concept of species (dynamic nature of species) became more popular with the publication of the book “The Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin.<\/p>\n

    Buffon’s biological concept of species explains that species is an interbreeding group of similar individuals sharing the common ‘gene pool’ and producing fertile offspring. Species is considered as a group of individuals which are:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Reproductively isolated from the individuals of other species – a breeding unit.<\/li>\n
    2. Sharing the same ecological niche – an ecological unit.<\/li>\n
    3. Showing similarity in the karyotype – a genetic unit.<\/li>\n
    4. Having similar structure and functional characteristics – an evolutionary unit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 5.
      \nWhat is genetic diversity and what are the different types of genetic diversity?
      \nAnswer:
      \nGenetic diversity is the diversity of genes within a species. A single species may show high diversity at the genetic levels over its distributional range. For e.g. Rauwolfia vomitoria, a medical plant growing in the Himalayas ranges shows great genetic variation, which might be in terms of potency and concentration of the active chemical (reserpine extracted from it is used in treating high blood pressure) that the plant produces. India has more than 50,000 different strains of rice and 1,000 varieties of mangoes. Genetic diversity increases with environmental variability and is advantageous for its survival.<\/p>\n

      Question 6.
      \nWhat are the reasons for greater biodiversity in the tropics?
      \nAnswer:
      \nReasons for greater biodiversity in the tropics:
      \nReason 1: Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years and thus had a long ‘evolutionary time’. The as long duration available in this region for speciation led to species diversification. (Note: The temperate regions were subjected to frequent glaciations in the past).<\/p>\n

      Reason 2: Tropical climates are relatively more constant and predictable than that temperate regions. A constant environment promotes niche specialization (how an organism responds, and behaves with the environment and with other organisms of its biotic community) and this leads to greater species diversity.<\/p>\n

      Reason 3: Solar energy, resources like water, etc., are available in abundance in this region. They contribute to higher productivity in terms of food production, leading to greater diversity.<\/p>\n

      Question 7.
      \nWhat is the ‘evil quartet’?
      \nAnswer:
      \nThe following are the ‘four major causes (The Evil Quartet) for accelerated rates of species extinction in the world.
      \nHabitat loss and Fragmentation: These are the most important reasons for the loss of biodiversity.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Deforestation leads to species extinction in forests.
        \ne.g: tropical rainforests once covered 14% of the earth’s land surface now not more than 4%.<\/li>\n
      • Conversion of forest land to agricultural land.
        \ne.g: the amazon rainforest, called the lungs of our planet, harbouring innumerable species is cut and cleared to cultivate soybeans or convert to grasslands for raising beef cattle.<\/li>\n
      • Pollution enhances the degradation of habitats and threatens the survival of many species as pollutants change the quality of the environment.<\/li>\n
      • Fragmentation of habitat leads to population decline.
        \ne.g: mammals and birds requiring large territories and certain animals with migratory habits are badly affected.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \"AP<\/p>\n

        Question 8.
        \nExplain in brief ‘Biodiversity Hot Spots’.
        \nAnswer:
        \nBiodiversity hot spots: A Biodiversity hot spot is a Biogeographic Region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction.
        \nThe concept of biodiversity originated from Norman Myers. There ate about 34 biodiversity hot spots in the world. As these regions are threatened by destruction habitat loss is accelerated.
        \ne.g.: (I) the Western Ghats and Srilanka
        \n(II) Indo Burma
        \n(III) Himalayas in India.<\/p>\n

        Ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as in<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Biosphere Reserves – 14<\/li>\n
        • National Parks – 90<\/li>\n
        • Sanctuaries – 448<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Biosphere Reserves: An area that is set aside, minimally disturbed for the conservation of the resources of the biosphere is the ‘Biosphere reserve. The latest biosphere reserve (17th biosphere reserve in India) is Seshachalam hills.<\/p>\n

          National Parks: A National Park is a natural habitat strictly reserved for the protection of natural life. National Parks, across the country, offer a fascinating diversity of terrain, flora, and fauna. Some important National Parks in India are – Jim Corbett National Park (the first National Park in India located in Uttarakhand), Kaziranga National Park (Assam), Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park, MahavirHarinaVanasthali National Park (AP). Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Rajasthan), etc.<\/p>\n

          Sanctuaries: Specific endangered faunal species are well protected in wildlife sanctuaries which permits eco-tourism (as long as animal life is undisturbed). Some, important Sanctuaries in India (AP) include-Koringa Sanctuary, Eturnagaram Sanctuary, and Papikondalu Sanctuary.<\/p>\n

          Question 9.
          \nExplain the ‘Rivet Popper’ hypothesis.
          \nAnswer:
          \nWhat if we lose a few species? Will it affect man’s life? Paul Ehrlich experiments Rivet popper, hypothesis, taking an aeroplane as an ecosystem, explains how the removal of one by one ‘rivets’ (species of an ecosystem) of various parts can slowly damage the plane (ecosystem)-shows how important a ‘species’ is in the overall functioning of an ecosystem. Removing a rivet from a seat or some other relatively minor important parts may not damage the plane, but the removal of a rivet from a part supporting the wing can result in a crash. Likewise, the removal of a ‘critical species’ may affect the entire community and thus the entire ecosystem.<\/p>\n

          Question 10.
          \nWrite short notes on In-situ conservation.
          \nAnswer:
          \nIn-situ conservation (On-site conservation): In-situ conservation is the process of protecting an animal species in its natural habitat. The benefit is that it maintains recovering populations in the surrounding where they have developed their distinctive properties. Conservationists identified certain regions by the name ‘Biodiversity hot spots’ for maximum protection as they are characterized by very high levels of species richness & high degree of endemism. By definition ‘A biodiversity hot spot’ is a ‘Biogeographic Region’ with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat of extinction from humans. They are Earth’s biologically ‘richest’ and ‘most threatened’ Terrestrial Ecoregions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material Lesson 1 Diversity of Living World Textbook Questions and Answers. AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material Lesson 1 Diversity of Living World Very Short Answer Type Questions Question 1. Define the term metabolism. Give any one example. Answer: The sum total of all the …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35628"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35628"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35628\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35629,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35628\/revisions\/35629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35628"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}