{"id":35329,"date":"2022-09-09T09:52:46","date_gmt":"2022-09-09T04:22:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/?p=35329"},"modified":"2022-09-09T09:52:46","modified_gmt":"2022-09-09T04:22:46","slug":"ap-inter-2nd-year-chemistry-study-material-chapter-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/ap-inter-2nd-year-chemistry-study-material-chapter-10\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Andhra Pradesh BIEAP <a href=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/ap-inter-2nd-year-chemistry-study-material\/\">AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material<\/a> 10th Lesson Chemistry In Everyday Life Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n<h2>AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material 10th Lesson Chemistry In Everyday Life<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Very Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nWhat are drugs?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nDrug: The chemicals of low molecular masses ranging from 100 to 500 U that react with macromolecular targets to produce biological responses are called drugs.<br \/>\nE.g.: Morphine, Codeine, Heroin etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nWhen are the drugs called medicines?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nWhen the biological response of a drug is therapeutic arid useful then the chemical substances (drugs) are called medicines.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nDefine the term chemotherapy.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nChemotherapy : The use of medicines (chemical substances) in the treatment of diseases is called chemotherapy.<br \/>\nIn chemotherapy diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases involved.<\/p>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nName the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes.<\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nWhat are enzymes and receptors ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nEnzymes : The proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called enzymes.<br \/>\nReceptors : The proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body are called receptors.<\/p>\n<p>Question 6.<br \/>\nWhich forces are involved in holding the drug to the active site of enzymes ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe forces involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes are ionic bonds, vander waal&#8217;s forces, hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions etc.,<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 7.<br \/>\nWhat are enzyme inhibitors ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe drugs which inhibits the catalytic activity of enzymes and can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the binding of substrate are called enzyme inhibitors.<\/p>\n<p>Question 8.<br \/>\nWhat is allosteric site ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSome drugs do not bind to the enzyme&#8217;s active site and bind to a different site of enzyme. This different site of enzyme is called allosteric site.<\/p>\n<p>Question 9.<br \/>\nWhat are antagonists and agonists ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntagonists : The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These are useful when blocking of message is required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Agonists : The drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on receptors are called agonists.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 10.<br \/>\nWhy do we need to classify the drugs in different ways ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>By knowing the pharmacological effect it makes easy for doctors.<\/li>\n<li>Antacid can be used in case of excessive acidity in stomach.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 11.<br \/>\nWhat are antacids ? Give example. [Mar. 14]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntacids : Chemicals that remove the excess of acid in the stomach and maintain the pH to normal level are antacids. E.g. : Omeprazole, Lansoprozole etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Question 12.<br \/>\nWhat are antihistamines ? Give example.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntihistamines : Chemicals that prevent the interaction of histamines with receptors of the stomach wall thus producing less amount of acid are antihistamines.<br \/>\nE.g. : Dimetapp, Terfenadine (Seldane).<\/p>\n<p>Question 13.<br \/>\nWhile antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines why do not these interfere with the function of each other ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntacids and antiallergic drugs donot interfere with the function of each other because they work on different receptors in the body.<\/p>\n<p>Question 14.<br \/>\nWhat are tranquilizers ? Give example.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nTranquilizers : The drugs which are used in the management (or) treatment of psychoes and neuroses are called tranquilizers.<br \/>\nE.g.: Luminal, Seconal, Barbituric acid etc.,<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 15.<br \/>\nWhat are barbiturates ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nBarbiturates : Derivatives of barbituric acid which functions as important class of tranquilizers are called barbiturates.<br \/>\nE.g.: Veronal, Amytatt etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Question 16.<br \/>\nWhat are analgesics ? How are they classified ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAnalgesics : These are to reduce or totally abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination, paralysis, disturbances of nervous system etc. Analgesics are classified as<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Narcotic analgesics : These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.<br \/>\nE.g. : Morphine, Codeine etc.<\/li>\n<li>Non-narcotic analgesics : These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.<br \/>\nE.g.: Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 17.<br \/>\nWhat are narcotic analgesics ? Give example.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nNarcotic analgesics: These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.<br \/>\nE.g. : Morphine, Codeine etc.<\/p>\n<p>Question 18.<br \/>\nWhat are non-narcotic analgesics ? Give example.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nNon-narcotic analgesics: These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.<br \/>\nE.g.: Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 19.<br \/>\nWhat are antimicrobials ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy (or) prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials.<br \/>\nE.g.: Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Question 20.<br \/>\nWhat are antibiotics ? Give example. [T.S. Mar. 19; A.P. Mar. 16]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntibiotics: The chemical substances produced by micro organisms and inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms are called antibiotics.<br \/>\n(Or)<br \/>\nThe substance produced totally or partly by chemical synthesis which in low concentration inhibits the growth (or) destroy microorganism by intervening in their metabolic process are called antibiotics.<br \/>\nE.g. : Penicillin, Chloramphenicol etc.<\/p>\n<p>Question 21.<br \/>\nWhat are antiseptics ? Give example. [T.S. Mar. 19; A.P. Mar. 19, 15]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntiseptics : The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism are called antiseptics.<br \/>\nAntiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.<br \/>\nE.g. : Dettol, Bithional etc.<\/p>\n<p>Question 22.<br \/>\nWhat are disinfectants ? Give example.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nDisinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc&#8230;<br \/>\nE.g.:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant<\/li>\n<li>0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub> in very low concentration is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 23.<br \/>\nName a substance which can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nPhenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>0.2% phenol is antiseptic.<\/li>\n<li>1% phenol is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 24.<br \/>\nWhat is the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.<br \/>\nDisinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc.<\/p>\n<p>Question 25.<br \/>\nWhat are the main constituents of dettol ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nDettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.<\/p>\n<p>Question 26.<br \/>\nWhat is tincture of iodine ? What is its use ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nTincture of iodine (antiseptic) is a mixture of 2 &#8211; 3% Iodine solution in alcohol-water.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 27.<br \/>\nWhat are antifertility drugs ? Give example.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntifertility drugs: These are birth control pills and contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives.<br \/>\nE.g. : Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol)<\/p>\n<p>Question 28.<br \/>\nWhy chemicals are added to food ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nChemicals are added to food for<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>preservation<\/li>\n<li>enhancing their appeal<\/li>\n<li>adding nutritive value in them.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 29.<br \/>\nName different categories of food additives.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe following are the categories of food additives.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Food colours<\/li>\n<li>Flavours and sweetners<\/li>\n<li>Fat Emulsifiers and stabilising agents<\/li>\n<li>Anti oxidants<\/li>\n<li>Flour improvers &#8211; antistaling agents and bleaches<\/li>\n<li>Preservatives .<\/li>\n<li>Nutritional supplements such as minerals, vitamins and amino acids.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 30.<br \/>\nWhat are artificial sweetening agents ? Give example. [A.P. Mar. 16; 15]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe chemical substances which are used instead of sucrose (or) sugar are called artificial sweetening agents.<br \/>\nE.g.: Aspartame, Alitame, saccharin.<br \/>\nThese decrease the calorific intake and at the same time several times sweater than sucrose.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 31.<br \/>\nWhy do we require artificial sweetening agents ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Artificial sweetening agents are very useful to diabetic persons.<\/li>\n<li>These decrease the calorific in take and at the same time several times sweeter than sucrose.<\/li>\n<li>These are harmless.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 32.<br \/>\nWhy is the use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAspartame is unstable at cooking temperature so it&#8217;s use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks. &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>Question 33.<br \/>\nName the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient is saccharin (or) sucralose. It is stable at cooking temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Question 34.<br \/>\nWhat problem does arise in using alitame as artificial sweetener ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nWhile using alitame as artificial sweetener, the control of sweetness of food is difficult. Alitame is a high potency sweetner.<\/p>\n<p>Question 35.<br \/>\nWhat are food preservatives ? Give example.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe chemical substances which prevent the spoilage of food due to microbial growth are called food preservatives.<br \/>\nE.g.: Sodium benzoate, Salt of sorbic acid etc.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Questions 36.<br \/>\nName two most familiar antioxidants used as food additives.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe most familiar antioxidants are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)<\/p>\n<p>Question 37.<br \/>\nWhat is saponification ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe process of formation of soaps Containing sodium salts by heating esters of fatty acid with aq. NaOH solution is called saponification.<\/p>\n<p>Questions 38.<br \/>\nWhat are soaps chemically ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nChemically soaps are sodium (OF) potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.<br \/>\nE.g.: Sodium stearate.<\/p>\n<p>Question 39.<br \/>\nWhy do soaps not work in hard water ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nIn hard water Ca, Mg-dissolved salts are present. Ca<sup>+2<\/sup>, Mg<sup>+2<\/sup> ions form insoluble Ca, Mg, soaps respectively when sodium (or) potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22649\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-1.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 1\" width=\"500\" height=\"90\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and are useless as cleansing agent. These are problematic to good washing because the ppt adheres into the fibres of cloth as gummy mass.<\/li>\n<li>Hair washed with hard water looks dull.<\/li>\n<li>Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth washed with soap using hard water due to this gummy mass.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 40.<br \/>\nWhat are synthetic detergents ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe cleasing agents which are having all the properties of soaps but do not contain any soap are called synthetic detergents.<br \/>\nSynthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water.<br \/>\nE.g.: Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate.<\/p>\n<p>Question 41.<br \/>\nWhat is the difference between a soap and a synthetic detergent ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Generally soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fattyacids.<\/li>\n<li>Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents having all the properties of soaps and do not contain any soap.<\/li>\n<li>Soaps do not work in hard water but synthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 42.<br \/>\nHow are synthetic detergents better than soaps ? [Mar 14]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSoaps do not work in hard water but synthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water.<\/p>\n<p>Question 43.<br \/>\nName the different categories of synthetic detergents.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSynthetic detergents are classified into three types<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>nionic detergents<\/li>\n<li>Cationic detergents<\/li>\n<li>Non-ionic detergents.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 44.<br \/>\nCan you use soaps and synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Soaps are used to check the hardness of water because soaps form insoluble precipitate with hard water.<\/li>\n<li>Detergents are soluble in both types of water i.e hardwater and soft water, so detergents are not used to check the hardness of water.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 45.<br \/>\nIf water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate, out of soaps and synthetic detergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes and why ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nWater contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate is called hard water. This water form insoluble precipitate with soap. Synthetic detergents donot form this type of precipitates, so synthetic detergents are used for cleaning clothes with water containing dissolved Ca(HCO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nExplain the term target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nDrug Targets (or) Target molecules: Macro molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes which interact with the drugs are ailed drug targets (or) Target molecules.<\/p>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nExplain the catalytic action of enzymes as drug targets.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) Catalytic action of Enzymes : In the enzyme catalytic activity it performs two functions<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a chemical reaction. Substrate bind to active site of enzyme through ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, vander waal force etc.<\/li>\n<li>The second function of an enzyme is to provide functional groups that will attack the substrate, and carry out the chemical reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>b) Drug- Enzyme interaction :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Drugs which inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzymes are called Enzyme inhibitors.<\/li>\n<li>Drugs which compete with the substrate for their attachment on active sites of enzymes are called competitive inhibitors.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22650\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-2.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 2\" width=\"453\" height=\"210\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nExplain the drug &#8211; enzyme interaction.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nExplanation of drug &#8211; Target interaction with Enzymes :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called enzymes.<\/li>\n<li>The binding of inhibitor ai allosteric site changes the shape of the active site.<\/li>\n<li>If the bond formed between an enzyme and an inhibitor is a strong covalent bond it cannot be broken easily In this case enzyme is blocked permanently and the body then degrades the enzyme-inhibitoi complex and synthesises the new enzyme.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22651\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-3.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 3\" width=\"561\" height=\"272\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nWhy are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium hydroxide (or) aluminium hydroxide treatment as antacids control only symptoms and not the cause. In advanced stages, ulcers become life threatening and only treatment is removal of affected part of stomach.<br \/>\nThe drugs cinetidine, ranitidine prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall and results in release of lesser amount of acid.<br \/>\nSo cinetidine, ranitidine are better antacids than NaHCO<sub>3<\/sub> (or) Mg(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> (or) Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nLow level of noradrenaline in the cause of depression. What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem ? Name two drugs.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nIf the level of Noradrenaline is low then the signal sending activity becomes low and the person suffers from depression. In this situations antidepressant drugs (tranquilizers) are required, These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. If the enzyme is inhibited, this important neurotransmitter is slowly metabolised and can activate its receptor for longer periods of time.<\/p>\n<p>Two important antidepressant drugs are IProniazid and phenelzine.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 6.<br \/>\nWhat are analgesics ? How are they classified ? Give examples. [T.S. &amp; A.P. Mar. 19]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAnalgesics : These are to reduce or totally abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination, paralysis, disturbances of nervous system etc.<br \/>\nAnalgesics are classified as<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Narcotic analgesics : These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.<br \/>\nE.g. : Morphine, Codeine etc.<\/li>\n<li>Non-narcotic analgesics : These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.<br \/>\nE.g.: Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 7.<br \/>\nWhat are different types of microbial drugs ? Give one example for each.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy or prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials.<br \/>\nE.g.: Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,<br \/>\nDifferent types of antimicrobial drugs are antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants.<br \/>\n1) Antibiotics : The chemical substances produced by micro organisms and inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms are called antibiotics.<br \/>\n(Or)<br \/>\nThe substance produced totally or partly by chemical synthesis in low concentration inhibits the growth (or) destroy microorganism by intervening in their metabolic process are called antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p>2) Antiseptics: The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism<br \/>\nare caiied antiseptics. .<br \/>\nAntiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.<\/p>\n<p>3) Disinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.<br \/>\nThese are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc&#8230;<br \/>\nE.g.:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant<\/li>\n<li>0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub> in very low concentration is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 8.<br \/>\nWrite the characteristic properties of antibiotics.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nCharacteristic properties of antibiotics :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Antibiotic drugs must be the products of metabolism. ,<\/li>\n<li>Antibiotic drugs are effective in low concentration.<\/li>\n<li>Antibiotic drug retards the growth (or) survival of microorganism.<\/li>\n<li>Antibiotic should be a synthetic substance produced as a structural analogue of naturally occurring antibiotic.<\/li>\n<li>Antibiotics have either cidal (killing) effect (or) a static (inhibiting) effect on microbes.<br \/>\nE.g.: Penicillin, Ofloxacin are Bactericidal.<br \/>\nErythromycin, Tetracycline are Bacteriostatic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 9.<br \/>\nWhat is meant by the term broad spectrum antibiotics ? Explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe range of bacteria (or) other micro organisms that are effected by a certain antibiotic is expressed as its spectrum of action.<br \/>\nBroad spectrum antibiotics : Antibiotics which kill (or) inhibit a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p>Question 10.<br \/>\nWhat are broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics ? Give one example for each.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe range of bacteria (or) other micro organisms that are effected by a certain antibiotic is expressed as its spectrum of action.<br \/>\nBroad spectrum antibiotics : Antibiotics which kill (or) inhibit a wide range of gram\u00acpositive and gram-negative bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p>Narrow spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics which are effective mainly against gram-positive (or) gram-negative bacteria are called narrow spectrum antibiotics,<br \/>\nE.g.: Penicillin &#8211; G is a narrow spectrum antibiotic.<\/p>\n<p>Limited spectrum antibiotics : Antibiotics which are effective mainly against a single organism (or) disease are called as limited spectrum antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 11.<br \/>\nWrite notes on antiseptics and disinfectants.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntiseptics: The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism are called antiseptics.<br \/>\nAntiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.<br \/>\nE.g.: Dettol, Bithional etc.<br \/>\nPhenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant. 0.2% phenol is antiseptic.<br \/>\nDettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.<br \/>\nTincture of iodine (antiseptic) is a mixture of 2 &#8211; 3% Iodine solution in alcohol-water.<\/p>\n<p>Disinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>These are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc&#8230;<br \/>\nE.g.: 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub> in very low concentration is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Phenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant 1% phenol is disinfectant.<\/p>\n<p>Question 12.<br \/>\nHow do antiseptics differ from disinfectants ? Does the same substance be used as both ? Give one example for each.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.<br \/>\nDisinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc.<br \/>\nPhenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant.<br \/>\ni) 0.2% phenol is antiseptic.<br \/>\nii) 1% phenol is disinfectant.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Examples of Antiseptics :\n<ul>\n<li>Dettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.<\/li>\n<li>Tincture of iodine (antiseptic) is a mixture of 2.3% Iodine solution in alcohol-water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Examples of disinfectants :\n<ul>\n<li>4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub> in very low concentration is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Phenol is used as anti in very low concentration is disinfectant.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 13.<br \/>\nWhat are the main categories of food additives ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe following are the categories of food additives.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Food colours<\/li>\n<li>Flavours and sweetners<\/li>\n<li>Fat Emulsifiers and stabilising agents<\/li>\n<li>Anti oxidants<\/li>\n<li>Flour improvers &#8211; antistaling agents and bleaches<\/li>\n<li>Preservatives<\/li>\n<li>Nutritional supplements such as minerals, vitamins and amino acids.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 14.<br \/>\nWrite notes on antioxidants in food.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntioxidants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Antioxidants are important and necessary food additives.<\/li>\n<li>Antioxidants help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food. Antioxidants are more reactive towards, oxygen than the food material which they protecting.<\/li>\n<li>The most familiar antioxidants are Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA).<\/li>\n<li>The addition of BHA to butter increases its shelf life from months to years.<\/li>\n<li>BHT and BHA along with citric acid are added to produce more antioxidant effect.<\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub> and sulphites are useful anti Oxidants for wine and beer, sugar syrups and cut, peeled (or) dried fruits and vegetables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 15.<br \/>\nName different types of soaps.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe following are the different types of soaps.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Toilet soaps<\/li>\n<li>Soaps that float in water<\/li>\n<li>Medicated soaps<\/li>\n<li>Shaving soaps<\/li>\n<li>Laundry soaps<\/li>\n<li>Soap powders and scouring soaps etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 16.<br \/>\nExplain the following terms with suitable examples.<br \/>\ni) Cationic detergents<br \/>\nii) Anionic detergents<br \/>\niii) Non-ionic detergents<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSynthetic detergents are classified into three types.<br \/>\ni) Cationic detergents : These are synthetic detergents.<br \/>\na) Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides (or) bromides as anions.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22652\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-4.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 4\" width=\"265\" height=\"174\" \/><br \/>\nb) Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. Hence these are called catiomc detergents.<br \/>\nE.g. : Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide<br \/>\nIt is used in hair conditioners.<\/p>\n<p>ii) Anionic Detergents: These are synthetic detergents.<br \/>\na) Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols (or) hydrocarbons.<br \/>\nb) Anionic detergents are formed by the treatment of long chain alcohols with conc. H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> followed by the neutralisation with alkali.<br \/>\nE.g.: Sodium lauryl sulphate.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22653\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-5.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 5\" width=\"571\" height=\"152\" \/><br \/>\nThese are used for house hold work and in tooth pastes.<\/p>\n<p>iii) Non-ionic detergents : These are synthetic detergents.<br \/>\na) Non-ionic detergents do not contain any ion in their constitution.<br \/>\nb) The detergent formed by the reaction of stearic acid with poly ethylene glycol is an example of non ionic detergent.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22654\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-6.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 6\" width=\"644\" height=\"67\" \/><br \/>\nNon-ionic detergents are used in liquid dish washing purpose.<\/p>\n<p>Question 17.<br \/>\nWhat are biodegradable and non-bio degradable detergents ? Give one example for each.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Biodegradable detergents :<br \/>\nThe detergents which are degraded (or) decomposed by micro organisms are called biodegradable detergents. Biodegradable detergents have less branching.<br \/>\nThese do not cause water pollution.<br \/>\nE.g.: n-dodecyle benzene sulphonate, soap (non synthetic),<\/li>\n<li>Non Biodegradable detergents :<br \/>\nThe detergents which are not decomposed (or) degraded by microbes (or) micro organisms are called non-biodegradable detergents. These have more branching.<br \/>\nThese cause water pollution.<br \/>\nE.g.: ABS detergent.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 18.<br \/>\nExplain the cleansing action of soaps.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSoap is sodium stearate, C<sub>17<\/sub>H<sub>35<\/sub>COONa, in water soap gives the ions stearate anion and sodium ion.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22655\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-7.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 7\" width=\"659\" height=\"423\" \/><br \/>\nCleansing action of soap : Soap anions form a micelle. The grease or dirt of the cloth are absorbed into the interior of the micelle. The tails of the anion are pegged into micelle and these micelle are washed away with the soap solution.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22656\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-8.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 8\" width=\"532\" height=\"231\" \/><br \/>\nThe main function of the soap is therefore, to convert the oily and greasy dirt on the cloth into large colloidal particles. For this a critical concentration of soap solution is required. Soap thus, functions as an emulsifying agent for the water &#8211; dirt emulsion. The emulsified grease or dirt is then washed away with soap solution.<\/p>\n<p>Question 19.<br \/>\nLabel the hydrophilic and. hydrophobic parts in the following compounds.<br \/>\ni) CH<sub>3<\/sub> (CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>10<\/sub> CH<sub>2<\/sub> OSO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><sub>3<\/sub> Na<sup>+<\/sup><br \/>\nii) CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>15<\/sub>N<sup>+<\/sup>(CH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub> Br<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><br \/>\niii) CH<sub>3<\/sub> (CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>16<\/sub> COO (CH<sub>2<\/sub> CH<sub>2<\/sub>O)<sub>n<\/sub> CH<sub>2<\/sub> CH<sub>2<\/sub> OH<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22657\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-9.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 9\" width=\"615\" height=\"198\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 20.<br \/>\nDraw the structures of following:<br \/>\ni) Serotonin<br \/>\nii) Bithionol<br \/>\niii) Chloramphenicol<br \/>\niv) saccharin<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22658\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-10.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 10\" width=\"557\" height=\"175\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22659\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-11.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 11\" width=\"606\" height=\"184\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Long Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nDescribe the classification of drugs into different classes.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nClassification of drugs : Drugs are classified in different ways.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>On the basis of drug action : Based on the actions of drugs on particular biochemical processes they are classified as\n<ul>\n<li>Antibacterials<\/li>\n<li>Antibiotics<\/li>\n<li>Hypnotics<\/li>\n<li>Sedatives and tranquilizers<\/li>\n<li>Cardio vascular drugs<\/li>\n<li>Antiseptics etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>On the basis of molecular targets : Biomolecules like Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids etc. react with drugs. These biomolecules are called drug targets or simply target molecules.<\/li>\n<li>On the basis of chemical structure : The drugs with some common structural features generally show similar pharmacological activity.<br \/>\nE.g.: Sulfonamides have common structural feature.<br \/>\nSo they have same chemotherapeutic action.<\/li>\n<li>On the basis of pharmocological effect:<br \/>\nThis type of classification is useful for doctors because it provides them the whole range of drugs available for the treatment.<br \/>\nE.g.: Analgesics have pair killing effect.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nDescribe briefly the therapeutic action of different classes of drugs.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe therapeutic action of different classes of drugs discussed below.<br \/>\nAntacids : Chemicals that remove the excess of acid in the stomach and maintain the pH to normal level are antacids.<br \/>\nE.g. : Omeprazole, Lansoprazole etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Antihistamines : Chemicals that prevent the interaction of histamines with receptors of the stomach wall thus producing less amount of acid are anti histamines.<br \/>\nE.g.: Dimetapp, Terfenadine (Seldane)<\/p>\n<p>Tranquilizers : The drugs which are used in the management (or) treatment of psychoes and neuroses are called tranquilizers<br \/>\nE.g.: Luminal, Seconal, Barbituric acid etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Barbiturates : Derivatives of barbituric acid which functions as important class of tranquilizers are called barbiturates<br \/>\nE.g.: Veronal, Amytal etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Analgesics : These are to reduce or totally abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination, paralysis, disturbances of nervous system etc.<br \/>\nAnalgesics are classified as<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Narcotic analgesics : These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.<br \/>\nE.g.: Morphine, Codeine etc.<\/li>\n<li>Non-narcotic analgesics : These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.<br \/>\nE.g. : Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Antimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy (or) prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials. E.g.: Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,<\/p>\n<p>Antibiotics: The chemical substances produced by micro Organisms and inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms are called antibiotics. .<br \/>\n(Or)<br \/>\nThe substance produced totally or partly by chemical synthesis in low concentration inhibits the growth (or) destroy microorganism by intervening in their metabolic process are called antibiotics.<br \/>\nE.g. : Penicillin, Chloramphenicol etc.<\/p>\n<p>Antiseptics : The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism are called antiseptics.<br \/>\nAntiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.<\/p>\n<p>Disinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.<br \/>\nThese are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc.<br \/>\nE.g.:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub> in very low concentration is disinfectant.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Antifertility drugs: These are birth control pills and contains a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives.<br \/>\nE.g. : Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol).<\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nWrite an essay on antimicrobials.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAntimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy or prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials<br \/>\nE.g. : Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,<br \/>\nDifferent types of anti microbial drugs are antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants.<\/p>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nWrite notes on the following : [T.S. Mar. 16]<br \/>\ni) Artificial sweetening agents<br \/>\nii) Food preservatives<br \/>\niii) Antioxidants in food.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\ni) Artificial sweetening agents: The chemical substances which are used instead of sucrose (or) sugar are called artificial sweetening agents.<br \/>\nE.g.: Aspartame, Alitame, saccharin.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22660\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-12.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 12\" width=\"736\" height=\"419\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22661\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-13.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 13\" width=\"736\" height=\"358\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>These decrease the calorific intake and at the same time several times sweeter than sucrose.<\/li>\n<li>Artificial sweetening agents are very useful to diabetic persons.<\/li>\n<li>These are harmless.<\/li>\n<li>Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature so it&#8217;s use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks.<\/li>\n<li>The sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient is saccharin (or) sucralose. It is stable at cooking tenperature.<\/li>\n<li>While using alitame as artificial sweetener, the control of sweetness of food is difficult. Alitame is a high potency sweetner.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>ii) Food preservatives : The chemical substances which prevent the spoilage of food due to microbial growth are called food preservatives.<br \/>\nSodium benzoate, C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>COONa is the most important food preservative used in limited quantities and is metabolised by conversion into hippuricacid. Which is finally excreted in the urine. Salts of sorbicacid, propionic acid are also food presevatives.<\/p>\n<p>iii) Antioxidants :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Antioxidants are important and necessary food additives.<\/li>\n<li>Antioxidants help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food.<\/li>\n<li>Antioxidants are more reactive towards oxygen than the food material which they protecting.<\/li>\n<li>The most familiar anti oxidants are Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA).<\/li>\n<li>The addition of BHA to butter increases its shelf life from months to years.<\/li>\n<li>BHT and BHA along with citric acid are added to produce more antioxidant effect.<\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub> and sulphits are useful anti oxidants for wine and beer, sugar syrups and cut, peeled (or) dried fruits and vegetables.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nWrite notes on the following :<br \/>\ni) Soaps<br \/>\nii) Synthetic detergents.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\ni) Soaps : 1) Soaps are the detergents which improve cleansing properties of water and help in removal of fats which bind other materials to the fabric (or) skin.<br \/>\nChemically soaps are sodium (or) potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.<br \/>\nE.g.: Sodium stearate.<br \/>\nThe process of formation of soaps containing sodium salts by heating esters of fatty acid with aq. NaOH solution is called saponification.<br \/>\nOnly sodium and potassium soaps are soluble in water and are used for cleaning purpose. Potassium soaps are soft to the skin and are prepared by using KOH instead of NaOH.<\/p>\n<p>Types of soaps :<br \/>\nThe following are the different types of soaps<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Toilet soaps<\/li>\n<li>Soaps that float in water<\/li>\n<li>Medicated soaps<\/li>\n<li>Shaving soaps<\/li>\n<li>Laundry soaps &#8211;<\/li>\n<li>Soap powders and scouring soaps etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In hard water Ca, Mg-dissolved salts are present. Ca<sup>+2<\/sup>, Mg<sup>+2<\/sup> ions form insoluble Ca, Mg, soaps respectively when sodium (or) potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22662\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-14.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 14\" width=\"480\" height=\"86\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and are useless as cleansing agent. These are problematic to good washing because the ppt adheres into the fibres of cloth as gummy mass.<\/li>\n<li>Hair washed with hard water looks dull.<\/li>\n<li>Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth washed with soap using hard water due to this gummy mass.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>ii) Synthetic detergents : The cleansing agents which are having all the properties of soaps but donot contain any soap are called synthetic detergents.<br \/>\nSynthetic detergents can be used both is soft and hardwater as they give foam even in hard water.<br \/>\nE.g. : Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate.<br \/>\nSoaps do not work in hard water but synthetic detegents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water.<\/p>\n<p>Synthetic Detergents are classified into three types :<br \/>\ni) Cationic detergents : These are synthetic detergents.<br \/>\na) Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides (or) bromides as anions.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22663\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-15.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 15\" width=\"259\" height=\"163\" \/><br \/>\nb) Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. Hence these are called cationic detergents.<br \/>\nE.g. : Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.<br \/>\nIt is used in hair conditioners.<\/p>\n<p>ii) Anionic Detergents :<br \/>\nThese are synthetic detergents.<br \/>\na) Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols (or) hydro-carbons.<br \/>\nb) Anionic detergents are formed by the treatment of long chain alcohols with cone, H2S04 followed by the neutralisation with alkali.<br \/>\nE.g. : Sodium lauryl sulphate.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22664\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-16.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 16\" width=\"661\" height=\"176\" \/><br \/>\nThese are used for house hold work and in tooth pastes.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>iii) Non-ionic detergents : .<br \/>\nThese are synthetic detergents.<br \/>\na) Non-ionic detergents donot contain any ion in their constitution.<br \/>\nb) The detergent formed by the reaction of stearic acid with poly ethylene glycol is an example of non ionic detergent.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22665\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-17.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 17\" width=\"667\" height=\"82\" \/><br \/>\nNon-ionic detergents are used in liquid dish washing purpose.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Intext Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nSleeping pills are recommended by doctors to the patients suffering from sleeplessness but it is not advisable to take its doses without consultation with the doctor. Why ?<br \/>\n\u2022 Consider the effect of tranquilizers or antidepressants on the nervous system.<br \/>\nSolution:<br \/>\nSleeping pills contain drugs that may be tranquilizers or antidepressants. They affect the nervous system, relieve anxiety, stress, irritability or excitement. But they should strictly be used under the supervision of a doctor. If not, the uncontrolled and over dosage can cause harm to the body and mind because in higher doses these drugs act as poisons.<\/p>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nWith reference to which classification has the statement, &#8220;ranitidine is an antacid&#8221; been given ?<br \/>\nSolution:<br \/>\nThis statement refers to the classification of drugs according to pharmacological effect because in neutralizes the acidity (excess) of stomach.<\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nWhy do we require artificial sweetening agents ?<br \/>\n\u2022 Mention the function of natural sweeteners, discuss the same for artificial sweeteners.<br \/>\nSolution:<br \/>\nNatural sweeteners (sucrose etc.) provide calories to the body. Taking extra calories is harmful<br \/>\nfor diabetic patients. So, artificial sweeteners are used<br \/>\n(a) to control intake of calories and<br \/>\n(b) as a substitute of sugar for diabetics.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nWrite the chemical equation for preparing sodium soap from glyceryl oleate and glyceryl palmitate. Structural formulae of these compounds are given below.<br \/>\ni) (C<sub>15<\/sub>H<sub>31<\/sub>COO)<sub>3<\/sub> C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub> &#8211; Glyceryl palmitate<br \/>\nii) (C<sub>17<\/sub>H<sub>32<\/sub>COO)<sub>3<\/sub> C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub> &#8211; Glyceryl oleate<br \/>\n\u2022 Consider the following method.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22666\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-18.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 18\" width=\"370\" height=\"169\" \/><br \/>\nSolution:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22667\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-19.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 19\" width=\"572\" height=\"424\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nFollowing types of non-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergents, emulsifying agents and wetting agents. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecule. Identify the functional group (s) present in the molecule.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22668\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-20.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 20\" width=\"356\" height=\"98\" \/><br \/>\nSolution:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-22669\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AP-Inter-2nd-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-10-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-21.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 10 Chemistry In Everyday Life 21\" width=\"412\" height=\"147\" \/><br \/>\n(b) Functional group : Ether and alcohol.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material 10th Lesson Chemistry In Everyday Life Textbook Questions and Answers. AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material 10th Lesson Chemistry In Everyday Life Very Short Answer Questions Question 1. What are drugs? Answer: Drug: The chemicals of low molecular masses ranging from 100 to 500 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35329"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35329"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35330,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35329\/revisions\/35330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}